Presentation on the theme of the economy of the USSR 1965 1985. Public life of the country
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NOTES After Stalin: the beginning of change After Stalin's death, a historical period of choice began, a time of transformation. The most important process is the distribution of power at the top. Malenkov became Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Beria headed the united Ministry of Internal Affairs. The party leadership did without a first secretary, but Khrushchev had the greatest influence. In June 1953, Beria was arrested and then destroyed. In September 1953, at the Plenum of the Central Committee, Khrushchev was elected First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. In 1955, Malenkov was removed from the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers (until 1958 it was Bulganin). 1953 – tax cuts. In 1954, the decision on the appropriation of virgin and fallow lands. Extraordinary extrajudicial bodies ("troikas", "special meetings") have been eliminated. Rehabilitation of repressed members of the nomenklatura. The political activity of the people is increasing (major protests by Gulag prisoners).
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NOTES XX Congress and the contradictions of “de-Stalinization” Exposure of Stalin. XX Congress of the CPSU (February 1956) – the myth of Stalin’s “infallibility” was debunked. June 30, 1956 – resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On the cult of personality and its consequences”: it all came down to Stalin’s personal shortcomings. After the 20th Congress, there was an increase in social activity of various groups of the population. Circles of student youth appeared, but were then subjected to repression. At the end of 1956 - the anti-Stalinist revolution in Hungary. In June 1957, Khrushchev won a clash with the “anti-party group.” Since 1958, he became the chairman of the Council of Ministers.
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NOTES Contrasts of the “thaw” and its finale In 1961, the XXII Congress of the CPSU, which adopted a new party program, gave new impetus to criticism of the cult of Stalin, and the idea of building “the foundations of a communist society” within 20 years was put forward. Freedom is expanding (A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”), but at the same time there is pressure on free thinkers (Pasternak, in 1964 – the trial of I. Brodsky). 1962 – division of regional committees. 1964 – preparation of a new Constitution. In October 1964, Khrushchev was removed from his posts as a result of a conspiracy. Assessments of the “Thaw” and Khrushchev: a major reformer, a predecessor of “perestroika”, an irresponsible figure who weakened the country
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NOTES Contradictions in Khrushchev's foreign policy Positive steps. In the 50-60s. – major measures to improve relations with the West. Khrushchev's trip to the USA in 1959. The wall of mutual misunderstanding and prejudice was broken through. The second visit - in 1960, speech at the UN for the liberation of all colonies, the famous episode with the shoe in 1961 - meeting in Vienna with D. Kennedy, mutual recognition of the approximate equality (parity) of military forces and the inevitability of peaceful coexistence of the two systems. The culmination of the foreign policy “thaw” was the International Treaty Banning Tests of Atomic Weapons in the Atmosphere, in Space and Under Water, signed in 1963. The foreign policy of the communist regime was largely determined by the traditions of the past, the course towards confrontation with “imperialism”, and hopes for the “victory of communism” worldwide". This was most clearly manifested in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, when the Soviet regime, taking advantage of the victory of the Cuban Revolution under the leadership of Fidel Castro, placed its missiles on the “island of freedom.” The foreign policy of the Thaw period was controversial.
