The names of the rivers of Crimea with translation. The largest rivers of Crimea
Rivers of Crimea
All the rivers of Crimea (there are more than 250 of them, including only 120 with a length of more than 10 km) are completely different from those in the rest of Russia. These are mostly mountain streams that dry up in the summer and fill with water within a few hours from rain and melting snow. The largest river Crimea is Salgir, significant are Alma, Kacha, Belbek, Chernaya. By location, Crimean rivers can be divided into three groups: rivers of the northern and northeastern slopes of the Crimean Mountains, flowing through the steppe Crimea and flowing into Sivash Bay Sea of Azov; rivers of the western and northwestern slopes Crimean mountains, flowing into the Black Sea; rivers and streams of the southern coast of Crimea, also flowing into the Black Sea.The rivers of the northern and northeastern slopes of the Crimean Mountains include the Salgir, whose length is 238 km. Its sources are the Angara (13 km) and Krasnopeschernaya (5.1 km) rivers. The upper reaches of the Salgir pass through a narrow valley with rocky banks; here it has a mountainous character and a well-developed network of tributaries originating from numerous sources. Up to the city of Simferopol, the river dries up in some years, and below it - every year. The current is often lost in the pebble sediments. In 1955, a large reservoir was built near Simferopol, in which the flood waters of Salgir accumulate. Its length is 7 km, width is up to 1.5 km, greatest depth- 38, average - 11 m. The bottom of Salgir to the mouth of the Bolshaya Karasevka River is rocky, further - muddy, the banks are overgrown with reeds. Main tributary Salgira - Bolshaya Karasevka River (length - 106 km). It originates near the city of Belogorsk, receiving the waters of the Tanas and Sarysu rivers, flows through the chalk rocks of the intermountain region and enters the steppe region, where its waters are lost. The Taganskoye Reservoir was built near Belogorsk on Bolshaya Karasevka.
The dry bed of the Bolshaya Karasevka is connected to the dry bed of the right tributary - the Malaya Karasevka River (length - 80 km). Bolshaya Karasevka flows into Salgir 27 km before its confluence with Sivash. For most of the year (10-11 months), the beds of these rivers remain dry. Salgir and Bolshaya Karasevka were inhabited by trout, bystryanka, shemaya, barbel, chub, fisherman, gudgeon, minnow, and char. Rainbow and Sevan trout, whitefish, Chud and Ladoga whitefish, ram, orfa (golden ide), tench, bream, blue bream, fisher, sabrefish, crucian carp, pike perch, gambusia, and perch were introduced into the Simferopol reservoir, located on the Salgir riverbed. ; in Taganskoye - brook trout, whitefish, Chud and Ladoga whitefish, ram, bream and pike perch. The rivers Indol (length - 55 km) and Eastern Bulgaiak (48 km) in the upper reaches look like mountain streams flowing through ravines. Receiving the waters of many springs, as well as nearby ravines and streams, they become more abundant, but after leaving the mountains in the steppes they often dry up, and their waters do not reach Sivash. In Indol there is a chub.
The rivers of the western and northwestern slopes of the Crimean Mountains include the rivers located in the region of Sevastopol and to the north of it: Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma, Western Bulganak. Chernaya (41 km) is one of the deepest rivers in Crimea. It originates in the Baydar Valley, along which it flows for 7.5 km. Along its slopes there are a number of watercourses that feed the river in the upper part. The constant flow in the channel is sometimes interrupted: the river is hidden in sediment, leaving the channel dry. It fills with water after rainfalls and floods. Below the confluence of the Urkusta River, Chernaya enters a narrow gorge about 16 km long. Here it flows, almost squeezed steep cliffs, and its flow intensifies. The flow weakens after the river enters the Inkerman Valley. Here two right tributaries flow into the Chernaya, one of which (Ai-Todorka) has sufficient water content, since it is fed by springs, and the other (Sukhaya) brings rainwater into the river.
