Church of Seraphim of Sarov old village. Underground temple of St. Seraphim of Sarov
The first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, was born on July 22 (July 12, old style) 1596 in Moscow.
His father is Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, Metropolitan (later Patriarch Filaret), his mother is Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova (later nun Martha). Mikhail was a cousin of the last Russian Tsar from the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ivanovich.
In 1601, together with his parents, Boris Godunov fell into disgrace. Lived in exile. In 1605 he returned to Moscow, where he was captured by the Poles who captured the Kremlin. In 1612, liberated by the militia of Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, he left for Kostroma.
On March 3 (February 21, old style), 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanovich to reign.
On March 23 (March 13, old style), 1613, the ambassadors of the Council arrived in Kostroma. At the Ipatiev Monastery, where Mikhail was with his mother, he was informed of his election to the throne.
Poles arrive in Moscow. A small detachment set out to kill Mikhail, but got lost along the way, because the peasant Ivan Susanin, having agreed to show the way, led him into a dense forest.
June 21 (June 11, old style) 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich in Moscow in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.
In the first years of Mikhail's reign (1613-1619), real power was with his mother, as well as with her relatives from the Saltykov boyars. From 1619 to 1633, the country was ruled by the tsar’s father, Patriarch Filaret, who had returned from Polish captivity. Under the dual power that existed at that time, state charters were written on behalf of the Sovereign Tsar and His Holiness the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.
During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the wars with Sweden (Peace of Stolbovo, 1617) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Truce of Deulin, 1618, later - Peace of Polyanovsky, 1634) were stopped.
Overcoming the consequences of the Time of Troubles required the centralization of power. The system of voivodeship administration grew locally, the order system was restored and developed. Since the 1620s, the activities of Zemsky Sobors have been limited to advisory functions. They gathered at the initiative of the government to resolve issues that required the approval of the estates: about war and peace, about the introduction of extraordinary taxes.
In the 1630s, the creation of regular military units began (Reitar, Dragoon, Soldier regiments), the rank and file of which were “willing free people” and homeless boyar children, the officers were foreign military specialists. At the end of Michael's reign, cavalry dragoon regiments arose to guard the borders.
The government also began to restore and build defensive lines - serif lines.
Under Mikhail Fedorovich, diplomatic relations were established with Holland, Austria, Denmark, Turkey, and Persia.
In 1637, the period for capturing fugitive peasants was increased from five to nine years. In 1641 another year was added to it. Peasants exported by other owners were allowed to be searched for up to 15 years. This indicated the growth of serfdom tendencies in the legislation on land and peasants.
Moscow under Mikhail Fedorovich was restored from the consequences of the intervention.
The Filaretovskaya belfry was erected in the Kremlin in 1624. In 1624-1525, a stone tent was built over the Frolovskaya (now Spasskaya) tower and a new striking clock was installed (1621).
In 1626 (after a devastating fire in Moscow), Mikhail Fedorovich issued a series of decrees appointing persons responsible for restoring buildings in the city. All the royal palaces were restored in the Kremlin, and new trading shops were built in Kitay-Gorod.
In 1632, an enterprise for teaching velvet and damask work appeared in Moscow - Velvet Dvor (in the middle of the 17th century its premises served as a weapons warehouse). The center of textile production became Kadashevskaya Sloboda with the sovereign's Khamovny yard.
In 1633, machines were installed in the Sviblova Tower of the Kremlin to supply water from the Moscow River to the Kremlin (hence its modern name - Vodovzvodnaya).
In 1635-1937, on the site of the ceremonial chambers of the 16th century, the Terem Palace was built for Mikhail Fedorovich, and all the Kremlin cathedrals were re-painted, including the Assumption (1642), the Church of the Deposition of the Robe (1644).
In 1642, construction began on the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles in the Kremlin.
On July 23 (July 13, old style), 1645, Mikhail Fedorovich died of water sickness. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
The first wife is Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova. The marriage turned out to be childless.
The second wife is Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. The marriage brought Mikhail Fedorovich seven daughters (Irina, Pelageya, Anna, Martha, Sophia, Tatyana, Evdokia) and three sons (Alexey, Ivan, Vasily). Not all children even survived to adolescence. The parents experienced the death of their sons Ivan and Vasily in one year especially hard.
The heir to the throne was Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (1629-1676, reigned 1645-1676).
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
MIKHAIL FEDOROVICH ROMANOV(07/12/1596-07/13/1645) - the founder of the Tsarist-Imperial Romanov dynasty, the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov boyar family.
The son of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later Patriarch Filaret) and Ksenia Ivanovna Romanova (née Shestova, a monk of Martha). After his parents were forcibly tonsured and exiled to distant monasteries, five-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich lived in the family of his aunt Marfa Nikitichna Cherkasskaya. From 1605, after his mother returned from the Zaonezhsky churchyards, he lived with her in Klin, in one of the Romanov family estates. After the capture of Moscow by the Poles, he found himself in a city besieged by zemstvo militias. He was released along with other Moscow boyars on October 22, 1612. Together with his mother he went to Kostroma and there he learned of his election as tsar at the Zemsky Sobor convened in Moscow.
On February 21, 1613, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne. On May 2, he arrived in Moscow and on July 11, 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Mikhail was crowned king and ascended to the Moscow throne. In 1625 he accepted the title of Autocrat of All Russia.
Before his accession to the throne of Moscow, Mikhail, together with his mother, who had by that time taken monastic orders, the great elder nun Martha, lived in the Kostroma estate of the Romanovs - the village of Domnina. Later, due to the unstable situation in the country, Mikhail Romanov took refuge from possible persecution in the Kostroma Ipatiev Monastery. Here he learned that he had been elected Tsar of Russia.
The beginning of Michael's reign was not easy: a significant part of the country was not controlled by the government. Only in 1614-1616 were the Cossack robber detachments of Zarutsky, atamans Baloviy and Lisovsky, who ravaged the already exhausted state, defeated. Military conflicts with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden continued. The Swedes, led by King Gustav II Adolf, made a number of new attempts to take Pskov. In the central part of Russia, the moment of greatest danger was the autumn of 1618, when the Polish army, led by Prince Vladislav and Hetman K. Khodkevich, approached Moscow and reoccupied the village of Tushino, which was the residence of False Dmitry II during the Time of Troubles. However, neither the Swedes nor the Poles managed to achieve their goals. The interventionists, defeated in the attacks, were eventually forced to withdraw the troops that had suffered heavy losses and begin peace negotiations.