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NOTES of the USSR in 1965-1985. Features of the period and its stages The twenty years from Khrushchev to Gorbachev is a period of “stagnation”. Conventionally, three periods: the second half of the 60s. – attempts at reforms in the first half of the 70s. – victory of conservative tendencies, but still a relatively stable state of the economy since the second half of the 70s. - a clear decline in the economy, general collapse. In the first years after Khrushchev's removal, the policy of the new leadership was distinguished by contradictory trends: there was a desire to curtail democratic reforms (the beginning of the praise of Stalin, in 1966 - the trial of Daniel and Sinyavsky), the state of the economy required at least a minimum of overdue reforms. The turning point since 1968 - after the intervention in Czechoslovakia - strengthening of conservative tendencies, an increasing refusal of reforms. At the XXIV Congress (1971), the USSR's entry into the stage of "developed socialism" was proclaimed. This became the official ideology of "stagnation"
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NOTES 1. Domestic policy in 1965-1985. Socio-economic development September 1965 - the beginning of economic reform in industry (“Kosygin reform”). The essence is the expansion of the independence of enterprises, the transition from the indicator of gross output to sold products. The Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966–1970) turned out to be the most successful in all Soviet years. As conservative tendencies grow, the reform is being phased out. Once again, over-centralization, petty regulation, and dictatorship are becoming the main principles in economic management. As a result, economic growth rates are falling further and stagnation is growing. Already in the tenth five-year plan (1976–1980), the plan for industry was only half fulfilled, and this provided that industry always had priority. The USSR is falling further and further behind in scientific and technological progress, especially in electronics - even in the military sphere, where fixed assets were thrown. By the mid-80s. In the USA, about 800 thousand computers were used, and in the USSR – 50 thousand. In March 1965, a reform was announced: the independence of collective and state farms was expanded, and funding was increased. Under Brezhnev, more funds were invested in agriculture than in all previous years of Soviet power. But then - a refusal of reform, a return to dictatorship. Huge funds were used irrationally. In the early 80s. – a sharp deterioration in food supplies, the introduction of coupons. Under Brezhnev, there was a significant increase in cash income - increased wages and pensions for collective farmers. Many people got apartments, bought refrigerators, washing machines, televisions, etc. a certain average standard of living has developed. But incomes grew faster than production, and the deficit as an expression of inflation increased. There are queues all around, the main problem is “getting it”. A general indicator of the degradation of the economic system was the decrease in life expectancy of the population - according to this indicator, by the mid-80s. the country was dropped to 50th place in the world, behind even many developing countries.
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NOTES Political and spiritual life of society The political development of society during the Brezhnev period is a noticeable discrepancy between official mythology and real processes. The tasks of “developing socialist democracy” are proclaimed in words. In 1977, a noisy propaganda campaign unfolded in connection with the “national discussion” and the adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR. In reality, political life is the growth of conservative tendencies, the strengthening of the omnipotence of the bureaucracy, administrative dictatorship, and the suppression of all dissenters. The stability of the position of the ruling layer, achieved as a result of the cessation of mass repressions and displacements, turns into practical irremovability, and “gerontocracy” spreads. The most striking expression of the degradation of the regime is the cult of Brezhnev. Suppression of dissent. The suppression of dissent further strengthened stagnant tendencies.
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NOTES 2. Foreign policy of the USSR in 1965–1985. Three stages of foreign policy: second half of the 60s. - a certain escalation of confrontation, primarily in connection with the war in Vietnam in the first half of the 70s. - detente, the second half of the 70s and especially the beginning of the 80s. – a new aggravation of relations with the West. Foreign policy of the USSR in the second half of the 60s. Confrontation In the second half of the 60s. on a number of positions - an acute confrontation with the West, primarily in connection with the war in Vietnam. North Vietnam supported the communist guerrilla movement in South Vietnam. Beginning in 1964, the United States began sending troops widely to suppress guerrillas and began bombing North Vietnam. In fact, it was a confrontation between the USSR and the USA. The USSR's military assistance to Vietnam allowed it to withstand the US assault. Czechoslovakia and China. A characteristic feature of the foreign policy of the Soviet regime was the desire to suppress democratic changes in the countries of Eastern Europe, not stopping at violence. This was most clearly manifested in the events in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Fearing that the “Prague Spring” - a democratic revolution in Czechoslovakia would become a detonator of similar changes in other countries of the socialist camp, the Soviet elite decided to intervene, which began on August 21, 1968. An acute problem The foreign policy of the Soviet regime was relations with China. It came to armed conflicts on the border, the largest one being the conflict on the island. Damansky in 1969
