Strategic missile system "Topol-M. Poplar m photo video of strategic missile forces A story about poplar military equipment
July 23, 2010 marks 25 years since the Topol ground-based mobile intercontinental missiles were put on combat duty.
RT-2PM "Topol" (index of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (GRAU) - 15Zh58, START code RS-12M, according to NATO classification - "Sickle", SS-25 "Sickle") - a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage solid fuel intercontinental ballistic missile RT-2PM, the first Soviet mobile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
The development of a project for a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM) was started at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After Nadiradze's death, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin.
The mobile complex was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a missile that was achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the missile.
The conditions for modernization were strictly limited by the provisions of the SALT-2 Treaty, which determined a modest improvement in the basic combat characteristics of the missile. The first test launch of the missile, designated RT-2PM, took place at the Plesetsk test site on February 8, 1983. The launch was carried out from a converted RT-2P stationary missile silo.
By the end of autumn 1983, an experimental series of new missiles was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. The combat units of the entire combat missile system (BMK) were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed and a decision was made to begin mass production of the complexes. However, the full testing of the mobile complex, called “Topol”, ended only in December 1988.
Without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program, in order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, on July 23, 1985, near the city of Yoshkar-Ola, the first regiment of mobile Topols was deployed at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles.
The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ".
The first stage of the rocket consists of a solid propellant rocket motor (solid propellant rocket motor) and a tail section. The mass of the fully equipped stage is 27.8 tons. Its length is 8.1 m and its diameter is 1.8 m. The first stage propulsion solid propellant rocket engine has one fixed, centrally located nozzle. The tail section is cylindrical in shape, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic control surfaces and stabilizers are located.
The rocket flight control in the first stage operation area is carried out using rotary gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders.
The second stage consists of a conical-shaped connecting compartment and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. The case diameter is 1.55 m.
The third stage includes connecting and transition sections of a conical shape and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. Case diameter - 1.34 m.
The head of the rocket consists of one warhead (nuclear) and a compartment with a propulsion system and control system.
The Topol control system is of an inertial type, built using an on-board computer, microcircuits with a high degree of integration, a new set of command instruments with float sensitive elements. The computer complex of the control system allows for the implementation of autonomous combat use of a self-propelled launcher.
The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile, as well as solving other problems.
During operation, the RT-2PM missile is located in a transport and launch container located on a mobile launcher. The container is 22.3 m long and 2.0 m in diameter.
The launcher is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ vehicle and is equipped with units and systems that ensure transportation, maintenance of combat readiness at the established level, preparation and launch of the rocket.
A missile can be launched both when the launcher is located in a stationary shelter with a retractable roof, and from unequipped positions, if the terrain allows it. To launch a rocket, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. The rocket is launched after the container is lifted into a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in the transport and launch container ("mortar launch").
After shooting off the protective cap of the container, the rocket is ejected from it by powder starting engines several meters upward, where the first-stage propulsion engine is turned on.
The maximum firing range is 10,500 km. Rocket length - 21.5 m. Launch weight 45.1 tons. Weight of the warhead - 1 ton. Nuclear warhead power - 0.55 Mt. Firing accuracy (maximum deviation) - 0.9 km. The combat patrol area of the complex is 125 thousand square meters. km.
The mass of the launcher with the missile is about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex has good mobility and maneuverability.
Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.
The missile system also includes a mobile combat control command post on a four-axle MAZ-543M chassis. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Granit" and "Barrier" were used, armed with a missile that had a radio transmitter instead of a combat load. After the rocket was launched, he duplicated the launch commands for launchers located at remote positions.
Serial production of the RT-2PM missile began in 1985 at a plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and its mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd Barrikady plant.
On December 1, 1988, the new missile system was officially adopted by the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces). In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type had been deployed.
The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. Some of the Topols that remained on the territory of Belarus after the collapse of the USSR were withdrawn from it by November 27, 1996.
Each year, one control launch of the Topol rocket is carried out from the Plesetsk test site. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.
On the basis of the Topol ICBM, a conversion space launch vehicle "Start" was developed. Launches of Start rockets are carried out from the Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmodromes.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
| Mobile ground-based missile system 15P158 “Topol” with intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58. |
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| Customer index: complex | 15P158 | |
| Customer index: rockets | 15Zh58 | |
| INF Treaty designation | RS-12M | |
| Designation DIA | SS-25 | |
| NATO designation | Sickle | |
| Rocket manufacturer: | Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant | |
| Complex developer: | MIT, OKB A.D. Nadiradze. | |
| Launcher manufacturer: | Factory "Barricades", Volgograd, RSFSR. | |
The RS-12M is designed to destroy strategic targets at intercontinental ranges.
The RS-12M is a mobile ground-based intercontinental strategic missile, which significantly increases its survivability in combat conditions.
One of the most successful modern Russian complexes was considered to be the Topol mobile ground-based missile system (SS-25 “Sickle” according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile. It became the first mobile complex equipped with an intercontinental-range missile, put into service after almost two decades of unsuccessful attempts made by various design organizations.
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Development
Development of a strategic mobile complex " Poplar»( RS-12M) with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on ICBMs 15Zh58 on solid mixed fuel weighing 45 tons with a monoblock nuclear warhead weighing 1 ton) was launched July 19, 1977 year at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of the chief designer Alexandra Nadiradze V 1975 year. After death A. Nadiradze(was director and chief designer of MIT 1961-1987 gg., died in 1987 year), work continued under the leadership Boris Lagutin(general designer of MIT 1987-1993 gg.). The mobile launcher on a wheeled chassis was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau at the Volgograd Barikady plant.
    3 - 8. Self-propelled launcher (15U168)  9. Self-propelled launcher (15U128.1) |
RT-2PM missile
Rocket 15Zh58 made according to a scheme with three marching steps. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new, more advanced mixed fuel of increased density, with a specific impulse increased by several units compared to the fillers of previously created engines, was used in all sustainer stages.
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Installed on all three stages Solid propellant rocket motor with one fixed nozzle. On the outer surface of the tail section of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pieces), used for flight control together with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main stage Solid propellant rocket motor. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.