The Russian Tsar was faced with the task of ending hostilities with Poland and Sweden. The Swedish intervention, which began in 1609, was suspended by the conclusion of the Stolbovsky Peace (1617), as a result of which the Muscovite state lost access to the Baltic Sea. In 1618, in the village of Deulino, Russia concluded a truce with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for 14 years and 6 months. Under the terms of this truce, an exchange of prisoners was carried out, among whom was the tsar’s father, Metropolitan Philaret, who was at one time forcibly tonsured a monk. These truces brought huge territorial losses to the Moscow state, but gave it a much-needed peaceful respite.
The first years of the reign of Mikhail Romanov passed in an atmosphere of almost continuous activity of the Zemsky Sobors. They discussed the most important problems states. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was young and inexperienced, and until 1619 the country was ruled by the great old woman Martha and her relatives from the Saltykov boyars. Later, power in the country passed into the hands of the tsar’s father, Patriarch Filaret, who bore the title of Great Sovereign. State charters of that time were written on behalf of the king and His Holiness Patriarch Moscow and All Rus'.
The number of nationwide orders has increased. In addition to the previous administrative institutions restored in full, the quarter orders received final registration and a number of new ones were created - Cossack, Pansky, New Quarter and the Great Treasury order.
After the end of the “Time of Troubles,” it took a lot of effort to restore the devastated country. To develop industries, foreign industrialists were invited to Russia on preferential terms: “ore miners,” gunsmiths, foundry workers. So, in 1632, the Dutch merchant Vinius received permission to build a factory in Tula for casting cannons and cannonballs.
In 1627, the government of Tsar Michael took measures to limit the power of local governors. The governor at that time was “both king and God,” and people had nowhere to seek protection from the arbitrariness of local authorities.
The measures taken by the authorities allowed the country to strengthen, but the strength of the state and people was restored slowly. The war with Poland that began in 1632 for the return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands was lost. The result of the war was the Peace of Polyanovsky (1634), which assigned the original Russian lands to the Poles. During the same period, the Balazs uprising occurred.
Others the most important events The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich began with the capture of Azov by the Don Cossacks in 1637 (“Azov seat”) and the further development of Siberia. The cities of Tambov, Kozlov, Penza, and Simbirsk were founded in the south of Russia.
In 1642, changes began in the army. Foreign officers trained Russian “military men” in military affairs, and “regiments of a foreign system” appeared in Russia: soldiers’, reiters’, and dragoons’. This was the first important step towards creating a regular national troops in Russia.
Mikhail Fedorovich was married twice - the first marriage to Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova (she died 4 months after the wedding), the second to Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. All of his 10 children were born from his second marriage.
Mikhail Fedorovich died on July 13, 1645 from “water sickness” at the age of 49. He is buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov ascended the throne as a young man less than 17 years old. The nobles, close representatives of the throne, saw in Mikhail Fedorovich, with his timidity and frail health, kindness and simplicity, a kind of second edition of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich. Hence their calculations for him "happy". And so it went at court, but - for the time being, for the time being, or more precisely - until the return of the Tsar's father from Polish captivity in 1619. Smart, powerful, gifted Filaret, who became the patriarch, ruled not only his spiritual department, but also together with his son the entire Russian state. He was officially called, like the king, "great sovereign", in the letters the names of the Tsar and the Patriarch stood side by side.
How the tsar arranged, it seems, everyone, since they chose, according to the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky, “not the most capable, but the most convenient”. In addition to the tsar and the patriarch, the affairs of governing the state were handled, as had long been the case, by persons they liked from the boyars and other nobles - relatives, in-laws, favorites. These are the same Romanovs, Sheremetevs, Cherkasskys, Streshnevs and others.
The king experienced personal turmoil. When he was 20 years old, at a bride's show he chose M.I. Khlopova, the daughter of an ordinary nobleman, whom he fell in love with. But his mother, Elder Marfa (nee Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova, daughter of a Kostroma nobleman, also an ignoramus), did not give him her blessing. In September 1624, he married Princess M.V. Dolgorukaya, reluctantly, however, his feelings for his first chosen one had not cooled down. But the young queen soon fell ill and died three and a half years later. A year later, the monarch entered into a second marriage - with E. L. Streshneva; from her he had a son Alexei, the future tsar, and daughters Irina, Anna, Tatyana, early age sons Ivan and Vasily, daughters Pelageya, Martha, Sophia and Evdokia died. Mikhail Fedorovich died on the night of July 13, 1645 at the age of 49.
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. His son and successor, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, did not live long either. (born 19 March 1629, died 29 January 1676). Having received the throne by right of inheritance, he professed faith in the chosenness of the king and his power. Distinguished, like his father, by his gentleness and meekness of character, he could also show temper and anger. Contemporaries depict his appearance: fullness, even corpulence of figure, low forehead and white face, plump and rosy cheeks, Brown hair and a beautiful beard; finally, a soft look. His “much quiet” character, piety and fear of God, love of church singing and falconry were combined with a penchant for innovation and knowledge.
In the first years of his reign, he played a large role in state affairs "uncle"(educator) boyar B.I. Morozov, who became the tsar's brother-in-law (they were married to sisters), and relatives from his first wife - the Miloslavskys.
Alexey Mikhailovich survived a turbulent era "riots" and wars, rapprochement and discord with. Under him, Russia's possessions expanded in the east, in Siberia, and in the west. Active diplomatic activity is being carried out.
Much has been done in the field of domestic policy. A course was pursued to centralize control and strengthen the autocracy. The backwardness of the country dictated the invitation of foreign specialists in manufacturing, military affairs, first experiments, attempts at reforms (establishment of schools, regiments of the new system, etc.).
In his palace possessions, the tsar was a zealous owner, strictly making sure that his serfs regularly fulfilled their duties and made all kinds of payments. From his first wife M.I. Miloslavskaya, Alexey Mikhailovich had 13 children; from the second - N.K. Naryshkina - three children. Many of them died early. Three of his sons became tsars (Fedor, Ivan and Peter), his daughter Sophia became regent for the young tsar brothers (Ivan and Peter).
Royal power. Although Mikhail Romanov became tsar by the will of the Zemsky Sobor, the body of class representation, he, like his predecessors, quickly began to be viewed as God’s chosen sovereign, who received power from “their ancestors”- representatives of the Rurik dynasty. The election of the first Romanov began to be presented as a manifestation of divine will. The same thoughts continue to be developed in official acts and chronicles, journalistic and historical works throughout the entire century.
