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Which countries are included in the EAC? EEU - what is it? Eurasian Economic Union: countries

The Customs Union, EAEU, is an agreement adopted by members of the Eurasian Economic Union, the purpose of which is to abolish customs duties in trade relations. Based on these agreements, common ways of carrying out economic activities are created. Let's find out which countries made the list in 2019.

The Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union or CU EAEU is a customs union of member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Before the creation of the EAEU in 2015, it was a customs union of only three countries (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan) from among the participating countries of the Eurasian Economic Community - and thus was a Customs Union based on the Eurasian Economic Community, membership in which was optional for participating countries EurAsEC. When the EAEU was created (unlike its predecessor, the EurAsEC), the common customs union became an integral part of the EAEU, and all EAEU member countries automatically enter the Customs Union from the moment they join the EAEU. At the same time, the member countries of the Customs Union applied (before the formation of the EAEU on January 1, 2015) and continue to apply common customs tariffs and other regulatory measures when trading with third countries.

EAEU in 2019, list of countries

All countries of the EAEU customs space apply a single, coordinated approach to customs procedures and goods imported and exported across the borders of the Customs Union. Also, throughout the territory of the Customs Union, equal rights for citizens of participating countries in employment are assumed.

The participants of the Customs Union are currently members of the EAEU:

Republic of Armenia;
Republic of Belarus;
The Republic of Kazakhstan;
Republic of Kyrgyzstan;
Russian Federation.

Syria and Tunisia announced their intention to join the CU, and a proposal was voiced to admit Turkey into the Union. However, nothing is known about specific actions to implement these intentions.

EAEU-2019, who controls

One of the important goals of the Customs Union is the joint protection of the domestic market of the Customs Union, as well as the creation of favorable conditions for the production and sale, primarily, of domestic products of the Union member countries. At this point in the program, mutual understanding between states turned out to be somewhat less than in matters of mutual trade. Each country had its own priorities in the development of production, while protecting the interests of neighbors sometimes had a negative impact on importing enterprises and the population.

The management and coordination bodies in the EAEU are:

The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is a supranational body consisting of the heads of state of the EAEU members;
The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) is a permanent regulatory body of the EAEU. The competence of the EEC includes, among other things, issues of international trade and customs regulation.

It would be fair to say that the Customs Union is one of the stages of a plan to strengthen economic ties between some states in the territory of the former USSR. In a certain sense, this can be seen as the restoration of once existing economic and technological chains, taking into account new political and economic realities.

An important aspect of the EAEU’s activities has become the system of centralized distribution of customs duties paid when crossing the borders of the Common Economic Space.

Russia accounts for 85.33% of the total;
Kazakhstan receives – 7.11%;
Belarus – 4.55%;
Kyrgyzstan – 1.9%;
Armenia – 1.11%.

In addition, the Customs Union has a mechanism for coordinated collection and distribution of indirect taxes. Thus, in its current state, the Customs Union is a way of economic integration of the states that are members of the EAEU.

Official information about the Customs Union can be obtained on the website of the Eurasian Economic Union - eurasiancommission.org.

In the modern world, many countries unite into unions - political, economic, religious and others. One of the largest such unions was the Soviet Union. Now we see the emergence of the European, Eurasian, and also Customs unions.

The Customs Union was positioned as a form of trade and economic integration of a number of countries, which provides not only a common customs territory for mutually beneficial trade with the absence of duties, etc., but also a number of issues regulating trade with third countries. This agreement was signed on October 6, 2007 in Dushanbe; at the time of its conclusion, the union included the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Belarus.

The first article of the contract on the movement of goods within this territory states the following:

There is no customs duty. And not only for goods of own production, but also for cargo from third countries.
There are no economic restrictions other than compensatory and anti-dumping ones.
The countries of the Customs Union apply a single customs tariff.

Current countries and candidates

There are both permanent member countries of the Customs Union that were its founders or joined later, and those that have only expressed a desire to join.

Participants:

Armenia;
Kazakhstan;
Kyrgyzstan;
Russia;
Belarus.

Candidates for membership:

Tunisia;
Syria;
Tajikistan.

TS managers

There was a special CU commission, which was approved at the time of signing the agreement on the Customs Union. Its rules were the basis of the legal activities of the organization. The structure worked and remained within these legal frameworks until July 1, 2012, that is, until the creation of the EEC. The highest body of the union at that time was a group of representatives of the heads of state (Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian Federation), Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev (Republic of Kazakhstan) and (Republic of Belarus)).

The following prime ministers were represented at the level of heads of government:

Russia - Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev;
Kazakhstan - Karim Kazhimkanovich Masimov;
Belarus - Sergei Sergeevich Sidorsky.

Purpose of the Customs Union

The countries of the Customs Union, with the main goal of creating a single regulatory body, meant the formation of a common territory, which would include several states, and all duties on products would be abolished on their territory.

The second goal was to protect one’s own interests and markets, first of all, from harmful, poor-quality, and also competitive products, which makes it possible to smooth out all the shortcomings in the trade and economic sphere. This is very important, since protecting the interests of one’s own states, taking into account the opinions of the members of the union, is a priority for any country.

Benefits and prospects

First of all, the benefits are obvious for those enterprises that can easily purchase from neighboring countries. Most likely, these will only be large corporations and companies. As for future prospects, contrary to some economists’ forecasts that the Customs Union will entail a decrease in wages in participating countries, at the official level the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan announced an increase in wages in the state in 2015.