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NOTES Detente In the late 60s - first half of the 70s. - major positive changes, easing of international tension, improvement of relations with the West. The prerequisite is the formation of military-strategic equality (parity) between the USSR and the USA. In 1971, this was acknowledged in President Nixon's radio address to Americans. Normalization of relations with Germany in 1970, an agreement was signed: they refused to use force, recognized the Oder-Neisse border. It meant summing up the international legal results of the Second World War. Limitation of the arms race: 1968 - Treaty between the Soviet Union, the USA and Great Britain on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, in 1971 Treaty banning the placement of weapons on the bottom of the seas and oceans, and in their depths , as well as other types of weapons of mass destruction. 1972 – the first ever visit of a US President (Nixon) to the USSR. Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms for a period of 5 years (SALT-1). 1973 – Brezhnev’s visit to the USA – treaty on the prevention of nuclear war. In addition, there is a whole series of documents on the peaceful use of atomic energy in the fields of agriculture, transport, science, technology, culture, education, healthcare, construction, etc. B A symbol of the rapprochement between the USSR and the USA - in 1975, a joint space experiment - the docking of Soyuz and Apollo. 1975 – Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
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NOTES Aggravation Since the late 70s, détente has been replaced by an escalation of international confrontation. Prerequisites: the USSR's continuation of the policy of "exporting revolution", the imposition of pro-Soviet regimes in the countries of the "third world" to undermine the positions of "imperialism". The adventure in Afghanistan dealt a serious blow to the prestige of the USSR. The decision to send Soviet troops into Afghanistan was made in December 1979. The Afghan war, like no other event, showed the degradation of the regime and revealed the need for a decisive revision of foreign policy priorities. The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) never came into force. Relations between the USSR and the West reached their maximum aggravation in 1983 during the reign of Andropov. President Reagan announced the "Strategic Defense Initiative" (the creation of space weapons), which inflated the arms race to the extreme. On September 1, 1983, a famous incident occurred - a South Korean Boeing was shot down by Soviet missiles. The aggravation of relations has reached an extreme level.
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CONCEPTS Soviet nomenklatura The concept of Soviet nomenklatura is used in two senses: in the narrow sense, these are the “liberated” employees of party committees, and in the broad sense, all responsible employees whose appointments were made publicly or secretly by the secretariats of the ruling party (including chairmen of collective farms, rectors of institutes, newspaper editors, up to the highest hierarchy of religious organizations). Often, even a formal vote was allowed when choosing a position, but the direction for the required candidate came from the party. The second (broad) meaning gave the basis for the concept of “nomenclature” - i.e. list of persons to be appointed
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TASKS C5. Below are two of the existing points of view on the period 1964–1982: 1. The period when the leader of the USSR was L.I. Brezhnev, became one of the calmest, most stable stages in the development of the USSR, and was marked by the absence of economic, social, and political upheavals. 2. Period 1964–1982 was a time of development and manifestation of a systemic crisis of society, an “era of stagnation”, which ultimately led the country to a change in the socio-political system in the USSR. Indicate which of the above points of view seems preferable to you. Give at least three facts and provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.
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USSR in 1953-1964.
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ALIGNMENT OF POWER IN THE LEADING OF THE COUNTRY
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THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AFTER THE DEATH OF STALIN
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THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER AFTER THE DEATH OF STALIN
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EXPOSING THE CULT OF PERSONALITY
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1956-1961 – about 700 thousand people were rehabilitated, some of them posthumously. Criminal legislation was revised, camps were reorganized, and conditions for prisoners were improved. The concept of “enemy of the people” has been abolished.
Among those rehabilitated were not only many thousands of ordinary communists and non-party people, but also a number of prominent figures of the army and party (V. Blucher, I. Yakir, S. Kosior, P. Postyshev, etc.)
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REORGANIZATION OF STATE BODIES, PARTY AND PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS
The course towards democratization of society, despite its relativity, received further development after the 20th Congress of the CPSU.
The rights of the union republics in the economic and legal spheres were expanded
In January 1957, the national statehood of the Balkar, Kalmyk, Karachay, Chechen and Ingush peoples was restored.
