Saturated steam, boiling, air humidity. Air humidity

A little water was poured into a glass flask and closed with a stopper. The water gradually evaporated. At the end of the process, only a few drops of water remained on the walls of the flask. The figure shows a graph of concentration versus time n molecules of water vapor inside the flask. Which statement can be considered correct?

o 1) in section 1 the steam is saturated, and in section 2 it is unsaturated

o 2) in section 1 the steam is unsaturated, and in section 2 it is saturated

o 3) in both areas the steam is saturated

2. Task No. D3360E

Relative humidity in a closed vessel is 60%. What will the relative humidity be if the volume of the vessel at a constant temperature is reduced by 1.5 times?

5. Task No. 4aa3e9

Relative humidity in the room at a temperature of 20 ° C
equal to 70%. Using the saturated water vapor pressure table, determine the water vapor pressure in the room.

o 1)21.1 mm Hg. Art.

o 2)25 mm Hg. Art.

o 3)17.5 mmHg. Art.

o 4)12.25 mm Hg. Art.

32. Task No. e430b9

The relative humidity in the room at a temperature of 20°C is 70%. Using the table of density of saturated water vapor, determine the mass of water in a cubic meter of room.

o 3)1.73⋅10 -2 kg

o 4)1.21⋅10 -2 kg

33. Task No. DFF058

In the figure there are pictures: dotted line - graph of saturated vapor pressure water from the temperature, and a continuous line - process 1-2 due to the change in steam pressure water.

As the water vapor pressure changes, the absolute humidity of the air

1) increase

2) decreases

3) not from me

4) can either increase or decrease

34. Task No. e430b9

To determine the relative humidity of the air, they use the difference between dry and moist thermometer (see ri-su-nok). Using the given ri-sun-ka and the psi-chro-met-ri-che-table, determine what temperature ( in cities Cel-sia) is called a dry thermometer if the relative humidity of the air in the room -NII 60%.

35. Task No. DFF034

In the co-su-de, under the piston, there is unsaturated steam. It can be re-ve-sti-tied,

1) iso-bar-but-high-temp-pe-ra-tu-ru

2) adding another gas to the vessel

3) increase the volume of steam

4) reducing the volume of steam

36. Task No. 9C5165

The relative humidity in the room is 40%. How-to-work-out-of-concentration n mo-le-kul of water in the air of the room and the concentration of mo-le-kul of water in saturated water vapor at the same temperature per-ra-tu-re?

1) n is 2.5 times less

2) n is 2.5 times larger

3) n is 40% less

4) n 40% more

37. Task No. DFF058

The relative humidity of the air in the cylinder under the piston is 60%. The air iso-ter-mi-che-ski was compressed, reducing its volume by half. The high humidity of the air has become

38. Task No. 1BE1AA

In a closed qi-lin-dri-che-sky so-su-de, there is moist air at a temperature of 100 °C. In order for you to have dew on the walls of this co-su-da, the volume of co-su-da is 25 once. What is the approximation of the initial absolute humidity of the air in the co-su-de? The answer is given in g/m 3, rounded to whole numbers.

39. Task No. 0B1D50

Water and its steam are kept in a cylindrical vessel under the piston for a long time. The piston begins to move out of the vessel. At the same time, the temperature of water and steam remains unchanged. How will the mass of liquid in the vessel change? Explain your answer by indicating what physical laws you used to explain

40. Task No. C32A09

Water and its steam are kept in a cylindrical vessel under the piston for a long time. The piston begins to be pushed into the vessel. At the same time, the temperature of water and steam remains unchanged. How will the mass of liquid in the vessel change? Explain your answer by indicating what physical laws you used to explain.

41. Task No. AB4432

In an experiment illustrating the dependence of boiling point on air pressure (Fig. A ), water boiling under the air pump bell already occurs at room temperature if the pressure is low enough.

Using a pressure plot saturated steam on temperature (Fig. b ), indicate what air pressure needs to be created under the pump bell so that water boils at 40 °C. Explain your answer by indicating what phenomena and patterns you used to explain.

(A)	(b)

42. Task No. E6295D

Relative air humidity at t= 36 o C is 80%. Saturated vapor pressure at this temperature p n = 5945 Pa. What mass of steam is contained in 1 m 3 of this air?

43. Task No. 9C5165

A man with glasses walked into a warm room from the street and discovered that his glasses had fogged up. What must be the outside temperature for this phenomenon to occur? The room temperature is 22°C and the relative humidity is 50%. Explain how you got the answer. (Refer to the table for the vapor pressure of water to answer this question.)

