Flora and fauna of the Carpathian mountains. Useful plants of the Crimea and the Carpathians

Of particular interest in the foothills is the Black Mountain near the city of Vinogradov, where feather grass, keleria, fescue and other rare plants of the steppe flora are preserved. Many tourists will remember this for the rest of their lives. Valley of Narcissus in the vicinity of the city of Khust. Narcissus angustifolia is found in Ukraine only in Transcarpathia. The Valley of Daffodils is especially picturesque at the end of May during flowering.

The gentle slopes of the Carpathians are occupied mainly by beech- about 59 percent of the total forest area. Above the beech forests, especially in the northeastern part of the region, stretches a belt of dark coniferous forests of common spruce and white fir - more than 32 percent of the total forest area. European cedar and Polish larch grow in rare islands. Among the natural forests there are virgin forests. Far beyond the region, beech forests are known in the Ugolka and Shirokiy Meadow tracts of the Tyachevsky district. Like fairy-tale giants, beech trees stand here about 40 m high and more than 1 m in diameter. Over 1000 specimens of yew berry have been preserved in Uholka. Cossack juniper was recently discovered here. Both of these plants are tertiary relicts.
Among coniferous forests, the virgin forest under Mount Goverla in the Rakhiv region is unique, where spruce and fir trees are found more than 50 m high and up to 1.8 m in diameter.
Endemic species of the Carpathians grow in the forests - Hungarian lilac, Carpathian currant, Carpathian buttercup, Filyarsky lungwort and many others.
Above the forests lie wide expanses of mountain meadows. A unique landscape in the meadows is formed by thickets of elfin trees - mountain pine, green alder, and Siberian juniper.

These thickets are also called crooked forests, since their creeping shoots are strongly intertwined and are almost impenetrable.
The poponins of Transcarpathia are covered with white grass, fescue, bluegrass and other grasses. The meadows present an incomparable picture during the flowering of Bluebells, Rhododendrons, Narcissus, Arnica, and Gentians. On the highest cliffs you can find very rare plants, including the fabulous Edelweiss flower, which the local population calls Silk Braid.
There are very few edelweiss left in the Carpathians, and they are protected in every possible way from complete destruction. The plant is listed in the Red Book of Ukraine as an endangered species. Destruction of edelweiss is punishable by a fine.

The flora of Transcarpathia includes about 300 species of medicinal plants, of which almost 100 are used in scientific and the rest in folk medicine. Among them, the most valuable are belladonna, scopolia, arnica montana, lily of the valley, male fern, reddish hellebore, Rhodiola rosea...
The settlements of the region are surrounded by greenery. Among the ornamental plants decorating the streets, gardens and parks of cities and villages, there are about 400 exotic species - from Southern Europe, North America, Central and Eastern Asia. Boxwood, thuja, douglasia, Japanese sophora, vinegar tree, black walnut, ailanthus, cherry laurel, evergreen barberries, Japanese cherries (sakura) and apple trees have acclimatized well in Transcarpathia. One of the most common ornamental trees is pyramidal poplar.

The region's fauna is interesting and diverse. On mountain trails, a traveler can meet a slender European roe deer, an agile Carpathian squirrel, a giant golden eagle or a bright salamander. In forest clearings, especially in spring, birds sing loudly. The mountain streams are home to trout, grayling and Danube salmon.
Among the 80 species of mammals, the most valuable are deer, roe deer, wild boar, brown bear, pine and stone marten, mink, river otter, ermine and others. Fox, hare, lynx, dark ferret, badger, weasel are common everywhere, and the raccoon dog is acclimatized.

Bats (21 species) and rodents (22 species) are numerous and diverse, among them the rare snow vole, which lives on the highest mountains. There are also hamsters, gophers, muskrats, and dormouse. There are many insectivores: hedgehog, mole, shrews, shrews, shrews, and in the mountains - the alpine shrew, which is found nowhere else in Ukraine does not occur. Fallow deer, mouflons, and wild rabbits acclimatize successfully.
About 200 species of birds live in Transcarpathian forests and copses, fields, settlements and reservoirs. More than half of them can be seen in the region only during nesting, about one third are sedentary, the rest belong to migrants, vagrants and those arriving here for the winter.
Often the transparent blue of the sky is cut through by fast pigeons (pigeons and pigeons), in oak forests you can hear the characteristic cooing of the common dove, and in populated areas - of the ringed dove. Wetlands and reservoirs are inhabited by coots, lapwings, waders, woodcocks, mallards, teals, and white storks. The black stork nests in mountain forests, but is rarely seen.

