What is the name of the warehouse on the ship? A brief dictionary of marine terms and expressions

• - dumping or coupling of ships side by side for hand-to-hand combat. Tactical technique from the times of the sailing fleet
• - ships advanced from the main forces towards the enemy
• - part of the water space of a port or harbor intended for the parking of ships awaiting their turn to enter the port itself for loading or unloading at the berth line by port facilities. If there is a large concentration of ships in the port, they are loaded and unloaded in the outport using lighters, scows, and other floating equipment
• - significant damage to the ship itself or its combat or technical equipment
• - a ship attached to the squadron, intended for messenger and reconnaissance services
• - work on a ship in which all or a significant part of the personnel takes part simultaneously
• - person of the highest command of the fleet. In Russia there were three admiral ranks: admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral. In most other states the number of admiral ranks is the same. But in England there are four, in France there are two
• - a flag hoisted from the mast of the ship on which the admiral is located
• - a hole in the turret or in the gun shield for the muzzle of the gun to exit out
• - strait of the English Channel
• - a barrel of one, two, three buckets or more, used for wine, vinegar, etc., as well as for water ballast on boats
• - constant air currents in the high layers of the atmosphere in tropical latitudes, moving on top of the trade winds in the opposite direction
• — translated from Spanish: fleets, squadrons. The word has become famous since it referred to the expedition of King Philip II to England in 1588, called the Invincible Armada. The expedition ended in the complete defeat of the Spaniards. In its modern meaning, armada has become a household name - this is what they now call any poorly organized and poorly trained squadron (formation, fleet)
• - an area of ​​the sea containing many islands
• - ships covering a fleet or squadron from behind during a march
• is a flat, low-lying, ring-shaped coral island containing a shallow lake called a lagoon. The lagoon communicates with the ocean by one or more straits
• - a cellar on the ship for storing wet provisions, as well as wine and vinegar
• - steel cable holding the mast from the stern of the yacht
• - a vertical beam that forms the aft end of the ship’s keel. The rudder is suspended from the sternpost

• - bow part of the deck from the stem to the foremast
• - a floating sign indicating shoals, sunken ships, etc.
• — 1. the ship’s heading, forming an angle of more than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees with the direction of the tailwind.
  2. stanchion supporting the mast to the sides and back to the stern
• - a number indicating the strength of the wind or wave on some scale. According to our Beaufort scale, wind strength is indicated from 0 (complete calm) to 12 (hurricane wind), and waves - from 0 to 9
• — 1. a bench on a boat 2. stranded in the sea in deep water
• - a ship transporting bulk cargo (ore, grain...)
• - a weight placed at the bottom of a ship or in its unfilled tanks to give the ship the necessary stability
• - shaft for rotating the rudder blade
• - a cylindrical fur brush on a long shaft, which was used to extinguish the remains of a smoldering cap and clean - ban - a cannon
• - a transverse sandy underwater shoal washed up by a river as it flows into the sea
• - a three- or four-masted sailing ship with a dry stern mast, that is, armed only with oblique sails. The remaining masts carry straight sails
• - otherwise, a schooner-barque, a sea sailing vessel with three or more masts, carrying straight sails on the foremast, and slanting sails on the rest
• - a measure of volume and capacity used only in the USA and England. In the USA, a distinction is made between a barrel of bulk solids, containing 119.24 liters, and an oil barrel, equal to 158.76 liters.
• - the largest boat, having from 14 to 22 oars and sailing equipment, served for transporting a large number of crew members, heavy weapons and landing troops
• - head of the quartermaster's unit
• - the next of the decks going below the top, the middle artillery is installed on it. The cartridge arbor is used to supply cartridges from the cartridge magazines to the guns. In the cartridge magazines, shells and cartridges, stored in special metal pavilions suspended on rails, roll to the elevator, rise in it together with the pavilion into the gun turret, or can be transported to any gun of the battery
• - ring the ship's bell for the required number of bells
• - the course of a sailing ship that forms an angle of less than 90 degrees with the direction of the headwind
• - dressing, connecting two cables with a thinner end. There are several types of benzels
• - a yacht carrying only triangular sails. Borrowed from the Bermudians
• - lower, oblique sail, placed on the mizzen mast
• - the rear mast of ships with three or more masts is usually the smallest. An exception is two-masted (sometimes called one-and-a-half-mast) ships rigged with an yol or ketch, in which the stern mast is called a mizzen mast.
• - beams or steel beams laid across the ship at the ends of the ropes and serving as the base of the deck
• - a rack on a ship intended for mooring
• - sail under bowsprit
• - a securely armored room where all ship control is concentrated during battle
• — devices for hanging boats
• - a word added to all sails, rigging, spars and rigging belonging to the topmast
• - fourth from the bottom yard on the mast
• - (flying jib) the third triangular sail from the mast, the tack corner (lower forward corner) of which is attached to the jib
• - space on the ship for storing shells
• - the topmost sail on the main or foremast
• - a spar tree that serves as an upward extension of the topmast
• Bon— a floating barrier made of logs, barrels or iron boxes connected to each other by chains or cables; serves to protect the fleet's anchorage from attacks by enemy destroyers, submarines and speedboats
• - in ancient Greek mythology, a deity personifying the north wind
• - senior non-commissioned officer in charge of ship operations
• - boatswain's mate
• Barrel- a metal hermetically sealed float anchored in a harbor or roadstead, to which ships are placed
• - a straight sail raised on a topmast above the topsail
• - a spar that serves as an upward extension of the topmast
• - old, outdated ships that were filled with flammable material and launched from the windward side towards enemy ships
• - a ship in a roadstead or harbor watching for incoming ships
• - rotate it in a horizontal plane using braces
• - running rigging gear attached to the ends of the yards and used to rotate them together with the sails in a horizontal plane
• - reduce sail area
• - anchor machine with a horizontal shaft for lifting anchors
• - type of naval flag
• - a wide pennant, raised on ships as a sign of the presence of persons of the imperial family, the Minister of the Navy, the chief commander of the port or the head of a detachment of ships who do not have the rank of admiral
• - a two-masted sailing ship with straight sails, armed with 16-28 guns
• - a fast two-masted vessel carrying straight sails on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast
• - wind blowing due to uneven heating of the sea and land during the day from the sea, in the evening at sea
• - a ship protected by thick side and deck armor, armed with powerful artillery and several mine (torpedo) tubes
• - specially made steel plates that were attached to the sides of the battleship for protection from shells
• Trouser- a thick cable with which the cannon was attached to the side walls of the cannon ports
• - a metal shackle placed on some spar trees to secure them. or used for attaching parts of rigging to them
• - a floating sign in the form of a cylindrical float with an openwork superlayer, installed on an anchor to fence off places dangerous for navigation
• - a cable with which the ship is towed; steamship used to tow ships
• - thickening in the underwater part of the vessel’s bow, facilitating better water flow around the hull
• - waves with foamy crests over underwater rocks
• - a horizontal or inclined spar that projects from the bow of the ship. Serves to extend the stays supporting the mast and topmasts and attach the bow triangular sails - staysails and jibs
• rope or tackle- rope or tackle, folded in circles; small bay

• - parts of standing rigging that strengthen masts, topmasts and topmasts
• - a bracket or plate with holes on the mast for attaching the cables
• - one of the elements of the deck structure
• - a curve obtained when the surface of the ship’s hull intersects a horizontal plane corresponding to the water level
• - standing rigging tackle
• - comes from the German word “wachen” - to stand guard, a special type of duty on a ship, for which a part of the personnel is allocated. Watches are also called certain periods of time during which this service is carried out in one shift. In this sense, the day on ships is divided into five watches: from noon to 18 o'clock, from 18 o'clock to 24 o'clock, from 0 o'clock to 4 o'clock in the morning, from 4 am to 8 am, from 8 am to 12 noon. People who have been relieved from a watch are called watchmen
• - a cord book in which all events from the life of the ship and the persons sailing on it, cases of relations with other ships and, in general, all the circumstances of the voyage are recorded: course, direction and wind strength, course, roll, temperature of water and air, weather conditions of the sea and sky, number of revolutions of the machine, etc. d. The log is signed by the watch commander
• — the officer in charge of the watch, the entire watch crew is subordinate to him. During the entire period of his watch, the watch commander is responsible for the safety of the ship, for maintaining it in constant repair, for maintaining order, for fulfilling all orders of the commander and senior officer (assistant commander of the ship)
• — a light five- to six-month swing boat; depending on the purpose for which it serves, it is called an admiral captain's or rescue whaleboat
• - auxiliary ship anchor weighing about 1/3 of the dead weight. It is used in various cases: to help anchors during a storm, carried on a boat when pulling a ship aground, etc.
• - move the ship by bringing in an anchor (werp) on a boat and pulling the ship towards this anchor
• - device for connecting the boom to the mast
• - a place where ships are built on the seashore of a lake or river
• - the upper platform or floor on a ship, its bow part is called the forecastle, then follows the waist, then - the quarterdeck and finally the aft part of the upper deck is called the poop
• — west
• - dayman on the ships of the royal fleet
• - it becomes steeper, it comes in - it becomes more favorable
• - protruding part on the gun treasury
• - remove the sails
• - slow down the spire
• — the volume of water displaced by the vessel. The weight of this volume is equal to the weight of the ship
• - an artificial stone wall protecting the roadstead from waves coming from the sea
• - a platform on the mast or a barrel attached to it, serving as an observation post
• Vorsa- pieces of hemp rope, loosened into strands and heels
• - pull, pull up
• - cable steps
• - a wooden lever used to rotate the spire
• - a long narrow flag with braids, hoisted on a topmast, raised on ships from the beginning of the campaign and lowered at its end

• Gabara- a small medieval sailing ship
• - part of the roadstead, naturally or artificially protected from wind and waves and providing a convenient anchorage for ships
• Huck- iron or steel hook
• - the upper rounded part of the stern end of the vessel
• - white fire, which is kept on the tailboard
• - a type of military rowing vessel that appeared in the Mediterranean Sea around the seventh century BC. e. It had one row of oars, its stem was armed with a long underwater ram. The culminating moment in the history of the “modern” galley is the Battle of Lepanto on October 7, 1571 between the fleets of Spain and Venice on the one hand and Turkey on the other, when 200 Spanish and Venetian galleys under the leadership of John of Austria defeated 273 Turkish galleys, forever ridding the Mediterranean of Turkish dominion
• - a large, up to 80 meters in length, military or merchant sailing and oaring vessel. galley-like
• Galerniki- convicts serving their sentences in the old days on galleys (rowing) ships; worked at the oars, galleymen were sometimes chained to their places
• - a large sea vessel that had four large and one powerful inclined mast. Huge, lumbering, slow-moving galleons transporting New World treasures to Spain have been a tasty prey for the British since the days of Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish
• - a small sailing vessel with a carrying capacity of up to 100 tons. Carries two masts and slanting sails
• — the ship's heading relative to the wind. If the wind blows to the left side, the ship moves on a left tack; if it blows to the right side, on a starboard tack.
• - ship's course
• - specialist assigned to maintain artillery electrical equipment
• - a latrine on a ship
• - lever for lifting weights
• - device for hoisting sails
• - graduate of the naval cadet corps in the Russian fleet
• - an inclined spar tree, one end resting against the mast at the rear, at the other end the stern flag rises as it moves. The lower sail of the gaff (heel) is held at the mast by mustaches (in the form of a grip). rises and falls with the help of running rigging gear - a gaff-gardel, secured by the heel, and a dirik-halyard, secured by the nock (the upper end of the gaff)
• Gaff weapons- a type of sailing rig when the sails are attached to the gaff
• - Ancient Greek name for Dardanelles
• Genoa staysail- triangular sail at the bow of the ship
• - a spar, movably fastened with a mustache or swivel to a mast. Serves to stretch the lower leech (edge) of the sail, the upper leech of which is laced to the gaff (if the sail is in in this case trapezoidal)
• — electromechanical compass, free from the influence of iron on board
• - running rigging gear used for cleaning sails
• - command boat
• - third deck from the bottom on large ships
• - to go to the naked Hans - to drown - a slang expression in the German navy
• Croakers- thick wide iron strips that cover the trunnions of guns so that the latter do not jump out of the trunnion sockets when fired
• - tackle passing through one single-pulley block
• Neck- a round or oval hole used for access to holds, tanks, etc. Closed with a waterproof lid
• - an ancient device for determining the angle between the horizon and luminaries. Looks like a small mast with yards. also called "Jacob's staff"
• — 1. the lower straight sail on the mainmast 2. an integral part of the names of the sails, spar and rigging located above the top of the mainmast
• Main geek- a movable wooden beam horizontally attached to the bottom of the mainmast to which the lower part of the oblique sail is attached
• - an integral part of the names of all sails, spars and rigging belonging to the mainmast below the top
• - the second mast of the ship, counting from the bow
• - the lowest yard on the mainmast
• - a triangular sail, which on large ships is placed on the mainmast
• - a two- or three-masted ship of the 16th-17th centuries, used as a military transport
• - a special flag that hoists on the bow of a warship of the 1st and 2nd ranks at anchor.

• Rangefinder- a device for measuring distance
• Double bottom- (or internal). Done on almost all military ships and on large commercial ships. Serves to protect against the consequences of bottom holes, as well as to increase the strength of the hull. The space between the inner bottom and the outer one is called double-bottom and is divided by impenetrable longitudinal and transverse partitions into compartments that remain empty or are used for storing fresh water, oil, etc.
• Deviation- deviation of the compass resulting from the influence of the ship's iron on it
• Deadwood- the gap between the keel and the hull skin at the stern and bow. A pipe for the propeller shaft passes through the aft sternwood
• Derrick— load-lifting crane with a rotating boom
• - running rigging tackle with gaff
• Landing- landing of military units or a naval detachment ashore for military operations on the coast
• - Chinese ship
• Disposition— plan for the location of ships for mooring in the roadstead
• Trim- difference in depth between bow and stern
• Doc- a pool that can be drained. Vessels are brought into it for repairs. There are also floating docks.
• Dory- a type of small sailboat common in England
• - deviation of a moving ship from the intended path under the influence of wind, current, strong waves and ice pressure
• - arrange the sails in such a way that the action of the wind on one sail causes the ship to move forward, and the action of the wind on the other makes it move backward. What keeps the ship in place?
• Shot attack- a signal played on a bugle and drum to prepare a ship to repel an attack by destroyers
• Fraction-alarm- a signal that was played before the exercise according to the combat schedule
• Dudka- a whistle used to give signals from the watch. Give a pipe - convey the order of the watch commander throughout the ship, preceded by a signal on the ship. Was assigned to boatswains and non-commissioned officers
• Muzzle plug- a device that protects the gun channel from splashes, dust, etc.
• Dannage— cargo
• Dukong- native fishing boat

• Endova- copper utensils with a spout, in the valley they carried vodka upstairs to distribute to the team
• Eat- a word that replaces fleet answers: okay, I’m listening, I understand

• Bubblegum-tack- a piece of chain of the same thickness as the anchor rope is attached to a butt embedded in the ship’s hull with a bracket called a tack
• Logbook, ship's log- a book for the regular recording of all events occurring on and off the ship, but related to it

• Block- stop the enemy’s maritime communications or isolate his naval forces in any naval theater base
• Batten down- close tightly
• Reef- take reefs, that is, reduce the sail area by tying reef sheets
• Zashanhait- kidnap a person. Derived from the name of the city of Shanghai in China, in the port slums of which kidnapping was especially rampant
• South- south
• Southwest- southwest
• Zagrebnoy- the rower sitting on the boat first from the stern; all others are measured by it
• Ignition hole- located in the breech of the gun, gunpowder is ignited through it when firing
• - reduce the area of ​​the sails with the help of strings (reefs) located in rows on the sails
• Swell- disturbance caused by a distant storm
• - jacket against rain and wind

• - a round window with thick glass on a ship
• Indicator platform- platform between the upper parts of the steam cylinders of the main machine
• Iol- a small two-masted sailing vessel with oblique sails. Iol and the similar ketch are the only ships in which the first mast from the bow is taller and is called the mainmast, and the second small one is called the mizzen mast or sometimes the jigger mast. Compared to single-masted vessels, such as sloops, under some conditions, sailboats are more stable on course in tailwinds and more manageable in handling