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inadmissibility of replacing state bodies by party organizations
expanding the rights of local party bodies
periodic renewal of party cadres in the center and locally
possibility of internal party discussions
What changes in party life and state building took place in 1953-1964?
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“CULTURAL THAW” AND ITS LIMITS
PECULIARITIES
THE MOST SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL PHENOMENA
Low artistic taste of power
“The Thaw” in literature (I. Erinburg, V. Dudintsev, A. Tvardovsky, A. Solzhenitsyn)
The emergence of new theater groups (Taganka Drama and Comedy Theatre, Sovremennik).
Publication of new magazines: “Youth”, “Foreign Literature”, “Young Guard”
The emergence of a certain freedom of creativity within the framework of state socialism
inconsistency
Control of the party apparatus over the activities of the intelligentsia: -Persecution of B. Pasternak for the novel “Doctor Zhivago”; -Persecution of artists E. Ne6izvestny, B. Zhutkovsky; -- The resumption of arrests for anti-Soviet activities is the work of young historians.
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N.S. KHRUSHCHEV’S VISIT TO THE ART EXHIBITION IN THE MANEGE
“...I’m telling you as Chairman of the Council of Ministers - the Soviet people do not need all this.” N.S. Khrushchev
Khrushchev was especially indignant at the work of artists Yu. Sooster, V. Yankilevsky, B. Zhutovsky.
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A SIP OF FREEDOM! international festival of youth and students, the beginning of foreign tours of Soviet creative groups, the opening of new theaters and new magazines. The Kremlin is open to visitors!
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During the period of de-Stalinization, censorship noticeably weakened, primarily in literature, cinema and other forms of art, where a more critical coverage of reality became possible. The “first poetic bestseller” of the thaw was a collection of poems by Leonid Martynov (Poems. M., Molodaya Gvardiya, 1955). The main platform of the “thaw” supporters was the literary magazine “New World”. Some works of this period became famous abroad, including Vladimir Dudintsev’s novel “Not by Bread Alone” and Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” Other significant representatives of the Thaw period were writers and poets Viktor Astafiev, Vladimir Tendryakov, Bella Akhmadulina, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Andrei Voznesensky, Evgeny Yevtushenko. Film production was sharply increased. Grigory Chukhrai was the first in cinema to touch upon the theme of de-Stalinization and the Thaw in the film “Clear Sky” (1963). The main film directors of the Thaw were Marlen Khutsiev, Mikhail Romm, Georgy Danelia, Eldar Ryazanov, Leonid Gaidai. The films “Carnival Night”, “Ilyich’s Outpost”, “Spring on Zarechnaya Street”, “Idiot”, “I Walk Through Moscow”, “Amphibian Man”, “Welcome, or No Trespassing” and other.
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INCREASING DISCONTENT IN SOCIETY RESIGNATION OF N. S. KHRUSHCHEV
Dissatisfaction with the policies of N.S. Khrushchev covered many social groups of the population
Residents are dissatisfied with price increases
Villagers are unhappy with the cuts in private plots
Believers are unhappy with the dictates of atheism and the closure of churches
The intelligentsia is dissatisfied with the inconsistency of the Cultural Revolution
Officials are unhappy with the constant staff shake-up
CONSEQUENCES
1. Uprising of workers in Novocherkassk
2. Loss of support from the state and party apparatus
3. Removal from all posts on October 14, 1964
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1964 – N. Khrushchev was accused of voluntarism and subjectivism and removed from his position. Voluntarism is a policy that does not take into account objective laws, real conditions and possibilities.