Many birds of prey- falcons, eagles, hawks, owls, among them rare ones - the short-tailed eagle, the honey beetle, the golden eagle, the eagle owl, the great owl and the great owl. The Carpathian Great Tawny Owl is quite common. Among other birds, there are various woodpeckers (golden, Carpathian, middle, Syrian, three-toed, gray-haired, green, etc.), cuckoos, hoopoes, swifts, kingfishers, nightjars, dippers, blackbirds, warblers, dunnocks, tits, buntings, wagtails, gray partridges, pheasants, wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, quail.
During the spring-autumn period, geese, turukhtan, gulls and other birds often stop to rest in the area. Waxwings are found here only in winter.
Every year, about 10 thousand pheasants are artificially bred in Transcarpathia - incubated and raised. Some of them are released into local lands, the rest are resettled in many regions of Ukraine.

Among the reptiles (10 species) and amphibians (15 species) there are the Aesculapian snake, copperhead, water and common snakes, and the common viper (few in number, lives in the mountains and meadows, its bite is dangerous for humans and domestic animals). Lizards (snapping, green, viviparous, spindle), as well as the marsh turtle, are also common. Numerous: salamander (lives in humid forests), newts (Carpathian, Alpine, common crested), yellow-bellied and red-bellied toads, spadefoot, frogs (snap, sharp-faced, grass, pond) and toads.

Of the fish (60 species), the most interesting are salmon (brook and rainbow trout, grayling, tadwort, or Danube salmon). Among sturgeons, sterlet is rarely found, and among cod fish, burbot. Most other fish belong to the families of carp, perch, catfish, goby, and loach. In wetlands Umber is very rare. In the lowland and foothill areas there are ponds in which carp, grass carp, silver carp, and crucian carp are bred. There are more than 10 trout nurseries in the mountainous regions; in some farms, char (papya) has been successfully acclimatized.
Rare, endangered and endemic animal species of the Carpathian fauna are strictly protected. Many of them are listed in the Red Book. Such a record is one of the forms of animal conservation. This means that they cannot be disturbed, touched, collected, collected, entwined, kept in captivity, destroyed, or worsened by any activity in their living conditions.

Among the protected- many species of beetles, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals common in the Transcarpathian region.

Of the beetles, this is the alpine longhorned beetle. Of the butterflies - parnosius (Apollo) and the death's head hawk moth. Among the amphibians there are very rare, not found anywhere in Ukraine, Carpathian and Alpine newts, the quick (Balkan) frog. Of the reptiles, the non-venomous Aesculapian snake is subject to protection. It is she who is depicted on the famous symbol of healing.
Among the protected birds are the Central European eagle owl, the European rough owl, the western sparrow owl, the European sokop falcon, the southern European golden eagle (2-3 birds live in Transcarpathia), the European dwarf eagle, the red kite, the short-tailed snake and many others, periodically visiting the Central Asian bearded vulture - lamb, griffon vulture, white-tailed eagle, imperial eagle, steppe eagle and black vulture. Also protected are the black stork, the stilt, the curlew and the alpine accentor - a small, sparrow-sized, colorful bird that uses the peaks of Goverla, Petros, Svydovetsky ridge and other massifs for nesting.
The Red Data Books include the insectivorous alpine shrew, small shrew, many species of bats, the Central European forest cat, the steppe ferret (Pannonian variety) and others.
In recent years, much has been done to protect and increase the number of animals listed in the Red Book. Special reserves “Stuzhitsa”, “Falcon Rocks”, “Pinavai”, “Rososhny”, “Sinevirsky”, “Popadya”, “Kedrin”, “Gorgany”, “Chertov”, “Svidovets”, “Kevelev”, “Dubova” were created ", in which animals are found relatively often and have all the conditions for living.

More than 435 representatives of the animal world live in the Carpathians thanks to the wealth of coniferous forests. Among them: red deer, roe deer, marsh turtle, European eel. By the way, the Carpathians have become home to animals that are characteristic of the Mediterranean region - the spotted salamander and the green frog, as well as for animals whose homeland is the Siberian taiga - wood grouse and black grouse.