• Heeled- hemp thread, strands curl from the heel, and cables from the strands
• Casemate- armored room on board, medium-sized guns are placed in it
• Cabalaring- a sling made of cable. It is carried (wound) around the capstan and the anchor rope is attached to the endless cable thus obtained without carrying it onto the capstan
• - a maritime unit of length equal to 185.2 meters
• - a vessel carrying out transportation along the coast
• Breech, treasury- the back of the gun. Along its outer surface, the gun is divided into two parts: the muzzle - from the front edge of the gun to the trunnions; and the breech - from the trunnions to the rear section. Trunnions are called tides on the sides of the gun, with which it is placed on the machine
• Breech- the rear part of the gun, screwed onto the gun casing
• Caliber— diameter of the gun channel
• - a place for preparing food on the ship
• Rope- 1. anchor chain 2. rope more than thirteen inches in girth
• Gunboat. or gunboat- a small ship for action off the coast and in rivers, with medium-caliber artillery
• Canoe- Indian boat, a light sports vessel with one oar
• Captain 1 rank - and captain of the 2nd rank - ranks of senior command personnel of the fleet, the following ranks are admiral
• Corporal- in the Russian Navy - the nickname of a non-commissioned officer
• Caravel- three-four-masted sea sailing ship (XIV - XVI centuries), mainly Portuguese and Spanish
• - one of the beams in the ship's structure
• - a private individual who has received a patent from the government for the right to arm a ship and seize enemy ships and goods; both the ship itself and its captain were called a privateer
• Karakka- a three-masted ship of the 15-17 centuries, used for military and commercial purposes
• - artillery gun
• - agreement on prisoner exchange
• Kartuz- a bag with a charge of gunpowder for a cannon
• - ten-sixteen-oar boat of light construction
• Mine boat- a small steam ship armed with a torpedo tube. Prototype of destroyers
• Steam boat- a small steam vessel carried aboard warships
• - a common cabin where officers gather
• - living quarters on the ship for officers and passengers
• Kayak- a single-seater boat with a two-bladed oar among the peoples of the north
• - navigation device for measuring the height of celestial bodies
• Quarterdeck- the aft section of the upper deck of a ship, raised by a ledge. On ancient ships, the ship's controls were concentrated on the quarterdeck
• - first non-commissioned officer rank
• Ketch (ketch)- two-masted ship. The front mast (main mast) is high, the second is much smaller (mizzen mast) and is located in front of the rudder head and helmsman. This is how a ketch differs from an iol
• - longitudinal connection on the ship, fastening the frames and the skim and ensuring the longitudinal strength of the ship
• Kingston- any valve used to allow sea water to enter the ship
• Klinnket- a slide valve used to pass water in the hold from one compartment to another
• - main underwater. the longitudinal part of the ship, running in the center plane from bow to stern
• Keelblocks— pick-ups on which ships are installed in a dock or on land
• - formation when the ships go one after another
• - one of the forward oblique sails, placed in front of the foremast
• - a three- or four-masted sailing fast-moving merchant vessel or a three-masted sail-steam military vessel that existed until the end of the 19th century
• - a circle with pulleys at the top of a mast or flagpole
• Hawse- a through hole used to pass cables and anchor ropes
• Clews-sak- an iron lid that seals the fairlead so that during a strong wave, water does not penetrate through it onto the deck
• - vertical metal cabinets. bolted to the deck, used to secure mooring lines or towing lines
• Cogg- a type of merchant sailing ship, common in the 12th - 15th centuries Northern Europe, in particular in the Hanseatic League
• Bed nets- special chests on the upper deck of the ship in which the bunks were placed
• - ship's cook
• Kokor- a cylindrical bag of gunpowder, used to supply charges from the crus chamber to the guns
• - artilleryman
• Commodore- in England, Holland and the USA - commander of a formation of small ships, rank below rear admiral, as well as commander of a large liner
• Cockpit- aft part of the lowest deck
• Sorcerer- weather vane
• Coaming— border on the deck around the hatch perimeter
• Kondriki- braided or ribbon shoulder patches worn by non-commissioned officers
• Caulk- hemp or cotton, hammered into the grooves and joints of the sheathing to seal them
• -intermediate rank between officer and non-commissioned officer. Close assistant to a specialist officer
• End- any loose tackle of short length
• Contra-tack or contra-course- the ships are heading on opposite courses
• - sail
• - part of the stern
• - the smallest three-masted ship in the navy. Armed with 17 to 30 guns located on the upper deck, it carried the same sail. like a frigate, it is intended for parcels and reconnaissance
• Dirk- a hand weapon like a small dagger, assigned to the commanding staff of the fleet
• - science of navigation
• - ring on a rope
• Combat odds- numbers expressing conditionally the combat qualities of military ships in relation to other ships of the same type
• - a rod with a handle for tightening the rigging of a sailing ship
• Coordinate- the ship sequentially describes two arcs, equal in length and symmetrically located in different directions from the course line
• Stern- the back of the ship is screwed with gear
• Cat— 1. metal hook on a rope. 2. Nine-tailed whip for corporal punishment
• Fender- a bag filled with tow and braided with a thin rope, hung over the side of the ship to protect it from damage when approaching another ship or pier
• Crumball- on sailing ships - a wooden beam attached to the bilge of the ship serves to raise the anchor. On more modern ships it is replaced by an iron beam. The expression “to starboard” or “to port” defines the position of an object visible from the ship in the direction of the starboard
• Karbas- undecked industrial and fishing vessel of the White Sea coast
• Kraspica- a crossbar on the mast for spacing the shrouds and stays holding the mast
• Craiskr yacht- a type of yacht intended for long voyages
• Shrimp- a small sea crayfish from the order Decapods
• - a ship with sufficient seaworthiness, significant speed, weapons and operational areas. Performs reconnaissance and patrol services, guards convoyed transports at sea, lays mines, barriers, and participates in cruising raids
• Bank- tilting the ship on its side from a vertical position
• - clean the bottom of the ship from algae and shells
• - strong wooden rounds that prevent the vessel from coming into direct contact with the embankment wall and thus soften strong impacts
• - a word denoting that part of the spar, rigging and sail, the name of which is preceded by it. Belongs to the mizzenmast above its top
• - a sail hoisted on a topmast
• - a ship's cellar in which gunpowder is stored. Usually located in the underwater part of the ship
• — observation deck on the mizzen mast
• - 1. fourth deck on the ship, counting from the top 2. crew living quarters
• Cupor- ship's cooper
• Well- direction of movement of the vessel relative to the cardinal points or relative to the wind
• - small sailing ship

• Maneuver- sail on a sailing ship in alternating courses (along a broken line)
• - a device for determining the speed of a ship
• Lagoon- a shallow body of water in the middle of an atoll, connected to the sea
• Lag to the wave- position of the ship. perpendicular to the direction of movement of waves or wind (lag to the wind)
• Laiba- a simple large Finnish boat with one or two masts, each with one sail. Previously, these boats were used in the vicinity of St. Petersburg for transporting firewood, hay, etc.
• Liner- a high-speed ocean-going cargo and passenger steamer, making voyages to a certain line Scheduled
• Latin sail- a triangular sail, which was laced with its upper luff to a long, composite batten, rising at an angle, that is, its rear corner was raised high, and the front corner was lowered almost to the deck. This is one of oldest species sails, which has survived to this day almost unchanged
• Winch- weight lifting machine
• Lebeza- a tool for hammering caulking into grooves
• Leventik- the position of the sails when they are facing the wind and fluttering
• - a tightly stretched rope with both ends secured. In particular, a railing is a thin steel cable stretched in two or three rows between racks along the side of a ship or on bridges to fence open areas
• Railing fencing- consists of a tightly stretched cable - a handrail, which passes through a hole in the handrail racks, mounted vertically on the deck. Installed on a ship in places without bulwarks
• Lieutenant- second officer rank in the royal Russian fleet
• - ghost sailing ship
• - set the sails in such a way that part of them gives traction forward, part back and the ship is held in place
• League- a maritime unit of length equal to 5.56 km, no longer in use
• - a three-masted warship carrying from 80 to 120 guns and intended for battle in the wake formation
• - a thin cable that covers the edge of the sail
• - thin cable
• - whip
• - sails used to assist straight sails in tailwinds are placed on the sides of these sails on special spar trees - foxtails
• - a small transport vessel, a non-self-propelled sea barge, intended for roadstead and intra-port transportation
• Lloyd- Marine Insurance and Shipping Society in different countries of Europe and America
• Shovel the deck- use a rubber shovel to squeeze out water from a wet deck
• - depth measuring device
• Pilot- part of the science of navigation. It deals with a detailed study of the seas and oceans and serves as a guide on how to navigate the ship's courses along them, avoiding all dangers and adapting to the prevailing winds, currents, shoals and other local conditions, and how to navigate them in the shortest possible time. For this purpose, the sailing directions describe all the seas and oceans, as well as the surrounding shores and the shores of countless islands; Almost everywhere the depths have been explored, and dangerous places are marked with warning signs. Maps have been compiled for all seas on one scale or another. All descriptions of the seas are called navigation manuals. or sailing directions and, together with maps, constitute the main navigation aids
• - pump well
• - specialist in navigating a ship within a difficult and dangerous area for navigation
• Luger sail- oblique sail rising on a retractable topmast
• - fast two-masted vessel
• Luke- hole in the deck for descent

• Main steam pipe- the main steam pipe that receives steam from all the ship's boilers
• Mamerinets— a device for artillery turrets that prevents water and debris from getting into the gap between the armored part of the turret and the deck; starts during a hike when fair weather is expected
• Mars- a platform on the mast at the point of its connection with the topmast
• - a sail that is placed between the top yard and the lower yard (the second trapezoidal sail from the bottom on sailing ships with straight sails)
• Mars- a prefix indicating that the concept following it belongs to maxel or mars-rey
• - the second yard from the bottom, to which the topsail is tied
• — sailors-specialists in rigging work; sailors in the sailing fleet. working on mars
• Marsaflot- an experienced sailor who knows and loves maritime affairs of the sailing period; for some time now it has been pronounced in an ironic sense
• Matelote- a nearby ship in formation
• - a vertical or slightly inclined spar tree installed in the centerline of the ship
• Lighthouse- an artificial structure that serves to determine the position of a ship when sailing near the coast. Typically, a lighthouse is a tower on which a fire is lit at night. On shallows far from the shore or on banks, special vessels with lanterns called floating lighthouses are placed for the same purpose.
• Megaphone- a large speaker used for delivering orders and conversations over a long distance
• nautical mile- a measure of length at sea equal to 1.85 km.
• Self-propelled mine- a steel cigar-shaped projectile 5-8 meters long and 54-55 cm in diameter. One of the main weapons of the navy. It is thrown into the water towards the enemy from a ship from a special torpedo tube. In the water, the torpedo moves at a certain depth under its own power with the help of an engine placed in it that rotates the propellers. The torpedo engine runs on compressed air. When a torpedo collides with a ship, a shell filled with explosives located in the head of the torpedo explodes.
• mine barriers- a metal ball filled with explosives. It is placed in the water at anchor on the routes of ships. When a ship touches a mine, it explodes and destroys the underwater part of the ship's hull
• Miner- ordinary mine specialist
• - a fast military vessel armed with torpedo tubes
• Mine cruiser- the term is outdated; relatively large destroyers were called mine cruisers
• - the first officer rank in the royal fleet
• Like- a port structure in the form of a wall protruding into the sea, one end resting on the shore and serving to protect the port from waves and currents
• Bridge— a light superstructure on the upper deck, protected from waves and wind. The so-called navigation bridge houses the instruments necessary to control the ship while underway.
• Monsoon- a periodic wind that changes its direction depending on the time of year. Monsoons occur mainly in the tropical zone

• Embankment- a wall built on the seashore made of reinforced concrete or large stones, protecting the shore from being washed away by waves
• - facing the direction from which the wind is blowing
• Navigation— Department of Navigation Science. It indicates ways to determine the exact location of a ship when sailing in sight of the coast and its approximate location on the open sea. This is also the name of the season. in which the voyage continues in the known sea
• - wooden nail
• Clean up- polish
• - bind. wrapping the cable around two or more objects. The cable is called a lashing
• - a wooden cabinet with a compass on it
• - in Roman mythology, god of the seas
• - running rigging gear used for lowering sails when cleaning them
• Noki- the ends of all yards, the rear ends of the booms, the upper ends of the gaffs, etc.
• Knock-benzel corner- the corner of the sail that is attached to the end of the gaff or yard
• North- north
• - northeast wind, usually strong and cold
• Noria- an endless chain with supplied cartridges from cartridge magazines to the guns

• Chief Auditor-an officer or naval official who conducts preliminary investigations into cases arising on the squadron, as well as leading the flagship’s correspondence on judicial and disciplinary matters, issues of legal and international law
• Decorate the ray- turn it so that one leg goes forward, the other goes back
• - put it on the topmast, that is, turn it so that the wind blows in its front direction. In this case, the ship will move in reverse
• Overstay (turn)- the turn of a sailing vessel in which it crosses the wind line with its bow
• Desalination plant— apparatus used for desalination of sea salt water
• optical sight- a device used to aim a weapon at a target. The main part of the optical sight is the spotting scope
• gun port- a window on the side of the ship for a gun
• Draft- the depth of a ship, measured in feet or metric units
• Equipment- running and standing rigging on a ship
• Ost- East
• Stability- the ability of a ship to float in equilibrium (in an upright position) and easily return to a state of equilibrium when removed from it
• Distinctive lights- all ships, both steam and sailing, when underway at night must carry a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the left side
• Compartments- separate rooms inside the ship, delimited by special partitions along and across the ship. This largely protects the ship from sinking in the event of a hole. Compartment bulkheads prevent water from spreading throughout the vessel
• Give up the sails- dissolve the seasons by which they were tied
• Give away the tackle— unscrew the tackle from the bollard or dowel. where she was wrapped. or let it go if it was in your hands
• Drop anchor- lower the anchor into the water
• Unmoor- attach the vessel to the shore or pier using mooring lines

• Packetbot- mail ship
• Pal- a cast iron, stone, wooden pedestal or several piles fastened together, for which mooring lines are wound
• Deck- wooden or metal horizontal ceiling of the ship's hull
• Palnik- a shaft at the end of which a wick is attached
• Pala— folding stoppers, mounted on the lower part of the capstan stock
• - stable easterly winds with a component directed towards the equator, blowing in the trade wind zone between 30 degrees N. w. and 30 degrees S.
• sailboat— 1. this is the abbreviated name for a sailing ship 2. a craftsman who sews sails
• - any vertical partition on a ship
• Hawser- rope or cable with a thickness of 4 to 6 inches in girth
• Perth- a cable stretched over a yard, standing on which sailors fasten sails and take reefs
• Pi-liner- a ship from the so-called “Flying Series P” of the shipowner and amateur F. Lajes. Most of the company's sailboats had names starting with the letter "P". So the Soviet sailing ship “Kruzenshtern” - the last ship of this series was previously called “Padua”
• - rack supporting the deck
• Pirogue- a long and narrow boat, hollowed out or burned from a tree trunk
• Pier- a berthing structure in the port, located perpendicular to the shore
• Plankton— small zoo- and phytoorganisms inhabiting the seas
• - a beam covering the upper ends of the frames along the entire boat with sockets for rowlocks
• Patch- a specially made canvas carpet, which is placed under the hole and pressed against it with water pressure, serves as a device for temporarily sealing the hole
• Punt- flat bottom boat
• Plutong- a group of guns that have the same firing angle and are combined in one place under the command of one commander - the plutong commander
• Turns- are carried out upon a signal from the flagship to rebuild the squadron from one formation to another and to change the direction of its movement. They are performed either sequentially or all at once6 each in its place, or they describe coordinates - an arc to the right or left
• - a turn on a sailing vessel in which the bow crosses the wind line
• Yibing- a turn of the ship in which it crosses the wind line with its stern
• - an artillery gun that can fire straight ahead
• Leeward side- opposite to which the wind blows
• - keeper of ship property (non-commissioned officer) for the maritime sector
• Half shift- half shift from 16 to 18 hours and from 18 to 20 hours. Half watches were introduced to ensure that the same person did not stand watch at the same time
• Semi-porticos- gun port shutters
• Forecastle- a superstructure in the bow of the ship, extending from the stem
• - one of the types of sea knots
• - superstructure at the stern of the vessel
• - pressure hand pump
• - 1. an opening in the side of a ship 2. a place that has a roadstead or harbor for ships, as well as everything necessary for the repair and supply of ships for navigation and for transshipment operations
• Handrail- a wooden beam or metal rod rounded at the top, mounted on railings, enclosing the upper deck, ladders
• Instilled- long levers, by means of which it was possible to raise the breech in order to place wooden lifting wedges under it, as well as to produce slight lateral movement of the gun
• Ramrod- a cylindrical piston on a long shaft, with which the cap was sent and compacted
• Luff— take a course closer to the wind line, closer to a steep close-haul. If the ship, changing course, approaches the line of the wind, they say that it is moving (going steeper, rising), and if its bow moves away from this line, it is going fuller, falling away
• - booty of war, an enemy ship or its cargo, from which the winners received their share, the so-called prize money
• Berth- part of the embankment. equipped with berthing facilities for mooring ships
• Spotlight- a lighting device that produces a narrow beam of strong light, adapted to direct the rays over a relatively long distance and in any direction
• fawn- long scraper for cleaning the bore
• - a hole in the deck of a sailing ship