That is why the world experience of such large economic entities cannot be attributed to this case. Countries that have joined the Customs Union can expect, if not rapid, but stable growth in economic ties.

Agreement

The final version of the Agreement on the Customs Code of the Customs Union was adopted only at the tenth meeting, 10.26.2009. This pact spoke of the creation of special groups that would monitor activities to bring the revised draft treaty into effect.

The countries of the Customs Union had until July 1, 2010 to make changes to their legislation to eliminate contradictions between this Code and the Constitution. Thus, another contact group was created to resolve problems arising from differences between national legal systems.

All the nuances related to the territories of the Customs Union were also finalized.

Territory of the Customs Union

The countries of the Customs Union have a common customs territory, which is determined by the borders of the states that have entered into an agreement and are members of the organization. The Customs Code, among other things, determines the expiration date of the commission, which was July 1, 2012. Thus, a more serious organization was created, which has much more powers and, accordingly, more people on its staff in order to fully control all processes. On January 1, 2012, the Eurasian Economic Commission (EAEC) officially began its work.

EAEU

The Eurasian Economic Union includes member countries of the Customs Union: the founders - Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan - and the recently joined states, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia.

The establishment of the EAEU implies a wider range of relationships in the freedom of movement of labor, capital, services and goods. Also, a coordinated economic policy of all countries must be constantly pursued, a transition must be made to a single

The total budget of this union is formed exclusively in Russian rubles, thanks to the share contributions made by all member countries of the Customs Union. Their size is regulated by the Supreme Council, which consists of the heads of these states.

Russian has become the working language for the regulations of all documents, and the headquarters will be located in Moscow. The financial regulator of the EAEU is in Almaty, and the court is in the capital of Belarus, Minsk.

Bodies of the Union

The highest regulatory body is the Supreme Council, which includes the heads of participating states.

A judicial body was also created, which is responsible for the application of treaties within the Union.

The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) is a regulatory body that provides all the conditions for the development and functioning of the Union, as well as the development of new proposals in the economic sphere regarding the format of the EAEU. It consists of the Ministers of the Commission (deputy prime ministers of the Union member states) and the Chairman.

Main provisions of the Treaty on the EAEU

Of course, the EAEU, compared to the CU, has not only broader powers, but also a much more extensive and specific list of planned work. This document no longer has any general plans, and for each specific task the path for its implementation is determined and a special working group is created that will not only monitor the implementation, but also control its entire progress.

In the received agreement the countries of the single Customs Union, and now the EAEU, secured an agreement on coordinated work and the creation of common energy markets. The work on energy policy is quite large-scale and will be implemented in several stages until 2025.

The document also regulates the creation of a common market for medical devices and medicines by January 1, 2016.

Great importance is attached to transport policy on the territory of the EAEU states, without which it will not be possible to create a single joint action plan. The development of a coordinated agro-industrial policy is envisaged, which includes the mandatory formation of veterinary and phytosanitary measures.

Coordinated provides the opportunity to translate all planned plans and agreements into reality. In such conditions, general principles of interaction are developed and the effective development of countries is ensured.

A special place is occupied by labor, which regulates not only the free movement of labor, but also the same working conditions. Citizens who go to work in the EAEU countries will no longer need to fill out migration cards (if their stay does not exceed 30 days). The same simplified system will apply to medical care. The issue of exporting pensions and counting the length of service accumulated in a Union member country is also being resolved.

Expert opinions

The list of countries of the Customs Union may be replenished with several more states in the near future, but, according to experts, in order for full growth and influence on Western similar type unions to be noticeable, a lot of work and expansion of the organization is necessary. In any case, the ruble will not be able to become an alternative to the euro or dollar for a long time, and the impact of recent sanctions has clearly shown how Western policy can work to serve its own interests, and that neither Russia itself nor the entire Union can actually do anything about it . As for Kazakhstan and Belarus specifically, the conflict in Ukraine showed that they will not give up their benefits to please Russia. The tenge, by the way, also fell sharply due to the fall of the ruble. And on many issues, Russia remains the main competitor of Kazakhstan and Belarus. However, at the moment, the creation of the Union is an adequate and only correct decision that can help at least somehow strengthen relations between states in the event of further Western pressure on Russia.

It is now known which countries in the Customs Union are more interested in its creation. Despite the fact that even at the stage of its inception it was constantly plagued by all sorts of problems, the joint coordinated actions of all members of the Union make it possible to solve them as quickly as possible, which makes it possible to look into the future with optimism and hope for the rapid development of the economies of all states participating in this treaty.

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RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY ANDCIVIL SERVICE UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RF

HIGH SCHOOL OF CORPORATE MANAGEMENT

Bachelor's program

Direction 100700.62 “Trading”

ABSTRACT

Subject: « History of the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union"

Completed by: Vanyushina A.A.

Checked by: Romanova M.E.

Moscow - 2015

Introduction

1. History of the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union

2. Governing bodies of the Eurasian Economic Union

3. Functions of the Eurasian Economic Union

4. Organizational structure of the Eurasian Economic Union

5. Prospective integration agenda of the EAEU with non-CIS countries

Bibliography

Introduction

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is an international integration economic association (union), the agreement on the creation of which was signed on May 29, 2014 and comes into force on January 1, 2015. The member states of the Eurasian Economic Union are the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation.