In the Carpathians there are endemic animals that cannot be found anywhere else on planet Earth. These include the Carpathian newt and squirrel. Representatives of the steppe and alpine fauna easily find a common language and share territory with everyone: the alpine newt and the snow vole.

In the Carpathian forests there are about 74 species of mammals (this is a third of the total number of our smaller brothers in Ukraine); in addition, here you can find representatives of the main classes of animals, and these are birds, fish, amphibians and insects. The most common species of mammals in the Ukrainian Carpathians are bats. From the hollows of trees and from the corners of caves, the small and large pigworts, bats, rabbits and night bats look at the world of God.

Animals have intensified in the wooded areas of the Ukrainian mountains in the form of a “mosaic”, that is, they can be found starting from the plain of the foothills (altitude 200 meters) and to the place where the alpine bushes begin (1600-1850 meters). However, such species of animals as shrews, shrews, ground squirrels, muskrats and hamsters, as a rule, do not climb to high altitudes, which cannot be said about representatives of the alpine fauna: alpine shrews and snow vole, which quite often like to “walk” at 2000-meter altitudes .

It should be said that a certain specific feature of the fauna of the Ukrainian part of the Carpathians is that a large number of wild pigs can be found here. By the way, previously these mammals could be found throughout the entire territory of Ukrainian lands, now - in dense forested areas where many beech trees grow.

Among the inhabitants of the Carpathian mountains we also encounter small species of rodents. For example, the Carpathian squirrel is a bright representative of its species: in winter its habitat is beech forest, and in summer it is in the foothills.

The brown hare is something that the Carpathian forest also boasts of. There are also animals in our Carpathians that cause harm: rats, field mice, house mice, forest mice and yellow-throated mice. Of course, the wooded area is also inhabited by a large number of insect-like creatures.

Animals such as the shrew, brown tooth and hedgehog are animal doctors, because they heal the local flora by eating pests, however, there are also a large number of animals that, by digging the earth, cause harm to it.

Who else can you meet in these places? The fox is the thunderstorm of all mouse-like animals; it can be found in areas in front of the mountains and at the top. Badger also helps by regulating and not leading to an increase in the number of dangerous insects and rodents. By the way, in the Carpathian forests there are a lot of different small predators, representatives of mustelids. In coniferous plantings and in ponds you can find ferrets, otters and minks, which really like such places.

By the way, it is better to avoid gorges and thickets, because the lairs of dangerous predators - wolves - are often located here. In the Carpathians there are forest inhabitants whose populations are protected by law: brown bear, lynx and wild cats. Unfortunately, in recent years the number of roe deer and red deer has decreased significantly, so hunting them is strictly prohibited. By the way, recently in the Ukrainian part of the Carpathians you can find a raccoon dog, whose homeland is the Ussuri region, China and Japan, which suggests that people who are not indifferent to nature are deciding to acclimatize new species alien to this territory.

The flora of the Carpathians is richness, diversity and abundance of colors. Forests are a real pride and asset. Only in the territory of the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine are forests of the Central European type widespread. Admire the light oak and beech groves, and feel the gloom of the spruce forests. It is not for nothing that the eastern part of the Carpathian Mountains is called Lesysty, while in the southeast there is a historical region - Bukovina. No less beautiful are the local meadows, which literally paint the entire territory with colored lines.

The flora of the Ukrainian Carpathians is incredibly diverse. Today there are about 2000 plants in the Carpathian Mountains. They are represented primarily by forests of the Central European type with broad-leaved trees, which occupy 35% of all vegetation. This includes beech, hornbeam, etc.

The second place is occupied by Euro-Siberian plants: various types of spruce, juniper, etc. Arcto-alpine flora is also present: willow, dryad, etc. You can even see edelweiss among the rocks and cliffs. Steppe vegetation also occurs. In some places, representatives of the Crimean-Caucasian vegetation are found.

Rare plants of the Carpathians represent about 2% of the total species diversity. This includes rhododendron, from whose small flowers Romanians make jam. Carpathian sorrel and euphorbia also grow only here.

The Red Book of the Carpathians includes unique relics that have managed to survive to this day from the prehistoric period. These are yew, European cedar and others.

Before we look at the main representatives of the Carpathian flora, we recommend taking a look at. Affordable price and comfortable conditions: what else is needed to enjoy the beauty of the Carpathian Mountains?