In the very lower reaches, the Chernaya flows through a flat, low-lying valley, and sea water enters its mouth, causing salinization of the waters. The waters of the Chernaya River feed the Chernorechenskoye Reservoir, the main purpose of which is to provide the population with water. In the middle reaches of the Chernaya there were trout, spined lance, shemaya, fisherman, bystryanka, and barbel. In its lower reaches fresh waters sandpiper goby, spined loach, shemaya and vimba lived, and in the estuary part in semi-salty waters there were sandpiper goby, spined loach and shemai, in salty waters there were needlefish, stickleback, weasel, and sandpiper goby. Rainbow and Sevan trout, ram, bream, fish, crucian carp, and pike perch were introduced into the Chernorechenskoye Reservoir. Belbek (length - 63 km) is the deepest river in Crimea. It begins at the confluence of two mountain rivers. Between the mountain ranges, Belbek is a turbulent, never-drying stream with a narrow channel; fast current and steep high banks. Its tributary, the Kokkozka River (about 18 km long), flows in a narrow gorge known as the Grand Canyon of Crimea.
In the lower reaches, Belbek cuts through clay sediments, its flow slows down. When it flows into the sea, the channel looks like a ravine 25-30 m wide. Note that in the lower reaches the river dries up almost every year, but as a result heavy rains There are frequent floods. In its upper reaches, reservoirs were built to retain the runoff of melt and rainwater. In the Belbek River there were trout, chub, barbel and quicks. Kacha (length - 69 km) originates on the northern slope of the central ridge of the Crimean Mountains at the confluence of two rivers - Pisary and Biyuk-Uzen. Its banks are high and rocky, the riverbed is wide, and the bottom is pebble throughout almost its entire length. All tributaries flow into the Kacha in its upper reaches. The largest of them is the Martha River (length - 21 km). During heavy rains, as well as in autumn and winter, Kacha can flood heavily. In summer, due to the use of water for irrigation, it dries up. Many dams were built on its bed, above which reservoirs were formed. In Kutch there were chub, gudgeon, barbel, quicksand and stickleback.
In the Bakhchisarai reservoir, fed by the waters of Kacha, work was carried out to introduce whitefish, Chud and Ladoga whitefish, ram, bream and pike perch. The Alma River (84 km long) is formed as a result of the confluence of two streams. It has a deeply incised valley with high banks. In the upper reaches of the Alma - mountain river, in the lower part - steppe. It receives water from many mountain streams and rivers. The basins of some of them are quite significant (exceed 25 - 30 km2). Alma does not dry out, but during rains and snow melting it can overflow its banks. Its flow slows down at the very bottom. Sea water salinizes the waters of the Alma mouth area. The pre-estuary zone of the river is swampy and covered with thickets of marsh plants. The Alma's flow is regulated by numerous ponds and reservoirs. In different parts of the river, different numbers of fish species were identified. In its upper and lower reaches there were trout, chub, gudgeon, barbel, and quicksand, in the middle - carp was added to them, only chub and gudgeon lived at the mouth. Pike, ram, bream and crucian carp moved into the Alma Reservoir.
Photo beautiful places Crimea
The rivers of this group flow along the southern slopes of the Main Mountain Range. The relief features of the southern coast of Crimea and the significant height of river sources above sea level determine short length water flow (8-14 km) and big fall beds.
Uchan-Su River, or Vodopadnaya (length - 8.4 km, basin area - 38 sq. km, highest flow near Yalta - 60 cubic m/sec., average long-term flow - 0.36 cubic m/sec.) , originates under the edge of the Ai-Petrinskaya yayla and flows down with a very large drop. In four places the riverbed is almost vertical and forms waterfalls. The largest of them, the upper one, is known as the Uchan-Su (“flying water”) waterfall, or Yalta waterfall.
The bed of the Uchan-Su River is extremely unstable; During floods, large sediments move along the bottom. Floods occur in the autumn-winter and spring periods, less often in the summer and are a consequence of heavy rains and intense snow melting.