On those rare occasions when the king appeared to the people, he amazed those who saw him with his magnificence - rich clothes and carriages, a decorated retinue and numerous guards. The foreign diplomats whom the Tsar received in the Faceted Chamber of the Kremlin were surprised by the solemn and mysterious Moscow ceremony, the splendor and richness of the premises with its luxurious decoration, the importance and severity of customs; most of all - the personality of the king, motionless and inaccessible, “like God in the mountains”, his magnificent, never-ending title, which was supposed to be pronounced in full, without the slightest omission, in order (God forbid!) to prevent the derogation of the sovereign’s, and thereby the state’s, Russian honor.
Boyar Duma under Mikhail Romanov
Boyar Duma. It was believed that Mikhail Fedorovich ruled the country together with the Boyar Duma. It included representatives of four Duma ranks: boyars, okolnichy, Duma nobles and Duma clerks. The first rank, the most important and prestigious, was appointed by the tsars from representatives of more than two dozen of the most noble families - the Rurikovichs and Gediminovichs, that is, the descendants of the ruling houses of Ancient Rus' (Vorotynsky, Mstislavsky, etc.) and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Golitsyn, Kurakin etc.), as well as old Moscow boyar families (Romanovs, Morozovs, Saltykovs, Sheremetevs, Sheins, etc.). All of them came from almost sixty of the most ancient and noble families.
In the 17th century a considerable number of people became members of the Duma due to kinship with the kings through the female line: the Streshnevs under Tsar Mikhail, the Miloslavskys and Naryshkins under his son and grandchildren. Favor at court played the same role - this is how, for example, A. S. Matveev and A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin rose to prominence under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
The number of members of the Boyar Duma changed. At the end of the 70s. gg. there were 97 people in it: 42 boyars, 27 okolnichy, 19 Duma nobles and 9 Duma clerks. The aristocratic character of the Duma was preserved, but still did not remain unchanged - everything went to the Duma large quantity nobles and clerks.
The Tsar met with the Duma in the palace or, in the case of leaving for villages and monasteries near Moscow, outside the capital, since Duma officials accompanied him. Usually the Duma did not meet in full force: some served as governors in cities and regiments, others traveled abroad as part of embassies 1. The Duma sitting began at sunrise (in summer) or before sunrise (in winter) and, with interruptions, sometimes continued until late in the evening. Usually, at the direction of the tsar, the most important state affairs were discussed and decided: declaring war, concluding peace, collecting emergency taxes, adopting a new law, etc., controversial or complex issues on the presentation of orders - ministries of the 17th century, on complaints from individuals. The decision of the Duma became a law or its explanation.
Gradually the role of the Boyar Duma decreases. Along with it, there is under the king the so-called “near” or “secret thought”. The tsar did not include all the boyars in it, but only some at his personal discretion, sometimes not members "big" Duma.
Despite the diminishing role of the Duma in the state in the second half of the century, it still led the country together with the Tsar. Its final fall dates back to the reign of Peter I.
Zemsky Sobors. The role of Zemsky Sobors has changed even more. They became the body of representation of nobles and townspeople. At the beginning of the century, in conditions of social upheaval, foreign invasions, weakening state power their importance has increased greatly.
Both during the Time of Troubles and at the beginning of the reign of Tsar Michael, the central government was in dire need of support "all the earth". Zemsky Sobors essentially turned into a body of administrative power, in which a large, even decisive role Representatives of the nobility and townspeople played. The cathedral performed its functions, so important and necessary for the country, with the permission and instructions of the supreme power, which was very concerned that after the terrible ruin it would quickly “to arrange the land”.
"The election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor." Painting by A. Kivshenko
Zemsky Sobors under Mikhail they convened often, almost annually. At first, they expressed the will of “the whole earth” in their own way. But later, when Patriarch Filaret, the tsar’s father, returned from Polish captivity, when a permanent government was formed, the role of council deputies began to be reduced to raising petitions before the supreme authority, which made appropriate decisions that became legislative norms.
From the very beginning, the Zemsky Sobor was doomed to the role of an obedient instrument in the hands of the autocracy. Firstly, most of the peasantry was excluded from representation at the councils. Secondly, they were convened only when the supreme power needed them.
In the first half of the century, Zemsky Sobors considered issues of war and peace, collection of emergency taxes and relations with neighboring countries. After 1653, when the Zemsky Sobor decided to accept Little Russia into Russian citizenship, the activities of this estate-representative institution essentially ceased. The government sometimes convenes elected representatives from any one class, and such commissions consider certain issues on its instructions. Emerging absolute monarchy no longer needs such a governing body. The same process of decline of representative bodies then occurred in all European countries. The main pillars of power are the bureaucracy and the army.
Central and local government. In the field of management, the government followed the path of bureaucratic centralization. In the 17th century the order system became much more branched and cumbersome than in the previous century. With the expansion of territory, the complication and revitalization of state and economic life, the number of central departments grew rapidly. There were up to 80 orders, but permanent ones - half as many; the rest arose as needed and, after existing for a year or two, disappeared.
There was no clear division of functions between the orders. Some were in charge of some branch of management throughout the country. Others could do the same things in a certain area. The stripes and confusion in administrative management greatly hampered the matter.
The orders, on the one hand, were completely subordinate to the tsar and the Boyar Duma, did not have any independence in resolving matters, on the other hand, they put pressure like a press on local authorities, especially elected ones.
The first place among orders belonged to the Discharge Order, or Discharge. He discharged, or dressed up, that is, distributed, appointed, service people in the fatherland - nobles and boyar children - to serve in the military, civil and court departments. He kept lists of all nobles by city and county, the so-called tithes.
The local order was in charge of the local and patrimonial lands of the center European Russia, where the land holdings of the feudal lords were located - estates, which they owned on a conditional basis (after the nobleman terminated his service, this land returned to the royal treasury), and estates (unconditional, hereditary possessions). If the Discharge determined the local "salary" nobleman -" the size of his land holdings, then the Local Order allocated the real “dacha” from the available land fund.
The Yamsk order ensured the organization of the Yamsk chase - postal service for the needs of the state.
Three orders were in charge of finances. The Order of the Grand Parish collected customs revenues through its local representatives and monitored measures of length and weight. The order of the New Quarter, or New Chet, was in charge of tavern gatherings in Moscow and southern cities, and fought the illegal sale of wine and tobacco. The order of the Great Treasury had broad powers: it was subordinate to state-owned industry and trade, the merchants themselves were guests, trading people from the Living Room and Cloth Hundreds; finally, the Money Court, i.e., coinage.
Some orders were in charge of court cases. Robber, who was involved in criminal records management, handled cases of murder, robbery, and theft throughout the country, except Moscow; Zemsky was in charge of criminal cases and also carried out police functions in the capital.