Beech is the most common tree in the Carpathians. An entire historical region was named after him - Bukovina. The tree has a dense crown, through which almost no light penetrates. Growth is slow: under ideal conditions, in 350 years the tree can reach a height of 50 meters. The trunk width is about 120 centimeters. Beech loves mild climates. A feature of beech forests is a weak undergrowth (due to strong shadow).

Common oak

Oak is a tree known to every Ukrainian, which reaches a height of 30 meters. The trunk girth is up to 9 meters. Some native oak trees are over 1,100 years old. This means that the trees date back to the princely era. In the Carpathians you can find common oak and sessile oak. As a rule, it grows in mixed forests, but there are also entire oak forests.

Spruce forests reaching the horizon are one of the main assets of the Carpathians. Carpathian forests consist of 40% spruce. This is a long-lasting, powerful tree that can grow up to 50 meters. The trunk diameter of the oldest trees is 1.5 meters, and their age is up to 400 years. The beautiful wide-pyramidal crown makes spruce one of the most popular trees for urban landscaping.

At an altitude of 1600 meters above sea level and more, the climate is cold and humid, which is why trees no longer grow here. Instead, less demanding shrubs, moss and lichens grow.

They occupy most of the Carpathian highlands. We are talking about thickets of bushes with a uniform species composition. Zherep pine covers almost the entire surface of the rock slopes. Due to its height of up to 2 meters, the plant makes slopes difficult to pass. Juniper and willows (dwarf type) grow on the slopes.

Finally, it is worth mentioning the alpine vegetation, represented by lichens, low shrubs and herbs. You can meet it on the tops of several massifs. Small flowers make the local landscapes more picturesque.

The main feature of the Carpathian Mountains is that their nature is practically untouched by humans. Local residents try to live in harmony with nature and protect it. So if you are looking for a place where you can relax and forget about the city routine, you will not find anything better than the Carpathians.

74 species of animals live in the Carpathians - three quarters of all mammals in Ukraine. Here is the largest habitat of red deer and European roe deer, as well as unique animals - Carpathian newt, capercaillie, woodpecker, squirrel; There are endangered lynx and wild cats, ermine, mink, and brown bear. Prostozoo will tell you about the animals that can be found in the Ukrainian mountains.

Source: rakhiv-rr.gov.ua

Forest Dormouse

There are few forest dormouse in the Carpathians, but they are quite common in other parts of the world. Belongs to the rodents of the dormouse genus. The forest dormouse has a very similar sister - the garden dormouse, only the latter is on the verge of extinction. very tiny - the length of her body fluctuates within ten centimeters, weight - up to 40 grams. She has tenacious fingers, which allows her to climb trees with ease. It is distinguished by a black stripe that stretches across the eyes from the nose to the ears. The dormouse also has a fluffy tail almost the length of its body and long moving mustaches. If the animal is in danger, the hair on the tail stands up and the skin of the tail turns red.

Source: plamkamazurka.blox.pl

Sonya is nocturnal. Lives in deciduous forests, bush thickets and gardens. It often settles near people, building nests in hollows or on tree branches and household premises.

This cute animal is very easy to tame and is well fed with milk from a pipette. As an adult, he loves to eat insects; he can eat 10-20 of them in a day. He often drinks water and loves fruits and berries. It goes into hibernation at the end of September. Dormouse is hunted by cats and martens.

Listed in the Red Book of the Carpathians.

Source: www.biolib.cz

European beaver

The beaver population in the Carpathians numbers at least 400 individuals. The rodent settles mainly along the main rivers and their tributaries. Beavers arrange their homes in two ways: they dig burrows on high river banks, and in reservoirs with low, swampy banks they build houses made of branches at some distance from the shore. The entrance to a house or hole is always located below the water level. It is interesting that rodents build rows to prevent attacks from enemies by raising water.

Source: www.flickr.com

Beavers feed on the bark of soft trees and grass vegetation. With their sharp incisors they can cut down trees up to one meter in diameter. Previously, hunting this animal was prohibited; today, 20-40 individuals are officially killed per year. But poachers love to hunt beavers. Animal fur and beaver musk, a secret secreted by special glands, which is used in cosmetics, are highly valued. Despite this, the number of beavers is growing. In the Carpathians, the animal disappeared in the 18th century and reappeared only at the beginning of the 21st century and continues to spread very quickly.

