International activities of the armed forces of the Russian Federation obzh. International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - Knowledge Hypermarket

International peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Peacemaking - unusual

a task for the military, but only the military can handle it.

Former Gen. UN secretary

Doug Hammerskjöld.

Educational - to reveal the essence and knowledge of the peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Developing - to arouse interest in the life and activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, to form a sense of friendship and camaraderie. Educational - to cultivate love for the Motherland, to form a sense of pride in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and for their country.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Checking homework.

Exploring a new topic.

First, it is the maintenance of peace and order. Do you agree?

Secondly, it is deterring the conflicting parties from

senseless bloodshed and destruction.

“Deserve the gratitude of foreign peoples and make Europe exclaim with a sense of surprise: “The Russian army is invincible in battles and inimitable in the generosity and virtue of the peaceful! Here is a grateful goal, worthy of heroes!”

The special status, and indeed the very concept of peacekeeping, was formed under the impression of the grave consequences and horrors of the Second World War. The world community comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to save the next generation from the scourge of war. For this purpose, the UN was established in 1945, which received the authority to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and suppress acts of aggression. Three years later, in 1948. Owls-Without. For the first time, the UN decided to establish a UN mission to monitor the fulfillment of the terms of a truce in the Middle East and to attract military personnel from several countries of the world to its composition. Thus, a new form of international military-political cooperation arose, which received the generalized name "peacekeeping".

At present, Russia is in friendly treaty relations with many states of the world, and participates in various international organizations. To prevent inevitable conflicts, Russia primarily tries to use political, economic and other peaceful means. However, sometimes the use of military force is often more effective than blandishments and negotiations.

In addition, the need for a military presence in some strategically important regions of the world is in the interests of ensuring Russia's national security.

On May 26, 1996, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" was signed.

On the basis of these documents, a special contingent was formed consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 airborne battalions with a total number of 22 thousand people.

The geography of participation of the Russian peacekeeping forces is as follows:

Until 2000 - Transnistria and Abkhazia

Since 1993 - Tajikistan

Since 1999 - the autonomous province of Kosovo (Yugoslavia)

The recruitment of MS takes place on a voluntary basis through competitive selection from among persons undergoing military service under a contract.

During the period of service, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are granted to UN personnel in peacekeeping operations.

The personnel of the MS are equipped with light small arms.

To date, official documents and diplomatic correspondence have developed a set of terms that characterize different variants of international peacekeeping operations. Incorrect or inaccurate use of them can lead to confusion and mutual misunderstanding in the implementation of PKOs (peacekeeping operations) and other UN peacekeeping operations. The developed terminology, of course, reflects the essential features of the respective operations, which play an important role in their planning and practical implementation, but an officially approved and, moreover, a universal thesaurus glossary relating to various UN peacekeeping operations still does not exist. Its absence exacerbates the difficulties of peacekeeping in general, and does not allow certain international standards to be applied to PKOs.

International peacekeeping operations are a common name for a wide variety of activities carried out in the interests of resolving conflicts, preventing their escalation, ending or preventing hostilities, maintaining law and order in a conflict zone, conducting humanitarian actions, restoring social and political systems disrupted by the conflict, as well as life support systems. A distinctive feature of peacekeeping carried out on behalf of the UN is that it is carried out under the mandate of the UN Security Council, or, according to the UN Charter, under the mandate of those regional organizations whose functions include maintaining peace and international security. Zaemsky, V.F. UN and peacekeeping: a course of lectures / V.F. Zaemsky. - M.: International Relations, 2008. - P.78.

Almost all known classifications divide such operations into three blocks:

1) using predominantly non-coercive methods of actions of the armed forces (observation, various forms of control), aimed at reinforcing political and diplomatic efforts to end and resolve the conflict;

2) a combination of political methods with the operations of armed peacekeeping contingents not conducting combat operations;

3) the use of force, including military operations, to enforce peace, in combination with political efforts or without them.

Peacekeeping operations are divided into:

1) preventive actions (actions) to preserve peace,

2) peace operations,

3) peacekeeping operations,

4) peace enforcement operations,

5) post-conflict building of the world, humanitarian actions.