 12. First stage |
 13. Second stage |
 14. Third stage |
 15. Tail compartment |
 16. Combat stage of the RS-12M rocket |
The bodies of the upper stages were made for the first time using the method of continuous winding of organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. Controlling the firing range was a very complex technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and “windows” cut through DUZ ami ( DUZ– detonating elongated charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the housing. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage body.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the guidance of the chief designer of the Kyiv plant "Arsenal" Serafima Parnyakova. The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations, as well as preparatory and routine work, are fully automated.
The head part is monoblock, nuclear, weighing about 1 ton. The head part includes a propulsion system and a control system that provides a circular probable deflection ( KVO) 400 m (this is what our sources say; in the West, the accuracy is estimated at 150-200 m). " Poplar» equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of the chief designer Samvel Kocharyants. According to Western sources, the missile was tested at least once with four individually targetable warheads, but this option was not further developed.
The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Just like the previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Rocket 15Zh58 produced in Votkinsk.
The entire life of the rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) carried out in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.
Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.
Launcher and equipment
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During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator ( PAD), placed in a transport and launch container ( TPK).
The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the direction of Valerian Soboleva And Victor Shurygin.
A seven-axle vehicle was used as the chassis of the mobile complex launcher. MAZ-7912 (15U128.1), later – MAZ-7917 (15U168) wheel formula 14x12 (Barricades plant in Volgograd). This car from the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket ship Vladimir Tsvyalev. The vehicle contained a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the missile was about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex Poplar"had good mobility and cross-country ability.
Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukova(later the association was headed by Zinovy Pack). Composite materials and container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Mechanical Engineering under the leadership of Victor Protasova. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics.
Some sources reported that the launch could have been carried out from any point on the patrol route, but according to more precise information: “ Upon receipt of the order to launch ASBU, calculation APU is obliged to occupy the nearest route point suitable for launch and deploy APU» .
note– the closest suitable one, which means predetermined and having certain coordinates, plus previously prepared in engineering and plotted on the route map. For this purpose, periodically in accordance with plans NS And ZBU Reconnaissance of field positions and patrol routes is carried out, during which a list of works is determined, where what should be cut down, leveled, added or strengthened. This is practically what is called from any point. [Ed.]
In the field (i.e. on the field BSP And IBP shelves " Poplars"are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer).
Start RS-12M could have been produced directly from a special unit 15U135 « Crown" in which " Poplars» are on combat duty on stationary BSP. For this purpose, the hangar roof is made retractable.
Initially the roof was retractable, andon the locking device, which did not allow cables with loads -concrete counterweights -at the end (like a weight on a chain on a walker) the fall was installedsquibs.At the start command (in the mode cyclogram« Start"), a command was issued to activate the squibs, and then the loads pulled the cables with their weight and the roof moved apart.
In harsh winter conditions, such a scheme proved to be negative (it was impossible to determine the exact mass of the counterweight due to snowfall; the average reading led to either jamming or falling off the guides; in addition, without shooting it is not possible to determine the condition of the squib). Therefore, the squibs were replaced with older and more reliable ones (compared to Pioneer electromechanical drives have been improved. [Ed.]
Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.
To enable starting PU hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The container with the rocket is then raised to a vertical position. To do this, in the “Start” mode, the powder pressure accumulator is activated ( PAD), located on the very APU. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to work for lifting the boom from TPK to the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e. the hydraulic pump engine was running) driven by the travel motor ( HD) chassis, which led to the need to have a system to maintain HD in a “hot state”, duplicate the starting system HD air cylinders, etc. But such a scheme somewhat reduced reliability.
Launch type – artillery: after installation TPK into a vertical position and shooting off its upper protective cap, the first one is triggered first PAD TPK– for extending the movable bottom TPK to “rest” against the ground for greater stability, and then a second PAD already pushes the rocket to a height of several meters, after which the first stage propulsion engine is launched.
Control APU carried out PKP « Zenith"(divisional link) and " Granite"(regimental unit).
For the Topol complex, a mobile command post of the regiment was developed ( PKP RP). Aggregates PKP RP placed on the chassis MAZ-543. Compound PKP RP:
Unit 15В168- combat control vehicle
Unit 15В179– communication machine 1
Unit 15B75– communication machine 2
Each of these units was accompanied by a unit MOBD(combat support vehicle), also on a chassis MAZ-543. At first it was a unit 15В148, then (with 1989 d.) unit 15В231.
One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the complex Pioneer: MDES, canteen, dormitory, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, a utility compartment, BPU.
APU RK « Poplar» were equipped with a modernized system RBU, which made it possible to receive launch commands using the “ Perimeter» across 3 ranges.
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 25. SPU takes the field combat training starting position (PUBSP) |
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 26. Loading equipment onto platforms to send av arsenal. |
 27. SPU exit from the structure 15U135 (Krona). |
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 28. Missile division on the march. |
 29. SPU at the field position. |
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 32. Example of the location of structures at the starting position |
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 32. 1. Starting position Novosibirsk-2 |
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 32. 2. Starting position Novosibirsk-2 |
 32. 3. Starting position Novosibirsk-2 |
Testing and deployment
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On October 27, 1982, as part of the first stage of LKI-1, the first and only launch of the 15Zh58 rocket took place from the Kapustin Yar test site.
IN February 1983 year PGRK " Poplar» entered flight tests. The first flight test of the rocket at the 53rd NIIP MO (now the 1st GIK MO) Plesetsk was carried out February 8, 1983(here it should be clarified - according to other sources, this launch took place 18th of Febuary) This and two subsequent launches were made from converted stationary missile silos RT-2P. One of the launches was unsuccessful. The series of tests continued until December 23, 1987 In total, more than 70 launches of this rocket were carried out.
IN 1984 year, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for mobile missile systems began. Poplar» in positional areas removed from duty ICBM RT-2P And UR-100 located in silo OS. Later, the arrangement of position areas removed from service under the treaty was carried out RIAC medium-range complexes.
The development of the elements of the complex proceeded in stages, and apparently the greatest difficulties were associated with the combat control system.
The first series of tests was successfully completed by the middle 1985 (during April 1985 15 test launches took place).
It was decided in order to gain operating experience of the new complex RT-2PM (15P158) in military units, deploy it in one of the units.This was done and July 23, 1985 G. in the area of Yoshkar-Ola, a complex consisting of 9 launchers was first put on combat duty in the 779th missile regiment of the PGRK (commander - Lieutenant Colonel V.V. Dremov). And in November 1985, the regiment went out for combat duty to field positions for the first time.