The idea of forming a Eurasian Union of States was first put forward by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, on March 29, 1994, during a speech at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. It was based on a large-scale project developed by the Kazakh leader for the integration of newly independent states on a qualitatively new, pragmatic and mutually beneficial economic basis. The innovation was to, along with further improvement of the Commonwealth of Independent States, create a new integration structure, the purpose of which would be the formation of a coordinated economic policy and the adoption of joint strategic development programs. Integration in the Eurasian Union was ensured, according to the project, by a clearer and more comprehensive institutional structure of the new integration association and a sufficient amount of its regulatory powers in key sectors of the economy, as well as in the political, defense, legal, environmental, cultural, and educational spheres.

The Eurasian Economic Union is the most ambitious and, at the same time, the most realistic integration project in modern Eurasia, based on clearly calculated economic advantages and mutual benefits. This is a qualitatively new level of economic interaction between neighboring states, opening up broad prospects for economic growth, creating new competitive advantages and additional opportunities for the “integration troika” in the modern global world.

1. History of creation

In 1995, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and later joining states - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the first agreements on the creation of the Customs Union. Based on these agreements, the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) was created in 2000.

On October 6, 2007, in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement on the creation of a single customs territory and the Customs Union Commission as a single permanent governing body of the Customs Union.

The Eurasian Customs Union or the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia was born on January 1, 2010. The customs union was launched as the first step towards the formation of a broader European Union-type economic union of former Soviet republics.

The creation of the Eurasian Customs Union was guaranteed by 3 different treaties signed in 1995, 1999 and 2007. The first agreement in 1995 guaranteed its creation, the second in 1999 guaranteed its formation, and the third in 2007 announced the creation of a single customs territory and the formation of a customs union.

Access of products to the territory of the Customs Union was granted after checking these products for compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union that are applicable to these products. As of December 2012, 31 Technical Regulations of the Customs Union have been developed, which cover various types of products, some of which have already entered into force, and some of which will enter into force before 2015. Some technical regulations will still be developed.

Before the Technical Regulations came into force, the basis for access to the market of the member countries of the Customs Union were the following rules:

1. National certificate - for product access to the market of the country where this certificate was issued.

2. Certificate of the Customs Union - a certificate issued in accordance with the “List of products subject to mandatory assessment (confirmation) of conformity within the Customs Union” - such a certificate is valid in all three member countries of the Customs Union.

Since November 19, 2011, member states have implemented the work of a joint commission (Eurasian Economic Commission) to strengthen closer economic ties to create the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015.

On January 1, 2012, the three states formed the Common Economic Space to promote further economic integration. All three countries have ratified a basic package of 17 agreements governing the launch of the Common Economic Space (CES).

On May 29, 2014, an agreement on the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union was signed in Astana (Kazakhstan).

On January 1, 2015, the EAEU began to function as part of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. On January 2, 2015, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan became members of the EAEU.

2. Governing bodies of the Eurasian Economic Union

The governing bodies of the EAEU are the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council and the Eurasian Economic Commission.

The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the highest supranational body of the EAEU. The council includes heads of state and government. The Supreme Council meets at the level of heads of state at least once a year, at the level of heads of government - at least twice a year. Decisions are made by consensus. The decisions taken become binding in all participating states. The Council determines the composition and powers of other regulatory structures.

The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) is one permanent regulatory body (supranational governing body) in the EAEU. The main task of the EEC is to provide conditions for the development and functioning of the EAEU, as well as the development of economic integration initiatives within the EAEU.

The powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission are defined in Article 3 of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission of November 18, 2010. All rights and functions of the previously existing Customs Union Commission were delegated to the Eurasian Economic Commission.

Within the competence of the Commission:

· customs tariffs and non-tariff regulation;

· customs administration;

· technical regulation;

· sanitary, veterinary and phytosanitary measures;

· crediting and distribution of import customs duties;

· establishment of trade regimes with third countries;

· statistics of foreign and domestic trade;

· macroeconomic policy;

· competition policy;

· industrial and agricultural subsidies;

· energy policy;

· natural monopolies;

· state and municipal procurement;

· domestic trade in services and investments;

· transport and transportation;

· monetary policy;

· migration policy;

· financial markets (banking, insurance, currency and stock markets);

· and some other areas.

The Commission ensures the implementation of international treaties that form the legal basis of the Eurasian Economic Union.

The Commission is also the depository of international treaties that formed the legal basis of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space, and now the EAEU, as well as decisions of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council.

Within its competence, the Commission adopts non-binding documents, such as recommendations, and can also make decisions that are binding in the EAEU member countries.

The Commission's budget is made up of contributions from member states and approved by the heads of EAEU member states.

3. FfunctionsEurasian Economic Union

The Eurasian Economic Union is an international organization of regional economic integration with international legal personality and established by the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, signed by the heads of state of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in Astana on May 29, 2014. The EAEU ensures the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor, the implementation of a coordinated, agreed or unified policy in the sectors of the economy defined by the Treaty and international treaties within the Union. The Union carries out its activities on the basis of the following principles: - respect for generally recognized principles of international law, including the principles of sovereign equality of member states and their territorial integrity; - respect for the peculiarities of the political structure of the member states; - ensuring mutually beneficial cooperation, equality and consideration of the national interests of the Parties; - compliance with the principles of a market economy and fair competition;

Functioning of the customs union without exceptions and restrictions after the end of the transition periods.

The main goals of the Union are:

Creating conditions for the stable development of the economies of the member states in the interests of improving the living standards of their population;

The desire to form a single market for goods, services, capital and labor resources within the Union;

Comprehensive modernization, cooperation and increasing the competitiveness of national economies in a global economy.