• Radio room- a room on a ship in which radio transmitters and radio receivers are located
• Sink- side cut at the stern of the vessel
• - the general name for all wooden devices for carrying sails
• Rendezvous- a meeting place or junction of ships
• Ratier's lantern (Ratier's lantern)— a flashlight of a special device for conducting negotiations at night, hidden from the enemy
• Auditor- officer in charge of the ship's economic department
• Regatta- multi-day sailing races
• - a round spar that is used to carry sails
• - a body of water off the coast, which provides a convenient anchorage for ships, protected from wind and waves
• Reconnaissance- reconnaissance of the situation, inspection of the area
• Relation- report on military incidents
• Rehearsal ship- a ship that rehearses signals
• rehearse- repeat signals
• Lattice hatch- a lattice frame made of bars or slats covering the hatch on top
• - a horizontal row of ties threaded through the sail, through which its surface can be reduced. Topsails have four rows, lower sails have two.
• - short cables to reduce sail area
• — ends of the cable for tying the sail when it is necessary to reduce its area
• Even keel- position of the ship without trim
• — graph of wind distribution by season and direction
• Rostra- an elevation above the upper deck on which longboats and other boats are placed
• cutting — Staff only vessel. There are navigation rooms, steering rooms, a radio, and on a warship there is a conning tower, armored. from which the ship is commanded during the battle
• Steering wheel- a vertical plate that rotates on an axis in the aft underwater part of the vessel
• - one of the thirty-two compass divisions, equal to 11 and a quarter degrees. The direction from the center of the visible horizon to the points of its circumference. Of the many rhumbas, 32 have special names. The word “rhumb” also means the value between two adjacent rhumbs, and in this sense it is believed that one rhumb is equal to 11 degrees 15 minutes. If they say that the ship turned 4 points to the right, it means it turned 45 degrees to the right
• - closed bunks in which personal belongings of the team are stored
• - a lever mounted on the head of the steering wheel. With its help, the steering wheel is shifted
• - platforms on the outer sides of the vessel, used for laying cables
• - a conventional signal that is struck on the ship's bell to control time, as well as during fog

• - a frame made of longitudinal and transverse beams, installed on the top of the topmast at the junction with the next topmast
• Firework- a greeting given by a blank gun shot
• Light semaphore— a system for close-range negotiations at night using two hand-held flashlights
• Segment projectile- special device artillery shell, used to hit targets with fragments from above
• - gear in the form of a belt for attaching the sail to the yards
• Sextan- a hand-held astronomical instrument used by sailors to determine the location of a ship at sea
• Semaphore— close-range negotiation system using manual flags
• Seiner- a fishing vessel with very few deck structures
• - navigation device
• Separator- a device that separates water entrained by it from steam
• Signal- a conventional sign for transmitting orders, instructions, reports, etc. over a long distance.
• Signalman- specialist sailor servicing optical communications and surveillance equipment on a ship
• — 1. striking the bell at half-hour intervals. The counting began at noon: 12.30 one beat, 13.00 two beats and so on until eight beats. Then the counting began from the beginning. 2. Hourglass
• - convexity in the front surface of the vessel
• Tackle- all cables and ropes with terminated ends in running and standing rigging
• - watch from midnight to four o'clock in the morning.
• Spardek- a hinged deck located in the middle of the vessel
• Spinnaker- an additional triangular sail made of light canvas, which is installed on yachts with a fair wind
• Spill- connect two ends together without a knot, passing strands of one into the strands of the other
• SOS- a distress signal transmitted via radio in Morse code
• - the first triangular oblique sail, raised along a rail or forestay in front of the mast, and on large sailing ships between the masts
• deadlift anchor- main anchor of a ship
• Slipway- the site on which the ship is built
• First mate- senior mate
• Starnpost- old name for sternpost
• Senior officer- first assistant commander
• Become a lag- stand alongside a wave or another vessel
• Target- a position in which two or more objects are in the same vertical plane with the observer's eye
• Shelving- shelves in cartridge cellars and in crew chambers. on which shells, cartridges and cases of gunpowder are stored
• Wall- an abbreviation for “topmast”, an integral part of all parts. belonging to the topmast
• - a spar tree that serves as an upward extension of the mast
• Topmast flag- a flag hoisted on a topmast
• - auxiliary ship anchor
• Temperley's arrow- a special device used for loading coal
• Build— For the convenience of managing a formation of ships or a squadron during a campaign and in battle, ships sail in formation. There are different positions: wake column - ships follow each other; bearing - ships move in ledges to the left, right; front - ships move in a line; wedge - formed from two bearing formations
• Sling- a large ring of cable, the ends of which are tied (spliced): it covers the load when lifting with hoists
• Submarine- Submarine
• Ship's role— a complete list of the ship’s crew indicating their positions
• Sushi paddles- a command by which a boat takes the oars out of the water and holds them parallel to the last one, aligning their blades
• - interdeck space
• - a relatively large single-masted vessel, similar in rigging to a sloop: gaff mainsail, topsail, and topmast. Modern yachts do not carry these weapons
• Awning- canvas stretched over the upper deck and bridges to protect personal suction from the sun's rays, as well as from heating the deck itself. To protect from rain, rain awnings made of thicker canvas are stretched
• Crowd- waves characterized by steep splashing counter waves traveling in two or more directions
• Top- top, top of a vertical spar: masts, topmasts
• Top mast- upper end of the mast
• Top fire- a white light, raised on the move by steam ships on the foremast or in front of it, illuminates the horizon directly along the bow, to the right and left of it by 10 points. Its visibility must be at least five miles. or nine kilometers
• Topsail- a sail raised with a gaff rig above the mainsail. Not worn on modern yachts
• — 1. direction at right angles to the ship’s heading; 2. on the ship - a transverse armored partition for protection against fragments
• - loosen the tackle
• Trajectory- the line described by the center of gravity of the projectile during its flight after being fired
• - a means of combating mines, which is important for detecting and destroying minefields
• Transport- an auxiliary vessel designed to transport troops, food and military supplies, supplies of coal, oil, water, etc. for the active fleet
• Ladder- any ladder on a ship
• Trier- rowing vessel of Ancient Greece, had three rows of oars
• Trimaran- three-hulled ship
• - a small triangular sail made of strong material, raised on yachts during a storm
• Cable- the general name for any rope on a ship
• - the lowest part of the interior of the ship, located between the bottom and the lower deck
• Tuzik— small light boat for 2-3 people
• Drainage turbines— powerful vane-type pumps, used for rapid pumping of water, productivity reaches 500 tons per hour

• - a unit of length in maritime affairs: the distance covered by a ship in 0.5 minutes of time. The length (conditional) of the knot is considered equal to 48 feet. Therefore, how many knots does the ship travel in 0.5 min. so many nautical miles it passes in an hour
• Coal Miner- a vessel for transporting coal
• - a free passage between dangerous places, surrounded by warning signs or a designated route for ships to navigate
• Felucca- a small sailing and rowing vessel on the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas. Serves for fishing and small transport of local goods
• - one of the anchor cables
• Wick- a special salted tourniquet for lighting on the tank near the water tub; comic sailor name for a reprimand from superiors
• - commander of a formation of warships. The ship on which the flagship is located raises a special distinctive sign on the mast
• Flagship- the ship on which the flagship flies his flag
• Flag captain- staff officer, serving under the admiral, all ranks of staff are subordinate to him, chief of staff
• Flag officer- chief officer, attached to the head of the formation and performing adjutant duties
• Flagship specialists- mechanical engineer, naval engineer, artilleryman, miner, navigator, doctor, etc., on the squadron commander’s staff
• Flagpole- a pole (rod, stand) on which the stern flag is raised
• Wing- left or right side of column ships
• Flutes- sea sailing transport ship of the 16th-17th centuries, common mainly in Holland
• Flotilla- a group of ships engaged in performing some common task and going in the same direction
• Fock- lower sail on the first mast from the bow
• Foka- an integral part of the name of all sails, spars and rigging belonging above the fore-tops
• - the first mast from the bow
- a three-masted ship, the second largest after the battleship. It was more stable than a battleship, had higher masts, greater windage and was superior in speed, but carried less artillery
• - a narrow bay with high rocky shores

• Wheelhouse— cabin. from which the ship is controlled while underway
• Fridge- a device used to condense waste steam into water
• Chronometer- portable spring clock with precise movement

• Trunnions- small cylindrical protrusions in the middle of the gun barrel, inserted into the trunnion sockets of the carriage
• Rear sight— the movable part of the gun sight moves left and right to correct for target movement, its own course and side wind
• High and low pressure cylinders- if on a ship the main piston engine has three steam cylinders and the steam passes sequentially through the first, second and third cylinders, then the machine is called triple expansion. The first cylinder, where the steam from the boiler enters, is called the high pressure cylinder, the second - the medium pressure cylinder, the third - the low pressure cylinder. If the low-pressure cylinder is too large in diameter, then its volume is divided into two equal volumes and two low-pressure cylinders are installed. Thus a triple expansion machine can have four cylinders.
• Circulation- the curve along which the center of gravity of the ship moves when the rudder is deflected
• Tank- special storage on ships for fresh water, oil, wine, etc.

• Charter- an agreement containing the conditions for the provision of all or part of a vessel for the carriage of goods by sea
• - small light boat
• Chip- "shavings", a slang nickname for a ship's carpenter

• Sabbat- at this command, the rowers remove the oars from the rowlocks and put them in the boat
• - a cable by which a ship is tied to another ship or to the shore
• Centerboard- a retractable fin that prevents the vessel from drifting downwind.
• Xebec- a small ship with a strongly extended stem and a far protruding deck, used mainly by corsairs of the northern coast of Africa
• Shelf- coastal part of the sea
• — coordinate. Together with longitude, it is used to determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Latitude is the angle between the plane of the equator and a plumb line passing through a given point. Measurements are from the equator to the poles ranging from 0 to 90 degrees. (northern and southern latitude)
• Storm ladder— cable suspended portable ladder
• Storm sails— special oblique lower sails, which are set during a storm
• Steering wheel — mechanical device, with the help of which the steering wheel is shifted
• - shipmaster, assistant commander for driving a ship at sea
• Sturtros-transmission from the steering wheel to the tiller
• Skerries— island shore; sea ​​coast, densely dotted with islands with narrow straits
• - a sailing ship that has at least two masts and carries slanting sails on all masts

• Evolution- a maneuver performed by ships in formation to change course, connect the distance between ships, form into a different formation, and so on
• - spar fastening detail
• — block for tensioning the cables

• Anchor- a device that holds the ship on clean water bottom hooking
• Anchor place- a place convenient for mooring ships
• - small service boat
• Yacht- any vessel, steam, or sailboat, adapted for sea voyages
• Yachting- sailing
• Yacht Club- organization, society uniting yachtsmen

Boarding is a method of fighting with rowing and sailing ships (until the 19th century), coupling an attacking ship with an enemy ship to capture it in hand-to-hand combat.

Vanguard (from the French avant - ahead, gaede - guard) - 1) The forward (head) part of the combat (march) order of the fleet forces (formation). 2) In the sailing fleet avant-garde (vanguard) - warships(squadrons or divisions) intended for combat with the enemy vanguard. In the wake of the ships, the vanguard followed the lead, followed by the corps de battalion (center) and the rearguard closed the column. The vanguard was commanded by a vice admiral.

Rearguard (from the French arriere - rear, rear and garde - guard) - 1) The trailing end of the forces of the combat (marching) order of ships (formation), intended to cover their main forces (corps de battle) from the aft sectors of the combat (marching) formation, supporting them in battle with fire, ensuring withdrawal (separation) from the enemy after the battle. 2) In a sailing fleet, the rearguard (rearguard) is the end, third squadron of the fleet (or the end division of the squadron) in a single combat (marching) wake formation. The rearguard was commanded by a rear admiral.

Aft hatch - 1) An opening in the deck for loading cargo into the aft hold of a ship. Located behind the mainmast. 2) A room in the hold of a ship for storing provisions.

The forecastle is the bow part of the upper deck of a ship from the stem to the foremast. The forecastle is a raised superstructure occupying part of the forecastle.

Mizzen - see mast.

The order of battle of a formation is the relative position (tactical formation) of ships (formation of ships) in a group created for battle.

A barrel is a steel float of a welded or riveted structure that supports a chain (bridle) coming from a large anchor lying on the ground (dead anchor). Serves for anchoring ships in harbors and roadsteads.

Topmast - a spar tree that serves as a continuation of the topmast and extends upward from it; the third component of the mast from the bottom. Due to the fact that it is impossible to make a mast from one tree of the required thickness and a height of about 50 meters, which was the total height of the mast on battleships of the sailing fleet, they were made composite. The lower knee is the mast itself, the second is the topmast, the third is the topmast, the fourth is the boom topmast. Sometimes there is a fifth bend - a topmast hold. The topmost part is a flagpole, which ends in a chiseled circle - a klotik.

A fire ship is a ship filled with flammable and explosive substances for setting fire or exploding enemy ships. It was one of the combat weapons of the era of rowing and sailing fleets. As the enemy ship approached, the fire-ship was attached to it with special hooks, the crew set it on fire and left on a boat, and the fire-ship exploded along with the enemy ship. Last thing combat use fire-ship - in the Battle of Chesma in 1770. Later, fireships were ships loaded with ballast and flooded at the entrance to harbors and bays in order to block access to them from the sea.

A brig is a two-masted sea vessel with straight sails on both masts. In the days of the sailing navy, small warships that carried out reconnaissance, messenger and cruising services were called brigs. Their military weapons consisted of 10-24 guns.

Breeze - wind in the coastal strip; blowing from sea to land during the day is a sea breeze, and at night from land to sea is a coastal breeze.

A bowsprit is a horizontal or inclined log that protrudes from the bow of a sailing vessel and serves to carry the bow sails (jibs and jib) forward and attach them to it. The flag, previously raised on the bowsprit, was called the bowsprit flag, later - the jack.

Shrouds are standing rigging gear (see) that supports masts and their extensions from the sides of the ship - topmasts, topmasts, and so on.

A crow's nest is a barrel attached to the top of the mast of a sailing ship and used as an observation post.

Hammer - a thick wooden or metal lever for turning a pin or gate by hand.

To nurse - to select, to pull out the anchor-chain of the given anchor, and with it the anchor itself, using special ship mechanisms - a capstan or a windlass.

Latrine - 1) This is what a latrine is called on modern ships and vessels. 2) On ancient military sailing ships, a latrine was the bow balcony, decorated with carvings. Its front end, hanging over the water, rested on the knyavdiged - the upper part of the stem, on which the so-called galleon carved wooden figure was attached for decoration.

Gaff - a special yard, strengthened obliquely at the top of the mast. On sailing ships it is used to fasten the upper edge of the slanting sail, as well as to raise the Naval Ensign on sailing and modern ships while underway.

Gini - a special type of hoists (see), having six or more pulleys in both blocks. Used when lifting heavy weights manually.

Mainmast - see mast.

A guypole (flagpole) is a vertical pole in the bow (stern) of a ship for raising a guypole (flag).

Dobrflot (Voluntary Fleet) is a shipping company created in Russia in 1878 with voluntary donations from the population. In the event of war, one part of the Dobrflot vessels could quickly be converted into auxiliary cruisers, and the other could perform the duties of military transports. By the beginning of the First World War, it included more than 40 ships. After the revolution, many of them were illegally stolen to England, the USA and other countries. In 1925, the 16 remaining ships were transferred to the Sovtorgflot, which united all state shipping companies.

Longitude is one of the geographic coordinates that determine the position of points on the Earth's surface; the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the prime meridian passing through Greenwich. Longitudes from 0 to 180° east of the prime meridian are called eastern, and to the west - western.

Signs of the Zodiac - The Sun, in its apparent annual movement along the great circle of the celestial sphere, called the ecliptic, passes through the constellations, in each of which it appears for approximately one month a year. For example, in the constellation Aquarius - in January-February, in the constellation Pisces - in February-March, and so on. Each of these 12 constellations and the corresponding months of the year are marked in astronomy with a special sign. Collectively, they are called the signs of the Zodiac.

Kabeltov - 1) A non-system unit of length used in navigation to measure relatively short distances at sea. Its length is 0.1 nautical miles, or 185.2 meters. 2) Cable made of plant fibers with a circumference of 150 to 330 millimeters, used for moorings and tugs.

Galley is a place (room) for preparing food on ships. Originally, this was the name given to a ship's kitchen stove made of brick.

The card is a sensitive element designed to determine the direction of the magnetic meridian; It is a copper round float with a disk (or ring) of non-magnetic material, mounted on a vertical pin axis located in the center of the compass. For ease of orientation to the cardinal points, divisions of the degree or rhumb system are applied to the card (see Rhum). Under the float at its center, several magnetic needles are symmetrically attached in such a way that the card, put on a pin by the firebox, always turns zero degree, that is, Nord, to the north.

The jib is one of the forward triangular sails. On a ship where there are three of them, the second sail from the mast is called the jib (the first is called the jib, and the third is the boom jib).

Clipper - 1) A three-masted sailing or sail-steam merchant or military ship of the 19th century. Sailing clippers were the fastest ships of their time. Intended for sentinel and messenger service. Displacement - 600-1500 tons, speed under sail - 12-13 knots, crew - 80-200 people. 2) Sailing ships for delivering goods over long distances were widely used in the middle of the 19th century; displacement - up to 2 thousand tons, speed under sail - up to 20 knots (37 km/h). The fastest were tea clippers, transporting tea from China to Europe.