Operations to establish peace or encourage peace are carried out by mutual agreement of the warring parties and, as a rule, at their request at the moment when they, independently or under the influence of international organizations or individual states, decide to stop hostilities and need the help of the international community and collective international peacekeeping forces. Their purpose is, first of all, to assist in the cessation of hostilities and the organization of a peaceful negotiation process. Zaemsky V.F. Theory and practice of UN peacekeeping: monograph / V.F. Zaemsky. - M.: MGIMO-University, 2008. - P.158.

Peacekeeping operations are carried out with the consent of all or one of the parties to the conflict and are divided into two groups. The first includes operations that are a logical and practical continuation of peace operations, when, after reaching an armistice agreement, negotiations on a peaceful settlement of conflicts begin. The second group consists of actions carried out to implement the previously reached peace agreement. In this case, the goal of the peacekeeping operation, including its military side, is to directly ensure the implementation of the agreement by all the forces involved in the conflict.

Peace enforcement operations are the actual use of military force, or the threat of such use, to force opposing sides to cease hostilities and proceed to establish peace. Their characteristic feature is that they can include those combat operations of the peacekeeping forces that are aimed at separating and disarming the opposing sides. These military actions can be directed both against all the belligerents, and against one of them that does not agree to submit to the demands for a cease-fire. After the successful completion of these tasks, that is, after the cessation of hostilities, the peacekeeping forces move on to actions characteristic of the PKO.

In the first 40 years of the existence of the United Nations (1945-1985), there were only 13 peacekeeping operations. Over the next 20 years, 47 missions were deployed.

Initially, peacekeeping operations were mainly operations to enforce ceasefire agreements and disengagement of warring parties after interstate wars.

The end of the Cold War brought about a radical change in the nature of UN peacekeeping operations. The UN Security Council began to establish larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often designed to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between parties to intrastate conflicts. In addition, peacekeeping operations began to include more and more non-military elements. To coordinate such operations, the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) was established in 1992.

The Security Council has begun to send peacekeepers to conflict zones where a ceasefire has not been reached and the consent of all parties to the conflict to the presence of peacekeeping troops has not been obtained (for example, the peacekeeping operation in Somalia and the operation in Bosnia). Some of the tasks entrusted to these peacekeeping missions proved impossible to accomplish with the resources and personnel they had. These setbacks, most painful of which were the 1995 Srebrenica (Bosnia) massacres and the 1994 Rwandan genocide, forced the UN to rethink the concept of peacekeeping operations.

DPKO has strengthened units providing military and police advisers to missions. It has created a new unit, the Peacekeeping Best Practices Group, to review lessons learned and provide missions with advice on gender issues; take measures to improve the behavior of peacekeepers; plan disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs; and develop methods for law enforcement and other tasks. To ensure budgetary availability for each new mission since its inception, a pre-mandatory funding mechanism has been established, and the DPKO Logistics Base in Brindisi, Italy, has received funding to procure strategic supplies needed for mission deployment. The system for continuous training of additional staff in case of rapid deployment has been strengthened. DPKO has reorganized the UN Standby Arrangement System (UNSAS), which includes a register of specific resources of member states, including military and civilian specialists, materials and equipment provided for the needs of UN operations. The revitalized UNSAS now provides for the provision of forces within the first 30 to 90 days of the establishment of a new operation. Grishaeva, L. UN Peacekeeping Crisis / L. Grishaeva // Obozrevatel - Observer. -2008. -№4, 47-58

In May 2006, UNDPKO led 18 peace operations around the world, involving a total of almost 89,000 military, police and civilian personnel. As of October 31, 2006, the top ten countries contributing the most troops to UN peacekeeping operations were Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Jordan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Uruguay, Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa, with a total of accounted for more than 60 percent of all UN military and police personnel.

Since 1948, more than 130 countries have contributed their military, police and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping operations. Since the establishment of the first peacekeeping operation, more than a million military, police and civilian personnel have served under the UN flag.

Military personnel serving in UN peacekeeping operations receive monetary allowances from the governments of their countries. At the same time, these countries receive compensation from the UN. All Member States of the UN are required to pay their share of the costs of peacekeeping operations in accordance with a formula that they themselves have established. Despite this, as at 31 January 2006 Member States owed outstanding and outstanding peacekeeping contributions amounted to approximately $2.66 billion.

Unfortunately, the experience of UN international peacekeeping is far from always successful, and the existing tools are far from perfect. The reasons for this phenomenon are the lack of a clear regulatory framework for peacekeeping, the inability of the UN to effectively apply the already established mechanisms for conflict resolution, and, consequently, to carry out the main functions related to the main goal of the organization aimed at maintaining international peace and preserving collective security.

