Where did 1 coin appear? Where and when did gold coins first begin to be minted? Coins in Ancient Rome
In those days, Lydia lay at the crossroads of many roads. All trade routes to the countries of the East and Ancient Greece passed through its territory. This is where the urgent need to simplify trade transactions arose. And this was seriously hindered by heavy ingots, which acted as money supply. The inventive Lydians were the first to think of making metal coins from electrum, which is a natural alloy of gold and silver. Small fragments of this metal, shaped like beans, began to be flattened, applying the city sign to their surface. These symbolic pieces of metal began to be used as bargaining chips. The first Lydian coins received their name in honor of the Lydian king Croesus, who, according to legends, possessed untold wealth. This is how the world saw krozeids - the first metal money with an image.
Money turnover
A few decades later, the rulers of the Greek city of Aegina began minting their own coins. Outwardly, they were not at all similar to the Lydian creuseids and were cast from pure silver. Therefore, historians argue that metal coins in Aegina were invented independently, but a little later. Coins from Aegina and Lydia very quickly began to move throughout the territory of Greece, moved to Iran, and then appeared among the Romans, eventually conquering many barbarian tribes.
Gradually, coins from many cities entered the market, differing from each other in weight, type and value. The minted coin of one city could cost several times more than the coins of another because it could be cast from pure gold and not from an alloy. At the same time, coins with images or emblems were valued much higher, because were distinguished by the purity of the metal and fullness. The mark of the mint that minted money enjoyed unshakable authority among all residents.
Greek coins
In the territory Ancient Greece There were several city-states: Corinth, Athens, Sparta, Syracuse, and each of them had its own mint, minting its own coins. They were different shapes, various stamps were applied to them, but most often these were images of sacred animals or gods who were revered in the city where the coin was minted.
For example, in Syracuse, the god of poetry Apollo was depicted on the coins, and the winged Pegasus soared on the coins of Corinth.
Video on the topic
The first model Lada, popularly known by the nickname “kopek”, is in fact a legendary car in the history of the domestic automobile industry, even having Italian roots.
Today, the VAZ concern is rightfully a leader in the automotive industry Russian Federation. A large volume of products, a variety of models, and good quality cars ensure the plant’s success in the modern market. However, the owners of modern “Kalin”, “Prior” and “Grant” would probably be interested to know where it all began.
The history of the birth of the “penny”
In September 1970, a note appeared in the Pravda newspaper that the first small cars rolled off the assembly line of the Volzhsky Automobile Plant, which had just been built in Tolyatti. By the end of that year, it was planned to produce about 20 thousand cars. The new car was called VAZ 2101 “Zhiguli”. People quickly dubbed it “kopeyka”. This event was preceded by a certain history.
The issue of building an automobile giant was decided, as was everything in the then USSR, at the very top. The initiator was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the country A. Kosygin, who received significant support from the Secretary General of the Communist Party (at that time the only one ruling in the country) L. Brezhnev.
One of the important economic reasons In order to make a positive decision, there was a commodity crisis in the country, which led to a surplus of cash among citizens, and mass auto production would help “pump out” these funds from the population. In addition, selling cars abroad would help balance the export-import balance foreign trade. The search for a foreign partner was carried out quite meticulously. The Italian concern Fiat received the construction contract. The base model for the new Soviet small car was the Fiat-124.
By the way, by the time the contract was concluded, this model was recognized as the best in Europe. Construction of the plant lasted from 1967 to 1970, when the first Zhiguli assembly line was launched. During this time, several Fiat 124 cars have undergone extensive testing at testing grounds and on the roads of the country. Based on the results of these tests, it was created new modification The 124th model, which was noticeably different from the “basic” version and even received the index R (Russia) in its name.
The first cars assembled at VAZ were equipped mainly with Italian parts. Even the radiator grilles were supplied from FIAT, but instead of the branded emblem in the designated place there was... a “hole”. The emblem for the new car simply was not invented. I had to urgently solve the problem.