In 1949, there was a mudflow here, which carried at least 1.5 million cubic meters into the sea per day. m of bottom sediments, forming a coastal spit in the form of a peninsula with an area of more than one hectare, rising half a meter above sea level. It was subsequently washed away by the sea.
Most low levels in the river from April to October. In summer it is an almost drying stream with a predominance of under-river flow.
The Wuchang-Su flows meanderingly, washing away first one bank and then the other.
As it approaches the sea, the river slope decreases, the width of the channel increases: from 6-8 m in the upper reaches to 20-25 m in the lower reaches. The river flows into the sea in Yalta. Here its channel is protected by retaining walls.
The tributaries of the Uchan-Su are the right-bank rivers Barbala and Kukhna, which flow into it five to six kilometers from the mouth, and the left-bank river Yauzlar. Their water regime is similar to that of the Wuchang-Su, and the average long-term flow of each tributary is less than 0.1 cubic meters. m/sec.
Currently, the construction of the Mogabinsky reservoir has been completed, where water from the upper reaches of the river flows through pipes. Wuchang-Su (volume - 300 thousand cubic meters).
The Derekoyka (Bystraya) River begins on the southern slope of Nikitskaya Yayla and flows into the Black Sea (length - 12 km, basin area - 44 sq. km, highest water flow - 22.8 cubic meters / sec, long-term average - 0.54 cubic meters m/sec, average long-term flow is 17 million cubic meters per year). The river's feeding is mixed. The river is at its highest in winter, spring and sometimes early summer. Floods are a consequence of snowmelt and rain. Low levels are observed in the second half of summer and autumn (July - October). In some years, flash floods cause a large rise in level. In the lower reaches the river dries up in some years, and at the mouth drying out during low water is observed almost every year.
On the right, the Mastreiz gully flows into the Bystraya (length - about 10 km), on the left - the river. Guva is 1.5 km long. The source of the Guva is on the Nikitskaya Yayla, the average long-term water flow is 0.2 cubic meters. m/sec.
Having a larger basin area than Uchan-Su, the river. Derekoyka also has a high annual consumption; however, the maximum water flows are somewhat less than at Wuchang-Su. This is explained, on the one hand, by the greater forest cover of the basin, and on the other, by the regime of the sources. Derekoyka flows into the sea on the territory of the Yalta port.
The Avunda River (length - 8 8 km, basin area - 27 sq. km, highest flow at Gurzuf - 11 cubic m/sec, long-term average - 0.16 cubic m/sec) is less abundant than Derekoyka and Uchan-Su . Its source is located in the eastern part of Nikitskaya Yayla, it flows into the Black Sea in the Gurzuf region. The river regime is characterized by an increase in level in the winter-spring period due to rain and melt water. The lowest levels are from July to September. However, in some years, due to rainfall, there are summer-autumn floods.
Sometimes rivers dry up, which is largely due to the consumption of water for irrigation.
Due to the different conditions of formation and placement surface waters Crimea is divided into two parts: a flat steppe with a very small number of surface watercourses and a mountain forest with a relatively dense river network. Almost all the rivers of the peninsula originate here. The flow of most rivers is regulated by the creation of reservoirs, the waters of which are used for irrigation and water supply.
There are no large fresh lakes in Crimea. In the coastal strip of the Crimean plain there are about 50 estuary lakes with a total area of 5.3 thousand square meters. km. As a result of the flooding of the widened mouths of ravines and rivers by the sea, estuaries were first formed. Subsequently, they were separated from the sea by bars and spits and turned into estuary lakes.
There are 1,657 rivers and temporary watercourses in Crimea with a total length of 5,996 km.
The river network is developed extremely unevenly on the peninsula. Its average density is 0.22 km per square meter. km. In the mountains at an altitude of 600 - 1000 m above sea level, where most of the sources that form the beginning of streams and rivers are located, the network of rivers is most developed.
All rivers on the northwestern slopes of the Crimean Mountains flow almost parallel to each other. In places where the limestone rocks of the Inner and Outer cuesta ridges of the foothills break through, they form canyon-like gorges. Within the Alma Plain, rivers flow in deep river valleys; The area of the main river basins is between 500 and 600 square meters. km, length – 40 – 60 km.