It should be emphasized that the conflicts of recent years are striking in their particular complexity and multiplicity. Under such conditions, the ability of the UN to adequately respond to the existing security problems of peoples is greatly hampered. This is what makes many politicians and statesmen think either about the effective implementation of the tools of the peace process already available, or about the development of new ones.

UN peacekeeping is a unique and dynamic instrument designed by the Organization as a way to help conflict-torn countries create the conditions for lasting peace. The first United Nations peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, when the Security Council authorized the deployment of United Nations military observers in the Middle East to monitor compliance with the Armistice Agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Since then, a total of 63 United Nations peacekeeping operations have taken place in all corners of the world.

The term "peacekeeping" does not exist in the Charter of the United Nations. Dag Hammarskjöld, the second Secretary-General of the United Nations, opined that the term should be placed in "Chapter Six and a Half" of the Charter, placing it somewhere in the middle between traditional methods for the peaceful settlement of disputes, such as negotiation and mediation, in line with with Chapter VI, and measures of a more coercive nature, as provided for in Chapter VII.

Over the years, United Nations peacekeeping has evolved to meet the needs of various conflicts and a changing political landscape. Emerging at a time when Cold War rivalries often paralyzed the Security Council, UN peacekeeping objectives were largely limited to maintaining a ceasefire and stabilizing the situation on the ground so that efforts could be made at the political level to resolve conflict by peaceful means. These missions included military observers and lightly armed troops who performed peace monitoring, reporting and confidence-building functions to maintain ceasefires and implement limited peace agreements.

Since the end of the Cold War, the strategic context of UN peacekeeping has changed dramatically, enabling the UN to transform and expand its operations in the field and move from "traditional" missions focused solely on military missions to complex "multifunctional" operations focused on to ensure the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements and to help build the foundations for sustainable peace. Today's peacekeepers undertake a wide range of complex tasks, including helping to build sustainable governance institutions and human rights monitoring, implementing security sector reforms and disarming, demobilizing and reintegrating ex-combatants.

The nature of conflicts has also changed in recent years. UN peacekeeping, originally seen as a means of settling interstate conflicts, is increasingly applied to settling intrastate conflicts and civil wars. Although the military is still the backbone of most peacekeeping operations, it now includes administrators and economists, police officers and legal experts, sappers and election observers, human rights observers and civil and government affairs specialists, humanitarian staff and experts in communications and public information. http://www.ia-trade.su

UN peacekeeping is in constant evolution, both conceptually and operationally, to meet new challenges and respond to new political realities. The Organization is determined to increase its capacity to carry out and support field operations and thereby contribute to the most important function of the UN, namely the maintenance of international peace and security.

At the end of the 20th century, as a result of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the socialist bloc, a radical change occurred in the existing balance of forces and spheres of influence, the process of active disintegration of multinational states began, and tendencies appeared to revise the established post-war borders. The United Nations (UN) is constantly involved in resolving numerous disputes and conflicts in various regions of the world.

Quite large military contingents of the UN forces, called "peacekeeping forces" (MSF), have taken and are taking part in a number of missions.

After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Federation, as its legal successor, continued to participate in a number of UN peacekeeping missions. Russian representatives were part of five groups of UN military observers that were part of the peacekeeping forces: in the Middle East (in Egypt, Israel, Syria, Lebanon; on the Iraqi-Kuwait border); in Western Sahara, Cambodia, Yugoslavia. Later, Russian observers began to be sent to Angola and a number of other countries and regions.

In April 1992, for the first time in the history of Russian peacekeeping, on the basis of a UN Security Council resolution and a Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, the Russian 554th Separate UN Battalion was sent to the former Yugoslavia. Russian peacekeepers adequately represented our Armed Forces and made a significant contribution to the first peacekeeping operation in the Balkans, which took place in 1992-1995.

The continuation was the second UN peacekeeping operation in April 1995. Another Russian military unit, the 629th separate UN battalion, also took an active part in it. For two years, this military contingent was in Sarajevo.

The international peacekeeping operation in Bosnia, which began with the creation of the Implementation Force (IFOR) in 1996, later replaced by the Stabilization Force (SFOR), went down in history as an example of the successful actions of the world community to end the armed conflict. The Russian separate airborne brigade of peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was formed in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia and the directive of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of November 11, 1995, participated in the implementation of IFOR tasks.