At the same time, the development of the combat control system obviously continued.
WITH 1985 In 2009, serial production of missiles was located at the plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and the mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd plant "Barricades".
In parallel, in 1985 based on the second and third stages of the rocket 15Zh58 a medium-range mobile soil complex was developed " Speed" The first and only launch of the 15Zh66 rocket of the Speed complex took place on March 1, 1985. The maximum firing range of this complex was greater than that of the Temp-S front-line complex and shorter than that of the Pioneer complex. Such a range, with powerful combat equipment, made it possible to squeeze into the launch weight of the missile, which ensured acceptable total weight and dimensions of the self-propelled launcher. Acceptable for “riding” around the territory of Eastern European countries. Thus, the question of flight time for London, Rome, Bonn was removed. For political reasons, the adoption of this complex for service did not take place.
The first regiment, equipped with a mobile regimental command post (PKP "Barrier"), was put on combat duty only April 28, 1987(near Nizhny Tagil).
Part of PGRK " Poplar"was deployed in newly created position areas. After signing in 1987 of the INF Treaty, for basing the complexes " Poplar"Some positional areas of the dismantled medium-range PGRK began to be re-equipped" Pioneer».
Test launches of missiles, as previously mentioned, have been completed December 23, 1987 g., however, the complete testing of the mobile complex, and not just the missile, ended only in December 1988 g., therefore the final decision on the adoption of the Topol complex for service dates back to December 1, 1988 g., i.e. more than three years after the start of trial operation.
May 27, 1988 The first missile regiment with a modernized mobile regimental command post (PKP Granit, near Irkutsk) was put on combat duty.
At the time of signing the Agreement START-1 V 1991 The city of the USSR had 288 missile systems " Poplar" After signing START-1 the deployment of these complexes continued.
Missile divisions " Poplars"were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy.
As of the end 1996 the city of the Strategic Missile Forces had 360 PGRK " Poplar».
One missile test launch is carried out annually " Poplar» from the Plesetsk training ground. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.
November 29, 2005 a combat training launch of an ICBM was carried out RS-12M « Poplar» mobile based from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the direction of the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. A training missile warhead hit a simulated target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula with specified accuracy. The main purpose of the launch is to check the reliability of the equipment. The missile remained on combat duty for 20 years. This is the first time in the practice of not only domestic, but also global rocket science - a solid-fuel rocket that has been in operation for so many years has been successfully launched.
Reduction
According to the agreement on START-2(signed in January 1993 by George Bush and Boris Yeltsin) 360 units of the missile system " Poplar" before 2007 years were shortened. This was not prevented by the delay in ratification and the subsequent virtual abandonment of the treaty.
After the collapse of the USSR, part of " Poplars"remained on the territory of Belarus. August 13, 1993 year, the withdrawal of the Strategic Missile Forces group began Poplar" from Belarus, November 27, 1996 year it was completed.
As of July 2006 years, 243 missile systems were still on combat duty " Poplar» (Teykovo, Yoshkar-Ola, Yurya, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Vypolzovo.
An interesting fact is that the complex " Poplar“- the first Soviet strategic missile system, the name of which was declassified in the Soviet press, in an article refuting the American side’s accusations that Russia was allegedly testing a new missile system in violation of the existing arms reduction treaty.
In order to use the released missiles of the complex " Poplar"To launch satellites, a launch complex for a space launch vehicle was developed" Start" From 1993 to 2006 Only 7 launches took place. There were two versions of launch vehicles:
« Start» – four stages (launch and three propulsion) + RB-4 upper stage (high-altitude stage). Moreover, the first stage (launch) of the complex is similar to the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket. The second and third (flight) are the second stage of the 15Zh58. The fourth (flight) is the third stage of 15Zh58.
« Start-1» – three stages + accelerating block.
The space complex did not receive development and the program was frozen...
Still at the end 1980s years, on a competitive basis, the development of a universal ICBM dual-based - mine and mobile installation. At MIT, which traditionally dealt with soil complexes, they began to develop a mobile complex, and at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk) - a mine complex. But in 1991 year, all work was completely transferred to the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering. Headed the design Boris Lagutin, and after his retirement 1997 year - academician Yuri Solomonov, appointed general designer of MIT.
But that is another story...
Composition of the complex
PGRK 15P158.1 “Topol”– APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, in this configuration the Topol complex was deployed as part of the Strategic Missile Forces at the initial stage.
PGRK 15P158 “Topol”– APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis, standard equipment of the Topol complex.
The complex also includes:
– 15В148 / 15В231 combat duty support vehicles (MOBD) of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis for resting personnel on combat duty;
– 15B78 tropospheric radio communication station from the support equipment of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis;
– combat control vehicle (MCV);
– 15U135 unit “Krona” - a hangar with a sliding roof for carrying out combat duty PGRK in a stationary equipped position;
– a driver training vehicle on the MAZ-7917 chassis.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the Topol complex
| Time to prepare for launch, min | 2 |
| Thermonuclear charge power, Mt | 0,55 |
| Firing accuracy (FA), m | 900/200* |
| Area of the combat patrol area, km 2 | 125000 |
| Launcher | 7-axle chassis MAZ-7310 |
| Guaranteed shelf life of the missile in the TPK, years | 10 (extended to 15) |
| Launcher type | mobile, group launcher with mortar launch |
| Intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) | |
| Firing range, km | 10500 |
| Number of steps | 3 + dilution stage combat blocks. |
| Engine | Solid propellant rocket motor |
| Start type | ground from TPK due to PAD |
| Length: | |
| – full, m | 21,5 |
| – without HS, m | 18,5 |
| – first stage, m | 8,1 |
| – second stage, m | 4,6 |
| – third stage, m | 3,9 |
| – head part, m | 2,1 |
| Diameter: | |
| – first stage housings, m | 1,8 |
| – second stage housings, m | 1,55 |
| – third stage housings, m | 1,34 |
| – TPK (transport and launch container), m | 2,0 |
| Starting weight, T | 45,1 |
| Weight of the loaded first stage of the rocket, T | 27,8 |
| Head part | monobloc detachable |
| Weight of the head part, kg | 1000 |
| Control system | autonomous, inertial with on-board computer |
| Autonomous launcher (APU) | |
| Number of missiles on launcher | 1 |
| Base – wheeled | MAZ-7912, MAZ-7917 |
| Wheel formula | 14x12 |
| Weight: | |
| – launcher without TPK, T | 52,94 |
| Overall dimensions (without TPK/with TPK): | |
| - length, m | 19,520/22,303 |
| - width, m | 3,850/4,5 |
| - height, m | 3,0/4,5 |
| Engine | diesel V-58-7 (12V) |
| Power, hp | 710 |
| Fuel reserve, l | 825 |
| Speed, km/h | 40 |
| Power reserve, km | 400 |
| Time to transfer to combat position, minutes | 2 |
| Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) | |
| Weight, kg | 43500 |
| dimensions: | |
| - length, m | 15,935 |
| - width, m | 3,23 |
| - height, m | 4,415 |
| Power, hp | 525 |
| Power reserve, km | 850 |
| Speed, km/h | 40 |
| Combat escort vehicle (BMS) | |
| Weight, kg | 103800 |
| dimensions: | |
| - length, m | 23,03 |
| - width, m | 3,385 |
| - height, m | 4,35 |
| Power, hp | 710 |
| Power reserve, km | 400 |
| Speed, km/h | 40 |
| Permanent structure for ground mobile launchers |
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| Type | garage with sliding roof |
| Purpose | for storing one SPU |
| Built, units | 408 |
| Dimensions: | |
| - length, m | 30,4 |
| - width, m | 8,1 |
| - height, m | 7,2 |
| Composition of connections and parts | |
| Missile division | 3-5 missile regiments (CP and 9 SPU in each). |
| Regimental command post | stationary and mobile "Barrier" or "Granite" (based on MAZ-543M). |
| Division composition: | |
| – preparation and launch group, PC. | 3 |
| – combat control and communications group | |
* – according to Russian/foreign sources
List of launches
 1. |
Most of the launches were carried out in the Kura test site area.