L. I. Brezhnev was elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (from 1966 - general secretary), and A. N. Kosygin became chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
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The decade of N.S. Khrushchev is rightly called the decade of the “thaw”. This is true not only for the foreign policy activities of the Soviet Union, but also for the internal life of the country. In the USSR, new relationships between people were developing. For the first time, Soviet society also implemented political pluralism. Culture developed intensively. New brilliant writers, poets, sculptors, and musicians appeared. N.S. Khrushchev had to manage affairs in conditions of the most difficult foreign policy and internal situation in the country. Often making important decisions, without taking into account the balance of power, without preparing the base, N.S. Khrushchev often suffered defeats. This created the impression of jerks and did not at all create authority for him. He was especially let down by his lack of economic knowledge and desire to solve global problems in the shortest possible time, although the conditions for their implementation were not yet objectively ripe. And yet, despite the mistakes and miscalculations, N.S. Khrushchev went down in history as a prominent reformer who did an unusually many good deeds for the Soviet Union, marked by epoch-making events of our time.
CONCLUSION:
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The presentation is intended for Russian history lessons in 11th grade. The presentation covers the following topics: conservation of the political regime under L.I. Brezhnev, the course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA and its consequences for the USSR, the fight against dissent, the dissident movement. Briefly talks about political figures: L.I. Brezhnev, Yu.V. Andropov, K.U. Chernenko.
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USSR in 1964 – 1984
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Life: 1906 – 1982) 1976 - Marshal of the USSR 1964 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee; 1966 – General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee; 1977–1982 – Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, i.e. head of state.
L.I. Brezhnev “Power fell on Brezhnev like a gift of fate. He gained power so smoothly, as if someone had been trying on Monomakh’s hat for a long time ahead of time on different heads and settled on this one. And it suited him, this hat, so well that he wore it for eighteen years without any fears, cataclysms or conflicts. And the people immediately surrounding him longed for only one thing: for this man to live forever - it was so good for them.” F. Burlatsky
Conservation of the political regime
From stability to stagnation Time from 1964 to 1984 in history is called the “period of developed or mature socialism” or the period of “stagnation”. In 1964, headed by L.I. Brezhnev, the new leadership set a course for stabilizing the situation in the country (conservation of the political regime). The principle of stability meant the rejection of any innovations in the political, economic, ideological and personnel spheres. All previous decisions concerning economic management were canceled (economic councils were dissolved, line ministries were restored).
From stability to stagnation. 1967 - 50 years of October. Brezhnev's speech: The concept of building a “developed socialist society” in the USSR was formulated, which argued that it was impossible to make an immediate leap into communism. Time must pass during which socialism will develop on its own basis.
From stability to stagnation The “creeping rehabilitation” of I.V. has begun. Stalin: in 1965, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, Brezhnev’s report highly assessed Stalin’s role in the defeat of fascism. At the same time, the price of victory, repression, and huge losses was hushed up; criticism of the cult of personality was curtailed, the relevant sections were removed from history textbooks; The public rehabilitation of victims of political repression has ceased. In 1966 - a letter from the intelligentsia (P. Kapitsa, K. Paustovsky, I. Smoktunovsky, O. Efremov, G. Tovstonogov, etc.) with a protest in connection with “the emerging partial or indirect rehabilitation of Stalin.”
From stability to stagnation The CPSU itself has undergone changes: the decision of 1962 on the division of party committees into industrial and agricultural was canceled, the territorial production basis for building the CPSU was restored; In 1966, the previous names of the party's governing bodies were restored, the position of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was restored; the principle of mandatory regular turnover (rotation) of party leaders at all levels has been abolished; From a political organization, it finally turned into the most important element of the state structure, in which Soviets and other representative bodies existed as a decorative element.
From stability to stagnation In the new Constitution of the USSR (1977), the monopoly position of the CPSU was enshrined - Article 6 of the Constitution legitimized the role of the party as the leading and guiding force of Soviet society. With Brezhnev coming to power, the ruling nomenklatura gained stability, which was not the case under Khrushchev. Nomenclature privileges have increased: state dachas, special rations, closed shops and studios, personal cars, special housing.
To provide material support for the state apparatus, the system of benefits and privileges was improved. An anecdote from that time: Brezhnev makes a report at the congress: “And in the next five-year plan we will live better.” Pause - no applause. Brezhnev repeats: “And in the next five-year plan we will live better!” Then a question comes from the audience: “What about us?”