Klotik is a chiseled circle placed on the top of a mast (huystaff, flagpole). Thin gear, called halyards, is passed through the klotik and serves to raise flags.

Knop - 1) A special type of braided knot at the end of a cable. Its purpose is to prevent the end of the cable from slipping out of the block or pulley. 2) A part in the hull structure of a wooden ship that connects the stem to the keel.

A corvette is the smallest three-masted warship with a full square rig in the sailing navy. It had from 18 to 30 guns, located only on the upper deck. Corvettes were used for reconnaissance and messenger service.

Cordebatalia (from the French corps - head, main part and bataille - battle), the middle part of the combat (marching) formation (order) of ships of the sailing fleet (squadron), following in the wake column (in one line); When built in three columns, the middle one was called the corps de battalion. In the 19th century, the corps debatalia began to be called the center. The corps de battle was commanded by an admiral.

Kranbal (krambol) is a thick short beam in the form of a console on wooden sailing ships, extending over the side and supported from below by a square-bracket. At the outer end of the crane there is a pulley for cattals, by means of which the anchor, after leaving the water, was pulled to the height of the deck and secured. The expression “along the left (right) crumble” means direction.

A cruiser is a warship. Cruisers appeared as a class of ships in the 60s of the 19th century. During World War II they were divided into light and heavy. Nowadays there are missile cruisers, anti-submarine cruisers and others. They are divided into nuclear and conventional power plants.

Cruising (cruising operations) - independent combat operations of single surface ships (groups of ships) on sea and ocean communications with the aim of destroying (capturing) enemy ships and disrupting their maritime transport.

To tack is to move a sailing ship against the wind along a broken line, that is, on short tacks. No sailing ship can sail directly into the wind. It is necessary to alternate your courses so that the wind blows either from the port (port tack) or from the starboard (starboard tack) side, trying to stay as close to the wind line as possible and setting the sails accordingly.

Battleship - 1) In the sailing navy of the 17th century - the first half of the 19th century, a large three-masted warship with two or three decks (decks), on which from 60 to 130 guns were placed in one line along the sides. They had up to 800 crew members. 2) In the steam armored fleet of the first half of the 20th century, one of the main classes of large surface ships. It had 70-150 guns of various calibers, including anti-aircraft, including 8-12 280-457 mm guns, and a crew of 1500-2800. After World War II battleships have lost their meaning. Currently, only the US Navy has two Iowa-class battleships built in the 1940s, which, in addition to powerful artillery, also have missile weapons. They are in conservation.

Mars is a platform at the top of the mast for observation, installation of searchlights, navigation and other instruments, and on sailing ships, in addition, for working with sails.

A mast is a vertical structure firmly attached to the hull of a ship. Masts on sailing ships are the basis for the entire mast and rigging (they serve to set the sails). The first mast from the bow of the ship is called the foremast, the second is the mainmast (there may be several masts on one, for example a 4-5-mast, ship), the one closest to the stern is the mizzen mast.

The bridge is an open or closed fenced area in the upper part of the superstructure of a ship (vessel), where control devices for the ship and its ship's weapons, as well as communications and surveillance equipment, are located.

Ordinances (French ordonnances, from ordonner - to order) - 1) In some foreign countries, legal acts of the highest authorities. 2) In a number of Western European countries in the XII-XIX centuries, royal decrees.

Trade winds are winds that blow continuously in the tropical latitudes of the oceans with a fairly constant force of 3-4 points (6-8 m/s). Their direction basically remains constant throughout the year (in the Northern Hemisphere - northeastern, in the Southern Hemisphere - southeastern).

Pram is a flat-bottomed sailing vessel armed with large-caliber cannons and designed to bombard coastal fortresses.

Spar (from the Dutch runge hout - round tree) - a set of wooden (and in the modern navy, metal) structures (masts, topmasts, yards and others) used for attaching sails, and on ships with mechanical engines - for placing ship lights, equipment communications, surveillance and alarm.

A ray is a spar tree that tapers at both ends. Straight sails are attached to the yards. With the help of running rigging, the yards are raised, lowered and turned in the horizontal direction. This is necessary in order to place the sails in the most favorable position relative to the wind. All yards on a ship have their own names, depending on whether they belong to masts or topmasts.

Roadstead is a place where ships anchor in a port or near the shore. The inner roadstead is part of the fenced water area of ​​the port, the outer roadstead is the water area on the approaches to the port. Based on the degree of protection from waves and wind, a distinction is made between closed and open roadsteads.

Raider - warship (cruiser, heavy cruiser, battleship) or an armed merchant ship conducting independent combat operations on sea lanes (see Cruising).

Reef - 1) A series of ties (reef strings) threaded through the sail, with the help of which the area of ​​the sail can be reduced. Take reefs - reduce the sail area, reef it. 2) An underwater or slightly above sea level rock in shallow water.

Rostra - 1) Part of the deck of the middle superstructure, looking like a platform supported by pillars above the upper deck. Boats are placed on the rostra. 2) Spare spar trees, laid on the waist, that is, on the part of the upper deck between the foremast and mainmast.

Rumbus - in maritime navigation, a unit of flat angle of the horizon circle, divided into 32 parts. 1/32 of a circle is equal to 11 1/4.

Saling - a frame of longitudinal and transverse beams that connects the upper parts of the mast (for example, the topmast and topmast). The flooring on the salinga is at the same time the highest observation point.

The staysail is an oblique triangular sail, similar to a jib (see), which is placed in front of the foremast, and on large sailboats - between other masts.

A patrol ship is a surface combat ship designed to perform patrol duty, protect large ships and transports from surprise attacks by submarines, aircraft and boats while crossing the sea and when moored in open roadsteads.

Rigging - all the gear (cables, chains, ropes) on the ship. Divided into running and standing. Running rigging (halyards, sheets and others) is used to lift or turn the yards, as well as to control the sails. Standing (shrouds, stays) supports spar trees.

Hoists are devices for lifting weights. They consist of two blocks through which a steel or plant cable passes. They have a variety of uses on ships: for lowering and lifting boats and side ladders, lifting heavy objects manually.

A halyard is a running rigging tackle for hoisting yards, gaffs, sails, flags, object and light signals, as well as a stern flag and jack.

Fertoing is a method of anchoring a ship on two anchors using a fertoing bracket. It is usually performed by releasing the first anchor from the windward side or from the side of the current, and the second - from the opposite direction relative to the center of the anchorage site; it is used in narrow spaces, places with significant tidal currents or rapidly changing winds. In the era of the sailing fleet, it was used in artillery combat with an enemy anchored in bays in order to put one’s ships against his ships in a position that allowed the use of all the artillery on one side for the duration of the entire battle.

Foremast - see mast.

A frigate is a three-masted warship in the sailing navy, the second largest after a battleship. It had two battery decks - closed and open. Artillery weapons sailing frigates had up to 60 guns. They exceeded the battleships of that time in speed. Modern frigates in the navies of some states are designed for anti-submarine and air defense. Their displacement is up to 40,00 tons. They have rocket and artillery weapons and installations of rocket launchers.

Frieze - carvings on the outer part of the side of old sailing ships.

Mooring line - a cable (steel, synthetic or made of plant fibers), with the help of which a ship is pulled and secured to a pier or other vessel.

Latitude is the angle between a plumb line at a given point on the earth’s surface and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90° on both sides of the equator: to the north - northern latitude, to the south - southern latitude; one of the geographic coordinates.

Luff - the edge of a sail or flag, usually sheathed with a twisted, very flexible cable called a lycrop.

Shmak, shmaka - a small decked vessel, used in the 17th-19th centuries for transporting goods, passengers and fishing (mainly trawl) in the North and Baltic Seas. Shmaki had the sailing rig of a sloop or ketch, depending on their size. In Russia, two-masted shmak with oblique sails were used in the first half of the 18th century as military transports, as well as for transporting timber on the Baltic and Caspian Seas. Length 18-27, width about seven, side height about three meters, load capacity 40-140 tons.

Shnyava - in Peter's times, a merchant or military two-masted sailing ship with straight sails and a bowsprit. Intended for reconnaissance and messenger service. Armament: 12-18 small caliber guns.

Capstan - a winch with a vertical shaft, used to lift the anchor chain when removing from the anchor or for pulling out (pulling) mooring lines when mooring a ship to the pier.

Standard - the imperial (royal) flag in Russia and other countries, as well as the flag of the head of state, raised while he is on a warship (ship's standard) or in a palace (palace standard).

A destroyer (destroyer) is a warship designed to destroy submarines and surface ships (vessels), protect its ships and vessels during sea passage and in battle, lay mines and solve other problems. Appeared in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Modern destroyers are armed with artillery, torpedoes, rocket launchers and missiles. Displacement - up to 8000 tons.

The poop is the aft part of the ship's deck. On sailing ships poop - the highest part of the deck, where the commander is usually located. The poop is a raised superstructure that occupies part of the poop deck.

A brief dictionary of marine terms and expressions

Boarding- a naval battle in which enemy ships come close and engage in hand-to-hand combat. To board is to capture an enemy ship by rushing on board.

Admiralty(British) - administrative and command body to which all naval forces of England are subordinated.

Atoll- a ring-shaped island formed as a result of the growth and degeneration of corals and representing a narrow strip of land surrounding an internal, relatively shallow lake - a lagoon.

Tank- the bow part of the upper deck of the ship.

Jar- a seat for rowers on a boat.

Barometer- measuring device atmospheric pressure. Here, barometer readings are given not in millimeters, but in inches.

Beidewind- the course of the ship, at which the wind blows slightly ahead of it. There is a distinction between full close-hauled, when the wind is almost sideways, and steep close-hauled, when the ship sails at a more acute (about 45°) angle to the wind line.

Alcove- a wooden seat suspended on a cable and used to lift people onto the masts and lower them overboard.

Mizzen mast- the rearmost mast on a vessel with three or more masts.

Bitt- a single wooden or metal stand for attaching the cable.

Bokanci- beams protruding over the side of the vessel. Used for hanging boats.

Bombards- ancient cannons that threw stone cannonballs.

Boom-bramsel- straight, fourth sails from the bottom, here on a mast with a mixed (straight and oblique) sail rig.

Bramsel- straight, third sails from the bottom, here on a mast with a mixed (straight and oblique) sailing rig.

Brig- a two-masted sailing vessel with a square rig.

Breeze- coastal, usually not strong wind, changing direction twice a day. The daytime, or sea, breeze blows from the sea, and the night, or coastal, breeze blows from the land. London often refers to a light sea breeze as a breeze.

Bowsprit- an inclined or horizontal spar tree protruding forward from the bow of the ship. Serves for attaching cables - forestays that hold the mast in front, and moving forward oblique triangular sails - jibs and staysails.

Guys- gear that holds the masts and their upper extensions - topmasts - from the sides.

whaleboat- a fast boat with a pointed bow and stern.

Choose- pull, pull the tackle or anchor chain towards you.

Tack- tackle that stretches the windward corners of the sails. Therefore, if the wind blows into the sails from the right, then they say that the ship is sailing on the starboard tack, and if from the left, then on the port tack. Change tack, lie down on the other tack - turn so that the wind blows into the sails from the other side. Go on alternating tacks - tack against the wind in zigzags. Making short or long tacks means making short or long zigzags respectively when tacking.

Gulfwind- the course of the ship, in which the wind blows directly on its side, that is, at right angles to the course.

Midshipman- a transitional rank received by persons graduating from the naval educational establishments, before promotion to officers for the period of their acquisition of practical experience.

Gaff- a light inclined spar tree suspended from a mast and hingedly resting against it with its lower end. Serves to stretch the upper edge (luff) of an oblique quadrangular sail. The tip of the gaff is the upper end of the gaff.

Geek- a horizontal or slightly inclined spar tree, hinged at the front end - the heel to the bottom of the mast and used to stretch the lower edge (luff) of the oblique sail.

Mainsheets- gear for controlling the booms and holding them together with the sails at the desired angle to the wind line. Move the main sheets - secure them on the other side when the ship changes tack, when the wind begins to blow into the sails from the other side.

"Eye of the Storm"- a gap in the clouds observed simultaneously with a short lull in the center of the cyclone due to rising air currents rushing from all sides into an area of ​​low pressure.

Grotto- main sail on the mainmast; here is the lowest and largest oblique sail on the second mast from the bow of the ship.

Grotto boom- boom of the bow sail of the mainsail.

Main halyards- gear for lifting and holding the mainsail sail in the required position.

Mainmast- on two- and three-mast ships, the second mast is from the bow of the ship. On ships with sailing rigs such as ketch and yola, on which the rear mast is much smaller, the main mast, that is, the front mast.

Mainsail trysail- an oblique quadrangular sail placed on the mainmast.

Main-trisail-sheet- tackle by means of which the main-trisail oblique sail is held at the desired angle to the wind line.

Dirik-fal- tackle for lifting the gaff and holding it in the desired position.

Drifting- drift of a ship by the wind. To drift is to move with the wind without having its own forward motion. To drift - without anchoring, remove the sails or position them so that they do not impart movement to the ship, here - in the position of the ship with its bow to the wave.

Zagrebnoy- a rower sitting on the propeller oars, that is, on the first pair of oars, counting from the stern of the boat. By this rower all others are equal.

Batten down- close tightly using special devices.

Comes in(wind) - changes direction.

South East- southeast; wind, storm blowing from the southeast; a course in which the ship's bow points to the southeast.

Cabotage- coastal navigation, communication between ports of the same country. A coaster is a vessel sailing in a coaster.

Canoe- here: American name for a boat made of one tree.

Boat- here: a medium-sized sailing-rowing boat, with sharp outlines (lines), good speed and serving mainly for traveling.

Ketch- a small sailing ship with two masts (the front one - the main mast - a larger one and the rear one - the mizzen - a smaller one), having not one, but several sails on the main mast and slanting sails between the masts.

Jib- an oblique triangular sail raised above the bow of the vessel between the front end (knock) of the bowsprit and the upper extension (topmast) of the front mast on the tackle (stay) holding it in front.

Cluses(anchor) - holes in the hull of the ship, equipped with a cast metal frame, or pipes passed through from the deck to the outer side in the bow of the ship for the passage of anchor chains (ropes) through them.

Koilat- roll up the gear into neat bundles - coils.

Hatch coamings- a continuous vertical fencing of the hatch in order to better protect it from being flooded with water and to protect people from falling into the hold.

ends- various tackles, ropes on the ship. This word is usually used in relation to relatively short gear, or gear fastened at one end to something.

Ship- in the sailing fleet, a three- or more-masted ship with straight sails on all masts, among the British - any three-masted sailing ship. Here, that is, in the concept of the native population of the islands, the ship is generally regardless of type.

Cruiser- a warship designed primarily for operations on enemy sea routes of communication.

Steeper to the wind- that is, closer to the direction from which the wind is blowing. For example, keep steeper - steer at a smaller angle to the wind line; steer steeply into the wind - steer so that the bow of the vessel is directed as close to the wind line as possible.

Cockpit- common living quarters for the crew on the ship.

Well- the direction in which the ship is sailing. There is a distinction between a compass course, that is, in which direction the ship’s bow is directed relative to parts of the world (north, south, west, east), and a course relative to the wind, that is, what angle the longitudinal plane of the vessel makes with the wind line.

Cutter- see Tender.

Maneuver- move in zigzags on a sailing ship in order to go against the wind.

Lagom- that is, on board, here in relation to the wind and wave.

Lagoon- a narrow and long bay, parallel to the shore and separated from it by a sandy or pebble shoal extending from the shore (oblique). Here is a lake inside an atoll.

Leera- cables stretched tightly over the deck and tightly secured at the ends. Storm rails - serve for the safety of people moving along the deck in bad weather.

Somner's lines- see Method of equal heights.

Liktrosy- soft cables that cover the edges of the sails. When the sail flaps in the wind, it makes a peculiar crackling sound.

Lighter- a non-self-propelled cargo ship, here a flat-bottomed barge, placed on a shallow shore so that deep-draft ships can approach it.

Lot(manual) - a device for measuring depth, consisting of a lead or cast iron weight and a thin but strong cable - a lotline with marks made of leather and pieces of colored woolen fabric woven into it. Here the direction of the current is determined by the lot, for which they lower the weight to the bottom or to a depth where there is no longer a current, and observe the deviation from the vertical of the lotline, carried away by the surface current along with the vessel.

Mars- sailors working on mars platforms. Mars (mars platforms) - on sailing ships, platforms arranged at the junction of masts with their upper extensions - topmasts and serving to spread the shrouds (wall-shrouds) towards the sides of the ship, holding the latter from the sides.

nautical mile- a basic unit of distance equal to one minute (1") of the arc of the earth's meridian, or 1852 m. In the USA, the length of a nautical mile is taken to be 1853.2 m.

Monsoons- winds tropical zone, blowing from the continents to the oceans in winter, and in the opposite direction in summer. In the western part of the Pacific Ocean, northwest monsoons blow in winter, and southeast monsoons blow in summer, coinciding in direction with the trade winds, which is why London calls them that.