The Union is vested with competence within the limits and scope established by the Treaty and international treaties within the Union. Member States shall implement a coordinated or agreed policy within the limits and scope established by the Treaty and international treaties within the Union. In other areas of the economy, member states strive to implement coordinated or agreed policies in accordance with the basic principles and goals of the Union.

4. Organizational structureEurasian Economic Union

Eurasian Economic International Union

The bodies of the Eurasian Economic Union are:

Supreme Eurasian Economic Council;

Eurasian Intergovernmental Council;

Eurasian Economic Commission;

Court of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Higher Eurasian economic advice(Supreme Council, SEEC) is the highest body of the Union, consisting of the heads of member states of the Union. The Supreme Council considers fundamental issues of the Union's activities, determines the strategy, directions and prospects for the development of integration and makes decisions aimed at realizing the goals of the Union.

Decisions and orders of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council are made by consensus. The decisions of the Supreme Council are subject to execution by member states in the manner prescribed by their national legislation. Meetings of the Supreme Council are held at least once a year. To resolve urgent issues of the Union's activities, extraordinary meetings of the Supreme Council may be convened at the initiative of any of the member states or the Chairman of the Supreme Council.

Meetings of the Supreme Council are held under the leadership of the Chairman of the Supreme Council. Members of the Commission Council, the Chairman of the Board of the Commission and other invited persons may participate in meetings of the Supreme Council at the invitation of the Chairman of the Supreme Council.

Eurasian intergovernmental advice(Intergovernmental Council) is an organ of the Union consisting of the heads of government of member states. The Intergovernmental Council ensures the implementation and monitoring of the execution of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, international treaties within the Union and decisions of the Supreme Council; considers, at the proposal of the Council of the Commission, issues on which consensus has not been reached; gives instructions to the Commission, and also exercises other powers provided for by the Treaty on the EAEU and international treaties within the Union. Decisions and orders of the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council are adopted by consensus and are subject to execution by member states in the manner prescribed by their national legislation. Meetings of the Intergovernmental Council are held as needed, but at least 2 times a year. To resolve urgent issues of the Union's activities, extraordinary meetings of the Intergovernmental Council may be convened at the initiative of any of the member states or the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Council.

Eurasian Economic Commission- a permanent regulatory body of the Union. The Commission consists of a Council and a Board. The Commission makes decisions that are of a regulatory and legal nature and binding on member states, orders that are organizational and administrative in nature, and recommendations that are not binding. Decisions of the Commission are included in the law of the Union and are subject to direct application in the territories of the Member States.

Decisions, orders and recommendations of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission are adopted by consensus. Decisions, orders and recommendations of the EEC Board are adopted by a qualified majority (2/3 of the votes of the total number of members of the Board) or consensus (on sensitive issues, the list of which is determined by the SEEC).

The commission is located in Moscow.

Court of the Eurasian Economic Union(hereinafter referred to as the Court) is a permanent judicial body of the Eurasian Economic Union, the status, composition, competence and procedure for functioning and formation of which are determined by the Statute of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union.

The purpose of the Court’s activities is to ensure uniform application by member states and bodies of the Union of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, international treaties within the Union, international treaties of the Union with third parties and decisions of bodies of the Union. The Court considers disputes arising on the implementation of the Treaty on the EAEU, international treaties within the Union and (or) decisions of the Union bodies at the request of a member state or at the request of an economic entity. Based on the results of consideration of disputes at the request of a member state, the Court makes a decision that is binding on the parties to the dispute. Based on the results of consideration of disputes at the request of an economic entity, the Court makes a decision that is binding on the Commission.

The Court consists of two judges from each member state, appointed to positions by the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on the proposal of the member states for a period of nine years. The Court considers cases as part of the Grand Collegium of the Court, the Panel of the Court and the Appeals Chamber of the Court. The EAEU Court is located in Minsk.

5. Prospective integration agenda of the EAEUwith foreign countries

Discussion of the possible integration of Russia as a member of the EAEU with third countries intensified in 2011-2012, when they began to consider the prospects of signing agreements on free trade zones (FTA) with New Zealand, Vietnam and ASEAN countries. Later, negotiations began on signing a trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Liechtenstein), and in 2014 with Israel. The possibilities of creating free trade zones with India and the United States were discussed. Trade and economic integration with the EU has been discussed since the Russia-EU summit in 2005. So far, none of these agreements have been signed, and some negotiations (with Norway, Switzerland, New Zealand, the USA, the EU) have either been suspended or have not even begun for political reasons.

Literature

1. Eurasian Economic Union. Questions and answers. Figures and facts. -M., 2014. - 216 p.

2. A. Knobel Eurasian Economic Union: development prospects and possible obstacles.

3. Liebman A. (2005). Economic integration in the post-Soviet space: institutional aspect // Questions of Economics. No. 3. pp. 142--156.

4. Mau V.??A., Kovalev G.??S., Novikov V.??V., Yanovsky K.??E. (2004). Problems of Russia's integration into a single European space (Scientific works No. 71P). M.: Institute for Economics in Transition.

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Customs Union of the EAEU

The EAEU Customs Union is a form of trade and economic integration of the participating countries, providing for a single customs territory within which customs duties and economic restrictions are not applied in mutual trade in goods, with the exception of special protective, anti-dumping and countervailing measures. At the same time, member countries of the Customs Union apply uniform customs tariffs and other regulatory measures when trading with third countries.