Alma is the longest Crimean river after Salgir. The river valley in the middle and lower reaches has long been famous for its orchards. The name Alma (more precisely, Alma) means "apple".
Kacha is shorter, but fuller than Alma. It is formed from the confluence of the Biyuk-Uzen and Pisara rivers. The Zagorsk and Bakhchisarai reservoirs were built on Kach.
Belbek is the most abundant river in Crimea. A large hydraulic structure was created in the upper reaches of Belbek.
Chernaya is the second river in Crimea in terms of water flow after Belbek. It begins in the Baydar Valley, where many turbulent rivers run down from the surrounding mountains. In the center of the Baydar Valley there is a large Chernorechenskoye reservoir.
The rivers of the southern coast of Crimea are short, have very steep channel slopes, stormy temperaments and floods with relatively low water flows.
Uchan-Su (Waterfall), rapidly descending to the sea, forms waterfalls in four places. The uppermost and largest of them is Uchan-Su (“Flying Water”). The river water, directed through pipes, feeds the Mogabinskoye reservoir (300 thousand cubic meters).
Ulu-Uzen, in a picturesque gorge, also cascades of waterfalls. The Izobilnenskoye Reservoir was created on this river in the Alushta region.
Eastern Ulu-Uzen begins in a deep gorge. The river flows into the Black Sea near the village. Solnechnogorskoe. The river bed descends in huge steps. The powerful waterfall Dzhur-Dzhur (“Noisy”) is especially picturesque here.
In addition to the rivers listed, there are many smaller rivers within the South Coast.
The rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains are distinguished by the fact that they deviate to the east and flow into Sivash, a lagoon of the Azov Sea.
Salgir is the most long river Crimea. Together with its tributaries, it represents the largest water system in Crimea. The upper reaches of the Salgir form the Angara and Kizil-Koba rivers. Angara originates on the slopes of Chatyr-Dag near the Angara Pass, and Kizil-Koba - from the famous Red Caves. In 1928, the Ayan (named after the Ayan spring) reservoir and water pipeline were built, as a result of which the city began to receive 16 times more water from Salgir. There are more than 500 springs in the Salgir basin. Before Simferopol, Salgir fills the largest reservoir in Crimea, the Simferopol Reservoir.
Wet Indol (Su-Indol) begins in the eastern part of the mountainous Crimea. The source of the river is located under Mount Karakol.
Large gullies of the Crimean plains look like real river valleys, and therefore they are often called dry rivers.
Chatyrlyk is the main dry river of Crimea. In length it is second only to Salgir. Now dams have been built at the mouth of the dry river. Fish are bred in the created ponds with an area of over 2000 hectares.
A number of dry rivers and gullies flow into the Sivash - Pobednaya, Mirnovskaya, Istochnaya, Stalnaya, Zelenaya, etc.
In high-water years, the resources of Crimean rivers can be 2–3 times greater, and in low-water years, 2–3 times less than in years with average water content.
For irrigation, water supply, fish farming and other needs, over 500 ponds, as well as 15 reservoirs with a total volume of over 200 million cubic meters, have been created on Crimean rivers and temporary watercourses. m. Most of the river flow is already accumulated in reservoirs and ponds.
Crimea cannot be called a rich region fresh water. Crimean rivers are small and shallow, many of them dry up completely in the summer. However, they supply our peninsula with water. In addition, some of them are very picturesque.
Salgir
The longest Crimean river is the Salgir, which flows into the Sivash Bay. It originates in the foothills of Chatyr-Dag from the confluence of the Angara and Kizilkobinka rivers at an altitude of 390 m above sea level. The Simferopol reservoir is located on the river, feeding part of the city. Home now water artery The local population associates Crimea with dirt and garbage that constantly floats in the river. Previously, Salgir was clean and often overflowed its banks, so its bed changed more than once.