"On board (steering wheel)!"- a command given when you need to turn the steering wheel all the way.

Navigator(old) - navigator, ship driver.

Navigation- here: navigator's science of driving ships. In the narrow sense of the word, a section of this science that sets out methods of driving and determining the ship’s position on a map using coastal objects and by calculating the distance traveled and direction (reckoning).

Nageli- smooth, without threads, long bolts inserted into the holes of special strips on the inside of the bulwark (see bulwark) or into clips at the base of the mast and used to fasten various gear to them.

Seize- secure it motionless using cables.

Fill the sails- turn the ship or sails in such a way in relation to the wind so that the sails inflate.

Knock- a collective name for the ends of all parts of the spar, except for the masts.

North West- northwest; wind blowing from the northwest; a course in which the ship's bow points to the northwest.

Lighten the sails- bring the ship or sails into such a position in relation to the wind that the latter does not inflate them and they rinse.

Decide- determine the location of the ship at sea using coastal landmarks, celestial bodies or other means.

Determining longitude using a chronometer- based on the difference between local and Greenwich time, established by calculation based on observations of celestial bodies and chronometer readings.

Fuck off- move away from the pier or from the side of another vessel.

Give away- untie, release a previously secured tackle or end. Release the anchor - release the anchor from the fastenings holding it so that it falls overboard.

Shallow- a shoal running from the shore. Here London also calls a sandbank a strip of land barely protruding above the water in the middle of the ocean, surrounded on all sides by water, that is, essentially an island.

Deck- a continuous horizontal ceiling on the ship, as well as the floor in the cabin. The deckhouse is the upper floor, the deckhouse roof.

Trade winds- constant and fairly strong winds blowing in the oceans. Their direction, although not always strictly constant, remains within certain limits (to the north of the equator, predominantly northeastern trade winds are observed, and to the south of the equator, southeastern trade winds).

Bulkhead- a vertical partition on a ship.

Shift the steering wheel- turn the steering wheel.

Drogue- any object (usually a canvas bag or shield with spacers) that creates additional resistance in order to hold the bow of the ship against the wave when anchored in the open sea at great depths.

Gunwale(gunwale) - a rounded beam that borders the side of the ship on small undecked ships, and on larger decked ships the upper extension of the side is the bulwark.

Turn(on a sailing ship) - transition from one tack to another. There are turns: tack, when the ship crosses the wind line with its bow, and jibe, when it crosses the wind line with its stern.

Pick up- pull up, pick up - pull up the tackle, end or anchor chain.

Leeward side- the side opposite to the one from which the wind blows.

Catch your longitude- that is, determine your place in order to reach the desired longitude (figurative expression).

Half the wind- going half-wind is the same as going gulfwind - see Gulfwind.

Forecastle- an elevated ledge (superstructure) at the bow of the vessel.

Poop- an elevated ledge (superstructure) at the stern of the vessel.

Pumps- pumps.

Handrails- railing. Teak handrails are handrails made from teak wood.

Drive(toward the wind) - steer steeper, that is, closer to the wind line. Close-hauled - change the course so as to sail as steeply into the wind as possible.

Spar- literally: "round tree". On a sailing ship, the totality of all parts used to carry sails, such as: masts, topmasts, bowsprit, yards, booms, gaffs, etc. Previously, special straight and even ship timber was used to make the spar, which is why the listed parts of the spar received the same name of spar trees. Subsequently, they began to make a spar from hollow metal pipes.

Rhea- long horizontal crossbars suspended from the middle to the masts and used to attach straight trapezoidal sails.

Reefs- a) a ridge of underwater rocks or coral formations hidden under water or barely protruding above its surface; b) strings located in several rows on the sails, with the help of which, if necessary, the area of ​​the sails is reduced. Take reefs - reduce the sail area using reefs. Take two reefs - take two rows of reefs. Reefed sails are sails on which reefs are taken.

Chopping- an enclosed space protruding above the upper deck and not reaching the sides of the ship.

"Rudder to the wind!"- a command given when it is necessary to turn the ship in the direction from which the wind is blowing.

"Rudder into the wind!"- a command given when it is necessary to turn the ship in the direction where the wind is blowing, here - so that the sails take the wind.

Rumba- division of the horizon circumference, adopted in old marine compasses. 1 rhumb is equal to 1/32 of a circle or an angle of eleven and a quarter degrees. This division has been preserved in modern marine compasses, along with the division of the circle into 360°, as it is convenient for approximate estimation of direction.

Fathom(sea or English) is 6 feet, or 1.83 meters.

Crosstrees(saling platform) - on sailing ships, a platform in the form of a frame, arranged at the junction of the topmast with its upper extension - the topmast - and serves to spread the shrouds (topstall-stays) holding the latter from the sides towards the sides of the ship.

Pile- a pointed rod (here metal), used as a tool for rigging work with cables.

Seasons(reef seasons) - pieces of cable used for tying the sail when the reef is taken, as well as when retracting the sail.

Sextant- marine goniometer instrument.

Flasks, break the bottles- mark the time by striking the ship's bell (ryndu). One strike corresponds to half an hour, double strike to an hour. Every four hours, starting at midnight, the counting of bells resumes. The maximum number of bottles is eight. Hence the figurative sailor expression - “beat up to seven bells,” that is, almost to death.

Tackle- any rope on a ship intended for something.

Weigh anchor- raise the anchor so that it no longer holds the ship in place; in a broad sense - to go sailing.

Spardek- a light hinged deck located above the main deck, as well as the deck of the ship’s middle superstructure.

Equal height method- an astronomical method of determining the location of a ship, based on the fact that from places equidistant from the central projection of the luminary on the earth's surface and shaped like circles, it is observed at the same height above the horizon. This method is named after the American captain Somner, who accidentally discovered it in 1837, although the development of the method was completed by other navigators, Russian and foreign. Somner Line- the line of position on which, according to observations of the luminary and calculations, the ship should be located. The ship's position is at the intersection of two or more such lines.

Staysail- an oblique triangular sail, raised on a forestay - gear that holds the mast in front.

Target(beacon lights) - two lights located at different heights at some distance from each other on a line that the ship must follow to avoid danger. When the ship is in line with the leading lights, they are visible from it exactly one above the other.

Topmasts- upper extensions of the masts.

Tali- a device for obtaining a gain in strength, consisting of two blocks - movable and fixed, connected to each other by a cable.

Rigging- the totality of all gear on the ship. Running rigging is the totality of all movable gear used for maneuvering with sails and passing through blocks. When working with sails, the running rigging has to be alternately selected or hauled. Standing rigging is the totality of all fixed gear that serves mainly for attaching the spar, that is, masts, topmasts, etc.

Tender- a certain type of small (displacement 50-100 tons), but high-speed single-masted vessel with a developed sailing rig. In the navy they were used as patrol and messenger ships. They were also called cutters or boats, which is where the modern word “boat” comes from.

Masthead- top of the mast.

Topsail- a triangular or quadrangular additional oblique sail, raised above the main quadrangular oblique gaff sail.

Beam- direction perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of the ship. Abeam - on or near this direction.

Poison- loosen, let go, release. Haul the sheets (in case of a sudden gust of wind) - loosen the sheets so as to partially or completely deflate the sails.

Ladder- every staircase on a ship.

Triseli- the collective name of all quadrangular oblique gaff sails raised on masts attached to them with their leading edges - luffs.

Knot- here the unit of speed is equal to one mile (1852 m) per hour.

Copper- forward extension of the bowsprit. Jib stays - gear that holds the jib from below and from above. The jib stays also include lop stays, which serve for the safety of people working on the bowsprit and jib.

Bulwark- a continuation of the side, rising along the edges of open decks to protect against water and protect people from falling overboard.

Halies- gear for lifting and holding the sails in the required position along with the yards and gaffs to which their upper edges (luffs) are attached. Release the halyards from the dowels - release the halyards, that is, release the halyards to lower the sails.

Fock- the lower, largest sail on the front mast - the foremast.

Fore-main sheet- the boom-sheet of the foresail slanting sail, raised on the front mast of the vessel - the foremast.

Focal halyards- mainsail sail halyards.

Foremast- forward mast on a vessel with two or more masts.

For-gaffel- gaff of the fore-sail.

Fordewind- a course in which the wind is completely tailwind, that is, blowing directly into the stern of the ship.

stem- a vertical beam that forms the tip of the bow of the vessel and is connected at the bottom to the keel.

Freight- payment for the transportation of goods or rental of a vessel. Sometimes the word "freight" is used in the sense of "cargo".

Lb- a measure of weight. The Russian pound is equal to 409.5 grams; here the English pound is equal to 453.6 grams.

Foot- a measure of length adopted in the USA and England. 1 foot is equal to 12 inches, or 30.48 cm.

Running horses- the free, that is, unsecured, end of the cable, which is pulled out or pulled out when working with gear.

Chronometer- specially made spring watches that ensure greater accuracy and uniformity of movement and are the keeper of Greenwich time on the ship.

Shkatorina- the edge of the sail, trimmed with lyktros, - see lyktros. The luff is the leading edge of the sail.

Pulleys- wheels with grooves on the axles, usually inserted into through slots on the mast and used to pass cables through them.

Sheets- gear for controlling the lower corners of the sails.

Skipper- old navigator's rank, captain of a small ship, usually a sailing vessel.

Sheet blocks- blocks through which the sheets pass.

Sloop- a type of small single-masted sailing vessel with a forward rig, a gaff mainsail, a bowsprit and a large jib.

Scuppers- holes in the bulwarks or deck flooring to drain overboard water that gets onto the deck.

Stays- standing rigging gear located in the longitudinal axial (diametrical) plane of the vessel and holding in front one of the parts of its mast - mast, topmast, bowsprit, etc.

Storm sails- sails that are smaller in size and more durable than conventional sails. They rise instead of the latter during a storm.

Schooner- two or more mast ship with oblique sails. Here, London often refers to the so-called topsail schooners, which on the front mast (foremast) along with oblique sails also carry straight sails.

Utah- aft part of the upper deck.

anchor chain- a chain on which the anchor is thrown overboard, consisting of separate pieces - bows, connected by staples. Unrivet the anchor chain - disconnect it in the middle, at the junction of the bows, or cut one of the links of the chain. In earlier times, anchors were delivered on thick tarred hemp ropes, which is why anchor chains are still often called anchor ropes. Turn around at anchor - having given up the anchor, turn around it in the wind or current on the anchor chain.

Skiff- a small two- or four-oared boat.

Yard- English unit of length equal to 3 feet, or 91.4 cm.

Yacht- a vessel used for sea trips or sports.

Compiled by Yu. Medvedev

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Stability is the ability of a floating craft to withstand external forces that cause it to roll or trim and return to a state of equilibrium after the end of the disturbance. Also - a branch of ship theory that studies stability.
Equilibrium is considered to be a position with acceptable values ​​of roll and trim angles (in a particular case, close to zero). A craft deviated from it tends to return to equilibrium. That is, stability manifests itself only when there is a disequilibrium.
Stability is one of the most important seaworthiness qualities of a floating craft. In relation to ships, the clarifying characteristic of the stability of the vessel is used. The stability margin is the degree of protection of a floating craft from capsizing. External impact can be caused by a wave blow, a gust of wind, a change in course, etc.
Stability is the ability of a ship, removed from a position of normal equilibrium by any external forces, to return to its original position after the cessation of the action of these forces. External forces that can displace a ship from a position of normal equilibrium include wind, waves, the movement of cargo and people, as well as centrifugal forces and moments that arise when the ship turns. The navigator is obliged to know the characteristics of his vessel and correctly assess the factors affecting its stability. A distinction is made between transverse and longitudinal stability.
Stability is the ability of a ship, deviated from an equilibrium position, to return to it after the cessation of the forces that caused the deviation.
The inclination of the ship can occur from the action of oncoming waves, due to asymmetrical flooding of compartments during a hole, from the movement of cargo, wind pressure, due to the receipt or consumption of cargo.
The inclination of the vessel in the transverse plane is called roll, and in the longitudinal plane - trim. The angles formed in this case are denoted by θ and ψ, respectively.
The stability that a ship has during longitudinal inclinations is called longitudinal. It is usually quite large, and there is never any danger of the vessel capsizing through the bow or stern.
The stability of a ship during transverse inclinations is called transverse. It is the most important characteristic of a vessel, determining its seaworthiness.
A distinction is made between initial lateral stability at small roll angles (up to 10-15°) and stability at large inclinations, since the righting moment at small and large roll angles is determined in different ways.

Boarding (from the French "abordage" - sticking to the side) - a dump, or coupling of two ships side by side for hand-to-hand combat. Tactical technique from the times of the sailing fleet.
Vanguard (from the French "avant" - ahead) - ships advanced from the main forces towards the enemy.
Outport - part of the water space of a port or harbor, intended for the parking of ships awaiting their turn to enter the port itself for loading or unloading at the berth line by port facilities. If there is a large concentration of ships in the port, they are loaded and unloaded in the outport using lighters, scows and other floating equipment.
An accident is significant damage to the ship itself or its combat or technical equipment.
Advice (from the Italian "avviso" - notification) - a ship attached to a squadron, intended for messenger and intelligence service in the 18th-19th centuries.
Emergency work is work on a ship in which all or a significant part of the personnel takes part simultaneously.
Admiral is a person in the highest command of the fleet. In Russia there were three admiral ranks: admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral. In most other states the number of admiral ranks is the same, but in England there are four, and in France two.
Admiral's flag - a flag hoisted on the mast of the ship on which the admiral is located.
Admiralty anchor - an anchor with two fixed horns, which have triangular legs on their horns, and a rod, mounted on the top of the spindle in a plane perpendicular to the planes of the horns. The name "Admiralty anchor" appeared in 1352 after extensive field tests of anchors of various designs carried out by the British Admiralty.
Embrasure - a hole in the turret or in the gun shield for the muzzle of the gun to exit out.
Ankerok - a barrel in one, two, three buckets or more; used for wine, vinegar, etc., as well as for water ballast on boats.
Armada - translated from Spanish: fleets, squadrons. This word has become famous since it referred to the expedition of King Philip II to England in 1588, which he called the “Invincible Armada.” The expedition, as is known, ended in the complete defeat of the Spaniards. In the modern understanding, the armada has become a common name - this is how any poorly organized and poorly trained squadron (formation, fleet) is now called.
Artel is an association of sailors or soldiers in the Russian fleet or army for the purpose of organizing food from a common pot, at the expense of the money allocated to them for food. The management of the artel was in charge of the artel worker, elected by soldiers or sailors. The artelman was confirmed as the senior officer of the ship.
An archipelago is an area of ​​the sea containing many islands.
Rearguard (from the French "arriere" - rear) - ships covering a fleet or squadron from behind during a profitable movement.
Akhterluk is a cellar on a ship for storing wet provisions, as well as wine and vinegar.
The sternpost is a vertical beam that forms the aft end of the ship’s keel. The rudder is suspended from the stern.