The single customs territory of the Customs Union consists of the territories of the member countries of the Customs Union, as well as artificial islands, installations, structures and other objects over which the member states of the Customs Union have exclusive jurisdiction.

Member countries of the Customs Union:

Kazakhstan - from July 1, 2010
Russia - since July 1, 2010
Belarus - since July 6, 2010
Armenia - since October 10, 2014
Kyrgyzstan - since May 8, 2015

Officials of the member states of the Customs Union have repeatedly stated that they view this organization as open to the entry of other countries. Negotiations are already underway with some countries to join the Customs Union, so it is likely that the territory of the Customs Union will soon be significantly expanded.

Technical regulation in the EAEU Customs Union

Technical regulation is one of the key elements of integration of the member states of the Customs Union.

The mechanisms contained in technical regulation make it possible to eliminate numerous, in many cases artificially created, technical barriers to trade, which are a serious problem for business. This is helped by the legal framework created over the past few years, including thanks to the efforts of specialists from the Eurasian Economic Commission.

Within the framework of the Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Community, the following main international agreements have been adopted to date, designed to simplify the movement of goods on the territory of the participating states:

Agreement on the implementation of a coordinated policy in the field of technical regulation, sanitary, veterinary and phytosanitary measures;
Agreement on common principles and rules of technical regulation;
Agreement on the basis of harmonization of technical regulations;
Agreement on the application of the Unified Mark of Product Circulation on the market of the EAEU Member States;
Agreement on the creation of an EAEU information system in the field of technical regulation, sanitary, veterinary and phytosanitary measures;
Agreement on the circulation of products subject to mandatory assessment (confirmation) of conformity in the territory of the Customs Union;
Agreement on mutual recognition of accreditation of certification bodies (conformity assessment) and testing laboratories (centers) performing conformity assessment work.

You can obtain detailed information about technical regulation in the EAEU Customs Union from a special brochure prepared by specialists of the Eurasian Economic Commission:

Brochure of the Eurasian Economic Commission (PDF, 3.4 MB)

Member States of the Customs Union

The Customs Union (CU) is an official association based on the agreement of the participating countries on the abolition of customs borders between them, and accordingly the abolition of duties. Also, the basis for the functioning of the union is the use of a single tariff for all other states. As a result, the Customs Union has created a huge single customs territory, within which goods are moved without the expense of crossing customs borders.

Although the Customs Union was legally created in 2010, it actually began to work only on July 1, 2011, when acts on the creation of a single customs territory came into force in the participating countries, and all control and regulatory bodies were created and began to operate. At the moment, five states are members of the CU - Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. Several other countries are official candidates to join the organization or are considering doing so.

Russia

The Russian Federation is the initiator and basis of the CU. This country has the most powerful economy among all participating countries, and within the Union it has the opportunity to increase the competitiveness of its goods within the common market, which, according to experts, will give it additional profits in less than 10 years, totaling $400 billion.

Kazakhstan

For Kazakhstan, participation in the Customs Union is primarily good because it allows it to enter an association that provides a total of up to 16% of world grain exports. Working in the same field, Kazakhstan and Russia had the opportunity to significantly influence the world grain market, changing its conditions in their favor. In addition, the rapidly developing agricultural industry of Kazakhstan in this way managed to significantly strengthen its position in the Russian Federation and other countries of the association.

Belarus

For Belarus, which has long been partially integrated with Russia into a single customs and economic field, participation in the Customs Union made it possible to expand the geography of preferential supplies of its products to several more countries, and also increased the influx of investments, in particular from Kazakhstan. According to experts, participation in the Customs Union annually brings Belarus up to $2 billion in additional profit.

Armenia and Kyrgyzstan

These countries have recently become members of the Customs Union. Their involvement made it possible to further strengthen the association’s position in the global energy market. These same countries have received preferential access to markets, the total volume of which significantly exceeds their economic capabilities, so they are predicted to accelerate GDP growth and the general well-being of the population.

In general, the Customs Union is considered as a mutually beneficial economic partnership of geographically and mentally close countries that have equal rights and opportunities within the framework of the association. Considering the prospects for the accession of new members, we can expect that in the near future the CU will become an even more powerful and influential economic bloc.

Eurasian Union

Eurasian Union is an integration project in the Eurasian space, the goal of which is the economic and political rapprochement of post-Soviet countries (at the same time, this association could potentially attract many other Eurasian countries outside the former USSR). To date Eurasian integration implemented in the form of a number of unions at different levels, the most important of which are the EAEU Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Union.

On May 29, 2014, a more advanced form of integration was created on the basis of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space - Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU, EurAsEC), which began its work on January 1, 2015. The Chairman of the EAEU in 2015 was Belarus, and in 2016 - Kazakhstan.

At the EAEU level, a common market of 183 million people was formed. The union states - Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus, as well as Armenia and Kyrgyzstan - pledged to guarantee the free movement of goods and services, capital and labor, as well as to implement a coordinated policy in energy, industry, agriculture, and transport.

[edit] History of Eurasian integration

In ancient times, on the territory of Eurasia in the areas of what is now Central and Central Asia, Southern Siberia, the Black Sea region, the Caucasus and the South of European Russia, there were large state formations of a number of peoples. It is in this Eurasian area that, according to the most common hypotheses, the historical ancestral homelands of the Indo-Europeans are located (the Indo-European peoples include the Slavs, Armenians, Ossetians, Tajiks, etc.), the Turks (Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Uzbeks, etc.) and Finno-Ugric peoples ( Karelians, Mordvins, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, etc.). In the space of Eurasia, the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Turks, Khazars, and Mongols created their own empire states.