| date | Rocket | Polygon | Note |
| 29.09.1981 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Throw tests |
| 30.10.1981 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Throw tests |
| 25.08.1982 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Throw tests |
| 27.10.1982 | 15Zh58 | Kapustin Yar | LKI-1(stage 1) – First and only launch 15Zh58 from the Kapustin Yar training ground |
| 18.02.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-1(stage 2) |
| 05.05.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-2 |
| 31.05.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-3 |
| 10.08.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-4 |
| 25.10.1983 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-5 |
| 20.02.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-6 |
| 27.03.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-7 |
| 23.04.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-8 |
| 23.05.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-9 |
| 26.07.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-10 |
| 10.09.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-11 |
| 02.10.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-12 |
| 20.11.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 06.12.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-13 |
| 06.12.1984 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-14 |
| 29.01.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-15 |
| 21.02.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 22.04.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control – 79th rp (military unit 19970) |
| 14.06.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control – 107th rp |
| 06.08.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 28.08.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 04.10.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control – 308th rp (military unit 29438) |
| 25.10.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 06.12.1985 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 18.04.1986 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 20.09.1986 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 29.11.1986 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 25.12.1986 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 11.02.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 26.05.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 30.06.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 14.07.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 31.07.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 23.12.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 23.12.1987 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | LKI-16 – End of LCI |
| 29.04.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 05.08.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 14.09.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 20.10.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 01.12.1988 | – | – | PGRK 15P158 “Topol” adopted |
| 09.12.1988 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 07.02.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 21.03.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 15.06.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 20.09.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 26.10.1989 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 29.03.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 21.05.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 24.05.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 31.07.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 16.08.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 01.11.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 25.12.1990 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 07.02.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 05.04.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 25.06.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control – 189 rp (military unit 11466) |
| 20.08.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control – 479 rp 35 rd |
| 02.10.1991 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control – 346 rp 32 rd |
| 25.02.1993 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 23.07.1993 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control – Command post exercise |
| 22.06.1994 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 23.09.1994 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Control |
| 10.11.1994 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 14.04.1995 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 10.10.1995 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 10.11.1995 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 17.04.1996 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.10.1996 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 05.11.1996 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.10.1997 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch – Command post exercise |
| 16.09.1998 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 01.10.1999 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch – Command post exercise |
| 11.10.2000 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 16.02.2001 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.10.2001 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 01.11.2001 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 12.10.2002 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 27.03.2003 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch – 235th rp (military unit 12465) |
| 18.02.2004 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch – 307th rp (military unit 29532) Exercise "Safety-2004" |
| 02.11.2004 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 01.11.2005 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. First launch of 15Zh58E with testing ground "Kapustin Yar" |
| 29.11.2005 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.08.2006 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 18.10.2007 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 08.12.2007 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. |
| 28.08.2008 | 15Zh58E | Plesetsk | Testing a promising combat equipment. First launch of 15Zh58E from Plesetsk |
| 12.10.2008 | 15Zh58E | Plesetsk | Testing a promising combat equipment. Exercise "Stability-2008" |
| 10.04.2009 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 10.12.2009 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. |
| 28.10.2010 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch – extension of service life complex up to 23 years |
| 05.12.2010 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. |
| 03.09.2011 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 03.11.2011 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 07.06.2012 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. |
| 19.10.2012 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 10.10.2013 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. |
| 30.10.2013 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 27.12.2013 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. |
| 04.03.2014 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. |
| 08.05.2014 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch – Command post exercise |
| 20.05.2014 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. |
| 11.11.2014 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. |
| 22.08.2015 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. |
| 30.10.2015 | 15Zh58 | Plesetsk | Combat training launch |
| 17.11.2015 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment |
| 24.12.2015 | 15Zh58E | Kapustin Yar | Testing a promising combat equipment |
* – unsuccessful launches are marked in red.
RT-2PM2 "Topol-M" is a strategic missile system, work on the creation of which began in the Soviet period, but fine-tuning and mass production were already carried out by Russian enterprises. Topol-M is the first example of an ICBM created after the collapse of the USSR. Today, the Russian army is armed with silo-based (15P165) and mobile (15P155) missile systems.
"Topol-M" was the result of the modernization of the Soviet strategic missile system "Topol", surpassing its predecessor in almost all main characteristics. Currently, Topol-M forms the basis of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces. It was developed by designers from the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT).
Since 2011, the Russian Ministry of Defense has stopped purchasing new Topol-M systems; resources have been directed to the creation and deployment of Yars RS-24 intercontinental ballistic missiles.