Since 1992, Russia has been actively involved in the peacekeeping process on the territory of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Russian military personnel perform peacekeeping functions, both as part of the UN troops and as part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces (CPFM) or independently in the former republics of the Soviet Union.

Conflict in Transnistria . Transnistria is a strip of land in the east of Moldova along the Dniester River. Until 1940, the border ran along the river: the lands to the west were called Bessarabia and belonged to Romania, and Transnistria was part of the Soviet Union. After the entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia, the Moldavian SSR was formed. Already in our time, when Moldova, like other Soviet republics, withdrew from the Union, the Pridnestrovians in Tiraspol announced that they were separating from Moldova, based on the fact that the majority of the inhabitants of this territory were Russians and Ukrainians, and in 1940 they were forcibly united with Moldovans. The Chisinau authorities tried to restore the integrity of the republic by force. An armed conflict began. Active hostilities were conducted in the spring of 1992. On July 21, 1992, the Russian-Moldovan agreement "On the principles of the peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova" was signed. In accordance with it, a Russian peacekeeping contingent consisting of 6 battalions was introduced into the conflict zone to monitor compliance with the terms of the truce and help maintain law and order.

At the end of 1996, due to the stabilization of the situation, the total number of Russian peacekeeping forces in the region decreased to 2 battalions.

Russia's purposeful and coordinated actions to resolve the conflict situation in Transnistria led to stabilization and control over the development of the situation in the region. The result of the peacekeepers' actions over a five-year period: more than 12,000 defused explosive ordnances, about 70,000 confiscated items of ammunition. Local residents, heads of self-government bodies, enterprises and organizations of Pridnestrovie and Moldova as a whole provided great assistance to the "blue helmets" in ensuring their livelihoods. Thanks to joint efforts, the situation in the security zone remains manageable and controlled at the present time. The final withdrawal of Russian troops from the region will be determined in the course of further negotiations and in close connection with the political settlement of the Transnistrian conflict.

Conflict in South Ossetia began in 1989, the most acute phase occurred at the end of 1991 - the beginning of 1992. It affected not only Georgia, but also Russia in the most direct way. The arrival of tens of thousands of refugees from the south laid a heavy burden on the North Ossetian Republic. Many of them were settled on the lands from which the Ingush were once deported. At the same time, a movement arose among the Ossetians for the creation of a single Ossetian state, independent or part of the Russian Federation, which could further complicate the situation on both sides of the Greater Caucasus Range.

The conflict situation in South Ossetia developed as follows. On June 24, 1992, in Dagomys, it was possible to conclude a trilateral agreement on a ceasefire and the dispatch of the Joint Peacekeeping Forces to the conflict area to monitor the ceasefire, the withdrawal of armed formations, the disbandment of the self-defense forces and the provision of a security regime in the zone of control. The Russian contingent of these forces (500 people) was approximately equal in number to the Georgian and Ossetian battalions (450 people each). Joint peacekeeping forces in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict are taking measures to prevent and suppress armed clashes and separate the conflicting parties.

After the new President M. Saakashvili came to power in Georgia, the situation around South Ossetia escalated again, as the Georgian leadership is increasingly inclined towards a military solution to the problem of the unrecognized republic. The region remains in a difficult situation. The fragile stability in South Ossetia is maintained only thanks to the presence of Russian peacekeeping forces. In the event of their withdrawal, the situation can instantly spiral out of control.

Conflict in Abkhazia . In Abkhazia, the armed conflict between August and December 1992 alone claimed 2,000 lives. For Russia, we are talking about the fate of tens of thousands of ethnic Russians, who in Abkhazia in peacetime, there were about the same number as Abkhazians (100 thousand). We are also talking about the situation of the units of the Russian army that found themselves in the conflict zone.

In the context of deep mistrust between the parties, the implementation of any peace plan requires the presence of peacekeeping forces. The situation in the conflict zone required immediate action, but the repeated appeals of the conflicting parties and Russia to the UN about the need for an immediate decision by the Security Council to conduct a peacekeeping operation only led to the dispatch of a UN mission to Georgia. In this regard, in June 1994, military units of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces were introduced into the conflict zone.