In the Petition Prikaz, chiefs, clerks, clerks, and guards of the orders themselves were tried. He also acted as the highest court of appeal for court cases all other orders. The order seemed to stand above other institutions. The Order of Secret Affairs, which controlled the activities of all government agencies, ambassadors, governor. The entire household of the royal family was subordinate to him. It existed, however, not for long: from 1654 until the death of Alexei Mikhailovich (1676).
The competence of several orders was regional in nature. The entire Volga region, the lands of the former Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, were governed by the Order of the Kazan Palace. He was in charge of the lands of Siberia. In 1637, a special Siberian order was established to manage Siberia. It received yasak.
A special place was occupied by a group of palace orders in charge of service royal family and yard.
Foreign policy functions were the prerogative of the Ambassadorial Prikaz. He was in charge of relations with foreign states, sent embassies there, received foreign embassies, and conducted business with foreign merchants, including litigation. He also collected taxes from the whole country for the ransom of prisoners - Polonian money.
The defense of the state, and this is also a function of a foreign policy nature, was dealt with by a group of military orders that simultaneously had some internal political functions. The discharge order, the main one, directed military operations. Other orders - Streletsky, Pushkarsky, Inozemsky, Reitarsky and Cossack - were in charge of special branches of the military.
There was no unity in the distribution of cases between orders. This whole cumbersome colossus was difficult to control by the supreme power. She looked for a way out in the organization of orders placed above all other orders: Secret, Petition, etc.; in the transfer of control of a number of orders (for example, the Posolsky and the institutions connected to it) into the hands of one boss, usually a boyar.
The dark sides of the order system - confusion in competence, petty supervision from above and the equally petty pressure of the orders themselves on local government bodies, the famous Moscow red tape and bribery - aroused complaints from citizens, who often raised uprisings, aimed, among other things, against abuses of the order.
The main territorial and administrative unit of the country was the county. Its formation dates back to the times when individual principalities and their appanages were included in a single state. From these, counties grew, differing in size and population. They were divided into camps and volosts.
Back in the middle of the 16th century. in the districts, instead of governors and volostels, zemstvo huts appeared, headed by zemstvo elders. They were elected by peasants and townspeople from among themselves, and the elders governed towns and volosts, collected taxes, and conducted civil courts. Criminal cases were considered by provincial elders sitting in provincial huts; they were elected from among their ranks by local nobles.
By the end of the 16th century. in a number of border cities and counties, where strong power was required, voivodes appeared, and not only in the role of military commander, but also as the chief administrator and judge in both civil and criminal cases. He was responsible for the receipt of all fees, the performance of government services, all duties, and had police functions. From the beginning of the 17th century. Voivodeship power gradually and quite quickly spreads over the entire country.
Cathedral Code of 1649 After the Troubles, legislative activity revived. The events of the beginning of the century undermined all institutions and establishments to such an extent that with the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich, much had to be restored, remade or done anew. One contemporary noted quite accurately in this regard: “The building of a new kingdom has begun.”
After the Code of Law of 1550, new material accumulated—decrees and sentences of higher authorities. And when, during the Moscow uprising of 1648, the nobles and townspeople raised the question of streamlining government, including the drafting of a new set of laws, the authorities, who agreed with this demand, had at their disposal extensive material from “newly ordered articles”.
The compilation of the code was entrusted to a commission of five people - the boyars Prince Odoevsky (head of the commission) and Prince Prozorovsky, the okolnichy Prince Volkonsky, Dyakov Griboyedov and Leontyev. “Order of Prince Odoevsky” and drew up the Council Code. In January 1649, it was approved at the Zemsky Sobor, then printed in the Moscow printing house and sent to institutions throughout the country. It consisted of 25 chapters and 967 articles!
Cathedral Code of 1649— a noticeable step forward in the development of domestic legislation. First of all, it speaks about the nobility, protects its interests; also treats issues related to the position of other classes: landowners and black-growing peasants, townspeople, serfs, archers, Cossacks and others.
Photo. Cathedral Code of 1649
The Code is a code of feudal law. He satisfies the demands of the nobility and the top of the posad world. Chapter XI - “The Trial of the Peasants”— treats in detail the issue of peasant fortress. The search for fugitive peasants becomes indefinite, talks about a fine for harboring fugitives, about the right of the landowner and patrimonial owner to the peasant’s property, which was used to pay the debts of insolvent owners, about the right of nobles to actually buy and sell peasants, etc.
The Code is based on the monopoly class rights of feudal lords to land and peasants. But it also provides for their duty to serve from estates and estates; for evasion of service there is a risk of confiscation of half the estate, whipping, for treason - the death penalty and complete confiscation of property.
An important place in the Code was occupied by the issues of protecting the honor and health of the king, royal power, representatives “sovereign court” and churches. In this regard, it introduces the concept of state crime.
In general, the Council Code stood for the protection of the interests of the autocratic monarchy, the top of society, legitimizing the final formalization of serfdom and the trend of transition to absolutism in the state and political life of Russia.
Court and army. The highest judicial authorities were the Tsar and the Boyar Duma. The bulk of court cases were decided in orders, as well as by governors, landowners and patrimonial owners. It is characteristic that the bodies of state power and administration were in charge of the courts. The court was characterized by the autocracy of clerks and local bosses, red tape and bribery. Along with the adversarial process (listening to the testimony of the plaintiff and defendant), the detective process with its denunciations and arrests, confrontations and torture became increasingly widespread.
The Russian army was formed from service people in the fatherland (feudal lords from the Duma, Moscow ranks, city nobles and boyar children), service people according to the device (streltsy, city Cossacks, gunners, etc.), non-Russian peoples - Bashkirs, Tatars, etc. The nobles were to serve in cities and regiments twice a year or on military campaigns together with his armed servants. The instrument rooms were staffed by free, willing people, relatives of the archers themselves, etc.
In wartime, tax-paying and tax-paying people were collected from the tax-paying classes for auxiliary work in the army and participation in hostilities.
The total number of warriors, by the end of the 16th century. amounting to 100 thousand people, greatly decreased during the Time of Troubles and after it, it was only possible to restore it by the beginning of the 30s. XVII century
In 1630, the creation of regiments of a new system began - soldiers, reiters, and dragoons. Two decades later, they began to recruit peasants and townspeople for this purpose. The role of the noble local cavalry gradually declined. And vice versa, the role of soldiers and archers increased. For example, in 1651 there were 37.5 thousand nobles and boyar children in the Russian army; thirty years later (1680) - only 15.8 thousand. The number of soldiers increased sharply.
the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty
Mikhail Romanov
short biography
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov(1596-1645) - the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty (reigned from March 27 (April 6), 1613), was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor on February 21 (March 3), 1613.