Since the 16th century, Russia has become the largest state in the Eurasian space (in the 20th century - the Soviet Union). With the arrival of Russia in Eurasia, it became possible to unite this most important geopolitical region on the basis of agriculture and industrial production, while the Eurasian traditions of pastoralism and nomadic farming were largely preserved. The disintegration of the USSR in the 1990s disrupted the established economic ties, which led to a deep and prolonged socio-economic crisis, from which some post-Soviet states have still not emerged. It is very characteristic that the collapse of the Soviet Union was most opposed by Kazakhstan and some other Asian republics of the USSR.

The initiator of Eurasian reintegration can rightfully be considered the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, who in March 1994 presented the project of the Eurasian Union, which at the first stage was to include Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. However, at that time, the destructive political processes in the post-Soviet space were still too strong, and full integration had to be postponed. Nevertheless, the unification process began. In 1995, the leaders of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, and a little later Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan signed the first agreement on plans to create a customs union.

Full-fledged Eurasian integration became possible with the coming to power in Russia of Vladimir Putin, who supported the ideas of Nursultan Nazarbayev; they were also supported by the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko (by January 26, 2000, the Union State of Russia and Belarus was created as a special integration association).

[edit] Chronology of integration

October 10, 2000- in Astana (Kazakhstan), the heads of state (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan) signed the Treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC). The Treaty lays down the concept of close and effective trade and economic cooperation to achieve the goals and objectives defined by the Treaty on the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space. EurAsEC became the first effective organization ensuring the integration process in the Eurasian space.

May 30, 2001- the agreement on the creation came into force EurAsEC consisting of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In 2006-2008 Uzbekistan also participated in the EurAsEC; since 2002, Ukraine and Moldova received observer status, and since 2003, Armenia.

February 23, 2003- the presidents of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine announced their intention to form a Common Economic Space (CES).

October 6, 2007- the EurAsEC summit was held in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), at which the concept of the Customs Union of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus was adopted. Created Customs Union Commission- a single permanent regulatory body of the EurAsEC Customs Union (in 2012, powers were transferred to the Eurasian Commission).

July 6, 2010- agreements on Customs Union (CU) as part of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus, earned Unified Customs Code.

December 9, 2010- Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus signed all 17 documents on the creation Common Economic Space (SES)(agreements on common rules of competition, on the regulation of support for agriculture and industrial subsidies, on the regulation of railway transport, services and investments, on the protection of intellectual property, on the rules of technical regulation, on government procurement, on the status of migrants and combating illegal migration from third countries , on coordinated macroeconomic and monetary policies, on the free movement of capital, on the regulation of natural monopolies and access to their services, on the creation of a single market for oil and petroleum products).

July 1, 2011- earned Single customs territory Customs Union: customs control has been abolished on the borders of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus (it has been moved to the outer contour of the borders of the Customs Union).

October 18, 2011- in St. Petersburg, following a meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth countries, an Agreement on CIS free trade zone. The CIS FTA provides for “minimizing exceptions from the range of goods to which import duties apply”; export duties must be fixed at a certain level, and subsequently phased out.

November 18, 2011- an agreement on the creation of the Eurasian Economic Commission was signed.

January 1, 2012- as a result of the entry into force of the relevant agreement, a Common Economic Space (SES) as a common market of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan (since 2014 - SES of the Eurasian Economic Union), earned Eurasian Commission. The objective of the SES is to ensure the “four freedoms” - the movement of goods, capital, services and labor - as well as ensuring the beginnings of coordination of the economic policies of the participating states in relation to macroeconomics, finance, transport and energy, trade, industry and agriculture.

September 20, 2012- the agreement on CIS FTA between Belarus, Russia and Ukraine - the first three countries to ratify it. In 2012-2013 The treaty was also ratified by Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Moldova; in a special order, Uzbekistan joined the FTA, and Tajikistan, although it signed the treaty, did not ratify it.

May 29, 2014- Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed agreement on the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

October 10, 2014- Armenia joined the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. The EurAsEC organization was liquidated in connection with the fulfillment of its mission and the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union.

December 23, 2014- Kyrgyzstan joined (signed accession agreements) to the Eurasian Economic Union. Armenia's accession to the EAEU was approved.

January 1, 2015- the agreement on the EAEU came into force, thus The Eurasian Economic Union was created.

May 8, 2015- Presidents of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia signed documents on Kyrgyzstan's accession to the Treaty on the EAEU.

May 14, 2015- Iran plans to join the free trade zone with the EAEU

May 25, 2015 - an agreement on a free trade zone was signed between the EAEU and Vietnam.

May 27, 2015- Egypt has submitted an application to create a free trade zone with the EAEU.

August 12, 2015- The Eurasian Union has abolished the customs border with Kyrgyzstan.

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[edit] Eurasian Economic Union

On May 29, 2014, in Astana, the presidents of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed an agreement on the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which will come into force on January 1, 2015. On October 10, 2014, Armenia joined the union (accession agreements were signed), and on December 24, 2014, Kyrgyzstan joined (accession agreements were also signed).

Thus, at the moment, the formation of a common market of 183 million people has been completed, integration is increasing compared to integration at the level of the Customs Union. The union states undertake to guarantee the free movement of goods and services, capital and labor, as well as to implement coordinated policies in key sectors of the economy: energy, industry, agriculture, transport.