The core of these forces were Russian units with a total strength of more than 1800 people, introduced on June 13, 1994 on the basis of a decision of the Council of CIS Heads of State. They were tasked with blocking the conflict area, monitoring the withdrawal of troops and their disarmament, protecting important facilities and communications, escorting humanitarian cargo, etc. The Georgian-Abkhaz Agreement on a ceasefire and separation of forces of May 14, 1994 d. It must be emphasized that the Agreement refers to the CIS peacekeeping forces. However, not a single state determined the form and extent of its participation in the operation, and in reality only the military contingent of Russia was involved in the composition of the forces.

During the fulfillment of peacekeeping tasks by a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the zone of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, a lot of work has been done to prevent the escalation of the armed conflict, partially clear mines, and assist the local population in establishing life and life after the end of hostilities.

At the same time, Russian servicemen had to act in conditions where, instead of seeking a political compromise, the parties tried to raise confrontation and distrust between neighboring peoples to a higher level. There was no supervising body over the opposing sides.

The situation around the Abkhazian problem escalated after the adoption on January 19, 1996 by the Council of CIS Heads of State of the decision “On measures to resolve the conflict in Abkhazia”, which prescribed some restrictions on economic and other ties between the CIS member states and Abkhazia. The situation was complicated by the increasingly obvious desire of the Georgian leadership to solve the Abkhaz problem by force. In particular, the Georgian parliament essentially demanded in an ultimatum form to change the mandate of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in Abkhazia, to give them police, coercive functions.

Russia, when conducting a peacekeeping mission in Georgia, sought to strictly follow the three main principles of peacekeeping: impartiality, neutrality, openness; supported the Georgian leadership on the issue of the territorial integrity of Georgia; actively involved the member states of the CIS, the UN and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in the Abkhazian settlement, while continuing the peacekeeping operation in the conflict zone.

In March 1997, the Council of Heads of State of the CIS gave a positive assessment of the activities of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in Abkhazia, while noting the important role played by the peacekeepers "in stabilizing the situation, creating conditions for the safety of refugees and contributing to the speedy settlement of the conflict." At the same time, it was emphasized that about 80% of the population on both banks of the Inguri consider peacekeepers the only guarantor of peace, tranquility and stability in the region.

However, in mid-1997 the situation in Abkhazia escalated again. It partially affected the Russian peacekeepers, whose next mandate expired on July 31, 1997. Each of the conflicting parties began "in its own way" to assess the prospects for their activities and final withdrawal (if there is a decision of the Council of CIS Heads of State). Official Tbilisi's refusal to sign the protocol on the Georgian-Abkhazian settlement already agreed upon through Russia's mediation only increased the tension. Soon, the leader of Georgia, E. Shevardnadze, spoke about the need to conduct a peacekeeping operation in Abkhazia according to the so-called Bosnian (Dayton) version, based not on peacekeeping, but on coercion to it. But the world community did not support such initiatives.

As for the position of the other side, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia sees the Russian peacekeeping forces as the main stabilizing factor in the conflict zone. The presence of the Russian peacekeeping forces, the Abkhazian diplomats emphasize, creates favorable conditions for advancing the negotiation process for a full-scale settlement. Only thanks to the stabilization of the situation in the security zone controlled by the KPKF, about 70 thousand refugees returned to the Gali district of Abkhazia. And the Abkhaz side does not intend to change the Russians for anyone else.

Conflict in Tajikistan . The armed conflict in the country developed in the most dramatic way and acquired very violent forms. According to various estimates, the death toll during the civil war in this country ranged from 20 thousand to 40 thousand people. About 350,000 were forced to leave their homes, of which about 60,000 fled to Afghanistan.

The leaders of the Central Asian states (primarily Uzbekistan) and the Russian military have taken seriously the threat of Islamic extremism hanging over Tajikistan. In accordance with the agreement of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS dated September 24, 1993, special coalition peacekeeping forces of the CIS were created, which included the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and units (from a separate company to a battalion) from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The following tasks were assigned to the collective peacekeeping forces: to promote the normalization of the situation on the Tajik-Afghan border in order to stabilize the general situation in the country and create conditions for dialogue between all parties on ways to politically resolve the conflict; ensuring the delivery, protection and distribution of emergency and other humanitarian aid; creation of conditions for the safe return of refugees to their places of permanent residence and the protection of national economic and other vital facilities. At the end of 1996, the grouping of troops in Tajikistan also included a group of border troops of the FSB of Russia and the national border service of Tajikistan.