The Romanov family belongs to the ancient families of the Moscow boyars. The first representative of this family known from the chronicles, Andrei Ivanovich, who had the nickname Mare, in 1347 was in the service of the Great Prince of Vladimir and Moscow Simeon Ivanovich the Proud.
Mikhail Fedorovich was born in 1596 into the family of boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later Patriarch Filaret) and his wife Ksenia Ivanovna, née Shestova. He was a cousin of Fyodor Ioannovich, the last Russian Tsar from the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty.
Under Boris Godunov, the Romanovs fell into disgrace. In 1600, a search began following a denunciation of the nobleman Bertenev, who served as treasurer for Alexander Romanov, the uncle of the future tsar. Bertenev reported that the Romanovs kept magic roots in their treasury, intending to “spoil” (kill with witchcraft) the royal family. From the diary of the Polish embassy it follows that a detachment of royal archers carried out an armed attack on the Romanov compound. On October 26 (November 5), 1600, the Romanov brothers were arrested. Nikita Romanovich's sons: Fyodor, Alexander, Mikhail, Ivan and Vasily were tonsured as monks and exiled to Siberia in 1601, where most of them died.
Mikhail was born on July 12 - the day of St. Michael Malein, in whose honor he was baptized; Also, according to tradition, he was named in honor of his uncle - Mikhail Nikitich Romanov.
During the Time of Troubles
In 1605, False Dmitry I, wanting to actually prove his relationship with the House of Romanov, returned the surviving members of the family from exile. Fyodor Nikitich (in monasticism Filaret) with his wife Ksenia Ivanovna (in monasticism Martha) and children, and Ivan Nikitich were returned. From the fall of 1602, Mikhail lived for several years in Kliny (now Vladimir region, Kolchuginsky district), on the estate of his uncle Ivan Nikitich, and after the overthrow of Shuisky and the coming to power of the Seven Boyars, he ended up in Moscow, where he remained the entire time the city was besieged by the Russians militias.
In the winter of 1612, Marfa Ivanovna and her son Mikhail lived in their Kostroma patrimony of the Romanovs, the village of Domnina (read about the feat of Ivan Susanin), and then took refuge from persecution by Polish-Lithuanian troops in the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma.
Election to the kingdom
According to the famous Soviet historian, Professor A.L. Stanislavsky, a well-known specialist in the history of Russian society of the 16th-17th centuries, the key role in the accession of Michael instead of foreign princes and King James I of England and Scotland, whom the nobility and boyars wanted to elect, was played by the united then with the Moscow common people the Great Russian Cossacks, whose liberties the tsar and his descendants subsequently took away from everyone possible ways. The Cossacks received grain salaries and feared that the bread that was supposed to go towards their salaries would instead be sold by the British for money all over the world. On March 13 (23), 1613, ambassadors from the Zemsky Sobor, which elected 16-year-old Mikhail as king, led by Archbishop Theodoret of Ryazan, cellarer of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery Abraham Palitsyn and boyar Fyodor Ivanovich Sheremetev arrived in Kostroma; On March 14 (24), they were received at the Ipatiev Monastery. Here they announced the decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the Moscow throne.
His mother, nun Martha, was in despair; she tearfully begged her son not to accept such a heavy burden. Mikhail himself hesitated for a long time. After an appeal to the mother and Mikhail of the Ryazan Archbishop Theodoret, Martha gave her consent to the elevation of her son to the throne. A few days later, Mikhail left for Moscow. His mother blessed him for the kingdom with the Feodorovskaya icon Mother of God, and from that moment on, the icon became one of the shrines of the Romanov dynasty. In the legend about the icon there are the following words attributed to Martha: “Behold, to You, O Most Pure Mother of God, in Your Most Pure Hands, Lady, I commend my child, and as you wish, arrange for it to be beneficial for him and for all Orthodox Christianity.”
Along the way he stopped at all major cities: Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Trinity Monastery, Rostov, Suzdal. Arriving in Moscow, he went through Red Square to the Kremlin. At the Spassky Gate he was greeted with a religious procession with the main state and church relics. Then he prayed at the tombs of the Russian tsars in the Archangel Cathedral and at the shrines of the Mother See of the Assumption Cathedral.
In May 1613, the Duma clerk Ivan Chicherin signed the letter of election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom.
On July 11 (21), 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, Michael’s crowning ceremony took place, marking the founding of the new ruling dynasty of the Romanovs.
Governing body
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was young and inexperienced, and until 1619 the country was ruled by the great old woman Martha and her relatives. The historian N.I. Kostomarov says the following about this period: “Near the young tsar there were no people distinguished by intelligence and energy: they were all just ordinary mediocrity. The previous sad history of Russian society bore bitter fruits. The torment of Ivan the Terrible, the treacherous rule of Boris, and finally, the unrest and complete breakdown of all state ties produced a pitiful, petty generation, a generation of stupid and narrow people who were little capable of rising above everyday interests. Under the new sixteen-year-old king, neither Sylvester nor Adashev of previous times appeared. Mikhail himself was naturally kind, but, it seems, of a melancholy disposition; he was not gifted with brilliant abilities, but was not devoid of intelligence; but he did not receive any education and, as they say, upon ascending the throne, he barely knew how to read.”
After the release of Patriarch Filaret from Polish captivity in 1619, actual power passed into the hands of the latter, also called the Great Sovereign. State charters of that time were written on behalf of the tsar and the patriarch.
During his reign, the wars with Sweden were stopped (the Treaty of Stolbov 1617, according to which Russia was returned Novgorod lands) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1634), relations with foreign powers were resumed.
In 1621, especially for the Tsar, the clerks of the Ambassadorial Prikaz began to prepare the first Russian newspaper - “Newsletters”.
In 1631-1634, the organization of regiments of the “new system” (reitar, dragoon, soldier) was carried out.
During these same years, the Russian-Polish War (1632-1634) occurred, which ended with the Polyanovsky Peace, which was unfavorable for Russia.
In 1632, Andrei Vinius, with the permission of Mikhail Fedorovich, founded the first iron-smelting, iron-making and weapons factories near Tula.
In 1637, the period for capturing fugitive peasants was increased to 9 years, and in 1642 - by another year. Those exported by other owners were allowed to be searched for up to 15 years.
Results of the board
- Conclusion of “eternal peace” with Sweden (Peace of Stolbov in 1617). The borders established by the Treaty of Stolbov remained until the start of the Northern War of 1700-1721. Despite the loss of access to the Baltic Sea, large territories previously conquered by Sweden were returned. Russia also had to pay a large indemnity of 20,000 rubles for those times.