[edit] Composition of the EAEU

Armenia(since October 10, 2014)
Belarus(since May 29, 2014)
Kazakhstan(since May 29, 2014)
Kyrgyzstan(since December 23, 2014)
Russia(since May 29, 2014)

Moldova- has the status of an observer state in the Eurasian Economic Union (since April 14, 2017)

Other potential participants

Tajikistan- in 2012 announced his intention to join the Customs Union and the EAEU after Kyrgyzstan.
Mongolia

On July 21, 2015, Syria announced its desire to join the EAEU. On August 11, 2016, Tunisia also announced a similar intention through its ambassador to the Russian Federation.

[edit] Integration levels

[edit] Common Economic Space

On January 1, 2012, the Common Economic Space of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan was created, which at that time became the closest form of integration of these countries. Key points of the agreements on the SES came into force in July 2012. The Customs Union is part of the agreements on the SES.

The SES is designed to ensure freedom of movement of goods, capital, services and labor between member states. The goal is also to ensure the beginnings of coordination of macroeconomics and the financial sector, transport and energy, trade, industrial and agro-industrial complexes and other important areas of the economy.

The composition of the SES is the same as that of the Eurasian Economic Union (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia). Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Abkhazia also express interest in joining the SES.

[edit] Customs Union

Customs Union of the EAEU(until 2014 - the Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Community, CU EurAsEC) - one of the forms of economic integration in the post-Soviet space. Among the people and the media, this organization is simply called “TS”. It was the term “Customs Union” in 2010-2014. was most often mentioned in the media when discussing economic integration in the post-Soviet space.

The main body of the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia is the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, which includes the heads of state and government of the Customs Union. At the level of heads of state, the council meets at least once a year, at the level of heads of government - at least twice a year. Decisions are made by consensus and become binding in all participating states.

The functions of the regulatory body have been performed by the Eurasian Economic Commission since January 1, 2012.

[edit] Vehicle composition

Currently, the Customs Union includes the following states:

[edit] Candidates for membership in the CU

Tajikistan- in 2012 announced his intention to join the Customs Union and the EAEU after Kyrgyzstan. The entry of Kyrgyzstan was delayed, but it took place. Negotiations with Tajikistan are also dragging on.
Mongolia- announced its intention to join the Customs Union and the EAEU in 2016.
Moldova- On April 14, 2017, it received the status of an observer state at the Eurasian Economic Union. Since, as of 2017, in Moldova the president is in favor of Eurasian integration, and the parliament is against it, the further fate of integration with Moldova depends on the development of the internal situation in this country.
- Gagauzia- at a referendum held in 2014, she advocated joining the Customs Union. It should be taken into account that Gagauz autonomy is not an independent country either de jure or de facto. This is an autonomous republic within Moldova.

Syria- also announced its desire to join the Customs Union back in 2010. Currently, preparations are being made for the signing of an agreement on a free trade zone between Syria and the Customs Union.

A number of unrecognized or partially recognized states also want to join the CU (due to their status, they face obstacles in realizing their intentions):

Abkhazia- On February 16, 2010, she informally announced her desire to join the Customs Union.

South Ossetia- On October 15, 2013, she announced her intention to join the Customs Union.

Donetsk People's Republic

Lugansk People's Republic- in 2014 announced its intention to join the Customs Union.

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic- On February 16, 2012, she announced her intention to join the Customs Union.

Former potential candidates

Ukraine- according to its long-standing tradition, the Ukrainian leadership tried to sit on two chairs at the same time, moving closer to both the European Union and the Customs Union, but the CU member states made it clear that such a development of events is unacceptable. Currently, the issue of joining the Customs Union has been stalled due to the civil war in Ukraine. The current Ukrainian leadership has set a course for the so-called “European association”, which involves the introduction of European rules and regulations in Ukraine, as well as the opening of the domestic market for European manufacturers. In fact, this is destroying and in many ways has already destroyed the remnants of the high-tech industry in Ukraine (Ukrainian exporters lost 29% of exports to Russia in 2014, missing $3.9 billion, while exports to the EU grew by only $1 billion (mainly in agriculture ).

[edit] Free trade zone

On September 20, 2012, the free trade area of the commonwealth countries (CIS FTA) began operating between Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, which ratified the agreement. In 2012-2013 The treaty was also ratified by Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Moldova, Uzbekistan joined the FTA in a special manner, and Tajikistan signed the treaty, but has not yet ratified it.

A free trade area would "minimize exceptions to goods subject to import duties" and export duties would first be fixed and then phased out.

Agreements on a free trade zone bilaterally by individual EAEU countries were also signed with Serbia (a free trade regime has been in effect between Serbia and Russia since 2000, with Belarus - since March 31, 2009, with Kazakhstan - since October 7, 2010). The agreement with Vietnam was signed on May 25, 2015. On May 27, 2015, Egypt submitted an application to form an FTA with the EAEU.

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In 2014, it was planned to sign a similar agreement on a free trade area with New Zealand (now in question due to New Zealand’s participation in anti-Russian sanctions). Negotiations on concluding such agreements are also underway with the European Free Trade Association (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein) , Israel, India, Syria, Montenegro and a number of Latin American countries.

In total, up to 40 countries intend to join the free trade zone with the EAEU; as of the beginning of 2017, about 50 countries expressed a desire to cooperate with the EAEU.