Source: http://katyaburg.ru

forest cat

There are only a few hundred left, most of them live in the Transcarpathian region, 260-450 individuals. They are listed in the Red Book of the Carpathians as a vulnerable species. In the mountains, the mustachioed one rises to the upper border of the forest at approximately 1850 meters. It is not easy to see this cat, because it is nocturnal. Externally, the forest cat is similar to a domestic cat, but larger in size - its body length is up to 90 centimeters. The fur seal's tail is relatively short and blunt at the end. Eyes gray or blue.

Source: www.zoochat.com

It feeds mainly on rodents and hares, less often on birds, eggs, reptiles and large insects, and sometimes on carrion. It often makes its nests on floating islands, in tree hollows, rock crevices, in fox and badger holes, and less often in the attics of forest houses and in reed thickets. A heat-loving animal, it loves places well warmed by the sun with thick, tall grass.

The most serious threat to the survival of the population of this animal today is posed by domestic cats, mainly due to spreading diseases, as well as intensive deforestation and the use of hunting traps.

Source: www.zoochat.com

Wolf

Despite the fact that it is considered a bloodthirsty animal, it plays a very important role in regulating ecological relationships. The wolf is a wonderful hunter. With the help of very strong jaws and strong large fangs, the wolf can kill even such large animals as elk or horse. Strong legs enable him to run many kilometers a day. At the same time, he can go without food for a long time without weakening. In winter, in the forest zone, the wolf is closely connected with humans: since it is difficult for him to move through deep snow, he actively uses roads and human trails, and ski tracks.

Source: www.maptour.com.ua

Source: transkarpatia.net

Brown bear

This animal is now very rare. In Ukraine, it can only be found in the Carpathians, where the brown bear population numbers 110-130 individuals. Depending on the season, the bear wanders vertically - in early spring, after hibernation, a hungry bear descends into river valleys, and as the snow melts, the bear rises higher and higher into the mountains. In autumn, bears love to feast on nuts, so they settle in beech forests and hazelnut thickets.

In the Carpathians, some individuals hibernate only in severe frosts. Misha does not go into suspended animation, his sleep is quite sensitive and disturbing, so the clubfoot, awakened by someone, crawls out of the den and staggers around in search of food, as he is quickly losing weight. An animal that wakes up at the wrong time is dangerous.

The Ukrainian Carpathians are the central, most narrowed part of the Eastern Carpathians with a maximum altitude of 2000 m above sea level. They are located in the west of the country and consist of several almost parallel, forested ridges separated by wide depressions (Fig. 15 5). The climate of the Carpathians differs from the climate of the flat part and is characterized by significant humidity. The amount of precipitation is more than 1100 mm per year, and it increases with altitude. The average annual air temperature at the foot is more than + 6 ° C, and at an altitude of 1300 m above sea level - + 3.2 ° C.

Rice. 15. 5. Mountain forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians

The vertical zonation of climate is clearly manifested in the zonation of vegetation. In the Carpathians the following are distinguished: vertical belts(Fig. 15.6):

foothill(450 - 550 m above sea level)

mountain forest(divided into lower - to 1200-1300 m above sea level and top - from 1300 m to 1500 m above sea level)

subalpine(up to 1800 m above sea level)

Alpine(more than 1800 m above sea level).

Rice. 15.6. Scheme of altitudinal vegetation zones of the Ukrainian Carpathians

(According to Yu. G. Sheleg-Sosonko, T. L. Andrisnko, 1985)

Note:

I - grouping of rush plant three-parted; II - bent sedge group; III - evergreen sedge group; IV - grouping of the fire lying down; V - blueberry group; VI - grouping of mountain pine; VII - group of Belous the compressed; VIII - group of common spruce.

The natural vegetation of the foothill zone occupies small areas, since the territory is highly cultivated. Here the predominant oak forests are common oak with an admixture of beech, common hornbeam, broadleaf linden, birch, elm, elm, and common ash. Hazel, Tatarian maple, and smooth hawthorn are found in the undergrowth (Crataegus

leiomonogyna), European euonymus, true turf. The herbaceous cover consists of shaking sedge, multifloral tussock, fragrant woodruff, naked meadowsweet ( Filipendula denudata), omega Banatsky ( Oenanthe banatica). In the Transcarpathian foothills there are hornbeam and beech groves, and sessile oak groves. (Q. petraea). In the sessile oak tree stand there is an admixture of common oak, common hornbeam, birch, cherry, silver birch, and field maple. The undergrowth consists of hazel, brittle buckthorn, smooth hawthorn, and true turf. In the northwestern Carpathian region, in addition to hornbeam oak forests, there are wet fir groves and soudibrovye. The tree stand in wet oak forests is two-tiered: the first one contains common oak and white fir ( Abies alba), in the second - fir with an admixture of common hornbeam and Norway maple.