From the very beginning, the creators of the Topol-M missile system were given quite serious restrictions concerning, first of all, the overall characteristics of the missile. Therefore, the main emphasis in its development was on increasing the survivability of the complex in the face of enemy nuclear strikes and on the ability of the warheads to overcome the enemy missile defense system. The maximum firing range of the complex is 11 thousand km.
According to a number of experts, the Topol-M missile system is not an ideal option for the Russian Strategic Missile Forces. It had to be created due to the lack of other alternatives. The disadvantages of ICBMs are largely related to the characteristics of the Topol complex, on the basis of which it was created. And although the designers managed to improve many parameters, they, of course, could not perform a miracle.
History of creation
Work on a new intercontinental ballistic missile with solid propellant engines began in the mid-80s. The project was carried out by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering and the Dnepropetrovsk Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. The designers were tasked with creating a universal rocket for stationary and mobile missile systems. The only difference between them was the engine of the warhead propagation stage: the designers planned to install a liquid engine on silo-based missiles, and a solid fuel engine on mobile systems.
In 1992, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau ceased participation in the project, and the completion of development fell entirely on the shoulders of the Russian side. At the beginning of 1993, a presidential decree appeared that regulated further work on the missile system, and guarantees of further funding were also given. MIT was appointed as the lead enterprise for this project.
The designers needed to develop a universal missile, suitable for various types of deployment, with high accuracy, flight range, and capable of overcoming the enemy’s missile defense system.
Topol-M was created as a modernization of the Soviet Topol missile system. At the same time, the SVN-1 Treaty clearly defined what exactly was considered modernization and what characteristics of the complex should be changed. The new ballistic missile had to differ in one of the following characteristics:
- number of steps;
- type of fuel of at least one of the stages;
- the length of the rocket or the length of the first stage;
- diameter of the first stage;
- the mass that the rocket could throw;
- starting mass.
Based on the foregoing, it becomes clear that the designers of the missile system were initially very limited. Therefore, the tactical and technical characteristics (TTX) of the Topol-M missile could not differ significantly from its predecessor. The main differences were the missile's flight characteristics and its ability to overcome enemy missile defense.
Improved solid-fuel engines of the three stages of the rocket made it possible to significantly reduce the duration of the active phase of the rocket’s flight, which seriously reduced the likelihood of it being hit by anti-missile systems. The missile guidance system has become much more resistant to electromagnetic radiation and other factors of a nuclear explosion.
State tests of the new missile began in 1994. The Topol-M was successfully launched from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. Then several more launches were carried out, and in 1997 serial production of the Topol-M complex began. In 2000, the silo-based Topol-M missile system was put into service, and in the same year testing and launches of the mobile complex began.
The deployment of silo-based Topol-M began in 1997 in silos that were previously used for UR-100N missiles. At the end of 1998, the first missile regiment entered combat duty. The Topol-M mobile systems began to enter service en masse in 2005, at which time a new state rearmament program was adopted, according to which the Ministry of Defense planned to purchase 69 new ICBMs by 2019.
In 2005, the Topol-M missile with a maneuvering warhead was launched. It became part of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces program to create means to overcome the American missile defense system. A warhead with a ramjet hypersonic engine was also tested.
From 1994 to 2014, sixteen launches of the Topol-M ICBM were carried out, of which only one launch was considered unsuccessful: the missile deviated from its course and was eliminated. Launches were carried out both from silo-based installations and from mobile missile systems.
In 2008, a decision was announced to install multiple warheads on the Topol-M ICBM. The first such missiles began to enter service with the troops in 2010. A year earlier, it was announced that the production of the Topol-M mobile complexes would be stopped and work would begin on a complex with higher characteristics.
Complex structure
The basis of the Topol-M mobile and stationary missile system is the 15Zh65 ICBM.
The missile has three stages and a warhead expansion stage, all of which are equipped with solid propellant engines. Each stage has a one-piece body made of composite materials (“cocoon” type). Rocket engine nozzles are also made of carbon-based composite materials and are used to control the flight of the rocket. Unlike its predecessors, the Topol-M2 ICBM does not have lattice rudders and stabilizers.
The missile is launched from both complexes by mortar launch. The launch weight of the projectile is 47 tons.
The missile warheads have a special coating that reduces their visibility on radar screens, and can also release special aerosols - sources of infrared radiation. The rocket's new propulsion engines make it possible to significantly reduce the active portion of the flight, where it is most vulnerable. In addition, in this part of the flight the missile can maneuver, which makes its destruction even more problematic.
A high level of resistance of the missile and warheads against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion was achieved through a whole range of measures:
- coating the rocket body with a special composition;
- application in creating a control system of an elementary base that is more resistant to electromagnetic pulses;
- the control system equipment is placed in a separate sealed compartment, coated with a special composition of rare earth elements;
- the rocket's cable network is reliably shielded;
- When the cloud of a nuclear explosion passes, the rocket makes a so-called program maneuver.
The power of the solid propellant charges of all rocket engines is significantly higher than that of its predecessors, which allows it to gain speed much faster.
The probability of overcoming the American missile defense system for Topol-M ICBM warheads is 60-65%, work is underway to increase this value to 80%.
The missile control system is inertial, based on a digital computer and a gyro-stabilized platform. “Topol-M” can successfully launch and complete its mission even in the event of high-altitude blocking nuclear strikes on the area where the complex is deployed.
It should be noted that the Topol-M ICBM was created using developments and technologies obtained in the manufacture of the Topol ICBM; this significantly reduced the time it took to create the missile, and also reduced the cost of the project.
The re-equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces units was carried out using existing infrastructure, which also made it possible to significantly reduce economic costs. This was especially important for the late 90s, when the Russian economy was going through hard times.
To install silo-based Topol-M missiles, silos of missiles removed from combat duty were used. The silo installations of Soviet heavy ICBMs were converted to use Topol. At the same time, an additional five meters of concrete were poured into the base of the shaft, and some additional transformations were carried out. Most of the mine equipment was reused, which significantly reduced the cost of deploying the complex and also speeded up the work.
Each stationary Topol-M missile system consists of ten missiles in launchers and one high-security command post. It is located in a special shaft on shock absorbers, which makes it less vulnerable to enemy strikes. The missile is enclosed in a special metal transport and launch container.