The cult of personality of L.I. became more and more inflated. Brezhnev. His special role during the Great Patriotic War was allegedly emphasized, although he was only the head of the political department of the 18th Army. During his time in power, L.I. Brezhnev received more than 200 orders and medals, and was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union 4 times. Laureate of the Lenin Prize for Literature (for the trilogy “Little Land”, “Virgin Land”, “Renaissance”). 1976 - Marshal of the USSR. L.I.Brezhnev
Delegation of Georgian workers in the 18th Army. The head of the political department of the 18th Army L.I. Brezhnev is in the top row, far right.
From stability to stagnation These measures met the expectations of the party and state apparatuses, but they had a negative impact on the development of society: Centralization of power led to its bureaucratization, an increase in the size of the army of officials: from 1965 to 1985. the total number of management personnel was approaching 18 million people, that is, for every 6-7 employees there was 1 manager. The aging of personnel began: in 1965-1984. The composition of the Politburo of the Central Committee remained almost unchanged. In 1980, the average age of members of the Politburo of the Central Committee was 71 years.
Gerontocracy (Greek) – the power of the old (aging of the political elite) The “elders” held their posts for decades, until their death...
Gerontocracy (Greek) – the power of the old (aging of the political elite) “Even very old leaders, very sick ones, did not retire. They had no time for change. To live to the natural end with power and one’s own well-being... During the years of stagnation, “senile egoism” truly flourished in the country’s leadership. Academician Petrovsky (Minister of Health)
From stability to stagnation Locally, in the union republics and regions of the RSFSR, in the absence of a regular change of leaders, a regional elite began to emerge. The regional elite reflected local rather than national interests. In some regions (especially in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Moscow) there was a direct merging of entire links of the party and state apparatus with the shadow economy and criminal elements.
System of party authorities
Constitution of the USSR - October 7, 1977. Fourth Basic Law for the years of Soviet power, Third Constitution of the USSR
Provisions of the Constitution: The Constitution stated that a developed socialist society was built in the USSR. Article 6 formalized the special leadership position of the CPSU. The rights and freedoms of citizens were proclaimed (to work, free education, medical care, pensions). But in reality, these rights were violated, or remained on paper.
The course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA D.F. Ustinov - Minister of Defense of the USSR (1976 - 1984)
Mid 60's - The country's leadership has set the task of achieving military-strategic parity with the United States. The number and equipment of the armed forces is also increasing (the USSR began to annually produce almost 5 times more tanks and armored personnel carriers than the United States). The share of military expenditures in the GNP (gross national product) of the USSR in some years reached 30%. Since 1967, intercontinental ballistic missiles have been installed in underground silos. Course towards establishing military parity (equality) between the USSR and the USA
An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a surface-to-surface guided ballistic missile with a range of at least 5,500 km. Missiles of this class, as a rule, are equipped with nuclear warheads and are designed to destroy strategically important objects located at long distances and on remote continents.
Since 1976, medium-range missiles have been installed in Eastern European countries. A powerful air defense (air defense) and missile defense (missile defense) system is being deployed. On the one hand, the country’s defense capability is being strengthened, and military-strategic parity with the United States has been achieved. On the other hand, the maintenance of a powerful military-industrial complex (military-industrial complex) had a negative impact on the well-being of the population and the economy as a whole. Course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA
A course towards establishing military parity between the USSR and the USA In 1976, the RSD-10 “Pioneer” medium-range missile system, nicknamed in the West SS-20, was adopted into service by the Soviet Army.
The fight against dissent Human rights movement, dissidents
Dissidence Control over culture and public life has increased. The KGB (State Security Committee) became an all-powerful body, as under Stalin. Mid 60's - formation of a movement of dissidents (dissidents). 1965 – the beginning of the dissident movement. Protests in connection with the arrest of writers A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel, who were accused of publishing their works “defaming the Soviet state and social system” abroad, and were sentenced to 7 years (A. Sinyavsky) and 5 years (Y. Daniel) camps.