Forecast - the forward part of the deck from the tip of the ship to the foremast.
Backstays - standing rigging gear that supports spar trees, bokants, davits, topmasts, chimneys, etc. from the sides.
Bakshtov - a cable extended over the stern of an anchored vessel to secure boats, boats and other small vessels.
Point - a number indicating the strength of the wind or wave on some scale. According to our Beaufort scale, wind strength is indicated from 0 (complete calm) to 12 (hurricane wind), and waves - from 0 to -9.
Ballast is a load taken onto a ship to improve its seaworthiness.
Baluster - a turned slatt that serves as a step at the storm ladder.
Bank - 1) stranded in the sea in a deep place; 2) a transverse board in a boat that serves as a seat for the rowers.
The capstan drum is a rotating part of the capstan that serves to retrieve the anchor chain or mooring cable.
The Barbarian ship is a single-deck ship, the prototype of which was the so-called Barbary ships of the 16th-17th centuries that sailed off the coast of Algeria and Tunisia. It had 2 masts with straight sails and 1 with oblique sails. Length 32-36 m, width 7-10 m; armament 34-44 guns.
Barcalon is a sailing and rowing vessel with a length of approx. 35 m, width up to 9 m, draft up to 2.5 m; armament 26-44 guns.
Longboat is the largest rowing vessel for transporting people and goods.
Battaler - a conductor, or non-commissioned officer of an economic specialty, in charge of monetary, food and clothing allowances.
The battery deck is the next of the decks going below the top; medium artillery is installed on it.
Benzel - tying two cables with a thin cable or line. If it is made with a thick rope, it is called lashing.
A gazebo is a wooden board suspended on a gorden and serving as a seat when lifting people onto masts, pipes, etc., as well as when lowering overboard. The cartridge arbor is used to supply cartridges from the cartridge magazines to the guns. In the cartridge magazines, shells and cartridges, stored suspended on rails in special metal arbors, are rolled up to the elevator, raised in it together with the arbor into the gun turret, or can be transported to any gun battery.
Mizzen is the common name for the last mast of sailing ships.
Beams are beams, or steel beams, laid across the ship at the ends of the frames and serving as the base of the deck, as well as for transverse fastening of the ship's hull.
Biteng - a wooden or metal pedestal on the deck of a ship for attaching cables.
To strike the bells is to strike the ship's bell with the prescribed number of bells (see this word).
A block with a scroll is a block in which the sling ends with a scroll. The latter serves to tie the block to any spar or rigging gear.
Blocks are the simplest mechanisms used to lift heavy objects, as well as to change the direction of the cables when they are pulled.
Blockschiff (from the German "blockschiff" - a ship fixed in place) is the hull of an old ship used in a port at a permanent berth as a floating warehouse or barracks.
The conning tower is a reliably armored room where all ship control is concentrated during battle.
Combat coefficient - see coefficient.
Combat lantern - see searchlight.
Bom-bram-yard - the fourth yard from the bottom on the mast.
Bomb cellar - a room on a ship for storing shells.
A bomber ship is a 2-3 mast sailing ship with increased hull strength. They first appeared in France in 1681. They were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns and 8-12 small-caliber guns. Intended to combat coastal fortifications. They existed in the Russian fleet until 1828.
Bon - a floating barrier made of logs, barrels or iron boxes connected to each other by chains or cable; serves to protect the fleet's anchorage from enemy destroyers, submarines and speedboats.
Boat (from the Dutch "boot" - boat) is the general name for small sailing or sailing-rowing ships.
The boatswain is the senior officer over all sailors and non-commissioned officers: he is in charge of all work on the naval part and keeping the ship clean.
The boatswain is a senior combat non-commissioned officer in the royal fleet.
Overhead backstays are standing rigging gear that supports topmasts on the sides.
Bram-gins are small waists tied into a bram-faya.
The topsail is a straight sail raised on the topmast above the topsail. Depending on whether it belongs to a particular mast, it receives the name accordingly: on the foremast - fore-bom-bramsel, on the mainmast - main-bom-bramsel and on the mizzen mast - cruis-bom-bramsel.
Toptopmast - the topmast is a continuation of the mast, and the toptopmast is a continuation of the topmast.
Bram-file - gear of the running rigging of the bram-yards, with the help of which the bram-yards are raised and lowered. In addition, they are used to raise the yards above the bom-saling when setting the topsails.
Guard watch - a ship in a roadstead or in a harbor, watching for incoming ships.
A firebrand is a ship designed to block enemy bases by flooding it on the entrance fairways.
Brace is a running rigging tackle that serves to rotate the yard in a horizontal plane (throw the yard).
A windlass is a machine for lifting an anchor; unlike a capstan, it has a horizontal shaft.
Braid pennant - a wide pennant; rose on ships as a sign of the presence of persons of the imperial family, the minister of the sea, the chief commander of the port or the head of a detachment of ships who did not have the rank of admiral.
Breeze - wind blowing from shore to sea and from sea to shore; in the first case it is called a coastal breeze, and in the second - a sea breeze.
Brig is a military 2-masted ship designed for reconnaissance, cruising and messenger service. It was armed with 10-24 guns and had good seaworthiness and maneuverability.
Brigantine (from the French "briganol" - robber) - a 2-masted sailing ship of the 17th-19th centuries. with straight sails on the front mast and oblique (triangular) sails on the rear mast. Armament: 6-8 guns. Used for reconnaissance and messenger service, as well as for transporting troops and cargo in coastal areas.
The throwing end is a line that has at one end a canvas bag (weight) filled with sand and braided on top. Using the throwing end, mooring ropes are fed to the pier (or from the pier to the ship).
A battleship is a ship protected by thick side and deck armor, armed with powerful artillery and several mine (torpedo) tubes.
Armor is specially made steel plates that are attached to the sides of battleships to protect against enemy shells.
BRT - Gross - registered ton. 1 BRT = 2.83 cubic meters. (100 English cubic feet). Used to measure the capacity of a ship.
Yoke is a flat metal ring used for attaching parts of rigging to spar trees.
A yoke with butts is a steel ring with bosses having holes, put on (stuffed) onto a mast or yard to strengthen it with guys or to connect the components (mast, yard).
Buyrep is a cable attached to an anchor and equipped with a wooden or metal float (buoy), which indicates the location of the anchor on the ground.
Tug - 1) a cable with which a ship is towed; 2) a steamship used to tow a ship.
A bowline is a tackle used to pull back the windward side luff of the lower straight leg.
Bay - 1) a small bay; 2) a cable or tackle rolled into a cylinder, circle or figure eight.
Bowsprit is a spar mounted on the bow of the ship in the center plane horizontally or at a certain angle to the horizontal plane. The standing rigging of the topmasts of the front mast, as well as the rigging of the oblique sails - jibs, is attached to the bowsprit.
A bull-tail is a piece of running rigging on a ship, with the help of which, when retracting the sails, the lower luff of the straight sail is pulled towards the yard.

Shrouds are wire or hemp rigging of standing rigging, which are used to strengthen the masts, topmasts and topmasts from the sides and rear.
The waterline is the load line along which the ship deepens into the water.
A watch is a special type of duty on a ship, for which a portion of the personnel is allocated. Watches are also called certain periods of time during which this service is carried out in one shift. In this sense, a day on military ships is usually divided into the following five watches: 1) from noon to 6 pm, 2) from 6 pm to midnight, 3) from midnight to 4 am, 4) from 4 am to 8 am and 5) from 8 a.m. to noon. People who have been relieved from their watch are called watchmen.
The logbook is a corded book in which all events from the life of the ship and the persons sailing on it, cases of communication with other ships and, in general, all the circumstances of the voyage are recorded: course, direction and strength of the wind, course, roll, water and air temperature, condition weather, sea and sky, machine speed, etc. The log is signed by the watch commander.
Watch commander - the officer in charge of the watch; The entire watch crew is subordinate to him. During the entire period of his watch, the watch commander is responsible for the safety of the ship, for maintaining it in constant repair, for maintaining order, for fulfilling all orders of the commander and senior officer (assistant commander of the ship).
A whaleboat is a light five-six-oared oar boat: depending on the purpose it serves, it is called an admiral's, captain's or rescue whaleboat.
Welps are rib-shaped protrusions made on the capstan drum so that the wound cable does not slip.
The anchor spindle is a massive rod, to the lower part of which the pora of the Admiralty anchor or retractable claws are attached.
A verp is an auxiliary ship anchor of less mass than a main anchor, used to refloat a ship by transporting it on boats.
A shipyard is a place where ships are built on the shore of a sea, lake or river.
Upper deck - the upper platform, or floor, on a ship; its bow part is called the forecastle, then follows the waist, the pit - the quarterdeck and, finally, the aft part of the upper deck is called the poop.
West - west.
The messenger is an orderly on the ships of the royal fleet.
Take reefs - reduce the area of ​​the sail: rolling it from below and tying the rolled part with reef pins on the slanting and boat sails; picking up the sail up and grabbing it with reef lines to the rail on the yard line near the straight lines.
Displacement is the volume of water displaced by a ship. The weight of this volume is equal to the weight of the ship.
Pile - bits of hemp cable (rope), loosened into strands and heels.
Take out the slack of the cable - tighten the tackle so much that it does not sag.
Cables are pieces of thin cable tied across the shrouds and acting as steps when climbing up the shrouds to masts and topmasts.
Pennant - a long narrow flag with pigtails, hoisted on a topmast; rises on ships from the beginning of the campaign and descends at the end of it.
A shot is a horizontal spar suspended underwater perpendicular to the side of the ship. The shot is intended for securing boats, as well as for boarding ship crew members into boats.

Harbor is a part of a roadstead, naturally or artificially protected from wind and waves and providing a convenient anchorage for ships.
Hook - an iron or steel hook.
Hookboard - the upper part at the stern end of the vessel.
Tail light is a white light that is held on the tack board.
Galeas (from the Italian "galeazza" - large galley) - a sailing-rowing warship in the 16th-17th centuries. an intermediate type of vessel between a galley and a sailing ship. Length approx. 80 m, width up to 9 m, one row of oars, 3 masts with oblique sails, crew of more than 800 people, armament: up to 70 guns and a ram.
A galley is a wooden rowing warship with 1 row of oars and 2-3 masts. First appeared in the UP c. in Venice. They appeared in Russia under Peter I. Length up to 60 m, width up to 7.5 m, up to 50 oars on board (oar length up to 15 m, 5-7 rowers per oar). In battle they moved only by oars at a speed of up to 7 knots. (13 km/h). They were successfully used in shallow waters and in skerry areas of Finland. Galerniki - convicts who served their sentences in the old days on galley (rowing) ships; worked on the oars; galley workers were sometimes chained to their desks.
Galette is a cracker made from rye or wheat flour, used on ships of the military sailing fleet in the absence of bread.
Galvaner is a specialist assigned to maintain artillery electrical equipment.
Latrine is a latrine on a ship.
Gaff - an inclined spar tree, with one end resting against the mast at the rear; at its other end, the stern flag is raised as it moves.
Gemam is a sailing-rowing frigate of the Swedish fleet. Armament: 18-32 guns.
Boom - a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and with its free end facing the stern of the ship. The lower luff of the slanting pair is laced to the boom.
Gintsy are small hoists, the movable block of which is tied into some kind of tackle.
Gitovs are flying rigging gear used for cleaning straight sails and trysails. The clews of straight sails pull the clew angles of the sail towards the yard. Git trysails pull the sail towards the gaff and mast.
Gorden is a tackle passing through one single-pulley block. Neck - a round or oval hole that serves for access to holds, tanks, etc.; closed with a waterproof lid.
Mainsail - 1. A straight sail, the lowest one on the second mast from the bow (mainmast), is tied to the mainsail. 2. A word added to the names of yards, sails and rigging located above the top of the mainmast.
Mainmast - The general name for the middle (highest) mast on sailing ships.
Gukor (from the English "hooker" - hooker, gukar) is a sailing ship with a carrying capacity of 60-200 tons with 2-3 masts. Used as a transport ship. Sometimes he was armed with several weapons.
Guys is a special flag that hoists on the bow of a warship of the 1st and 2nd ranks at anchor.

A rangefinder is a device for measuring distance.
A double bottom, going internal, is done on almost all military ships and on large commercial ships; serves to protect against the consequences of bottom holes, and also to increase the strength of the hull. The space between the inner and outer bottoms is called double-bottom and is divided by impenetrable longitudinal and transverse partitions into compartments that remain empty or are used for storing fresh water, oil, etc.
Deviation is a deviation of the compass resulting from the influence of the ship's iron on it.
Deck (from the English "deck" - deck). The name of the gun decks on sailing warships. If there are 2 or 3 art. decks (not counting the upper deck, where the guns of the open battery were located), the ships were called two- or three-deck.
Landing - the landing of military units or a naval detachment ashore for military operations on the coast.
Dirik-halyard - running rigging gear used for lifting.
Disposition - a plan for the location of ships for anchorage in the roadstead.
Trim is the difference between the deepening of the bow and stern.
Dock - a pool that can be drained; ships are brought into it for repairs. There are also floating docks.
Drake is a tool for rigging and sailing work, which is a small cylindrical piece of wood with pointed ends. Used as a lever when ripping out ends.
Dryrep - gear for lifting the tops-yard.
Drektov - anchor rope of a boat anchor (drek).
Drift is the deviation of a moving ship from its intended path under the influence of wind, current, strong waves and ice pressure.
To drift is to arrange the sails in such a way that the action of the wind on one of them causes the ship to move forward, and the action of the wind on the others makes it move backward, as a result of which the ship is held almost in place.
A shot-attack is a signal that was played on a bugle and drum to prepare a ship to repel an attack by destroyers.
The alarm shot is a signal that was played before the exercise according to the combat schedule.
A pipe is a whistle used to give signals from the watch.
Give a pipe - convey the order of the watch commander throughout the ship, preceded by a signal on the ship; was assigned to boatswains and combat non-commissioned officers.

Endova - copper utensils with a spout; in the valley they brought vodka upstairs to distribute to the team.
Yes is the word that replaces the answers in the fleet: okay, I’m listening, I understand.

Gum-tack is a piece of chain of the same thickness as the anchor rope. The chewing tack is attached to a butt embedded in the ship's hull with a bracket called a chewing tack.

Block - stop the enemy's maritime communications or isolate his naval forces in any naval theater base.
Batten down - close tightly.
Zuid - south.

A porthole is a round window with thick glass on a ship.
Indicator platform - a platform between the upper parts of the steam cylinders of the main machine.

Kabeltov - 1/10 part of a nautical mile, equals 185.3 meters; at sea, short distances are measured in cables.
The heel is the thinnest component of a plant rope, twisted from fibers of hemp, agave or other plants.
Casemate - armored room on board; medium-caliber guns are installed in it.
The breech of the gun. - The gun is divided into two parts along its outer surface: the muzzle part - from the front cut of the gun to the trunnions, and the breech - from the trunnions to the rear cut. Trunnions are called tides on the sides of the gun, with which it rests on the machine.
The breech is the rear part of the gun, screwed onto the gun casing.
Caliber - the diameter of the gun bore.
A peg is a loop on a cable that is formed when it is twisted excessively.
Galley - ship's kitchen.
Rope - 1) anchor chain, 2) cable more than thirteen inches in girth.
A gunboat, or gunboat, is a small-sized ship for operating off the coast and in rivers, with medium-caliber artillery.
Captain 1st rank and captain 2nd rank are the ranks of the senior command staff of the royal fleet, or otherwise, staff officer ranks; following them are the admiral ranks.
Corporal is a military rank in some foreign armies, corresponding to the Russian corporal. In the Russian Navy, "corporal" is the nickname of non-commissioned officers.
The boat is a ten to sixteen oar boat of light construction.
A mine boat is a small steam vessel armed with a torpedo tube. The prototype of modern destroyers.
A steam boat is a small steam-powered vessel lifted aboard warships.
A cabin is a room on a ship.
The wardroom is a large cabin for general use by command personnel.
Quartermaster is the first non-commissioned officer rank.
Killichter, Kielektor (from the Dutch "kiellichter" - floating load lifter) - a ship equipped in the bow with a load-lifting device.
The keel is a longitudinal beam that runs in the middle along the bottom of the ship along its entire bottom and serves as the base of the hull of a ship or boat.
Wake - see formation.
Kingston is any valve in the underwater part that serves to allow sea water to enter the ship.
Brake - 1. A cone-shaped piece of hard wood inserted into the knot so that the latter does not tighten. 2, A small wooden block of cylindrical shape with a round groove (kip) in the middle. Used to connect flags to halyards, on
which they rise. The cage is a layer of skimushgar, a thin line or wire, placed around the cable, against its descent, using a half-fly.
Clanting is a special type of rigging work, which consists of the following: a castor is placed on a trenched and tarred cable along the descent of the cable so that each of its hoses overlaps the next one. Having thus covered the entire cable with castor and strengthened its ends, they begin to apply a cage (skimushgar, thin line or wire) around the cable, opposite its descent, using a half-mushkel.
A jib is a slanting triangular sail placed in front of the foremast.
Clinket - sliding valve; serves to transfer water in the hold from one compartment to another.
Klotik - a circle with pulleys at the top of a mast or flagpole.
Fairlead - a through hole in the side for passing the anchor rope.
A hawse-sack is an iron lid that seals the hawse so that during a strong wave, water does not penetrate through it onto the deck.
Bollards are paired metal pedestals cast together with a base - a slab. Bollards are installed on the deck in the bow, stern and sides of the vessel and serve to secure cables during mooring.
Knop - a knot in the form of a thickening at the end of a cable to hold or secure its root end.
Bed nets are special chests on the upper deck of a ship in which bunks are placed.
A casing is a protective metal cover of mechanisms for their parts.
The cook is the ship's cook who prepares food for the crew.
Kokor - a cylindrical bag of gunpowder; serves to supply charges from the hook chamber to the guns.
A peg is a type of knot for shortening a tackle or a loop on a cable made for some purpose.
The gunner is a sailor-artilleryman.
Coaming - a threshold around the hatch that prevents water from flowing from the deck into the ship.
Condriks are braided or ribbon shoulder patches worn by non-commissioned officers.
Conductor is an intermediate rank between officer and non-commissioned officer. On the ships are the closest assistants to specialist officers.
The end is any loose tackle of short length.
The main end is the conventional name for the end of the cable that is fixed or not used in work.
The end of the chassis is the conventional name for the end of the cable to which the pull is applied, as well as the end of the cable directly used (moved) when tying a knot.
Counter-tack, or counter-course, means that the ships are on opposite courses.
Coordinate - see turns.
The ship is a newly invented one - a type of warship used in the Russian fleet during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791. It was distinguished by its reduced size, low hull strength, and poor seaworthiness.
A corvette (from the Latin "corbita" - ship) is a ship of the sailing fleet, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising operations. At first, a corvette is a single-masted ship with a displacement of up to 200 tons, in the first half of the ХVP? V. - 2-mast, then 3-mast ship with a displacement of 400-600 tons with an open or closed battery (14-32 guns). In the middle of the 19th century. Wheeled and then sail-screw corvettes appeared with a displacement of 800-3500 tons and a speed of up to 14 knots. (26 km/h) with 12-32 guns on the upper deck.
Cordebatalia (from the French "corps" - main part) is the middle part of the battle formation of a squadron or fleet.
A dagger is a hand weapon like a small dagger, assigned to the commanding staff of the fleet.
A thimble is a metal ring that has a groove of appropriate thickness on its outer surface for a cable.
A dowel is a wooden or metal rod with a handle at the upper end, inserted into the socket of a dowel for wrapping running rigging gear onto it.
A cleat strip is a wooden or metal beam with holes for cleat pins, attached horizontally to the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side.
Combat coefficients are numbers that roughly express the combat qualities of warships in relation to other ships of the same type.
Crambol - on sailing ships - a wooden beam attached to the ship's bilge; serves to raise the anchor; "on modern ships it is replaced by an iron beam. The expression "to the right cradle" or "to the left cradle" determines the position of the object visible from the ship in the direction of the cradle.
A cruiser is a ship with sufficient seaworthiness, significant speed, armament and coverage area; performs reconnaissance and patrol services, guards escorted transports at sea, lays barrage mines, participates in cruising and raiding operations, etc.
Roll is the tilting of a ship to one side from a vertical position.
Krengels is a ring made from strands of cable. Krengels replace slings, are embedded in the luffs of sails for tying spruits, and are placed on topmasts under the topmast rigging.
The kruyt chamber is a ship's cellar in which gunpowder is stored; usually located in the underwater part of the ship.
Kubrick - 1) the fourth deck on a ship, counting from the top; 2) team living quarters.
Course - the direction of movement of the ship relative to the cardinal points or relative to the wind.
Cutter is the smallest single-masted vessel for patrol and messenger service. Armed with 8-14 guns.