The mobile-based Topol-M is mounted on an MZKT-79221 all-terrain chassis with 8 axles. The missile is housed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container. Structurally, the missiles of the mobile and silo complexes are no different. The weight of one launcher is 120 tons, and its length is 22 meters. Six pairs of wheels can turn, which provides the mobile complex with a minimum turning radius.
The specific pressure of the mobile unit's wheels on the ground is less than that of a conventional truck, which provides it with high maneuverability. The unit is equipped with a 12-cylinder engine with an output of 800 hp. With. It can ford a depth of 1.1 meters.
When creating the mobile complex, previous experience in creating similar machines was taken into account. High cross-country ability and maneuverability significantly increases the survivability of the complex, allowing it to leave the zone of a probable enemy strike in the shortest possible time.
The launch can be made from any ground, from any point of deployment of the complex, equipped with camouflage means against various detection means (optical, infrared, radar).
Serial production of launchers has been established at the Volgograd plant "Barricades".
In 2013, missile units armed with Topol-M mobile launchers received thirteen special camouflage and engineering support vehicles. Their main task is to destroy traces of missile systems, as well as create false positions that would be visible to the reconnaissance means of a potential enemy.
Performance characteristics
| Maximum firing range, km | 11000 |
| Number of steps | 3 |
| Launch weight, t | 47,1 (47,2) |
| Throwing mass, t | 1,2 |
| Rocket length without head, m | 17,5 (17,9) |
| Rocket length, m | 22,7 |
| Maximum body diameter, m | 1,86 |
| Head type | monoblock, nuclear |
| Warhead equivalent, mt | 0,55 |
| Circular probable deviation, m | 200 |
| TPK diameter (without protruding parts), m | 1.95 (for 15P165 – 2.05) |
| MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) | |
| Wheel formula | 16×16 |
| Turning radius, m | 18 |
| Ground clearance, mm | 475 |
| Weight in running order (without combat equipment), t | 40 |
| Load capacity, t | 80 |
| Maximum speed, km/h |
When designing the Topol missile launcher, fundamentally new technical solutions were used. Designers and engineers from many Russian industrial associations worked on this task. Their research and development brought this type of weapon into the ranks of ultra-modern technology, practically unparalleled and ahead of its time. It is precisely such devices that can protect the state from external aggression and, if necessary, become a weapon of retaliation.
History of creation
It is known that the first developments of the new special complex began in the mid-80s. last century. However, the official decree on the start of work on this project was dated September 1989. An order was received from the state commission to create two types of weapons at once: stationary and mobile. As well as an intercontinental ballistic missile, consisting of three stages, running on solid and liquid fuel.
The project received the special name “Universal”, and in the documents the complex weapon was listed under the code name RT-2PM2.
First developments
The solution to this problem was entrusted to two engineering and production organizations - Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Dnepropetrovsk and the Institute of Thermal Engineering in Moscow (MIT). It was assumed that, despite the required high degree of unification, the missile mechanisms for mobile and silo-type weapons would still have some differences:
- Weapons marked 15Zh65, stationary, were to be powered by a liquid-fuel jet engine running on the innovative Pronit fuel.
- The mobile special complex was equipped with a rocket (15Zh55) with a solid fuel installation.
The transport and launch container for both types also had to be different. For the first type - a metal structure with special devices for securing various elements of ground systems. For a mobile device - made of fiberglass.
Topol M
In April 1992, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau interrupted its participation in joint developments, which is why MIT became the main design bureau of the project. Based on the results already obtained, it was decided to continue the creation of a special missile complex, which received the new name Topol-M. It was planned to equip the completely unified weapon with a device operating on solid fuel.
Testing of the new model began in the winter of 1994. For this purpose, an installation located in a shaft at the Plesetsk cosmodrome was used.
After which, the development of a mobile type of weapon (mobile ground-based missile system - PGRK) was continued, the first tests of which took place in the fall of 2000.
Interesting. It is believed that the operating life of Topol-M is 15 years. However, in the fall of 2005, it was decided to carry out a combat training launch of weapons that had been in use for more than 20 years. It was necessary to check the reliability and security of all systems and devices.
The launch took place at the space airfield in Plesetsk, in the direction of the test site in Kamchatka (Kura). The intercontinental ballistic missile was able to hit a conditional target located at the test site with the required accuracy. This was the first time that this type of weapon had been used for such a long time.
Production
After successful tests (four launches of ballistic weapons were carried out), in 1997 the missile system for silo use was put into production. And in 2000, after approval by the State Commission, an order was signed to accept Topol-M for service.
- The production of the head part, as well as combat mechanisms, was carried out by the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in the city of Sarov. Topol-M control systems were created by the St. Petersburg Optical-Mechanical Association "Lomo" and the Research and Production Center for Automation and Instrumentation named after Academician N. A. Pilyugin in Moscow.
- The development of drives was entrusted to the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute "Signal" in Kovrov, as well as the Lyubertsy plant named after. A.V. Ukhtomsky.
- The design of the launch rocket launcher and basic structures was carried out by the Federal Center for Dual Technologies "Soyuz".
- The development of starting mechanisms and support vehicles was carried out by the Federal Research and Production Center "Titan-Barricades", and their production was carried out by the production association "Barricades".
- The creation and re-equipment of ready-made launchers in the mines was entrusted to the Vympel Design Bureau in Moscow together with the Obukhov Plant in St. Petersburg.
The Moscow Central Research Institute of Special Machine Building was involved in the production of composite containers.
Accommodation
In the winter of 1997, two 15Zh65 warheads for a stationary type complex (15P065-35) were delivered to the 140th regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces of the 60th missile division, located in the town of Tatishchevo. And twelve months later, this regiment, with ten launchers (silos), armed with surface-to-surface ballistic weapons (ICBMs), became a combat guard. From 1999 to 2005, four more regiments with silos entered the base.
The deployment of mobile radio stations began in the fall of 2005. Such devices were delivered to the 321st missile regiment. And in 2006, the President of the Russian Federation signed a new program, including the rearmament of some units, for the period until 2015. This plan provided for the acquisition of 69 mobile Topol-M units.
Loading the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile into the silo Interesting. The RT-2PM2 intercontinental ballistic complex served as a prototype for the creation of a space launch vehicle of the Start conversion type. Its launch takes place at the Svobodny and Plesetsk space airfields.