Bows are not common in the foothills, mainly in floodplains and in places where forests have been cut down. In the floodplains there are meadows with common bentgrass, red fescue, creeping wheatgrass, and creeping clover (And repens) and hybrid (T. hybridum), and in slightly elevated areas of the fire there are grooves.

In the lower mountain forest belt of the Carpathians, the largest areas are occupied by beech forests - buchini (Fig. 15 7). It is at an altitude of 1200-1300 m above sea level that optimal ecological conditions for the growth of beech have developed, where it creates the most productive forests (600-800 m3 of wood per 1 ha). With height, its productivity and participation in the tree canopy decreases. It is being replaced by coniferous species. Fresh and moist bucini are optimal for beech growth. The structure of beech forests in all regions of the Carpathians has common features. Beech forms a very tall (up to 35 m) stand of trees with a dense distribution of trees (with an admixture of Norway maple, poplar, and mountain elm), which, in turn, create strong shading of the lower plant horizons and soil. As a result, a continuous undergrowth does not form under the tree canopy. The undergrowth may consist of single specimens of black honeysuckle (Lonicera nigra) and fluffy (L. xylosteum), Carpathian currant (Ribes carpaticum), red elderberry ( Sambucus racemosa). In a very liquefied herbaceous horizon, woodruff and palmate sedge (S. digitata) and hairy, violet by Reichenbach (V. reichenbachiana), yellow zelenchuk ( Galeobdolon luteum), bluegrass (R. nemoralis). With height, the herbaceous plants include the mountain species - ringed tussock ( Polygonatum verticillatum), Austrian dornik ( Doronicum austriacum), heart-shaped comfrey ( Symphytum cordatum), Aposeris stinky (Aposeris foetida). In addition, there are boreal species - common wood sorrel, two-leaved warbler, round-leaved wintergreen ( Pyrola rotundifblid), regular lamb ( Huperzia selago). There are also alpine species - alpine chistets ( Stachys alripa), Pidbilik alpine ( Homogyne airipa). In terms of floristic composition and structure, the beech forests of the Carpathians belong to Central Europe.

Rice. 15. 7. Schematic distribution of vegetation of the Ukrainian Carpathians

(According to Yu. G. Sheleg-Sosonko, T. L. Andrisnko, 1985)

Note:

And - oak forests of common oak; II - oak forests of sessile oak; Ш - beech forests; IV - secondary meadows; V - spruce-fir-beech forests; VI - spruce forests; VII - grouping of mountain pine; VIII - spruce-beech forests.

In the beech forest belt, large areas are occupied by monocultures of Norway spruce, which, although they have significant productivity, turned out to be not resistant to windbreaks and many diseases. This was known before the creation of these crops, but was not taken into account through the value of wood. Nowadays, wine trees are dying en masse, so the problem of replacing them with artificial or natural trees from other species is acute. At the border of the lower and upper forest belts, mixed stands of beech, Norway spruce and white fir are formed, and gradually, with height, they are replaced by fir (now in small areas) and spruce. Blueberry spruce forests, green moss and dovgomoshn spruce forests grow on poor soils.

Norway spruce or spruce ( Picea abies) forms both pure and mixed stands. The most productive are Kvasenichnya spruce forests on rich brown earth soils. Under the high (up to 30 m), dense tree canopy of spruce, strong shade is created, as a result of which single specimens of the undergrowth grow under it - Carpathian currant, black honeysuckle. The liquefied herbaceous cover is formed by wood sorrel, heart-shaped comfrey, ringed cupena, fir bells ( Campanula abietina), alpine cicerbites ( Cicerbita airipa), yellow green grass, red lungwort, Robert's geranium ( Geranium robertianum).