Documentation and sketches of the factory sign (the famous boat with the clearly readable letter “V” (Volzhsky)) for its production were sent to Turin, Italy. During 1970, the word Togliatti was present on the trademarks on the cars, which was later removed due to the fact that it was impossible to correlate the symbolism of the brand name with the geography of the manufacturer.
Certain innovations were also introduced into the design of the car.
Suffice it to say that for the first time in the USSR, front disc brakes were installed on passenger cars, an overhead camshaft was installed in the cylinder head, and a number of changes were made to the design of the piston system, clutch, and suspension elements.
“Kopeyka” was also distinguished by its high competitiveness on the world market. The buyer essentially received the same Fiat 124, but at a noticeably lower cost. And in the countries of the socialist community, a VAZ car could be purchased only on a first-come, first-served basis.
The production of the famous and popular “penny” was discontinued in the early 80s. More than 2.7 million cars of this model have faithfully served and continue to serve their owners to this day.
This cash, issued and in circulation in the form of coins.
History of metal money
The very first coins appeared in the 2nd millennium BC in China. They were made by casting bronze.
The first gold coin familiar to modern man(that is, round) shape appeared in Lydia (today the territory of Turkey) in the 7th century BC. Then the coins quickly spread to the territory of other states - Greece, Macedonia, and Western European countries.
Around the same time, coinage began to be minted in Mediterranean countries. This process strictly controlled by the state. Gold, silver and copper were used to produce metal money in those days.
Gold metal money from the 3rd century BC. began to be minted in Rome. It should be noted that it was the Romans who began to call the metal money that was produced in the Temple of Juno the Coin, coins.
In Russia, metal money made of gold appeared during the time of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. The first Russian gold coin is the Vladimir zlatnik, weighing approximately 4 g.
Throughout VIII-XIV century. - silver was mainly used for the production of metallic money. In the XV -XVIII centuries. There were coins in circulation, minted from both silver and gold.
XIX - mid. XX century historians characterize it as the time of the gold standard (“solar” metal became the universal equivalent, and silver coins turned into small change). Gold coins were most popular in the 19th century, especially in Great Britain. This state, thanks to the presence large quantity colonies and dominions, ranked first in the world in gold production. The properties of the “solar” metal served as the basis for the transition to the active use of gold metal money. Gold coins are distinguished by uniformity in quality, high concentration of value, excellent preservation, and difficulty in mining and processing.
It was gold coins that were the main competitors to the American dollar. Therefore, the United States tried to abolish . The decision to exclude gold metal money from circulation was made at the Jamaica Conference in the 70s of the last century.
Classification of metal money
Metal money is divided into two main types:
full-fledged (made mainly of noble metals);
inferior (mainly aluminum and its alloys are used for the production of coins).
Defective metal money is used as a bargaining chip.
Experts point out that the state issues metal coins with a so-called forced exchange rate, that is, it specifically assigns them an inflated face value. For example, in Russia, the production of a coin with a face value of 2 rubles costs the state only 79 kopecks.
Characteristics of metal money
Metal money has the following characteristics:
obverse - the front side of a coin, where it is usually minted;
reverse - the reverse side of metal money (the place where religious or state symbols are minted);
edge - edge of a coin.
The minting of metal money is strictly centralized and is carried out exclusively by state mints.
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Brief history of coins
Lydia
Ionians (Greek colonists) east coast Asia Minor) described their eastern neighbors the Lydians as people with dark hair and olive skin. There was extensive trade between the Ionian city-states and the Lydian kingdom. The Lydian rulers and the heads of the Ionian city-states were related by marriage. Many historians and archaeologists theorize that increased trade provided the spark for the invention of coins. Coins greatly facilitated the transition from a cumbersome barter system to a money-based system. It is also believed that coins appeared as offerings to the gods in religious ceremonies. Lydian coins found in the Ionian Temple greek goddess Artemis (the Romans called her Diana) during an archaeological excavation in 1951 leads to such speculation. It is likely that both of these hypotheses make sense, but the true root causes are still unknown.