Tack - sail on a sailing ship in alternating courses (along a broken line).
Last ships are small vessels that support large military vessels.
Log - a device for measuring the speed of a ship and the distance traveled.
Laiba is a simple large Finnish boat with one or two masts, each with one sail. Previously, these boats were used in the vicinity of St. Petersburg for transporting firewood, hay, etc.
A winch is a machine for lifting weights.
Lightness - 1. A small bag, woven from a cord, the size of a fist, filled with sand. Serves as a weight at the throwing end for its delivery. 2. In the merchant navy, this term refers to the throwing end.
Leer - a tightly stretched rope with both ends secured; in particular, a railing is a thin steel cable stretched in two or three rows between posts along the side of a ship or on bridges to fence open areas.
A battleship is a large artillery ship whose main purpose in battle is to inflict powerful artillery strikes on the enemy and provide the most stubborn resistance to his actions.
Linek - a short rope, as thick as a finger, with a knot at the end, for punishing sailors in the old navy.
The battle line is the battle formation of sailing ships lined up in a column for artillery combat.
Tench is a thin plant rope with a diameter of 3.8 to 11.2 millimeters, twisted from heels. Braided lines are used for signal halyards and laglines.
Lisels are additional sails in the shape of trapezoids, which were placed on the outer sides of straight sails on lisels.
Lisel-slat - a slat to which the lisel is laced.
Lisel-spirits are thin spar trees on the fore- and main-yards and on the fore- and main-sails, used for setting foxes. Braided lines.
Lopar - a cable based between blocks or deadeyes.
Shovel the deck - use a rubber shovel to squeeze out water from a wet deck.
Lot - a device for measuring the depths of the sea.
Lotline - a line or cable to which the load (weight) of the lot is attached.
Piloting is part of the science of navigation. Oka is engaged in a detailed study of the seas and oceans and serves as a guide on how to position a ship's courses along them, avoiding all dangers and applying to the prevailing winds, currents and other local conditions, and how to navigate them in the shortest possible time. For this purpose, the seas and oceans of the whole world, as well as the surrounding shores and the shores of countless islands, are currently described in the sailing directions; Almost everywhere the depths have been explored, and dangerous places are marked with warning signs. Maps have been compiled for all seas on one scale or another. All descriptions of the seas are called navigation manuals, or sailing directions, and, together with maps, constitute the main manuals for navigation.
Pilot is a specialist in guiding ships within a certain area (strait, entrance to the port).
Grommet - a round hole in a sail, awning, etc., stitched with thread or trimmed with a copper ring.
Luger is a small 2 or 3 mast ship. Used for messenger service. Armament: 10-16 small caliber guns on the open deck.
Hatch - a hole in the deck that serves to go down.

The store is a floating warehouse.
The main steam pipe is the main steam pipe that receives steam from all the boilers on the ship.
Mamerinets - a device for artillery towers that prevents water and debris from getting into the gap between the armored part of the tower and the deck; starts up during a hike when the weather is expected to be fresh.
Manila cable is a cable made from fiber from the leaves of the perennial herbaceous plant abaca - the spinning banana. Manila cable is 70% stronger than hemp cable and 25% lighter; it is not afraid of sea water. However, its fiber is less flexible than hemp and does not withstand as much resistance when knotted as hemp.
Mark - several heel hoses tightly placed one next to the other at the end of the cable to prevent. its unraveling.
Mars - platform on the mast (mars platform) - platform on the top of the composite mast, attached to the long salings and spreaders. On sailing ships it serves as a spacer for shrouds and as a place for some work when setting and cleaning the sails. Rangefinders and small-caliber guns were installed on the tops of warships.
Marsa-gitovs are one of the running rigging gears, with the help of which topsails are removed.
Marsa-drayrep - tackle of the running rigging of marsa-yards. On topsail rigs and topsails, the topsail is suspended by its middle when the topsail is secured.
Marsa-ray - a yard to which the topsail is tied. The second yard from the bottom on the mast.
Marseille is a sail that is placed between the top yard and the lower yard.
Mars sailors are rigging specialists; on sailing ships - sailors working on Mars.
Marsoflot is an experienced sailor who knows and loves maritime affairs of the sailing period; Currently, "marsoflot" is pronounced in an ironic sense.
Matelot is a neighboring ship in the ranks.
The mast is a vertical spar. Masts are used for installing sails, cargo booms, signaling and communication devices, for raising flag signals, etc.
A lighthouse is an artificial structure that serves to determine the location of a ship when sailing near the coast. Typically, a lighthouse is a tower on which a fire is lit at night. On shallows that go far from the shore or on banks, special vessels with lanterns, called floating lighthouses, are placed for the same purpose.
A megaphone is a large megaphone used to transmit orders and conversations over a long distance.
A nautical mile is a measure of length at sea, equal to 1.85 kilometers.
Self-propelled mine - a steel cigar-shaped projectile 5 - 8 meters long and 45 - 55 centimeters in diameter; one of the main weapons of the navy; thrown into the water (shot) towards the enemy from a ship from a special torpedo tube. In the water, the torpedo moves at a certain depth under its own power with the help of an engine placed in it that rotates the propellers. The torpedo engine runs on compressed air. When a torpedo collides with a ship, a shell filled with explosives located in the head of the torpedo explodes.
A barrage mine is a metal ball filled with explosives; is placed in the water at anchor on the routes of ships. When a ship touches a mine, it explodes and destroys the underwater part of its hull:
Miner - private, mine specialist.
A destroyer is a high-speed military vessel armed with torpedo tubes.
Mine cruiser is an outdated term; previously relatively large destroyers were called mine cruisers.
Midshipman is the first officer rank in the royal fleet.
A pier is a port structure in the form of a wall protruding into the sea, one end resting on the shore and serving to protect the port from disturbances at sea and from currents.
The bridge is a light, elevated superstructure above the upper deck, protected from waves and wind. All the instruments necessary to control the ship while underway are concentrated on the so-called navigation bridge.
Musing is a button made not at the end of the tackle, but in the middle.
Monsoon is a periodic wind that changes its direction depending on the time of year. Monsoons are observed mainly in the tropical zone.
Mushkel is a rigging tool in the form of a wooden hammer.

Navigation is a branch of the science of navigation. It specifies methods for determining the exact location of a ship when sailing in view of the coast and its approximate location on the open sea. This is also the name of the season during which sailing in the known sea continues.
To polish - to polish.
To tie - to tie with a rope, to secure objects.
A binnacle is a wooden cabinet on which a compass is mounted.
Nave is an ancient sailing ship, which, as it developed in the 16th century, became a large ship with straight sails and strong artillery; prototype of sailing ships.
Nok - the end of a spar located horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (boom, gaff, yard, etc.).
Nord - north.
Noria is an endless chain with cartridges supplied from cartridge magazines to guns.

Chief Auditor - an officer or naval official who conducts preliminary investigations into matters arising on the squadron, as well as conducts the flagship's correspondence on judicial and disciplinary matters; issues of legal and international law.
Butt - a bolt, which instead of a head has a ring or forging with an eye in its upper part.
Fire - a ring of cable made at the end or in the middle. This ring is usually used to attach the tackle to a spar tree.
Braid is the end of a tackle braided in a special way to prevent it from unraveling. Usually, the ends of the entire running rigging are cut with braids; in addition, the braids are used to cover the braids on the rigging and slings of the blocks, braid the lanyards, etc.
Desalination plant is an apparatus used for desalination of sea salt water.
An optical sight is a device used to aim a gun at a target. The main part of the optical sight is the spotting scope.
A gun port is a window on the side of a ship for a gun.
Gun crew (gun servant) - personnel serving an artillery gun according to the combat schedule.
Draft is the depth of a ship, measured in feet or metric units.
East - east.
Stability is the ability of a ship to float in equilibrium (in an upright position) and easily return to a state of equilibrium when disturbed by any force.
Give up the end - unscrew the end from the bollard by which it was wrapped, or release it if it is held in your hands: untie and release the end from the shore or from another vessel.
Distinctive lights - all vessels, both steam and sailing, when underway at night, must carry a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the left side.
Compartments are separate rooms inside a ship, delimited by special partitions along and across the ship. This largely protects the ship from sinking in the event of a hole. Compartment bulkheads prevent water from spreading throughout the vessel.
Guy - a cable attached to the toe of the cargo boom, with the help of which the cargo boom rotates around a vertical axis and is secured in the desired position.
Unmoor - attach a vessel to the shore or pier using mooring lines.

A packet boat (from the English "packet-boat" - postal boat) is a small sailing vessel for transporting mail and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament - several guns.
A pile is a cast-iron pedestal dug into the ground, or several piles driven into the ground, behind which mooring lines are wound. Decks of a sailing warship. Starting from the top, they had the following purposes: quarter-deck - an open deck for steering the ship; opera deck - upper battery deck; midship deck - middle battery deck; orlopdeck - the deck of residential and service premises; hold - the lowest deck. There are other names for decks.
A steam frigate was a frigate that had a steam engine along with sailing weapons. Appeared in the first half of the 19th century. At first they had wheeled and then screw propellers. They were intended for operations in coastal areas, for reconnaissance, and towing sailing ships.
Sailing ship - see ship of the line.
Sailboat - 1) is the abbreviated name for a sailing vessel that sails exclusively under sails; 2) a craftsman who sews sails.
Trade winds are winds blowing with a fairly constant force of three to four; their direction does not always remain constant, but varies, however, within narrow limits.
Hemp rope is a plant rope made from hemp bast fibers.
Perlin is a cable work rope with a circumference of 4 to 6 inches (102 - 152 millimeters).
Perths are ropes fixed under the yards on which people working on the yards stand.
Pink (from the Dutch "pink") - a merchant ship in the 16th-18th centuries. It had 2-3 masts with oblique (triangular) sails. In the Russian fleet it was used as a transport vessel for transporting food or ammunition. Armed with 20-38 cannons.
A floating crane is a vessel consisting of a crane mounted on a pontoon.
Gunwale - a wooden beam with rounded edges that limits the bulwark in its upper part.
A plaster is a device for temporarily repairing damage in the underwater part of a ship's hull. It could be made from several layers of canvas with waterproof impregnation or from several layers of boards with a canvas lining, which is brought under the hole and pressed against it with water pressure.
Plutong is a group of guns that have the same firing angle and are united in one place under the command of one commander - the plutong commander. Turns are made according to signals from the flagship to rearrange the squadron from one formation to another (see formation) and to change the direction of its movement; they are carried out either sequentially - the ships of the squadron follow the movement of the lead one, that is, they follow, as it were, in its wake, or all of a sudden - each in its place, or they describe a coordinate - an arc to the right or left.
Sub-skipper is the keeper of the ship's property (non-commissioned officer) in the naval unit.
The forecastle is the bow superstructure on the forecastle of a ship.
Semi-porticos are the shutters of the cannon port.
Deck - an elevated part of the stern end of a ship or an additional deck above the poop.
A pontoon (from the Latin "ponto" - bridge on boats) is a floating structure for supporting various devices on the water using its own reserve of buoyancy.
Port is a place that has a roadstead or harbor for ships, as well as everything necessary for the repair and supply of ships for navigation and for carrying out transshipment operations.
Pram is a flat-bottomed vessel of the sailing fleet, armed with large-caliber guns. It was used for shelling coastal fortresses and conducting combat operations in coastal areas and on rivers.
Grab - lightly fasten: quickly tie. To grab something with a heel means to tie it up temporarily.
A spotlight is a lighting device that produces a narrow beam of strong light; adapted to direct rays over a relatively long distance and in any direction.
Cutting through the formation (battle line) is a tactical technique of ships of the sailing fleet, which made it possible to disrupt the enemy’s battle line and concentrate efforts against the cut off part of his forces. At the moment of passing between two enemy ships located in the battle line, the ship cutting through the formation was able to fire heavily with artillery on both sides simultaneously against two enemy ships. The fire hit the bow and stern of the two enemy ships, the personnel on the upper deck, as well as the mast of the enemy ships. On the other hand, the enemy’s fire was serviceable at that moment, because There were many times fewer bow and stern guns on sailing ships than side guns. Cutting through the enemy's formation in several places made it possible to attack his surrounded ships from both sides - "take the enemy with two fires." This tactical technique was most successfully used in the Russian (Admirals F.F. Ushakov and D.N. Senyavin) and English (Admirals D. Rodney and G. Nelson) fleets.
The strand is the second thickest component of the cable, twisted from heels. For steel cables, the strands are twisted from galvanized wires.
Gun port - see gun port.

Radio room - a room on a ship in which radio transmitters and radio receivers are located.
Release the tackle - completely release it, loosen the tackle.
Shell - an overhang at the stern of the vessel; is not currently done, but the word remains in use to denote the direction of an object visible from the ship approximately four points behind the beam (see point and beam).
Mast - (from the Dutch "rondhout" - round tree) - wooden or metal parts of ships' armament, intended for carrying sails, performing cargo work, raising signals, etc. (masts, topmasts, yards, gaffs, booms, bowsprit, booms , shots, jib, fox-spirits, etc.), which are otherwise called spar trees.
Rendezvous is a meeting place or connection of ships.
Plant rope is a rope made from plant fibers (hemp, abaca, agave, coconut, etc.).
Ratier's lantern (Ratier's lantern) is a lantern of a special device for negotiating at night, hidden from the enemy.
An auditor is an officer in charge of the ship's economic department.
A ray is a spar tree suspended from the middle using a bayfoot to a mast or topmast for setting sails or for attaching signal halyards.
Roadstead - part of the port water area for anchorage of ships. The outer roadstead has no protection from wind and waves; the inner roadstead is protected by natural or artificial barriers from wind and waves.
Reconnaissance - reconnaissance of the situation, inspection of the area.
Report - a report on military incidents.
A rehearsal ship is a ship that rehearses signals.
Rehearse - repeat signals.
Refrigerator - refrigerator.
Reef - a spit, sandbank, or bank with hard ground.
Reef rope - a tackle on a straight sail, based parallel to the luff and used for tying the sail, reef seasons when taking reefs.
Reef season - the end woven from shimka. One end of it has a point or button that holds it in the grommet of the sail. Serves for tying the sail when taking a reef.
Reef stems are short cables tied into grommets and used to reduce the sail area under high wind loads on small sailing ships.
Rostra is a raised platform above the upper deck on which longboats and other boats are placed.
Rumbus - the direction from the center of the visible horizon to the points of its circumference. Of the many rhumbas, 32 have a special name. The word "rumb" also means the value between two adjacent rhumbs, and in this sense it is believed that one rhumb is equal to 11 degrees 15 minutes. If a ship is said to have turned 4 points to the right, it means that it has turned 45 degrees to the right.
A locker is a box, chest, installed in the interior of the ship or closed bunks in which the personal belongings of the crew are stored.
Eye - a metal ring for securing cables, blocks, stoppers, mooring ends, etc. Eyes are installed on the deck and bulwarks of ships, at the bow and stern ends of boats, as well as on piers and embankments.
Rynda, ringing a bell is a conventional signal that is struck on the ship's bell during fog.