- Deulino truce (1618), and then “eternal peace” with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Polyanovsky peace of 1634). Poland and Lithuania retained Smolensk and Seversk land, but the Polish king and Grand Duke Lithuanian Vladislav IV renounced his claims to the Russian throne.
- Establishment of strong centralized power throughout the country through the appointment of governors and village elders.
- To determine the amount of taxes throughout the country, an accurate inventory of all manor lands was made. A special “order” (office) was established to receive and examine complaints from the population “about the grievances of strong people.”
- Overcoming the severe consequences of the Time of Troubles, restoring normal economy and trade.
- Annexation of lands along the Yaik, Baikal region, Yakutia to Russia, access to the Pacific Ocean.
- Reorganization of the army (1631-1634). Creation of regiments of the “new system”: Reitar, Dragoon, Soldier.
- Foundation of the first ironworks near Tula (1632).
- The foundation of the German Settlement in Moscow is the settlement of foreign engineers and military specialists. In less than 100 years, many of the inhabitants of "Kukuy" will play important role in the reforms of Peter I the Great.
- The beginning of secular painting in Russia: according to the sovereign's decree, on July 26 (August 5), 1643, a resident of Rugodiv, master John Deters, was hired to serve in the Armory, who taught painting to Russian students.
Marriage plans
In 1616, Tsar Michael turned twenty years old. The nun-queen Martha, in agreement with the boyars, decided to organize a bride show - it was fitting for the king to get married and show the world a legitimate heir so that there would be no troubles. The girls came to Moscow for the bride, but the mother chose in advance for her son a girl from a noble boyar family, close to the family of her relatives, the Saltykovs. Mikhail, however, confused her plans: walking around the rows of beauties, the young king stopped in front of the hawthorn Maria Khlopova. The royal bride was settled in the palace and even given a new name, Anastasia (in memory of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible). Together with the girl, her numerous relatives also arrived at the court. But suddenly the girl fell ill and vomited frequently for several days. The court doctors who examined her (Valentin Bils and the doctor Balsyr) issued a conclusion: “There is no harm to the fruit and childbirth.” But Mikhail Saltykov reported to Tsar Mikhail that the doctor Balsyr recognized the bride’s illness as incurable. The nun Martha demanded that Mary be removed. The Zemsky Sobor was convened. Gavrilo Khlopov struck with his forehead: “The disease came from sweet poisons. The illness passes, the bride is already healthy. There’s no way to send her away from above!” But the boyars knew that the Tsar’s mother did not want Khlopova, so they admitted: “Maria Khlopova is fragile for the Tsar’s joy!” Maria, along with her grandmother, aunt and two Zhelyabuzhsky uncles, were separated from her parents and sent into exile in Tobolsk. But Mikhail Fedorovich continued to receive news about the health of his former bride.
In 1619, the tsar's father, Metropolitan Philaret, returned from captivity and was ordained patriarch. With his appearance, his mother's influence on Mikhail noticeably decreased. Filaret did not agree with his wife and condemned his son for his cowardly behavior. The bride and her relatives were transferred to Verkhoturye, and a year later - to Nizhny Novgorod. But Filaret did not insist on marriage with his ex-fiancee. Taking into account the sad state of the state, the patriarch decided to marry Mikhail to a Lithuanian princess, but he refused. Then the father suggested wooing Dorothea Augusta, the niece of the Danish king Christian. The chronicle reports the king's refusal, motivated by the fact that his brother, Prince John, came to woo Princess Xenia and, according to rumors, was killed by poison. At the beginning of 1623, an embassy was sent to the Swedish king to woo his relative, Princess Catherine. But she did not want to fulfill the indispensable Russian condition - to be baptized into the Orthodox faith.
After failures at foreign courts, Mikhail Fedorovich again remembered Maria. He told his parents: “I was married according to the law of God, the queen was betrothed to me, and I don’t want to take anyone other than her.” Nun Martha again accused the girl of illness. By order of Patriarch Filaret, an inquiry was held: Maria’s parents and the doctors who treated her were questioned. Doctors Bils and Balsyr were sent to Nizhny Novgorod to examine the bride again. They examined Maria-Anastasia, interrogated her relatives and confessor and came to a unanimous opinion: “Marya Khlopova is healthy in everything.” The bride herself said: “Just as I was with my father and mother and grandmother, I never had any illnesses, and when I was at the sovereign’s court, I was healthy for six weeks, and after that an illness appeared, I was vomiting and breaking my insides and there was swelling, and tea, it was caused by an adversary, and that illness lasted twice for two weeks. They gave me holy water from the relics to drink, and that’s why I was healed, and soon felt better, and now I’m healthy.” After the investigation, the Saltykovs’ conspiracy was discovered. Mikhail and Boris were sent to their estates, Elder Eunice (Martha’s confidante) was exiled to the Suzdal monastery. The king was again going to marry the chosen girl. But the nun Martha threatened her son: “If Khlopova becomes queen, I will not remain in your kingdom.” A week after the Saltykovs’ disgrace, Ivan Khlopov received a royal letter: “We do not deign to take your daughter Marya for ourselves.”
Having insisted on her own, nun Marfa found Mikhail Fedorovich new bride- the noble princess Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukaya from an ancient family of descendants of the Chernigov princes - the Rurikovichs. The wedding took place on September 18, 1624 in Moscow. But a few days later the young queen fell ill and died five months later. The chronicle calls the death of Mary the Divine Punishment for insulting the innocent Khlopova.
In 1626, Tsar Mikhail Romanov was in his thirtieth year and was a childless widower. 60 beauties from noble families were brought for the new show. But he liked one of the servants - the daughter of the Meshchov nobleman Evdokia Streshneva, a distant relative of the hawthorn who came to the bride. A modest wedding took place on February 5 (15), 1626 in Moscow. The newlyweds were married by Patriarch Filaret himself, the father of the groom. Moreover, the tsar brought Evdokia into the Kremlin chambers just three days before the wedding was announced, fearing that her enemies would spoil the girl. Before that, her father and brothers themselves guarded her at home. Evdokia refused to change her name to Anastasia, explaining that “this name did not add happiness” to either Anastasia Romanovna or Maria Khlopova. She was far from the struggle of political “parties” at court and intrigues. The family life of Mikhail Fedorovich turned out to be happy.
Death
Tsar Michael was not in good health from birth. Already in 1627, at the age of 30, Mikhail Fedorovich “mourned his legs” so much that sometimes, in his own words, he was “carried to and from the cart in chairs.”
Cathedral of the Archangel. Perspective of the ends of the tombstones of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich (1654-1670), Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645), infant princes Vasily and Ivan Mikhailovich. Photo by K. A. Fisher. 1905 From the collections of the Museum of Architecture. A. V. Shchuseva.