The use of ML in Tajikistan has become a very painful problem for Russia due to the fact that the Russian troops stationed in this state (their number is the largest in the CIS), on the one hand, began to act as a guarantor of the existing power in Dushanbe, and on the other hand , ensure the protection of the borders of Tajikistan and at the same time the entire Central Asian region. Nowhere do peacekeeping forces guard the borders of the state in which they are directly located. In Tajikistan, actions to resolve conflicts involve the intervention of neighboring states, so the protection of the borders of this state is necessarily a necessary measure. In many ways, the containment of bandit formations occurs due to the construction of defensive structures, mining of the area and the use of weapons. In the event of an attack, the border guards are assisted by units of the 201st division, with which issues of interaction have been worked out in detail.

With all the understandable difficulties in the economies of the Central Asian states, the danger of the spread of Islamic extremism makes the governments of these countries view Russia's efforts as meeting their national interests. It is also characteristic that almost all the leaders of the Central Asian republics expressed a negative assessment of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan, seeing it as one of the manifestations of Islamic extremism and a threat to stability in the region, in particular, in connection with the real possibility of the Taliban government supporting the radical Tajik opposition earlier. . At the same time, the need for a more active search for ways to resolve the Tajik conflict with the involvement of moderate Tajik opposition circles is emphasized. Certain steps are being taken in this direction. In particular, the Russian government continues to implement measures aimed at resolving the conflict in order to create conditions for dialogue between the government and representatives of the moderate opposition, while isolating the foreign-funded extremist camp, attracting representatives of the Muslim clergy, partners in the CIS, directly affected by the crisis, - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan.

Of particular concern among the leaders of the CIS and the command of the peacekeeping forces is not only the general instability in the region, but also the problem of the drug business. Russian peacekeepers are actively fighting against drug smuggling from Afghanistan to Russian territory. In recent years, the amount of potion being shipped across the southern borders has increased many times over. Therefore, it is still premature to talk about reducing the role of peacekeeping forces in the region.

Thus, the Collective Forces act in the interests of national security not only of Tajikistan, but of the entire Central Asian region. Their activities in Tajikistan represent the first and very valuable experience of the actions of the coalition forces to localize the civil war that claimed tens of thousands of lives. Peacekeepers are also dying. For example, in just five months in 1997, 12 Russian servicemen were killed in the republic.

Over time, the form of the Russian military presence in Tajikistan will change. At present, within the framework of the 1999 agreement between the Republic of Tajikistan and the Russian Federation, a Russian military base has been established on the basis of the 201st motorized rifle division.

However, complete peace in the republic is still far away.

In addition to purely peacekeeping functions, outside the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces, together with the troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, had to carry out the tasks of maintaining law and order and disengaging the conflicting parties directly on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Ossetian-Ingush conflict . The armed conflict in the Prigorodny district of Vladikavkaz in October-November 1992 was an almost inevitable consequence of the processes that began in the late 1980s. and accelerated sharply with the collapse of the USSR. Ethnic confrontation between local Ossetians, Ossetians - refugees from South Ossetia and Ingush resettled from Chechnya escalated into an armed conflict. At the same time, the actions of the army during the conflict are assessed more positively than negatively. At the same time, the facts testify to the insufficient ability of the leadership in the center and in the field to control the situation. The lack of clear and timely political decisions forced the command of the 42nd Army Corps stationed in this region to make independent decisions to curb the illegal actions of extremists.

To stop the bloodshed and maintain law and order on the territory of North Ossetia and Ingushetia, a consolidated military group of about 14 thousand people was formed (March 1994) from the troops of the North Caucasus Military District and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

Despite some reduction in conflict in the region, tensions still existed. This required the immediate intervention of the center in the summer of 1997. Consultations were held with the leaders of the republics, a special working group was created within the framework of the Security Council of the Russian Federation to resolve the situation, a decree was prepared on priority measures to normalize the situation in the Prigorodny district, and a number of steps were taken to "religious reconciliation" in the republics. The conflict is localized. An attempt by international terrorism to blow up the peace in the region - an attack on a school and a hostage-taking in the North Ossetian city of Beslan in September 2004 - was not successful as a result of Moscow's decisive actions.