Refurbishment
The silo modification of the Topol-M special missile complex includes ten missiles (15Zh65) with launchers, as well as a command post, which is equipped with increased protection. It is located inside a special shaft and is located using shock absorbers, which significantly reduces vulnerability.
The mobile version of the weapon consists of nine ICBMs (15Zh55), which are installed on autonomous launchers.
To construct a stationary complex, ready-made silo mechanisms for heavy intercontinental ballistic weapons were used. To do this, it was additionally necessary to pour a concrete mixture five meters high. Such re-equipment significantly speeded up work, reduced re-equipment costs, and also saved time.
Since the Topol-M is a modification of the previous Topol model, its re-equipment had to be carried out taking into account the START-1 Treaty. At the same time, the document determined which characteristics could be considered modernized and what should be changed.
The new version of the ballistic weapon had to differ in at least one of the following points:
- thrown weight;
- mass at the start;
- overall length or size and diameter of the first stage;
- number of separated parts;
- type of fuel.
Fact. As of the end of 2017, 78 missile systems are in service. Of these, 60 are stationary and 18 are mobile.
Description of the complex
The Topol-M installation is a unique special missile complex built exclusively by Russian enterprises. Its combat and technical characteristics are almost one and a half times superior to all weapons of the previous generation.
- The energy features of the warhead made it possible to reduce the height of the active trajectory space, increase the throwable mass, and significantly increase the efficiency of overcoming air defense defenses.
- Thanks to the research work of many Russian enterprises, it has become possible to create a unified ballistic weapon that can be launched from both highly protected silo launchers and mobile launchers. Complete unification made it possible to significantly reduce the costs of development, testing and production of weapons, without reducing its combat qualities and reliability.
"Topol-M" is a strategic complex with a solid-fuel three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile, which is located in a special transport and launch container. Converting launchers from the previous type of weapon (Topol) will not require significant costs. During the conversion process, it is only necessary to change the fastening elements of the container. This is due to the design features of the modernized weapon.
Interesting. Especially for a ballistic intercontinental missile, the designers created a warhead that has the ability to maneuver. This allows you to avoid interception and destruction by all currently existing air defense systems.
Peculiarities
- High precision guidance and control system.
- Immunity to the effects of an electromagnetic pulse, as well as the presence of a program maneuver during the passage of a cloud from a nuclear explosion.
- System for creating and launching decoys.
- Ability to maneuver during flight.
- Possibility of deployment on soft ground.
- Increased cross-country ability and maneuverability of the special complex.
- Special composition of the body coating.
- Sealed compartment for control systems.
- Increased target firing range with minimal deviation.
- Availability of a system for overcoming missile defense.
- Thanks to the use of solid fuel, the firing range of all stages is significantly increased.
- The inertial control device is equipped with an on-board digital computer (OND), which significantly increases the accuracy of the shot.
Interesting. In 2013, the first twelve MIOM vehicles were included in the missile systems. These vehicles provide engineering support and camouflage for PGRKs on combat duty. They also create, clearly visible from satellites, false trails to the combat position.
Complex structure
The intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is the basis for the Topol-M mobile and silo complex.
It consists of three stages, as well as a stage that distributes the warheads. Each of these units is located inside a single-piece housing (“cocoon” type). The body, as well as the nozzles of the rocket power plants, are made using carbon composite materials.
The launch of the mobile and mine complex is carried out using a mortar launch.
The warheads are coated with a special composition, which can significantly reduce their visibility on air defense radar screens.
The ICBM consists of:
- warhead (high power class, thermonuclear);
- transition compartment;
- sustainer propulsion unit (3rd stage);
- connecting compartment (2);
- main engine (2);
- connecting compartment (1);
- propulsion type engine (1);
- tail section (1st stage).
Layout and composition of stages:
- The design of the first stage includes a propulsion type power plant, operating on solid fuel, and a tail compartment. Its body houses stabilizing devices and an aerodynamic control system. The solid propellant rocket engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle.
- The second stage consists of a similar engine and a connecting compartment.
- The third stage circuit includes the head part, the engine and the connecting compartment. In the front part of the bottom of the third stage there is a thrust cut-off unit equipped with 8 reversible extensions and windows, which are cut through by detonating extended charges (EDC).
Pre-launch preparation, launch and further flight are fully automated, they are controlled by a special tracking system.
The complex is brought to full combat readiness within two minutes. The ICBM can be launched both while moving and in parking mode. In this case, the launcher must be hung using jacks.
"Topol-M" is equipped with special equipment that allows it to overcome the enemy's air defense system. For this purpose, false warheads are generated that are completely identical to the missile. The created targets are practically no different from it, neither in the radar, nor in the optical, infrared and laser ranges. These pseudo-missiles can withstand the damaging effects of a nuclear charge and laser radiation, and also move in a similar manner to the warhead itself, which makes them very difficult to identify.
On a note! The ICBM has gained the ability to maneuver, which significantly reduces the possibility of its hull being hit by anti-missile weapons.
The warheads are coated with a special compound that makes them invisible to radar. In addition to this, it is possible to spray special aerosols that are visible in the infrared and make it difficult to find the warhead itself.
Performance characteristics (TTX)
Overall dimensions, m:
- the total length of the rocket is 21.5;
- diameter of the transport and launch container - 2;
- head size - 2.1;
- first stage - 8.1, body diameter - 1.8;
- second stage - 4.6, body diameter -1.55;
- third stage - 3.9, body diameter - 1.34.
During combat patrols, the special missile complex covers an area of 125,000 square kilometers. The maximum firing range of the Topol-M is about twelve thousand kilometers. At launch, the rocket has a total mass of 45 tons, while the weight of the warhead is one ton, and the loaded first stage of the ballistic missile weighs 27.8 tons.
The power of a single charge is 0.55 megatons, the range of the gun is from 150 to 200 meters. The eight-axis MZKT-79221 base is used as a mobile type launcher.
Classification
Topol-M is an intercontinental ballistic missile. It has the index 15Zh65 (code name START RS-12M2). Based on NATO classification, it belongs to the SS-27 Sickle B1 weapon class.
Despite their massive appearance, ICBMs are classified as light weapons.
Tests
Between December 1994 and January 2017, 16 successful launches were carried out. At the same time, the ICBMs took off both from silo launchers and from mobile launchers located on the territory of the Plesetsk cosmodrome. In most cases, the training target was located at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka Peninsula). A test launch in April 2004 was carried out to determine the maximum flight range and was successful.