He died on July 13 (23), 1645 from a water disease of unknown origin at the age of 49 years. According to the doctors who treated the Moscow sovereign, his illness came from “sitting too much,” from cold drinking and melancholy, “that is, sadness.” Mikhail Fedorovich was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - the first Tsar of. He was enthroned by the Zemsky Sobor, assembled by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, whose militia expelled the Poles from Moscow, putting an end toThe accession of M. F. Romanov became a milestone in the formation of a new community in Rus', based on the population’s awareness of the need for strong state power
Brief biography of Mikhail Fedorovich
- 1596, July 12 - birth. Father boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, mother Kostroma noblewoman Ksenia Ioannovna Shestova
- 1601, June - the father fell from grace under Boris Godunov, the family was exiled to Beloozero, the father and mother were forcibly tonsured as monks under the names Filaret and Martha.
- 1602, September - 1605 - the family moved to the village of Kliny, Yuryev-Polsky district, Vladimir region.
- 1605 - False Dmitry I elevated Michael's father, Philaret, to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov and Yaroslavl
- 1606–1608 - stay with his father, Metropolitan Philaret, in Rostov
- 1610 - participation of Metropolitan Philaret in developing the conditions for the calling of Prince Vladislav, the son of the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Sigismund III, to the Russian throne and the Great Embassy to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the calling of Prince Vladislav to the kingdom.
- 1610–1612 - Mikhail and his mother in Moscow, besieged by the troops of the First and Second militias of Prince Pozharsky
This is a “dark” page of Mikhail’s biography, which has a certain duality in interpretation... Obviously, as the son of the head of the embassy to King Sigismund III, he would hardly have been allowed to leave Moscow unhindered... Perhaps that is why in the documents of the beginning of his reign Mikhail Fedorovich was told that the Polish and Lithuanian people “placed other boyars and nobles and all sorts of people with them in Moscow,” that is, they held them against their will.
The dangers of a siege and famine in Moscow were spoken of in letters sent out from the Moscow region militia at the end of October 1612: “And they say that in the city, Moscow inmates are beaten, and from all overcrowding and hunger they die, and Lithuanian people eat human flesh, and no one had any bread or other supplies.” It is no coincidence that one of the leaders of the militia, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, did not allow the boyars and their families who were leaving Moscow to be dealt with, who no longer evoked any other feelings other than pity
- 1612, October - Mikhail and his mother went to the Kostroma estates of the Shestovs
Enthronement
On February 7, 1613, they came to the decision to elect Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. According to one legend, the first to speak about Mikhail Fedorovich at the cathedral was a nobleman from Galich, who brought to the cathedral a written statement about Mikhail’s rights to
throne. Some Don ataman did the same. Further, Palitsyn (church-political figure, writer and publicist) in his “Legend” stated that people from many cities came to him and asked him to convey to the royal synclite “their thought about the election of Romanov.” The Cossacks, they say, also stood for Mikhail. From the 7th, the final choice was postponed until the 21st, and people, it seems, participants in the council, were sent to the cities to find out in the cities the people's opinion about the matter. And the cities spoke out for Mikhail... When the Mstislavsky and other boyars, as well as belated elected people and those sent to the regions gathered in Moscow, a solemn meeting took place on February 21 in the Assumption Cathedral(Sergei Fedorovich Platonov “Complete course of lectures on Russian history”)
Mikhail and his mother at first unconditionally rejected the ambassadors' proposal. The latter said that the Moscow people were “exhausted”, that in such a great state even a child could not rule, etc. For a long time the ambassadors had to persuade both mother and son; they used all their eloquence, even threatened with heavenly punishment; finally their efforts were crowned with success - Mikhail gave his consent, and his mother blessed him
- 1616 - failed marriage of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to Marya Khlopova
Martha took care to find a bride for her son, and her choice fell on Maria Khlopova from the Zhelyabuzhsky family loyal to the Romanovs; But the tsar’s marriage was prevented by the enmity of the Saltykovs, whom Marfa favored, towards the Khlopovs - in them the tsar’s relatives saw their rivals in influence. The reason for the enmity was an insignificant dispute between the father of the royal bride and one of the Saltykovs. Shortly before the wedding, an unexpected illness of the bride occurred, empty in itself, but taking on a different appearance thanks to the intrigues of the Saltykovs. They took advantage of this illness, Khlopova was considered “spoiled” and exiled along with her relatives, accused of deception, to Tobolsk - 1619, June 1 - Mikhail Fedorovich's father Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, or Filaret, was released from Polish captivity
- 1619, June 14 - Filaret arrived in Moscow
- 1619, June 24 - Filaret was installed as patriarch. “Thus, dual power began, and it began officially: all the letters were written on behalf of both great sovereigns.”
“Mikhail Fedorovich was an intelligent, gentle man, but spineless; perhaps due to lack of data, or perhaps this was the case in reality, but before us he is an ordinary person who has no “personality.” Filaret Nikitich was the first handsome man in his youth and a dandy in Moscow - in best years was tonsured a monk “involuntarily”; he had to experience... go through a lot, but this strengthened his already strong character even more. In the turmoil, he stood face to face with the most important state issues and acquired skill in them - he became a statesman... When Filaret was made patriarch, he, like the tsar, was given the title of “great sovereign.” In the new great sovereign, Moscow made a great acquisition; it received what it most needed: an intelligent administrator with specific goals. Even in the church sphere, Filaret was more of an administrator than a teacher and mentor of the church - 1624, September 18 - wedding with Princess Marya Vladimirovna Dolgoruka. A few days later the young queen fell ill and died five months later.