The main positive result of the deployment of peacekeeping contingents of the Russian Federation to areas of conflict in most cases is the separation of the warring parties, the cessation of bloodshed and unrest, the exercise of control over the disarmament of the warring parties, the restoration of normal life for civilians. As a result, favorable conditions were created for resolving disputed issues by peaceful means, through negotiations.

Lesson 26

INTERNATIONAL (PEACEKEEPING) ACTIVITIES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Subject: OBJ.

Module 3. Ensuring the military security of the state.

Section 6. Fundamentals of State Defense.

Chapter 5. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the basis of the defense of the state.

Lesson number 26. International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Date: "____" _____________ 20___

The lesson was held by: teacher-organizer of life safety Khamatgaleev E.R.

Target: get acquainted with the main aspects of the international (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Course of lessons

Class organization.

Greetings. Checking the list of the class.

Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Knowledge update.

What are the main tasks performed by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in peacetime?

What are the main tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation during the period of direct threat of aggression and in wartime?

What is the new system for recruiting units with soldiers and sergeants?

Why, in your opinion, is the fight against terrorism included in the list of the main tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation?

Checking homework.

Listening to the answers of several students to homework (at the choice of the teacher).

Working on new material.

The main tasks of the Russian Federation to contain and prevent military conflicts include participation in international peacekeeping activities, including under the auspices of the UN and in the framework of interaction with international (regional) organizations.

The protection of the national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and in cooperation with international organizations.

The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2010) states that the tasks of the military-political cooperation of the Russian Federation include the development of relations with international organizations to prevent conflict situations, maintain and strengthen peace in various regions, including with the participation of Russian military contingents in peacekeeping operations.

For the implementation of peacekeeping operations under a UN mandate or under a CIS mandate, the Russian Federation provides military contingents in accordance with the procedure established by federal legislation and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Thus, at present, the leadership of the country considers the Armed Forces as a factor of deterrence, as a last resort used in cases where the use of peaceful means has not led to the elimination of a military threat to the interests of the country. Fulfillment of Russia's international obligations to participate in peacekeeping operations is seen as a new task of the Armed Forces to maintain peace.

In recent years, military personnel from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have carried out tasks to maintain peace and security in four regions: in Sierra Leone, in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. For example, on the territory of Abkhazia, Russian peacekeepers cleared mines, restored life-support facilities for the population, checked the technical condition of the railway, and also repaired roads. Russian peacekeepers repeatedly provided significant assistance to representatives of the local population.

Currently, a military formation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is participating in the UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan.

The 15th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade has been formed to train Russian army personnel for participation in operations to maintain international peace and security. Its fighters can be part of peacekeeping contingents by decision of the President of the Russian Federation and in the interests of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the UN, the OSCE, the Russia-NATO Council and, if necessary, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

The staffing of government bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of military personnel undergoing military service under a contract. The training and equipment of the peacekeeping forces is carried out at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.

During the period of service as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are granted to UN personnel in peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on UN Security Council of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Military Observer Groups and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992.

The CIS member states have concluded an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to collective peacekeeping forces.

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include joint exercises, friendly visits and other activities aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.

In accordance with the agreement between the governments of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway "On cooperation in the search for missing persons and rescuing people in distress in the Barents Sea" in September 2008, a joint Russian-Norwegian exercise "Barents-2008" was held. On the part of Russia, a rescue and tugboat of the Northern Fleet and an aircraft of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet took part in the exercise.

Conclusions.

Thanks to its participation in peacekeeping operations, the Russian Federation contributes to the prevention of crisis situations at the stage of their inception.

A special military contingent of peacekeepers has been formed in the Russian Federation.

The international activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes activities aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.

Questions.

What is the significance and role of the international activities of the Russian Armed Forces?

What is the legal basis for conducting peacekeeping activities of the Russian Armed Forces?

Tasks.

Prepare a presentation on the topic “Status of a Russian peacekeeping force contingent”.

Using the "Additional materials" section, mass media and Internet materials, prepare reports on one of the topics: "Actions of the Russian peacekeeping contingent in Kosovo (on the territory of the former Yugoslavia)", "Actions of the Russian peacekeeping contingent in South Ossetia in August 2008. ".

Additional materials to §26.

Use of Russian peacekeepers

The military contingent was introduced into the conflict zone in South Ossetia on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomys agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.

In August 2008, Russian peacekeepers participated in repelling an illegal invasion of the territory of South Ossetia by the armed forces of Georgia.