Dissidence by Y. Daniel and A. Sinyavsky in the courtroom
Leader of the human rights movement Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb (1953) In 1968, with the help of samizdat, academician Sakharov published a statement “Reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom,” in which he demanded carrying out reforms, openness, greater openness of Soviet society. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921 – 1989)
Leader of the human rights movement Writer, public figure. 1973 - wrote a “Letter to the Leaders of the Soviet Union”, where he proposed to abandon Marxist ideology, unfurl the “old Russian banner”, transfer the efforts of the state from “external tasks to internal ones”, etc. His book “The Gulag Archipelago” dealt the strongest blow to the history and practice of repression in the USSR. 1974 – arrested and deported to Germany. 1994 – return to Russia of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn (1918 – 2008)
M. Rostropovich G. Vishnevskaya I. Brodsky A. Tarkovsky M. Shemyakin The entire repressive and propaganda power of the state machine was directed against dissidents. They were accused of criminal offenses, put in psychiatric hospitals, sent to camps and exile, and deported abroad.
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914-1984) 1967 – 1982 - headed the KGB (state security committee). 1982 – 1984 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Recognized the need to modernize the economic and political system of “real socialism” while maintaining and strengthening the control of the CPSU and the KGB. Under him, a campaign was launched to strengthen labor discipline, the fight against “unearned income,” etc. began.
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (1911-1985) Since 1978 - member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. 1984 – 1985 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Being a sick man, he remained in power for only 13 months. Under him, there was a return to the Brezhnev traditions of rule.
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The Brezhnev leadership in the field of foreign policy set itself the following tasks: 1. Eliminate the threat of the collapse of the socialist camp and unite it even more closely in political, military and economic relations. 2. Normalize relations between East and West. 3. Carrying out a policy of supporting “progressive” movements around the world (especially those countries that were part of the sphere of influence of the USSR).
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Stages of foreign policy 1965-1979 – period of detente 1979-1985. - a new round of the Cold War
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Foreign policy of the USSR in 1965-1985. Western direction Eastern direction Relations with social countries. camp" Soviet-Chinese relations. 2. Vietnam War. 3. Arab-Israeli wars. 4. Afghan war. 5. Assistance to third world countries. Relations with Western European countries and the USA. 1. “Prague Spring 1968.” 2. Poland. 1980-1981
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"Prague Spring" 1968. - the period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia from January 5 to August 20, 1968, which ended with the entry of Soviet troops and troops of the Warsaw Pact countries (except Romania) into the country.
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The leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, A. Dubcek, was detained and taken to Moscow. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was headed by G. Husak, a supporter of the previous political course. The Czechoslovak army offered no resistance, and individual youth demonstrations were dispersed. Leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia A. Dubcek Leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia Gustav Husak
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The “Brezhnev Doctrine” is the USSR’s claim to the right to carry out military intervention in the internal affairs of its allies under the Warsaw Pact. Events in Czechoslovakia in 1968, the USSR stated that it considered it its duty to defend real socialism
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1980-1981 - into a mass democratic labor movement in Poland, whose representatives united around the independent trade union “Solidarity”. Millions of workers opposed the CPSU. The leaders of the USSR did not dare to send troops to Poland. They limited themselves to economic assistance and advice to the leaders of the Polish communists and the Chairman of the State Council of Poland, W. Jaruzelski, on how to normalize the situation. Ultimately, through the efforts of the Polish army, martial law was introduced in the country, and opposition leaders were arrested. Lech Walesa - leader of Solidarity
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The aggravation of Soviet-Chinese relations in the 1950-1960s. Exposing the personality cult of I.V. Stalin Promoting the idea of the possibility of preventing a new world war and the peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems
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Soviet-Chinese relations The new Soviet leadership, which came to power in 1964, associated the deterioration of relations between the USSR and the PRC solely with the personal conflict between Khrushchev and Mao Zedong. This raised hopes for a settlement of these relations by analogy with the settlement of the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict, which was settled after the death of J.V. Stalin. But the conditions put forward by the Chinese side for restoring the “great friendship” (first of all, the rejection of the principle of peaceful coexistence between socialism and capitalism) turned out to be completely unacceptable for the USSR. In the second half of the 1960s. - border disputes between the USSR and the PRC sharply escalated. 1969 - Soviet-Chinese armed conflict on the island. Damansky
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Monument to Soviet border guards who died heroically defending the Soviet border on the island. Damansky 1969 - Soviet-Chinese armed conflict on the island. Damansky
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Support for revolutionary regimes in “third world” countries Diplomatic support for the governments of Laos, Algeria, Angola, Mozambique, Syria, Ethiopia and other countries that have declared their “socialist orientation.” Economic and military assistance (often free of charge): provision of soft loans, supplies of military equipment, participation of Soviet military personnel in local conflicts (“international debt”). Aid to “developing countries” became a heavy financial burden for the country.