- 1625 - inclusion of the title “autocrat” in the official designation of the tsar on the state seal
- 1626, February 3–8 - wedding of Mikhail Fedorovich with Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva
- 1627 - birth of the princess’s daughter Irina Mikhailovna (died February 8, 1679)
- 1628 - birth of the princess's daughter Pelageya Mikhailovna (died January 25, 1629)
- 1629, March 19 - birth of the son Alexei Mikhailovich, the future tsar
- 1630, July 14 - birth of the daughter of Princess Anna Mikhailovna (died October 27, 1692)
- 1631, January 26 - death of mother, Grand Eldress Marfa Ivanovna
- 1631, August 14 - birth of the daughter of Princess Marfa Mikhailovna (died September 21, 1633)
- 1633, June 2 - birth of son Ioann Mikhailovich (died January 10, 1639)
- 1633, October 1 - death of the father of Patriarch Filaret Nikitich
- 1634, September 15 - birth of daughter Sophia Mikhailovna (died June 23, 1636)
- 1636, January 5 - birth of daughter Tatyana Mikhailovna (died August 24, 1706)
- 1637, February 10 - birth and death of daughter Evdokia Mikhailovna
- 1639, March 14 - birth of a son, Vasily Mikhailovich (died March 25, 1639)
- 1645, July 13 - death of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
Activities of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich within the country
: economic devastation, large human losses, financial difficulties, impoverishment of the people, increased flight of the population from the center of the country to the outskirts
Eradicating the last manifestations of the Troubles
- 1613-1614 - liquidation of the rebellion of the Cossack ataman Zarutsky
- 1613-1615 - liquidation of the rebellion of the Cossack ataman Balovnya
- 1613-1614 - pacification with salaries, gifts, flattery of the Cossacks of the Don, Terek, Volga
- 1615-1617 - attempts to repel raids on the Russian border western and northwestern regions of the Polish detachments of Lisovsky and Chaplinsky
Finding money and auditing the economy of Rus'
“The government had two tasks: firstly, to collect as much money as possible into the treasury...
Secondly, employ service people. For this purpose, the government sent boyars to different areas to recruit nobles fit for service and allocate them with local land. For both the first and second purposes, it was necessary to know the position of private land ownership in the state, and so “scribes” and “watchmen” were sent to inventory and tax-pay the land. But the government’s intentions were carried out carelessly, with a lot of abuses on the part of both the administration and the population: scribes and patrolmen made peace for some, oppressed others, took bribes; and the population, in an effort to get rid of taxes, often deceived the scribes, hid their property and thereby achieved a favorable incorrect assessment for themselves."
- 1615-1616 - “And so the Moscow government is primarily concerned with collecting money to support military men and satisfy other important needs. In the very first days after the king’s arrival, the cathedral ordered: collect arrears, and then ask anyone for a loan (they even asked foreign merchants); a special letter from the tsar and a special one from the council were sent to the Stroganovs with a request for help for the devastated state. And the Stroganovs soon responded: they sent 3,000 rubles, a fairly large sum for those times. A year later, the cathedral recognized the need to collect a fifth of money, and not even from income, but from each property in cities, and from counties - 120 rubles. from the plow. According to the allocation, the Stroganovs accounted for 16,000 rubles; but 40,000 were imposed on them, and the king persuaded them “not to spare their bellies”
With the “accession” of Filaret, energetic and skillful work began aimed at establishing order in the country. All aspects of public life attracted the attention of the government. With the participation of Filaret, concerns began about finances, about improving the administration and the court, and about the structure of the estates. When Filaret went to his grave in 1633, the Moscow state was already completely different in terms of improvement - not everything, of course, but Filaret did a lot for it. And his contemporaries do justice to his mind and deeds. Filaret, says one chronicle, “not only corrected the word of God, but also ruled over all zemstvo affairs; he freed many from violence, there were no strong people with him except the sovereigns themselves; Those who served the sovereign even in a stateless time and were not granted, Philaret sought them all out, granted them, kept them in his favor and did not hand them over to anyone.”
- 1620 - conducting a new patrol of the lands of the Moscow state
- 1621–1622 - organization of search for local and monetary salaries. Analysis of service “cities”
- 1630–1632 - drawing up estimates of the Russian army
The fight against bribery and arbitrariness of local officials
- 1619, June - a detective order was established
- 1621 - Letter prohibiting ordinary people bribe officials
“Not having the strength to stop the general arbitrariness bequeathed by the unrest, the government, punishing individuals, at the same time facilitated the possibility of petitioning the administration, establishing in 1619 for this purpose the Detective Order, and in 1621 addressing the entire land with a letter, in which it prohibited communities from giving bribes to the governors, working for them and generally fulfilling their illegal demands. In case of failure to comply with the above, the government threatened the zemstvo people with punishment. But subsequent practice showed the invalidity of this kind of original appeal to the land. The governors continued to abuse power. This is what the towns said nobles about clerks: “Your sovereign clerks and clerks were granted your monetary salary, estates and estates, and being constantly at your business and enriched with much unrighteous wealth from their bribery, they bought many estates and built many of their houses, stone chambers such that the inconvenience is said : of blessed memory there was no one who was worthy to live in such houses.” And the zemstvo people said at the council of 1642, therefore, twenty years after the indicated measures: “In the cities, all sorts of people became impoverished and completely impoverished by your sovereign governors.” The governors stood too close to the people; the governor’s displeasure resonated too strongly with the city man and involuntarily forced him to give a bribe and work for the governor, but it was still difficult to seek justice for him: and to get justice it was necessary to go to Moscow
Establishing controllability of the country
- 1627 — “the government restored the institution of provincial elders, ordering them to be chosen from the best nobles... This measure limited the circle of influence of the governor; many cities took advantage of it and asked that they not have governors, but only provincial elders, and this was allowed. Thus, The provincial governor concentrated in his hands not only criminal cases, but regional administration, became a zemstvo judge. But on the other hand, cities were sometimes dissatisfied with provincial elders and asked to appoint a governor for them... As for the central administration, it was restored according to the old models bequeathed by the 16th century in the form of old orders, and only the needs of the time brought new orders to life. There were many of them established under Mikhail, but they were organized again according to old, pre-Trouble models, specializing in one particular branch of ownership of some old order. At the center of the entire administration, the sovereign Boyar Duma still stood and directed everything. «
Other economic events
- 1619, June - resolution of the Zemsky Sobor
- conduct a census again in areas that are not devastated, select scribes and patrolmen from reliable people, take them to the oath, making a promise to write without bribes and to work “in truth”
- find taxable people and return them back to the communities, and impose fines on those who held them;
- draw up a list of government expenses and income: how much of both, how much income has been lost from ruin, how much money is coming in, where it was spent, how much is left and where it is intended;
- update the composition of the Zemsky Sobor, replacing elected people with new ones. - 1626 - compilation of scribe books, which indicated the names of the owners of peasant and city households
- 1627 - decree equating estates granted for service to the state with family estates
- 1628 - Law limiting punishment by caning for non-payment of taxes
- 1642 - decree on a ten-year search for fugitive peasants
- 1644 - establishment of ironworks factories
Organization of the army according to the European model
- 1620 - compilation by the clerk of the Pushkarsky order A. M. Radishevsky “Charter of military, cannon and other matters relating to military science
- 1626-1633 — military reform: 5,000 foreign infantrymen, officer-instructors and cannon foundries were hired, weapons were purchased from Holland
- 1632 - the Dutchman Vinnius builds a factory for casting cannons and cannonballs near Tula
- 1642 - the beginning of the formation of regular troops - cavalry and infantry - in the European style