44. Task No. E6295D

In the closed room there is steam and a certain amount of water. How do the following three quantities change with an iso-thermal decrease in volume: giving -le-nie in co-su-de, mass of water, mass of steam? For each ve-li-chi-ny, the definition of co-from-ve-st-st-yu-sha-sha-rak-ter from-me-not:

1) will increase;

2) decrease;

3) not from me.

Write down the selected numbers for each physical size in the table. The numbers in the text may be repeated.

45. Task No. 8BE996

The absolute humidity of the air in the qi-lin-dri-che-su-de-su-de under the piston is equal to . The temperature of the gas in the co-su-de is 100 °C. How and how many times is the iso-ter-mi-che-ski required to change the volume of co-su-da in order for it to form on its walls Was there dew?

1) reduce the sewing by 2 times 2) increase the sewing by 20 times
3) reduce the sewing by 20 times 4) increase the sewing by 2 times

46. ​​Task No. 8BE999

In the ex-pe-ri-men it is established that at the same time the air is in the room on the wall of the st-ka-na with With cold water there is a condensation of water vapor from the air, if you reduce the temperature to . Based on the results of these ex-peri-men, the air humidity is determined. To decide, use the table. Does the relative humidity change when the air temperature in the room increases, if the condensation of water vapor from the air will be at the same temperature? Pressure and density of saturated water steam at different temperatures in the table -face:

	7,7	8,8	10,0	10,7	11,4	12,11	12,8	13,6	16,3	18,4	20,6	23,0	25,8	28,7	51,2	130,5

Saturated steam.

If a vessel with close the liquid tightly, the amount of liquid will first decrease and then remain constant. When not Menn At this temperature, the liquid-vapor system will reach a state of thermal equilibrium and will remain in it for as long as desired. Simultaneously with the evaporation process, condensation also occurs, both processes on average compencourage each other. At the first moment, after the liquid is poured into the vessel and closed, the liquid willevaporate and the vapor density above it will increase. However, at the same time, the number of molecules returning to the liquid will increase. The greater the density of the vapor, the greater the number of its molecules returning to the liquid. As a result, in a closed vessel at a constant temperature, a dynamic (mobile) equilibrium will be established between liquid and vapor, i.e., the number of molecules leaving the surface of the liquid after a certain R th time period will be equal on average to the number of vapor molecules returning to the liquid during the same time b. Steam, nah floating in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid is called saturated vapor. This is the definition of underscoreIt means that in a given volume at a given temperature there cannot be a larger amount of steam.

Saturated steam pressure .

What will happen to saturated steam if the volume it occupies is reduced? For example, if you compress steam that is in equilibrium with liquid in a cylinder under a piston, maintaining the temperature of the contents of the cylinder constant. When the steam is compressed, the equilibrium will begin to be disturbed. At first, the vapor density will increase slightly, and a larger number of molecules will begin to move from gas to liquid than from liquid to gas. After all, the number of molecules leaving the liquid per unit time depends only on the temperature, and compression of the vapor does not change this number. The process continues until dynamic equilibrium and vapor density are established again, and therefore the concentration of its molecules takes on its previous values. Consequently, the concentration of saturated vapor molecules at a constant temperature does not depend on its volume. Since pressure is proportional to the concentration of molecules (p=nkT), it follows from this definition that the pressure of saturated vapor does not depend on the volume it occupies. Pressure p n.p. vapor pressure at which a liquid is in equilibrium with its vapor is called saturated vapor pressure.

Dependence of saturated vapor pressure on temperature.

The state of saturated steam, as experience shows, is approximately described by the equation of state of an ideal gas, and its pressure is determined by the formula P = nkT As the temperature increases, the pressure increases. Since saturated vapor pressure does not depend on volume, it therefore depends only on temperature. However, the dependence of p.n. from T, found experimentally, is not directly proportional, as in an ideal gas at constant volume. With increasing temperature, the pressure of real saturated vapor increases faster than the pressure of an ideal gas (Fig.drain curve 12). Why is this happening? When a liquid is heated in a closed container, some of the liquid turns into steam. As a result, according to the formula P = nkT, the saturated vapor pressure increases not only due to an increase in the temperature of the liquid, but also due to an increase in the concentration of molecules (density) of the vapor. Basically, the increase in pressure with increasing temperature is determined precisely by the increase in concentration central ii. (The main difference in behavior andideal gas and saturated steam is that when the temperature of the steam in a closed vessel changes (or when the volume changes at a constant temperature), the mass of the steam changes. The liquid partially turns into vapor, or, on the contrary, the vapor partially condensestsya. Nothing like this happens with an ideal gas.) When all the liquid has evaporated, the steam will cease to be saturated upon further heating and its pressure at constant volume will increaseis directly proportional to the absolute temperature (see Fig., curve section 23).