The invasion of the territory of South Ossetia began on the morning of 9 August. Targeted bombing airstrikes were carried out at the places of deployment of our peacekeepers. Georgian tanks and motorized infantry broke into the streets of the administrative center of South Ossetia - the city of Tskhinvali. The forces of Russian peacekeepers and South Ossetian units repulsed several attacks of the aggressor.

On the same day, a decision was made to provide assistance to peacekeepers and Russian citizens living in South Ossetia, who were subjected to actual destruction. The forces and means of the Russian peacekeepers have been strengthened. The peacekeeping group of Russian troops carried out an operation to curb Georgia's aggression against South Ossetia. The task set - to ensure peace in the region - was successfully completed.

Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people.

Since June 11, 1999, Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous region of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where in the late 90s. there was a serious armed confrontation between the Serbs and Albanians. The number of the Russian contingent was 3600 people. Russian peacekeepers were in Kosovo until August 1, 2003. A separate sector occupied by the Russians in Kosovo equalized the rights of the Russian Federation in resolving this international conflict with the five leading NATO countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy).

In the African Republic of Sierra Leone in 2000-2005. there was a Russian peacekeeping contingent for aviation support of the UN mission. The tasks of the contingent included air escort and cover for columns of UN troops and humanitarian convoys. The number of the contingent was 115 people.

The Russian Federation bears a special responsibility for maintaining security in the CIS space. Thus, in Transnistria, in order to peacefully resolve the armed conflict and on the basis of the relevant agreement, there are still joint peacekeeping forces of Russia and Moldova.

End of lesson.

Homework. Prepare for retelling § 26 “International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” (pp. 128-131); complete tasks 1 and 2 (heading "Assignments", p. 130).

Giving and commenting on ratings.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

2 slide

Description of the slide:

Peacekeeping tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation One of the main tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is: participation in the maintenance (restoration) of international peace and security, taking measures to prevent (eliminate) threats to peace, suppress acts of aggression (violation of the peace) on the basis of Decisions of the UN Security Council or other bodies, authorized to make decisions in accordance with international law Combating terrorism; Fighting piracy and ensuring the safety of navigation.

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Ways to carry out peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Independently; In cooperation with international organizations. To carry out international peacekeeping operations under a UN mandate or a CIS mandate, the Russian Federation provides military contingents in the manner prescribed by federal legislation and international treaties of the Russian Federation

4 slide

Description of the slide:

The international activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today is inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces. The starting point for the beginning of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the Construction of the Armed Forces for the period up to the year 2000. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

Until the non-use of force has become a norm in international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense. In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war. The protection of the national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

The main document that determined the creation of Russian peacekeeping forces, the principles of their use and the procedure for using them, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted by the State Duma on May 26, 1995 .). To implement this law, in May 1996 the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 “On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security.”

7 slide

Description of the slide:

In accordance with this decree, a special military contingent was formed in the Armed Forces of Russia with a total number of 22 thousand people, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 airborne battalions. In total, until May 1997, more than 10,000 servicemen from peacekeeping units of the Russian Armed Forces carried out tasks to maintain peace and security in a number of regions - in the former Yugoslavia, Tajikistan, the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and Georgia.

8 slide

Description of the slide:

Regions of peacekeeping missions of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Military contingent of 500 people in the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova (introduced on June 23, 1992); Military contingent of 500 people in the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) (introduced on July 9, 1992) In the conflict zone in Abkhazia, a military contingent of 1600 people (introduced on June 23, 1994); Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people

9 slide

Description of the slide:

Since June 11, 1999, 3,600 Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous province of Kosovo (Yugoslavia); At present, the peacekeeping contingent performs the tasks of combating international terrorism and conducting humanitarian operations in Syria. The tasks of the international mission under the UN mandate in African countries (Angola, Somalia, Sierra Leone, etc.)

10 slide

Description of the slide:

The staffing of government bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of military personnel undergoing military service under a contract. The training and equipment of the peacekeeping forces are carried out at the expense of the federal budget funds allocated for defense.

11 slide

Description of the slide:

During the period of service as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are granted to UN personnel in peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on Security Council of the United Nations of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Groups of Military Observers and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992

12 slide

Description of the slide:

The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances in accordance with the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Training and education of the military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent is carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Central and Western military districts, as well as at the Higher Officer Courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow Region). The CIS member states have concluded an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to collective peacekeeping forces.