Belbek
Belbek, which supplies water to the Belbek Valley, is considered the deepest river on the peninsula. In the vicinity of the river there are the famous Belbek Gates, located near the village of Albat (Kuibyshevo). In these places there are many interesting rocks, the Syuren fortress, the largest yew grove on the peninsula, and Cro-Magnon sites.
Black River
The deepest river in Crimea can be called the Chernaya River. Often the depth of the river reaches 1.5-2 m, and the width is 15-20 m. It originates in the Baydar Valley. In August 1855, a battle took place near the Chernaya River during the Crimean War. The name Chernaya has nothing to do with the color of the river, and, apparently, was given by the Russian population in consonance with the name of the village of Chorgun (Chernorechye). 
Alma
Another river that gave its name to the battle during Crimean War- Alma River. In 1853-1856. In the battle of Alma, Russian troops were defeated by Anglo-Franco-Turkish troops. The French celebrated their victory by building the Alma Bridge over the Seine in Paris. The Alma River originates on the northern slope of Babugan-yayla in the Alushta region of Crimea. The upper course of the river lies on the territory of the Crimean nature reserve, this section of the river is home to brook trout. One of the right tributaries of the river is the river and healing spring Savlukh-Su.
Sotera
Often the rivers of Crimea have several names. The Sotera River in different sections is called differently: Dzhurla, Biyuk-Dere (Alaka) and Sotera. Every part of the river is interesting and worth a visit. There are numerous waterfalls and rapids on this river. And in its vicinity grow... stone mushrooms.
Crimean rivers are not similar to watercourses in other regions of Ukraine - their length, drainage basin areas and water volumes are small. However, the total length of the Crimean rivers reaches almost six thousand kilometers and is comparable to the length of the longest river in the world - the African Nile (6671 km).
General information.
The length of almost all (92.1%) rivers of Crimea is less than 10 km, but in total this is approximately half the total length of all Crimean rivers. Only two rivers of Crimea (Salgir and Chatyrlyk) exceed a hundred kilometers in length, 204 km and 106 km, respectively.
In summer, Crimean rivers often dry up, but when it falls heavy rainfall turn into stormy streams. The most abundant rivers of the peninsula are Belbek, Chernaya and Biyuk-Karasu.
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Rivers of the Crimean Peninsula |
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River name |
Basin area, km 2 |
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Western Bulganak |
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Vodopadnaya (Wuchangsu) |
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Fast (Derekoyka) |
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Ayan-Dere (Uzen) |
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Ulu-Uzen (Uzenbash) |
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Demerdzhi |
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Orta-Uzen |
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Pike perch (Tarakash) |
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Eastern Bulganak |
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The Crimean rivers, taking into account the reservoirs and ponds filled with their waters, provide approximately 12% of the water resources of the Autonomous Republic. Despite such a relatively small contribution of rivers to the water balance, the Crimean rivers are of great importance. Their water resources are used for drinking and industrial water supply, as well as irrigation of farmland. And on the southern coast of Crimea, rivers are almost the only source of drinking water supply. For example, water comes to Yalta from the Zagorsk reservoir (Kacha River) and Schastlivensky (Managotra River), and to Alushta - from Izobilnensky (Ulu-Uzen River) and Kutuzovsky (Demerdzhi River). Water resources Crimean rivers are also used in other cities of the peninsula - in Simferopol (Ayanskoye Reservoir on the Ayan River, Simferopol Reservoir on the Salgir River, Partizanskoye Reservoir on the Alma River); in Sevastopol (Chernorechenskoe reservoir on the Chernaya River); in Old Crimea (Staro-Krymskoe reservoir on the Chorokh-Su river).
Distribution of Crimean rivers.
Based general characteristics rivers, the following groups of rivers can be distinguished on the territory of Crimea: rivers of the southern coast of Crimea; rivers of the northwestern slopes of the Crimean mountains; Salgir and its tributaries; rivers of the northeastern slopes of the Crimean mountains; rivers and gullies of the Crimean Plain; rivers and ravines of the Kerch Peninsula.