Boiling.

Boiling is an intense transition of a substance from a liquid to a gaseous state, occurring throughout the entire volume of the liquid (and not just from its surface). (Condensation is the reverse process.) As the temperature of the liquid increases, the rate of evaporation increases. Finally, the liquid begins to boil. When boiling, rapidly growing vapor bubbles are formed throughout the entire volume of the liquid, which float to the surface. The boiling point of the liquid remains constant. This happens because all the energy supplied to the liquid is spent converting it into vapor. Under what conditions does boiling begin?

A liquid always contains dissolved gases, released at the bottom and walls of the vessel, as well as on dust particles suspended in the liquid, which are centers of vaporization. The liquid vapors inside the bubbles are saturated. As the temperature increases, the saturated vapor pressure increases and the bubbles increase in size. Under the influence of buoyant force they float upward. If the upper layers of the liquid have a lower temperature, then vapor condensation occurs in bubbles in these layers. The pressure drops rapidly and the bubbles collapse. The collapse occurs so quickly that the walls of the bubble collide and produce something like an explosion. Many such micro-explosions create a characteristic noise. When the liquid warms up enough, the bubbles will stop collapsing and float to the surface. The liquid will boil. Watch the kettle on the stove carefully. You will find that it almost stops making noise before it boils. The dependence of saturated vapor pressure on temperature explains why the boiling point of a liquid depends on the pressure on its surface. A vapor bubble can grow when the pressure of the saturated vapor inside it slightly exceeds the pressure in the liquid, which is the sum of the air pressure on the surface of the liquid (external pressure) and the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid column. Boiling begins at the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure in the bubbles is equal to the pressure in the liquid. The greater the external pressure, the higher the boiling point. And vice versa, by reducing external pressure, we thereby lower the boiling point. By pumping air and water vapor out of the flask, you can make the water boil at room temperature. Each liquid has its own boiling point (which remains constant until all the liquid has boiled away), which depends on its saturated vapor pressure. The higher the saturated vapor pressure, the lower the boiling point of the liquid.

Air humidity and its measurement.

There is almost always some amount of water vapor in the air around us. Air humidity depends on the amount of water vapor contained in it. Damp air contains a higher percentage of water molecules than dry air. Pain Of great importance is the relative humidity of the air, messages about which are heard every day in weather forecast reports.

RegardingStrong humidity is the ratio of the density of water vapor contained in the air to the density of saturated vapor at a given temperature, expressed as a percentage (shows how close the water vapor in the air is to saturation).

Dew point

The dryness or humidity of the air depends on how close its water vapor is to saturation. If moist air is cooled, the steam in it can be brought to saturation, and then it will condense. A sign that the steam has become saturated is the appearance of the first drops of condensed liquid - dew. The temperature at which vapor in the air becomes saturated is called the dew point. Dew point also characterizes air humidity. Examples: dew falling in the morning, fogging up of cold glass if you breathe on it, the formation of a drop of water on a cold water pipe, dampness in the basements of houses. To measure air humidity, measuring instruments - hygrometers - are used. There are several types of hygrometers, but the main ones are hair and psychrometric.

For this task you can get 1 point on the Unified State Exam in 2020

Task 10 of the Unified State Exam in physics is devoted to thermal equilibrium and everything connected with it. The tickets are structured in such a way that approximately half of them contain questions on humidity (a typical example of such a problem is “How many times did the concentration of steam molecules increase if the volume of steam was isothermally halved”), the rest concern the heat capacity of substances. Questions on heat capacity almost always contain a graph, which must first be studied to correctly answer the question.

Task 10 of the Unified State Exam in physics usually causes difficulties for students, except for several options that are devoted to determining the relative humidity of the air using psychrometric tables. Most often, schoolchildren begin completing assignments with this question, the solution of which usually takes one or two minutes. If a student gets a ticket with exactly this type of task No. 10 of the Unified State Examination in Physics, the entire test will be significantly easier, since the time to complete it is limited to a certain number of minutes.

« Physics - 10th grade"

When solving problems, one must keep in mind that the pressure and density of saturated steam do not depend on its volume, but depend only on temperature. The equation of state of an ideal gas is approximately applicable to describe saturated steam. But when saturated steam is compressed or heated, its mass does not remain constant.

When solving some problems, you may need values ​​of saturated vapor pressure at certain temperatures. This data must be taken from the table.

Task 1.