The works of Herodotus (Greek historian) describe that the Lydian king Croesus donated a large number of coins for the temple at Delphi. Croesus consulted oracles about the success of his invasion of the Persian kingdom. The oracles said that he would cross the river and destroy big kingdom. On the recommendation, Croesus proceeded to invade. But, ironically, the Persian king Cyrus the Great won the battles in 546 BC. and destroyed the Lydian kingdom. The Persian king captured the Lydian mints and coin making technology. The Persians added copper to gold to prevent wear and tear on the soft pure gold. Thus, coinage appeared in Persia.
During the period from 600-575 BC, the Greek city-states learned coin making technology and began making their own coins. Silver coins began to appear in Aegina (595-456 BC), Athens (575 BC), Corinth (570 BC). Thus, coins spread to the western part of the Eurasian continent.
Herodotus mentions in his manuscripts the first Lydian coins of 687 BC. They were made from pieces of electrum (a natural alloy of silver and gold). Electrum was found in the mountain streams of Lydia. This alloy was heated to soften it, placed on a plate and hammered. The image is embossed on one side of the blank and identifies them as coins. Of course, they do not fall under the current definition of coins, since they do not have a specific weight, size or metal purity.
Electrum coin - 1 stater of Lydia from the time of King Ardis (652-15 BC)
Later, the king of Lydia, Alyatta (610-561 BC), son of Ardis, established a standard weight for coins (168 grains of wheat).
Advances in metallurgy made it possible to give the coin a specific size and design on the reverse. The lion's head was the symbol of the Mermnad dynasty. The standard size met the second condition for a real coin.
1 Lydian stater from the time of King Alyattes (two squares are minted on the obverse, a lion's head on the reverse)
The Lydian king Croesus (561-46 BC), son of Alyattes, established a standard for metal purity (98% gold and silver) and the king's official seal on front side(head of a lion and a bull). This official seal guaranteed the quality of the royal coin. Thus the third condition was fulfilled for coins to fall under the modern definition.
Gold stater of King Croesus (two squares are minted on the obverse, the heads of a lion and a bull are minted on the reverse)
Where and when did gold coins first begin to be minted?
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Numismatists believe that the first large coins appeared in Lydia. That was the name of the small ancient state on the western coast of modern Turkey. It arose back in the 7th century BC.
Busy trade routes to Ancient Greece and the countries of the East passed through Lydia. Here, early on, there was a need to simplify trade transactions, which was hindered by heavy ingots. The Lydians figured out how to make the very first coins from electrum, a natural alloy of silver and gold. Pieces of this metal, similar in shape to beans, which they used as bargaining chips, began to be flattened and at the same time put on them the sign of the city.
These coins were called Croesoids, named after the legendary immensely rich Lydian king Croesus, who lived in 595-546 BC, more than two and a half thousand years ago.
A few decades later, coins began to be minted in the Greek city of Aegina. They had a completely different appearance than the Lydian ones, and were minted from silver. Therefore, it can be assumed that in Aegina the coin was invented, although later, but independently. From Lydia and Aegina, coins very quickly spread throughout Greece, in its colonies, in Iran, and then among the Romans and many barbarian tribes.
A little later, round coins appeared in distant China. There for a long time in seven Chinese states bronze money in the form of various items household items: knives, bells, spatulas, swords, hoes. Many of these coins had holes for stringing on a cord. The ancient Chinese were especially fond of “shovel fish” coins. However, such a variety of money in the 3rd century BC. the end has come.
At this time, Qin Shihuangdi - the First Qin sovereign (he lived in 259-210 BC) united all of China under his rule in the Qin Empire... In addition to many important matters, such as the construction of the Great Wall of China, which protected China, from the raids of nomads, Qin Shi Huang abolished all the previously used bronze money - all these bells and knives - and introduced a single money for the entire state - liang. It was a round coin with a square hole in the center... Liang was also destined to live to our time.