Of all the test shots, only one failed. This happened in October 2009 with the Topol-M prototype. The ICBM deviated from the main course and was destroyed.
Launch of the Topol-M rocket Conclusion
The terms of the START I treaty significantly limited the possibility of converting the Topol ballistic missile. That is why the tactical and technical characteristics of the new version of the weapon do not differ significantly from the previous model. The main differences between ballistic devices are the ability to overcome enemy missile defenses.
The improvement of solid propellant rocket devices has made it possible to significantly reduce the duration of the segment of the trajectory of an aircraft weapon on which the sustainer rocket engine operates. This made it possible to reduce the likelihood of ICBMs being intercepted and destroyed by enemy missile defense systems. The ability to maneuver the head compartment also reduces the possibility of being hit by a missile defense system.
The guidance control system has become less dependent on possible electromagnetic pulses and other factors caused by a nuclear explosion.
Summing up, we can safely say that the first intercontinental ballistic missile produced by Russian designers is in many ways superior to its world counterparts. "Topol-M" has absorbed most of the innovative technologies being developed and is the main and unique component of the Strategic Missile Forces.
The development of the Topol 15Zh58 (RS-12M) strategic mobile complex with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM) was started at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After the death of A. Nadiradze, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin. The mobile Topol was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a complex with increased survivability, achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the missile.
By the end of autumn 1983, a pilot series of new missiles, designated RT-2PM, was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. Combat units of the entire DBK were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed. However, there was a delay in the development of some elements of the complex that are not directly related to the rocket. The entire test program was successfully completed in December 1988.
The decision to begin mass production of the complexes was made in December 1984. Serial production began in 1985.
In 1984, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for Topol mobile missile systems began. The construction objects were located in the position areas of the RT-2P and UR-100 intercontinental ballistic missiles being removed from duty and located in the OS silos. Later, the arrangement of position areas of the Pioneer medium-range complexes removed from service under the INF Treaty began.
In order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, in 1985 it was decided to deploy the first missile regiment in Yoshkar-Ola, without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program. On July 23, 1985, the first regiment of mobile Topols took up combat duty near Yoshkar-Ola at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles. Later, the Topols entered service with the division stationed near Teykovo, which was previously armed with the UR-100 (8K84) ICBM.
On April 28, 1987, a missile regiment armed with Topol complexes with a Barrier mobile command post took up combat duty near Nizhny Tagil. PKP "Barrier" has a multiple protected redundant radio command system. The mobile launcher of the Barrier PKP carries a combat control missile. After the missile is launched, its transmitter gives the command to launch the ICBM.
On December 1, 1988, the new missile system was officially adopted by the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. On May 27, 1988, the first regiment of the Topol ICBM with an improved Granit PKP and an automated control system began combat duty near Irkutsk.
By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type were deployed. In 1999, the Strategic Missile Forces were armed with 360 launchers of the Topol missile systems. They were on duty in ten position areas. Four to five regiments are based in each district. Each regiment is armed with nine autonomous launchers and a mobile command post.
The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. After the collapse of the USSR, some of the Topols remained outside Russia, on the territory of Belarus. On August 13, 1993, the withdrawal of the Topol Strategic Missile Forces group from Belarus began and was completed on November 27, 1996.
In the west, the complex received the designation SS-25 "Sickle".
Compound
The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ". The most difficult technical task turned out to be the placement on the front bottom of the body of the upper stage of the thrust cut-off unit with eight reversible bells and “windows”, cut through by detonating elongated charge (DUS) in an organoplastic power structure.
The first stage of the rocket consists of a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine and a tail section, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic rudders and stabilizers are located. The main engine has one fixed nozzle. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the leadership of the chief designer of the Kyiv Arsenal plant, Seraphim Parnyakov. The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. According to domestic sources, the circular probable deviation (CPD) when firing at the maximum range is 400m, according to Western sources - 150-200m. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile without turning the launcher. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations are fully automated.
"Topol" is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Like previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, Topol can be launched both from a combat patrol route and while parked in garage shelters with a retractable roof. To do this, the launcher is hung on jacks. Combat readiness from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes. Mobile and stationary command posts were developed for the new complexes. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM is located on the basis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.
During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in a transport and launch container.
The launcher (see diagram) was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the leadership of Valerian Sobolev and Viktor Shurygin. The launcher is mounted on the chassis of a seven-axle tractor MAZ-7912 (later MAZ-7917 with a 14x12 wheel arrangement. This vehicle from the 80s is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine) from the Minsk Automobile Plant with an engine from the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket carrier Vladimir Tsvyalev. Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukov (later the association was headed by Zinovy Pak). Composite materials and the container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Engineering under the leadership of Viktor Protasov. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM was located on the chassis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.
Performance characteristics
| Maximum firing range, km | 10 000 |
| Rocket length, m | 21,5 |
| Launch weight, t | 45 |
| Head mass, t | 1 |
| Weight of the loaded first stage of the rocket, t | 27,8 |
| Length of the first stage, m | 8,1 |
| Second stage length, m | 4,6 |
| Length of the third stage, m | 3,9 |
| Head length, m | 2,1 |
| Diameter of the first stage body, m | 1,8 |
| Diameter of the second stage body, m | 1,55 |
| Diameter of the third stage body, m | 1,34 |
| Diameter of transport and launch container, m | 2 |
| Area of the complex's combat patrol area, km 2 | 125 000 |
Testing and operation
The Topol PGRK entered testing in February 1983. The first launch took place on February 8 at the Plesetsk test site. This and two subsequent launches were made from converted silos of stationary RT-2P missiles. One launch ended unsuccessfully.
Each year, one control launch of the Topol rocket is carried out from the Plesetsk test site. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.
November 29, 2005 A combat training launch of the mobile-based RS-12M Topol ICBM was carried out from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the direction of the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. A training missile warhead hit a simulated target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula with specified accuracy. The main purpose of the launch is to check the reliability of the equipment. The missile remained on combat duty for 20 years. This is the first time in the practice of not only domestic, but also global rocket science - a solid-fuel rocket that has been in operation for so many years has been successfully launched.
A conversion space launch vehicle "Start" was developed on the basis of the Topol ICBM. Launches of Start rockets are carried out from the Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmodromes.