Saling is a wooden or steel structure that serves to connect the wall and its continuation in height - the topmast, and the toptopmasts with the boom topmast and for spreading the topstays and boom stays to the sides. Saling is a frame of two longitudinal beams - longa-salings, two or three beams intersecting with longa-salings - spreaders and a short beam parallel to the spreaders - chaka.
Pile - an iron conical nail (sometimes curved) with a flat head. Serves for punching cable strands and other rigging work.
Swistov - a thin cable connecting the outer ends of the embossings inserted into the sockets of the spire. It is used to ensure that the embedments do not jump out of their places if the spire begins to rotate in the opposite direction. The whistles also serve to make it possible to place more people on the spire, since the latter can be rotated by the whistles with the same success as by the knockouts.
A salute is a greeting given by a blank shot from a gun.
Sei hoists are hoists based between two-pulley and single-pulley blocks. They are used for tightening standing rigging and for lifting loads.
Semaphore is a system of close-range negotiations using manual flags.
Light semaphore is a system of close-range negotiations at night using two hand-held flashlights (light bulbs).
A segmented projectile is a special artillery projectile used to hit targets with fragments from above.
A sextant is a hand-held astronomical instrument used by sailors to determine the location of a ship at sea.
A separator is a device that separates water entrained by it from steam.
A signal is a conventional sign for transmitting orders, instructions, reports, etc. over a long distance.
A signalman is a specialist sailor who maintains optical communications and surveillance equipment on a ship.
Flasks - a half-hour period of time, indicated by one strike on the ship's bell. The number of bells shows the time. Their counting begins at noon. Eight bells represent four hours. Every four hours the counting starts again.
Anchor bracket - a bracket inserted with its bolt into the eye of the anchor spindle; used for attaching a chain rope to an anchor.
Slackness of the cable - sagging, excess of loosely stretched gear.
Spardeck is a hinged deck located in the middle of the ship.
Splice - the connection of the cable at the point of break: the place where the fusion of the broken cable is made.
A staysail is a slanting sail raised along a rail.
The senior officer is the first assistant commander.
To become a lag is to become aboard a wave or another vessel.
Racks are shelves in cartridge cellars and in crew chambers on which shells, cartridges and cases of gunpowder are stored.
A slipway is a structure for building a vessel and launching it into the water.
Mainstays - standing rigging gear that supports topmasts.
Topmast - a spar that serves as an upward extension of the mast. Depending on whether they belong to a particular mast, the topmasts are given additional names: on the foremast - foretopmast, on the mainmast - maintopmast and on the mizzen mast - cruise topmast.
Main-stays - standing rigging gear with which the topmast is held from the sides and slightly behind.
Topmast flag - a flag hoisted on a topmast.
Alignment is a position in which two or more objects are in the same vertical plane with the observer’s eye.
Standing rigging is rigging that serves to support and strengthen the spar.
Release - loosen, release a cable or tackle to capacity.
A cargo boom is a device for loading and unloading cargo. It is made of wood or metal and equipped with rigging made of steel or plant cables.
The Temperley boom is a special device used for loading coal.
Strands are the components of the cable from which cable cables are twisted. Strands are made from strands, strands from heels, and heels from plant fibers or wire.
Formation - for the convenience of controlling a formation or squadron during a campaign and in battle, ships sail in formation. Depending on the location of the ships, there are formations: formation of one wake column - the ships go one after another, in single file; bearing formation - ships move in ledges to the left or right; front formation - ships move in a line, next to each other; a wedge formation formed from two bearing formations.
Sling - a large ring of rope, the ends of which are woven (tied); it covers the load when lifting with hoists.
A cargo sling is a device for lifting loads on a boom hook or crane. Made from vegetable or steel cables.
A grip is a temporary attachment of the end of a rope to its middle using a line or skimushgar.

Tabulevich lantern - a lantern of a special device for signaling.
Rigging - all the gear on a ship that serves to secure the spar and control it and the sails; divided into standing and running. The first serves to support and strengthen the spar, the second - for cleaning and setting sails, raising and lowering parts of the spar, cargo and signals.
A hoist is a lifting device consisting of two blocks (movable and fixed), connected to each other by a cable, one end of which is fixedly fixed to one of the blocks.
Screw lanyard - a device for tightening standing rigging, steering rope, handrails, etc.
Trawl is a fishing device.
Ram - 1) a protrusion in the underwater part of a rowing ship. 2) a tactical method of naval combat - hitting the side of an enemy vessel with one’s own ram, as a result of which a hole was formed and the enemy vessel sank or became disabled.
An awning is a canvas stretched over the upper deck and bridges to protect personnel from the sun's rays, as well as from heating the deck itself. To protect from rain, rain awnings made of thicker canvas are installed.
Timberovka - major repairs of a sailing ship.
Top - the upper end of any vertical spar, such as a mast, topmast, flagpole.
Topenant - running tackle: rigging attached to the end of the yard and used to install the yard at one angle or another to the horizontal plane. Topenant is also called the tackle that supports the end of the cargo boom, boom, or gaff.
The masthead light is a white light raised by steam ships on the foremast or in front of it while underway; illuminates the horizon directly along the bow, to the right and left of it by ten points. Its visibility should be at least five miles, or nine kilometers.
Torpedo - see self-propelled mine.
Beam - 1) direction at right angles to the ship's heading; , 2) on a ship - a transverse armored partition for protection from fragments.
To poison is to skip the tackle, that is, to give it slack.
Trajectory - the line described by the center of gravity of the projectile as it flies in the air after being fired.
A trawl is a means of combating mines, intended to detect and destroy minefields.
Transport - an auxiliary vessel designed to transport troops, food and military supplies, reserves of coal, oil, water, etc. for the active fleet.
Ladder - this is what all stairs on ships are called, no matter where they are and no matter what their design.
Ladder-beam - a beam that looks like a low rotating sloop-beam, equipped with hoists. Serves to support the lower platform of the outboard ladder.
Trekatr is a small sailing and rowing vessel, found in the basins of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. In wartime they were used to transport troops.
The trend is the junction of the lower ends of the horns and the lower part of the spindle of the Admiralty anchor.
Trapping is a special type of rigging work, which consists of the following: a tightly stretched and lubricated rope is wrapped around the descent with a skimmushgar, a line or a thin cable called “friction” to fill the recesses (grooves) between the strands of the trenched cable. After this, the friction is driven along the descent with a hammer so that it lies flush and fills the gaps between the strands. This is done in order to prevent the accumulation of water in the recesses.
Cables are the general name for rope products. Depending on the material, the cables are: steel, vegetable - from fibers of grass and plants (hemp, manila, sisal, coconut, etc.), combined (from steel wires and plant fibers), as well as from artificial fibers (nylon, nylon, perlon ). On warships, cables are used for standing and running rigging, for towing ends and moorings, in loading devices, in mine-trawl business, for fastening objects on the ship, rigging work, etc.
Hold - an interior space on a ship, located below the lowest deck. On warships, the hold is the sixth deck from the top.
Drainage turbines - powerful blade-type pumps; serve for quick pumping of water; productivity reaches 500 tons per hour.
Heavyweight - 1. Cargo piece weighing 10 tons or more. 2. Load boom for lifting loads weighing more than 10 tons.

Udama (undema, udema) is a Swedish galley-type vessel with folding freeboards, which in calm weather or in battle were lowered to position oars or guns. In fresh weather the sides were raised. Length 31 m, width 10 m, draft 1.83 m. Armament: 16 pairs of oars, 10 12-pounder guns. Crew 100-110 people.
A knot is a unit of length in maritime affairs: the distance covered by a ship in 0.5 minutes of time. The length (conventional) of the knot is considered to be 48 feet. Therefore, the number of knots a ship travels in 0.5 minutes is the number of nautical miles it travels per hour.
The jig is a spar tree that serves as a continuation of the bowsprit.
A duck is a turned wooden strip or casting, fixedly fixed and used for fastening thin cables, for example flag files, painters.

Painter - a rope attached to the bow or stern eye of a boat.
Hailards are gear used to lift some spars (yards, gaffs), sails (cleavers, staysails), and flags. Depending on the purpose, they receive additional names, for example, top halyard, jib halyard, signal halyard, etc. Falrep - a cable (rope) that replaces handrails at the entrance ladder.
Lanyard - a sailor sent from watch to supply a lanyard.
Fairway - a free passage between dangerous places, surrounded by warning signs, or a specific path for ships to navigate.
The wick is a special salted tourniquet for lighting on the tank near the tub of water; a comic sailor name for a reprimand from superiors.
Flag officer (from the Dutch "vlag" - flag and "man" - person) - the commander of a fleet, squadron, flotilla or detachment of ships.
Flagship - a ship on which a flagship is located with a headquarters for controlling subordinate forces.
Flag captain - a staff officer attached to the admiral; All ranks of the headquarters are subordinate to him; chief of staff.
Flag officer is a chief officer attached to the head of a formation and performing adjutant duties.
Flagship specialists - a mechanical engineer, a naval engineer, an artilleryman, a miner, a navigator, a doctor, etc., who are attached to the headquarters of the squadron commander.
Flagpole - a pole (rod, stand) on which the stern flag is raised.
Flank - the left or right side of a column of ships.
The foresail is a straight sail, the lowest one on the forward mast (foremast) of the ship. Attached to the fore-yard.
Foremast - the front mast on a ship, i.e. the first, counting from bow to stern.
Fore-marsa-yard - a horizontal spar tree that carries a mars sail.
Fore yard - the lower yard on the foremast.
Fordun is a standing rigging rig that is used to fasten topmasts. The lower ends of the forduns are attached to the sides of the ship, behind the shrouds.
Uniform - a white linen sailor's shirt with a blue collar.
The stem is a continuation of the keel at the front end of the vessel.
Fort is a coastal fortress protecting the port from robbers and pirates.
Frigate - 1) in a sailing fleet - a 3-masted ship with powerful artillery weapons (up to 60 guns) located on two decks. 2) the largest sailing and rowing ship of the rowing fleet. In addition to 3 masts with straight (quadrangular) sails, it had 12-18 pairs of oars. Artillery weapons - up to 38 guns. In the Russian fleet, rowing frigates have been in service since the end of the 15th century.
The newly invented frigate is a type of frigate used in the Russian fleet during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791. It had a flat-bottomed hull and therefore poor seaworthiness.

The wheelhouse is the wheelhouse from which the ship is controlled during a voyage.
A refrigerator is a device used to condense waste steam into water.
A chronometer is a portable spring watch with very precise movement.

Trunnions are lugs in the swinging frame of a gun, with which, using insert pins, it is connected to a swivel (a rotating part of the machine).
The rear sight is the movable part of the sight, guns, moves to the right and left to correct for the movement of the target, its own course and side wind.
High, medium and low pressure cylinders. - If on a ship the main piston engine has three steam cylinders and the steam passes successively through the first, second and third cylinders, then the machine is called triple expansion. The first Cylinder, where the steam from the boiler enters, is called the high pressure cylinder; the second - a medium pressure cylinder and the third - a low pressure cylinder. If the pressure cylinder turns out to be too large in diameter, then its volume is divided into two equal ones and two low-pressure cylinders are installed, so a triple expansion machine can have four cylinders.
Circulation is the curve along which the ship's center of gravity moves when the rudder is deflected.
A tank is a special storage facility on ships for fresh water, oil, wine, etc.

Shebeka is a 3-mast sailing-rowing vessel with a long, narrow hull with a wide camber at the bow. This hull shape ensured good seaworthiness. Did shebeks appear in the Russian fleet in the second half of KHUP? V. in the Baltic Sea, where they were used for military operations in skerries and for transporting troops. Length up to 36.5 m, width up to 10.2 m, draft 3.3 m. Armament: up to 40 oars, 32-50 small-caliber guns. Small shebeks were called half-shebeks.
Mooring line - a plant or steel cable with which the ship is secured at the pier (mooring cable).
Mooring is the approach and securing of a vessel using ropes (cables) to a pier, pier, wall or embankment, or to another vessel.
Mooring device - spiers, bollards, fairleads, bale strips, views, etc., designed to hold a vessel at the berth or at the side of another from the bottom.
Latitude - coordinate; together with longitude, it is used to determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Latitude is the angle between the plane of the equator and a plumb line passing through a given point; measured from the equator to the poles ranging from 0 degrees to 90 degrees (north and south latitude).
The quarterdeck is the uppermost platform or deck at the stern of a sailing ship, where watch officers were located and compasses were installed. Later, the quarterdeck was the name given to the part of the upper deck of a warship between the main and mizzen masts. The quarterdeck was considered a place of honor on the ship: manifestos, orders, and sentences were read out there before the formation. It was forbidden for anyone except the commander (captain) of the ship and the flagship to sit and smoke on the quarterdeck.
Luff - the edge of the sail, lined with lyctross.
Waist (from the Dutch "schavot" - rack) - wide boards laid horizontally along the sides of a sailing ship. Served for passage from the forecastle to the quarter deck or quarterdeck.
A squall is a sudden wind of greater or lesser force.
A pendant is a short rope with a thimble or a block, used for lifting boats or cargo.
A pendant with musings is a plant cable on which buttons are made every 30 - 40 centimeters. Used for climbing instead of ladders, for example into a boat standing under a gunshot.
Shkentros are short ropes, which with one of their ends are attached to the grommets at the small bases of the bunk suspension, and with the other are connected at the rings that have pins.
A pulley is a wheel made of metal or backout, mounted on an axle and having a groove (keep) for a cable along its outer cylindrical surface.
Shkimushgar is a single-strand tench twisted from beard hemp. Usually made from two or three heels.
Sheet - tackle attached to the lower corner of the straight or lower rear corner of the oblique sail (clew angle) and drawn towards the stern of the vessel. The sheets hold the luff of the sail in the desired position. Sheets are also called gear attached to the upper corners of the emergency patch.
A hose is a loop of cable formed when it is carried around an object.
Hose - a flexible pipe made of waterproof material or rubber; used for supplying liquid or gas under pressure.
A sloop is a 3-masted military ship with straight (quadrangular) sails on the forward masts and a slanting (triangular) pyrus on the mizzen mast. They were used for patrol, reconnaissance and messenger services, as well as as a transport and expeditionary vessel. Displacement 300-900 tons. Armament 16-32 guns. A dinghy is the general name for a small undecked seaworthy vessel.
A boat is a boat.
The davit is a rotating iron beam. Davits are installed in pairs on board the ship to lift and lower boats.
Shnyava is a small sailing merchant or military ship, common in the 17th century. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Used for reconnaissance and messenger service in the skerries. They had 2 masts with straight (quadrangular) sails. Length 25-30 m, width 6-8 m. Displacement approx. 150 tons Armament 12-18 small caliber guns. Crew up to 80 people.
Frame - a rib of a ship's hull.
The capstan is a large gate with a vertical axis that serves to raise the anchor and remove the mooring lines.
Stays - standing rigging gear that supports vertical spars - masts, topmasts, etc. - in the center plane.
Standard - the flag of the head of state, raised at his place of residence. Officially adopted under Peter I.
Shtert is a short thin cable or line used for some auxiliary purposes.
Calm - no wind.
Storm - on the Beaufort scale - a wind of force 9, with a speed of 18.3 - 21.5 meters per second, or approximately 45 nautical miles per hour.
Storm ladder - a rope ladder with wooden steps, lowered along the outer side or suspended from a shot and used for climbing onto the ship.
The steering wheel is a mechanical device with which the steering wheel is shifted.
Navigator - shipmaster, assistant commander for driving the ship at sea.
Shturtros - transmission from the helm to the tiller.
The Shanek log is the main official document on ships of the Russian sailing fleet. All the events that took place on the ship during the voyage or its anchorage were recorded continuously in the logbook, from the moment the ship entered the campaign, in chronological order. In 1869 it was renamed the logbook.
Skerries (from the Swedish "skaren" - rock, obstacle) - a cluster in the coastal region of small, mostly rocky islands, separated by narrow straits, surface and underwater rocks and stones. Distributed off the coast of Finland, Sweden, Norway, Scotland, Canada, etc. The width of the skerries is up to 100 miles.
A schooner (from the English "schooner" - schooner) is a sailing ship with 2 or more masts with oblique (triangular) sails. Used as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet had a displacement of 100-800 tons. They were armed with up to 16 guns. Crew - 1) the personnel of the vessel. Divided into officers and crew. 2) a coastal military unit that is part of the fleet.

Evolution is a maneuver performed by ships in a line to change course, connect between ships, form into a different formation, etc.
Crew - the crew of the ship; the same - the marine part on the shore.
Elevator - a lifting device for supplying shells and ammunition from the magazines to the guns.
Boathouse is a place where ships are built on the shore, built by a ramp.
Enter drek is a small hand grapple anchor. When boarding, he threw himself at the enemy ship for a more reliable grip on it.
A squadron is a combination of ships of various classes, subordinate to one commander and allocated for independent operations at sea. Echelon is a detachment or small formation of ships of different classes.

Young - a young sailor, a boy.
The poop is the aft part of the upper deck of a ship or the aft superstructure on a ship.
Ufers is a round wooden block without a pulley with three through holes. On ancient sailing ships, the deadeyes were tied into the lower ends of the shrouds.

An anchor place is a place convenient for mooring ships.
A yacht is any vessel, both steam, motor and sailing, adapted for sea voyages.