There were coins from dozens of cities in circulation on the market, differing in type, weight and value. The coin of one city was worth several coins of another, since it could be made of pure gold, and not of an alloy of gold and silver. Coins with some emblems enjoyed a special advantage, as they were distinguished by the weight and purity of the metal.
Coins of the ancient Greeks
In Ancient Greece there were several city-states: Athens, Sparta; Corinth, Argos, Syracuse... Each of them had its own coins cast - rectangular and round. There were a variety of stamps and images on them. Most often they depicted gods or sacred animals revered in the city where the coin was issued. After all, each city-state was patronized by its own celestial being.
So, in Olympia, the very place where the Olympic Games were first held, the thunder god Zeus was depicted. Often with an eagle in the palm. In Athens, coins had the profile of the wise daughter of Zeus, Athena, on one side, and an owl, which was considered a sacred bird, on the other. According to her, these coins were called owls.
The coins of Olbia, a Greek city on the northern shore of the Black Sea, were cast in the shape of a dolphin, and then on the round coins of this city they depicted an eagle tormenting a dolphin with its claws. In Chersonesus the goddess Virgo was revered. Her image was also placed on the first coins.
In other cities, in Syracuse, for example, on coins there was the god of light and poetry Apollo in a laurel wreath. The winged horse Pegasus was minted on the coins of Corinth. According to him, they were called foals. The patron of shepherds and hunters, Pan, as well as the mighty hero Hercules were also depicted on coins...
The ancient Greeks had their own coin account. They called a small silver coin an obol. Six obloms constituted a drachma, two drachmas constituted a stater. The most small coin there was a mite (one hundred mites made a drachma).
Coins in Ancient Rome.
In the old days they said: “All roads lead to Rome.” Ancient Rome was a powerful state. It was famous not only for the valiant cohorts of warriors who conquered many countries and tribes, but also for the luxury of Roman palaces, the wealth of the nobility, the construction of giant aqueducts (water flowed through them to Rome), magnificent baths ( public baths) and, of course, trade.
Merchants from Africa and Asia, from Britain and Scythia brought a variety of goods to the Roman market. There were fabrics, carpets, grain, fruits, jewelry, and weapons. They also traded here live goods - slaves, because Rome was a slave state. From their many campaigns, Roman soldiers brought huge crowds of slaves to Rome.
What kind of money “went” to Ancient Rome? The very first Roman coins were called ases. They were cast from copper, and they also had a rectangular shape. Over time, the aces became round, and the image of the two-faced god Janus appeared on them. He was considered the god of all beginnings (for example, the first month of the year - January - was named after Janus).
Following the Ases, silver denarii began to be minted in Rome, equal to value 10 assam (denarius - consisting of ten). There was another one in progress silver coin- sistertius (one fourth of a denarius). These coins depicted Roman gods, heroes of myths, and coining tools: anvil, hammer, and tongs.
Often, on the coins of the Roman Empire, a portrait of the emperor was minted, his titles were placed, and sometimes words were of a propaganda nature, glorifying the policies of this ruler. Now it was no longer the deity or the city emblem that vouched for the quality of the coin. Behind it stood a powerful state, personified by the emperor.
Coins-decorations.
Let's listen to the word "monisto". Is it true that there is a connection with the “coin” in it? Monisto is a decoration in the form of beads or necklaces made from coins. Since ancient times, such decorations, strung with coins on thin cords (gaitans), were worn around the neck by Slavic women. We can safely say that the first coin collectors were Slavic fashionistas.
After all, there were Arab, Greek, Roman coins in their necklaces, Kievan Rus, Hungarian. Isn't this surprising?.. Headdresses and dresses were also decorated with coins. In many families, such decorations passed from generation to generation, “overgrown” and replenished with new pieces all the time.
Therefore, a dress, for example, from a large number of coins became heavy, like knightly armor. What attracted fashionistas to coins? Glitter? Melodious ringing? Certainly. But also because each of them is an elegant work of art. Each one can be looked at for hours. That is why the craftsmen decorated jewelry with coins.