White fir ( Abies alba) in its demands on environmental conditions it is close to beech and, therefore, quite often grows next to it. But it does not like carbonate and too alkaline soils, so it often grows in the lower parts of slopes and basins. As a result, fir forests are located in the beech belt at an altitude of 300 - 900 m. Pure stands are rare, but they are highly productive. Altitudinal zonation is observed in the composition of the grass cover of such forests. In the lower parts of the slopes, wood sorrel, woodruff, and woodruff species predominate, and with altitude, shrub-green moss forests with blueberries appear. In all fir forests, immoral species are common - woodruff, European undergrowth ( Sanicula europaea) and others. Mixed forests of fir with beech and spruce are more common than pure forests, but they also do not form separate belts, but are found in massifs among beech and artificial spruce forests.

In the Carpathians, in small areas along rivers and in valleys, alder forests of gray alder ( Alnus incana), and in the foothill zone - from black alder (A. glutinosa). In the black alder stand there is often an admixture of aspen ( Populus tremula) and silver birch. The herbaceous cover is quite rich and often consists of ordinary consumables ( Glechoma hederacea), common grass ( Impatiens noli-tangere), horsetail ( equisetum arvense), Mother of an ordinary or coltsfoot ( Tussilago farfaro), meadowsweet in the ash leaves. In the first tier of forests with a predominance of black alder, silver birch and common ash are found.

On the border of the upper forest and subalpine zones there are birch crooked grass (in the west), spruce crooked grass (in the east) and slanniks. Birch crooked grass is a dense, low-growing (2 - 3 m, sometimes up to 8 m in height) plantings in which some boreal (bilberry, wood sorrel, oxalis, horsetail, moss mosses) and high-mountain meadow species grow. Spruce crooked is a liquefied, low grouping with the participation of spruce, which, under the influence of winds, has an ancestral crown shape. In the undergrowth there are red elderberry, black honeysuckle, and rowan. The herbaceous cover consists of species characteristic of spruce forests, as well as species growing in valleys. Slanniki are formed in small areas from Yalovetse Siberian (V. sibirica). These are very dense thickets. Herbaceous plants include blueberries, alpine thyme (Thymus alpestris), bluegrass She (Poa chaixii), timothy alpine (Phleum airipitum), ozhika Sudetenskaya (Luzula sudetica), sedge evergreen (C. sempervirens), Soldanela Hungarian (Soldanella hungarica), three-part sytnik (Juncus trifidus).

In the subalpine zone, meadows and mountain meadows are common over large areas. Glades are a treeless surface covered with herbaceous and shrub plants, mosses and lichens. Among the herbaceous plants there are bilovus condensed, tripartite sytnik, red fescue, and among the bush plants - zherep pine (R. mugo), rhododendron eastern ( Rhododendron kotschyi). Real meadows have vychnozelenosedges, soddy-sedges, malvovokostritsev, alpine thin-legged and other groups. The basis of the meadows consists of red and meadow brome, thin bentgrass, common comb grass, and common fragrant grass. In addition, mountain species are common in the meadows - mountain arnica ( Arnica montana), hawk orange-red ( Hieracium aurantiacum), astrantia major ( Astrantia major), ringed hummock.

The Alpine belt is found only in the highest part of the mountains. Alpine and arctic-alpine species dominate here: evergreen and bent sedge (S. curvula), Rusticum tripartite, fescue lying ( Festuca supina). On the rocks and stony placers of the Alpine belt, low-growing, misshapen and cushion-shaped plants grow: soft cornflower ( Centaurea mollis), Carpathian cat paws ( Antennaria carpatica), cardaminopsis abandoned ( Cardaminopsis neglecta), alpine edelweiss or silk flower ( Leontopodium airipitis), yellow gentian ( Gentiana lutea) and stemless ( G. acaulis), Primrose Poloninsky ( Primula poloninensis), anemone narcissvita ( Apetope narcissiflora), Dryad Eight-Petalled ( Dryas octopetala), cornflower east (S. kotschyana), northern linnaea ( Linnaea borealis), Bartsia alpine ( Bartsia airipa), alpine aster ( Aster alpinus).

In the Carpathians, various types of swamps are also found in small areas. In the forest belt there are pitted oligotrophic or mesotrophic sphagnum bogs; on the border of the forest and subalpine zones there are suspended or slope eutrophic bogs. The former are characterized by a sparse forest stand of spruce and, sometimes, pine. The latter arose in places where groundwater surfaces and near streams. They are dominated by sedge-hypnum groups.