The average density of the river network of the Crimean Peninsula is 0.22 km/km 2, but here the rivers are distributed extremely unevenly, which is due to the features of the relief. The northern and central parts of the peninsula are occupied by plains: lowland (Prisivashskaya, Indolskaya and Alminskaya) and elevated (Tarkhankut-Evpatoria, Central Crimean and Kerch). Southern part The peninsula is occupied by mountains, represented by three arched ridges, stretching parallel to the Black Sea coast from southwest to northeast, gradually rising towards the center and south.
The main watershed of Crimea passes through the yayls. The surface of the yaila is characterized by a typical karst topography (there are no watercourses, there are many karst sinkholes). The precipitation that falls here seeps into the thickness of the Main Mountain Range and then reaches the surface of the earth along tectonic faults in the form of numerous springs. These sources feed almost all major rivers of Crimea. Therefore, in the mountains at altitudes of 600-1100 m, where there are many springs and the sources of most Crimean rivers, the density of the river network is 0.7 km/km 2 . Originating in the mountains, the rivers then flow west, northwest and south into the Black Sea, north and northeast into the Sea of Azov.
Rivers of the Crimean Plain.
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Ponds in the Crimean river basins |
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Catchment area, km 2 |
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Karasevka |
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Plain beams |
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Kerch Peninsula |
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Rivers of Crimea |
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The watershed between the Black and Azov seas passes through the Simferopol uplift. Here the rivers of the Crimean Plain originate, carrying water in a northern direction and then flowing into the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea or into the Sivash Bay of the Azov Sea. The rivers of the Crimean Plain also flow into lakes located along the Black Sea coast.
In the Plain Crimea, rivers are represented mainly by ravines, with unclearly defined valleys. When analyzing the watercourses of this region, it is necessary to consider them before and after the arrival of Dnieper water on the peninsula. As a result of the construction of the North Crimean Canal, Plain Crimea is currently covered with a dense network of artificial canals (main, inter-farm, intra-farm), the total length of which (more than 10 thousand km) exceeds the length of all Crimean rivers.
The natural valleys of rivers and ravines of the Crimean Plain have undergone changes. Nowadays, straightened, with channels of a trapezoidal cross-section, they are used for discharging collector-drainage waters from irrigated areas and are more like artificial canals. Now the amount of waste water determines its water content, which has become commensurate with the most abundant Crimean rivers. For example, through a canal running along the bed of the Mirnovka River, up to 60 million m3 of water per year is discharged into Sivash.
Rivers of the Kerch Peninsula.
On the Kerch Peninsula, the river network is also represented mainly by ravines through which water flows north into the Sea of Azov, south into the Black Sea and east into the Kerch Strait. Some gully flow into lakes located along the coasts. The density of the river network here is 0.2 km/km 2 . The watershed between the Azov and Black Seas runs along the local Parpach ridge.
The rivers of Crimea have features that are explained by the conditions for the formation of river flow. First of all, the Crimean rivers are mountainous, that is, the distribution of river flow is subject to vertical zoning (river flow changes with the height of the catchment area). For heights of 200-800 m, the increase in river flow with an increase of 100 m varies within the following limits: for rivers flowing from the northeastern slopes of the Main Ridge - 0.5-2.8 l/s-km 2 ; for rivers flowing from the northwestern slopes of the Main Ridge - 0.5-5.5 l/s-km 2 ; for rivers of the southern coast of Crimea - 0.5-24.0 l/s-km 2. The headwaters of almost all Crimean rivers are in the mountains.
Features of mountain rivers.
According to the conditions of runoff formation, the main mountain range is conventionally divided into three vertical zones: drainless, with periodic flow and with constant surface runoff. The drainless zone covers areas of yailas, which, due to their flat topography and karst surface, represent a series of disconnected drainage areas. Each of them is divided, in turn, into a large number of small catchments (funnels, basins, mines, wells). Therefore, when significant precipitation falls on the yayls (up to 1000 mm per year), surface watercourses are formed only within these catchments. Due to this, with the highest annual precipitation amounts, limestones cause the absence of surface runoff on the yayls, since it is completely absorbed by karst voids. This is a basic hydrological paradox Mountain Crimea- a significant area of maximum precipitation coincides with the area of minimum runoff.