[edit] Countries that have signed the FTA

Vietnam- the agreement was signed on May 29, 2015. Came into force 60 days after ratification in accordance with national legislation by all EAEU countries and Vietnam. The law on ratification of the FTA agreement was signed on May 2, 2016 by Russian President Vladimir Putin. On May 31, the law on ratification of the FTA agreement was signed by the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, and on June 2 by the President of Kyrgyzstan Almazbek Atambayev.

[edit] FTA at the negotiation stage

Egypt- the application was submitted on May 27, 2015.
Thailand- On April 1, 2016, Russia and Thailand began negotiations on the creation of a free trade zone.
Iran- Negotiations began in 2015.
Mongolia- will begin the stage of negotiations on a free trade zone and possible accession in the fall of 2016.
Serbia- is negotiating the creation of an FTA with the EAEU

[edit] Expressed interest in cooperation

[edit] What does joining the EAEU give?

The EAEU is intended to improve economic interaction and significantly simplify the lives of citizens of Eurasian countries in a number of respects:

Customs control procedures will be weakened or eliminated.
Economic, transport, energy, and migration policies will be coordinated.
Legislation regarding doing business and trade will be partially unified.
On June 19, 2015, it was announced that international roaming would be canceled within the EAEU.

[edit] Reaction of Western countries

Western politicians are by no means enthusiastic about the prospect of economic and political reintegration in the post-Soviet space. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, for example, said that “the United States will try to prevent the re-creation of the Soviet Union.”

The only thing the United States has achieved so far in obstructing Eurasian integration is organizing a coup in Ukraine in February 2014, as a result of which the country actually collapsed during the Ukrainian crisis. At the same time, the part of Ukraine that remained under the control of American puppets was imposed a suicidal course of breaking economic ties with the Russian Federation and “European association” with the EU. The collapse of Ukrainian industry and a serious energy crisis were clearly evident already in 2014.

Despite such clear intentions and actions of the United States, European political scientists believe that Russia will be able to expand its borders to approximately Soviet size in the next 20-30 years.

Putin, meanwhile, does not miss the opportunity to tease Europeans who are now suffering from separatist sentiments, hinting at inviting certain European countries to the Customs Union. Nazarbayev allows Turkey to be involved in Eurasian integration.

Countries of the Customs Union: list

The first article of the contract on the movement of goods within this territory states the following:

There is no customs duty. And not only for goods of own production, but also for cargo from third countries.
There are no economic restrictions other than compensatory and anti-dumping ones.
The countries of the Customs Union apply a single customs tariff.

Current countries and candidates

There are both permanent member countries of the Customs Union that were its founders or joined later, and those that have only expressed a desire to join.

Candidates for membership:

TS managers

The following prime ministers were represented at the level of heads of government:

Russia – Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev;
Kazakhstan – Karim Kazhimkanovich Masimov;
Belarus - Sergei Sergeevich Sidorsky.

Purpose of the Customs Union

Benefits and prospects

Agreement

All the nuances related to the territories of the Customs Union were also finalized.

Territory of the Customs Union

The Eurasian Economic Union includes member countries of the Customs Union: the founders - Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan - and the recently joined states, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia.

Bodies of the Union

The highest regulatory body is the Supreme Council, which includes the heads of participating states.

A judicial body was also created, which is responsible for the application of treaties within the Union.

Main provisions of the Treaty on the EAEU

In the resulting agreement, the countries of the single Customs Union, and now the EAEU, secured an agreement on coordinated work and the creation of common energy markets. The work on energy policy is quite large-scale and will be implemented in several stages until 2025.

The document also regulates the creation of a common market for medical devices and medicines by January 1, 2016.

A coordinated macroeconomic policy provides an opportunity to translate all planned plans and agreements into reality. In such conditions, general principles of interaction are developed and the effective development of countries is ensured.

International associations make it possible to develop the economies of participating countries, expand markets and obtain other benefits for all interested parties. These and other goals became the reason for the creation of the Customs Union (according to the new version EAEU, transcript - Eurasian Economic Union) in 1995. Today, its permanent participants are 5 states that have adopted general rules for the import and export of products across their borders and comply with a number of conditions of signed international agreements.

What is the correct EAEU decoding and abbreviation?

Very often you can find incorrect abbreviations: “EAS”, “EurAsEC”, “UES”.

The correct reduction is indicated in the documents of one of the main governing bodies of the union of the Eurasian Economic Commission - “EAEU”, and there are no other options.

The old name “Customs Union” ceased to exist on January 1, 2015, along with the signing of the agreement on the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union, but is very often used in everyday life and information sources.

Besides the Commission the structure of the EAEU includes also the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, whose members are the presidents of the member countries of the union. Heads of government are members of another governing body - the Eurasian Intergovernmental Economic Council. To ensure compliance with the requirements of international treaties, the Court of the Union functions.

EAEU countries: list for 2019, who is included in

The history of the founding of the EAEU began with the unification of 3 states. Now the composition has expanded and not only due to regular participants. Work is also underway to expand the economic space, and other states are showing interest in it. Countries that are part of the EAEU:

Russian Federation;
Republic of Belarus;
Republic of Armenia;
The Republic of Kazakhstan;
Republic of Kyrgyzstan.

Since 2018, Moldova has received the status of an observer state. Agreements and memorandums, including temporary ones, were signed with China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Iran on a free trade zone. Negotiations are ongoing about cooperation with several other countries around the world. These steps will expand opportunities for the economies of the EAEU member states as a whole and simplify activities for private business and the public sector. For example, certificates of conformity for products in accordance with the technical regulations of the Customs Union (EAEU) do not need to be obtained in each participating country. These documents are recognized in all states from the list above.