A closed vessel with a volume V 1 = 0.5 m 3 contains water with a mass m = 0.5 kg. The vessel was heated to a temperature of t = 147 °C. How much should the volume of the vessel be changed so that it contains only saturated steam? Saturated vapor pressure pH. n at temperature t = 147 °C is equal to 4.7 10 5 Pa.

Solution.

Saturated steam at pH pressure. n occupies a volume equal to where M = 0.018 kg/mol is the molar mass of water. The volume of the vessel is V 1 > V, which means that the vapor is not saturated. In order for the steam to become saturated, the volume of the vessel should be reduced by

Task 2.

The relative humidity of air in a closed vessel at a temperature t 1 = 5 °C is equal to φ 1 = 84%, and at a temperature t 2 = 22 °C it is equal to φ 2 = 30%. How many times is the saturated vapor pressure of water at temperature t 2 greater than at temperature t 1?

Solution.

The pressure of water vapor in the vessel at T 1 = 278 K is where p n. n1 - saturated vapor pressure at temperature T1. At temperature T 2 = 295 K pressure

Since the volume is constant, then according to Charles’s law

From here

Task 3.

In a room with a volume of 40 m 3 the air temperature is 20 ° C, its relative humidity φ 1 = 20%. How much water must be evaporated so that the relative humidity φ 2 reaches 50%? It is known that at 20 °C the saturation vapor pressure рнп = 2330 Pa.

Solution.

Relative humidity from here

Vapor pressure at relative humidity φ 1 and φ 2

Density is related to pressure by the equality ρ = Mp/RT, whence

Masses of water in a room at humidity φ 1 and φ 2

Mass of water to evaporate:

Task 4.

In a room with closed windows at a temperature of 15 °C, relative humidity φ = 10%. What will the relative humidity be if the temperature in the room increases by 10 °C? Saturated vapor pressure at 15 °C pH. p1 = 12.8 mm Hg. Art., and at 25 °C pH p2 = 23.8 mm Hg. Art.

Since the steam is unsaturated, the partial pressure of the steam changes according to Charles’s law p 1 /T 1 = p 2 /T 2. From this equation you can determine the pressure of unsaturated steam p 2 at T 2: p 2 = p 1 T 2 / T 1. Relative humidity at T 1 is equal.

In this lesson, the concept of absolute and relative air humidity will be introduced, terms and quantities associated with these concepts will be discussed: saturated steam, dew point, instruments for measuring humidity. During the lesson we will get acquainted with the tables of density and saturated vapor pressure and the psychrometric table.

For humans, the humidity level is a very important environmental parameter, since our body reacts very actively to its changes. For example, a mechanism for regulating the functioning of the body, such as sweating, is directly related to the temperature and humidity of the environment. At high humidity, the processes of evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin are practically compensated by the processes of its condensation and the removal of heat from the body is disrupted, which leads to disturbances in thermoregulation. At low humidity, moisture evaporation processes prevail over condensation processes and the body loses too much fluid, which can lead to dehydration.

The amount of humidity is important not only for humans and other living organisms, but also for the flow of technological processes. For example, due to the known property of water to conduct electric current, its content in the air can seriously affect the correct operation of most electrical appliances.

In addition, the concept of humidity is the most important criterion for assessing weather conditions, which everyone knows from weather forecasts. It is worth noting that if we compare humidity at different times of the year in our usual climatic conditions, it is higher in summer and lower in winter, which is associated, in particular, with the intensity of evaporation processes at different temperatures.

The main characteristics of humid air are:

1. density of water vapor in the air;
2. relative humidity.

Air is a composite gas and contains many different gases, including water vapor. To estimate its amount in the air, it is necessary to determine what mass water vapor has in a certain allocated volume - this value is characterized by density. The density of water vapor in the air is called absolute humidity.

Definition.Absolute air humidity- the amount of moisture contained in one cubic meter of air.

Designationabsolute humidity: (as is the usual designation for density).

Unitsabsolute humidity: (in SI) or (for the convenience of measuring small amounts of water vapor in the air).

Formula calculations absolute humidity:

Designations:

Mass of steam (water) in air, kg (in SI) or g;

The volume of air containing the indicated mass of steam is .

On the one hand, absolute air humidity is an understandable and convenient value, since it gives an idea of ​​the specific water content in the air by mass; on the other hand, this value is inconvenient from the point of view of the susceptibility of humidity by living organisms. It turns out that, for example, a person does not feel the mass content of water in the air, but rather its content relative to the maximum possible value.

To describe such perception, the following quantity was introduced: relative humidity.

Definition.Relative humidity– a value indicating how far the steam is from saturation.

That is, the value of relative humidity, in simple words, shows the following: if the steam is far from saturation, then the humidity is low, if it is close, it is high.