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1965-1973 – Vietnam War The USSR provided enormous military-technical and material assistance to the people of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, who in 1965-1973. fought a war against the United States and its allies for the independence and liberation of South Vietnam.
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Arab-Israeli wars. In the Arab-Israeli conflicts, the USSR resolutely sided with the Arab states (Egypt, Syria, Jordan) against Israel during the wars of 1967 (“Six Day War”) and 1973 (“Yom Kippur War”).
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Arab-Israeli conflicts 1947 UN General Assembly resolution on the partition of Palestine 1948 Formation of the State of Israel 1948 First Arab-Israeli War 1956 Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1989 Camp David Accords 1982 Lebanon War 1996 Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty 2000 withdrawal of Israeli troops from South Lebanon 2006 Second Lebanon War 2008-2009 Operation Cast Lead
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Late 1960s-early 1970s. - a period of detente in the foreign policy of the USSR - a decrease in the level of international tension and normalization of relations with Western countries. In 1967, a ban on the placement of weapons in outer space was adopted. In July 1968 - the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (USSR, USA, England, France, China). In 1970, direct communication systems were established between the USSR and the USA. 1970 - agreement with Germany on the recognition of post-war borders and borders between Germany and the GDR. The beginning of economic cooperation between the USSR and Western countries. From 1970 to 1980, the volume of foreign trade of the Soviet Union with developed capitalist countries increased 2.5 times (with the CMEA states - 1.8 times).
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May 1972 - visit of US President Richard Nixon to Moscow. The first treaty (for 5 years) on the limitation of strategic offensive arms (SALT - 1) was concluded. For the first time, the existence of parity (equality) of strategic forces was recognized, and it was confirmed that its preservation is the basis for sustainable peaceful relations. A ceiling was set for the number of nuclear weapons carriers. In addition, the USSR and the USA agreed to limit missile defense systems. 1972 Moscow. Official visit of US President Richard Nixon to the USSR.
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1973 – visit of L.I. Brezhnev in the USA. A decision was made to begin negotiations on the reduction of NATO and Internal Affairs forces. 1973 - Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War. 1973 - Agreements were signed to end the war and restore peace in Vietnam.
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1974 - Nixon's visit to Moscow. An agreement was signed to limit underground nuclear testing. 1975 - the world's first international Soviet-American flight into space.
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1973-1975 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in Helsinki. August 1, 1975 - The Final Act of the CSCE (35 states), which became a kind of “fundamental law” of Europe. Principles: 1. Sovereign equality of all European countries, regardless of size, economic and military power; 2. Refusal to use force or threat of force; 3. Inviolability of borders and territorial integrity of states; 4. Peaceful settlement of disputes; 5. Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs; 6. Respect for human rights and freedoms; 7. Equality of peoples; 8. Mutually beneficial cooperation; 9. Conscientious fulfillment of obligations under international law. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Helsinki. 1975