The zone with periodic flow is located on the slopes below the edge of the plateau. Periodic flow in the form of impressive waterfalls is possible from the regional catchment areas of the Yayl massifs and from upper parts slopes of mountain ranges composed of Upper Jurassic limestones. Runoff here can be observed during periods of intense snowmelt and summer rainfall. Precipitation low and medium intensity are absorbed by various fissure zones and numerous karst forms, passing into the depths of karst massifs.
The zone with constant surface runoff begins in the zone where the main karst springs emerge and continues until the rivers flow into the sea. In their middle courses, the rivers flow through the Foothills with a less dissected topography, a decreasing amount of precipitation and deteriorating conditions for the formation of runoff. This is the nutrition area groundwater Plain Crimea. After reaching the steppe plain, the rivers completely lose water and often dry up at their mouths. Thus, the factors causing an increase in runoff with the expansion of the catchment area lose their significance, which is another feature of the Crimean rivers. The mountainous part, where there is a lot of precipitation, is called the area of river feeding, and the flat part, where there is less precipitation and evaporation increases, is called the area of runoff losses.
Rivers flowing in karst areas are characterized by a discrepancy between surface and underground watersheds. For example, the surface catchment of the Khastabash River, located between Miskhor and Alupka, is very small (1.6 km 2), while the underground catchment is large. Karst catchments, which drain most of the Ai-Petrinskaya Yayla, play a significant role in the feeding of this river. The runoff module is equal to 767 l/s-km 2 or 24160 mm of water, evenly distributed over the surface of the river catchment area. At the same time, the total precipitation is only 600 mm. There is no such flow as the Khastabash River anywhere in the world, even among equatorial rivers flowing in areas with precipitation of 2000-2500 mm. Khastabash is an amazing river, the flow of which is many times greater than world flow records and is explained by a significant underground drainage area. High water content associated with significant underground feeding, is also typical for other Crimean rivers (Guva, Ayan, Biyuk-Karasu, etc.).
Hydrological regime.
In my own way water regime The rivers of Crimea belong to the rivers with a flood regime of the Crimean subtype - floods are observed mainly in the winter-spring period. Thus, two periods are distinguished in river levels: flood winter-spring or cold (high water levels) and low-water summer-autumn or warm (low water levels). During the flood period, 80-95% of the total annual flow occurs. The month with the most water is usually March, and the month with the least water is September. Floods on Crimean rivers can occur both in the winter-spring and summer-autumn periods. In winter, floods occur as a result of snowmelt, which is usually accompanied by rainfall, and in summer as a result of intense downpours. Water flows on the Crimean rivers increase sharply during floods. Absolute maximums are formed during the warm period of the year with heavy rainfall and can be 200-400 times higher than the average annual water flow.
The preservation of river water content is facilitated by the Crimean Natural and Yalta Mountain Forest Reserves created in Crimea, on the territory of which the most significant Crimean rivers originate. Among the natural reserves of national importance, the following stand out: Baydarsky reserve (upper reaches of the Chernaya River), Astana Plavni (lower reaches of the Samarli River), Grand Canyon Crimea (valley of the Auzun-Uzen River), Kanaka (south-bank ravine with a relict juniper grove), Kachinsky Canyon (formed at the site of the Kacha River breaking through the Inner Mountain Range), Khapkhalsky hydrological reserve (Ulu-Uzen River gorge with the Jur-Jur waterfall) and Plachachaya rock (a block of Permian limestone in the valley of the Western Bulganak River).
Among the natural monuments of national importance are the Belbek Canyon (at the site where the Belbek River breaks through the Inner Mountain Range), the Kizil-Koba tract and cave (from which the Su-Uchkhan River flows, forming the waterfall of the same name), the Karasu-Bashi tract with the most powerful karst spring in Crimea ( source of the Karasu-Bashi River).