Designationrelative humidity: .

Unitsrelative humidity: %.

Formula calculations relative humidity:

Designations:

Water vapor density (absolute humidity), (in SI) or ;

Density of saturated water vapor at a given temperature, (in SI) or .

As can be seen from the formula, it includes absolute humidity, with which we are already familiar, and saturated vapor density at the same temperature. The question arises: how to determine the latter value? There are special devices for this. We'll consider condensinghygrometer(Fig. 4) - a device that is used to determine the dew point.

Definition.Dew point- the temperature at which steam becomes saturated.

Rice. 4. Condensation hygrometer ()

An easily evaporating liquid, for example, ether, is poured into the container of the device, a thermometer (6) is inserted, and air is pumped through the container using a bulb (5). As a result of increased air circulation, intensive evaporation of ether begins, the temperature of the container decreases because of this and dew (droplets of condensed steam) appears on the mirror (4). At the moment dew appears on the mirror, the temperature is measured using a thermometer; this temperature is the dew point.

What to do with the obtained temperature value (dew point)? There is a special table in which data is entered - what density of saturated water vapor corresponds to each specific dew point. It is worth noting a useful fact that as the dew point increases, the value of the corresponding saturated vapor density also increases. In other words, the warmer the air, the greater the amount of moisture it can contain, and vice versa, the colder the air, the lower the maximum vapor content in it.

Let us now consider the principle of operation of other types of hygrometers, devices for measuring humidity characteristics (from the Greek hygros - “wet” and metreo - “I measure”).

Hair hygrometer(Fig. 5) - a device for measuring relative humidity, in which hair, for example human hair, acts as an active element.

The action of a hair hygrometer is based on the property of defatted hair to change its length when air humidity changes (with increasing humidity, the length of the hair increases, with decreasing it decreases), which makes it possible to measure relative humidity. The hair is stretched over a metal frame. The change in hair length is transmitted to the arrow moving along the scale. It should be remembered that a hair hygrometer does not give accurate relative humidity values, and is used primarily for domestic purposes.

A more convenient and accurate device for measuring relative humidity is a psychrometer (from the ancient Greek ψυχρός - “cold”) (Fig. 6).

A psychrometer consists of two thermometers, which are fixed on a common scale. One of the thermometers is called a wet thermometer because it is wrapped in cambric fabric, which is immersed in a reservoir of water located on the back of the device. Water evaporates from the wet fabric, which leads to cooling of the thermometer, the process of reducing its temperature continues until the stage is reached until the steam near the wet fabric reaches saturation and the thermometer begins to show the dew point temperature. Thus, the wet bulb thermometer shows a temperature less than or equal to the actual ambient temperature. The second thermometer is called a dry thermometer and shows the real temperature.

On the body of the device, as a rule, there is also a so-called psychrometric table (Table 2). Using this table, you can determine the relative humidity of the surrounding air from the temperature value shown by the dry bulb thermometer and from the temperature difference between the dry and wet bulb bulbs.

However, even without such a table at hand, you can approximately determine the amount of humidity using the following principle. If the readings of both thermometers are close to each other, then the evaporation of water from the humid one is almost completely compensated by condensation, i.e., the air humidity is high. If, on the contrary, the difference in thermometer readings is large, then evaporation from the wet fabric prevails over condensation and the air is dry and humidity is low.

Let us turn to the tables that allow us to determine the characteristics of air humidity.

Temperature,	Pressure, mm. rt. Art.	Vapor density

Table 1. Density and pressure of saturated water vapor

Let us note once again that, as stated earlier, the value of the density of saturated steam increases with its temperature, the same applies to the pressure of saturated steam.

Table 2. Psychometric table

Let us recall that relative humidity is determined by the value of the dry bulb readings (first column) and the difference between the dry and wet readings (first row).

In today's lesson we learned about an important characteristic of air - its humidity. As we have already said, humidity decreases in the cold season (winter) and increases in the warm season (summer). It is important to be able to regulate these phenomena, for example, if it is necessary to increase humidity, place several reservoirs of water indoors in winter in order to enhance evaporation processes, however, this method will only be effective at the appropriate temperature, which is higher than outside.

In the next lesson we will look at what gas work is and the principle of operation of an internal combustion engine.

Bibliography

1. Gendenshtein L.E., Kaidalov A.B., Kozhevnikov V.B. / Ed. Orlova V.A., Roizena I.I. Physics 8. - M.: Mnemosyne.
2. Peryshkin A.V. Physics 8. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
3. Fadeeva A.A., Zasov A.V., Kiselev D.F. Physics 8. - M.: Enlightenment.

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