Presentation on the topic of the Speransky reformer or converter. Reform activities of Speransky

Foreign policy

in 1801-1812

Repetition

1) war with Sweden for the Baltic Sea coast

2) annexation of Kamchatka and Primorye

3) support for the national liberation war of the Polish people

4) the return of the original Russian lands seized during the Time of Troubles

Indicate one of the directions of Russian foreign policy at the beginning of the 19th century

1) participation in the partitions of Poland

2) return of Smolensk lands

3) conquest of access to the Sea of ​​Azov

4) the struggle with Turkey for the Balkans and with Iran for the Transcaucasus

What event led to the collapse of the third anti-French coalition?

Battle of Friedland

Battle of Austerlitz

Battle of Waterloo

battle of Leipzig

Against which country did Napoleon establish a continental blockade?

TURKEY

SWEDEN

ENGLAND

PRUSSIA

What was the result of the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit?

1) France abandoned all its conquests

2) the fourth anti-French coalition was created

3) Russia was forced to recognize all of Napoleon’s conquests

4) the Duchy of Warsaw was created as part of the Russian Empire and

Under the terms of the Treaty of Tilsit, Russia:

1) suffered large territorial losses

2) joined the continental blockade

3) acquired Bessarabia

4) had to certainly start a war against France

In what year did Bessarabia become part of Russia?

1801

1807

1803

1812

1813

Find a match:

RUSSIAN-TURKISH

WAR

GULISTAN

AGREEMENT

FRIEDRICHSGAMSKY

RUSSIAN-IRANIAN

AGREEMENT

WAR

BUCHAREST

RUSSIAN-SWE DSKAYA

WAR

AGREEMENT

THANK YOU

for learned

material!

Reformist

activity

M.M.Speransky

8th grade

“The government, hitherto autocratic, put and establish on an indispensable law ... "

M.M.Speransky

PLAN

1. Personality of M.M. Speransky.

2. Political reform project.

3. Economic plans.

4. Resignation of M.M. Speransky.

Remember:

• Why did Pushkin characterize the first period of the reign of Alexander I as “the wonderful beginning of Alexander’s days”?
• Why was the “Unspoken Committee” created? Who was on this committee?
• List the first decrees of Alexander I. Which of them do you consider the most important?
• List the measures that Alexander took to soften serfdom. Were these measures effective?
• Describe the system of central government of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century.

Personality of M.M. Speransky

• MM. Speransky was born in 1772 into the family of a priest.
• After graduating from the Theological Academy, he became B. Kurakin’s secretary.
• 1803-1807 director of the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
• 1807 - Secretary of State of Emperor Alexander I
• 1808 - Deputy Minister of Justice.
• In 1812 he was dismissed from government service and exiled to Nizhny Novgorod, and then to Perm.
• 1819 Speransky becomes Governor-General of Siberia.

Page 19

M.M.Speransky

Meeting of Alexander I and Napoleon in Erfurt

in October 1808.

• Napoleon about M.M. Speransky: “Would you like, sir, - he asked Alexander , - exchange this person for some kingdom?”
• Bonaparte considered Speransky “the only bright head in Russia.” For intelligent participation in the negotiations, Napoleon presented Speransky with a snuff box with diamonds.

“Note on the structure of judicial and government institutions in Russia” (goal: introduction of a constitutional monarchy)

1803

1809

Political Reform Project

"Introduction to the Code

state laws."

Pages 20-22

"Introduction to the Code of State

laws." (1809)

I. SEPARATION OF POWERS

Legislative

authority

State Council

Judicial branch

Legislator-

power

State Thought

Goal of the reform:

limitation of absolutism

Executive

Ministries

Establishment of three main classes

Political rights

Civil rights

Suffrage for the propertied classes

NOBILITY

"AVERAGE CONDITION"

"WORKING PEOPLE"

1811, unified regulations for the activities of ministries were introduced

Project implementation

Speransky

Reviews bills and reports of ministries

1810, the State Council was created

The project was not accepted

1811, draft of the Senate Code was prepared

Expenses exceeded income by 2 times = inflation. Speransky's economic recovery plan included: stopping the issuance of banknotes; sharp cuts in government spending; declaration of banknotes as public debt and their gradual redemption from the population; introduction of a tax on landowners' estates; conducting internal loans from the population; introduction of additional taxes on peasants; introduction of a new customs tariff. "width="640"

Participation in the continental blockade worsened Russia's economic situation. = Expenses exceeded income by 2 times = inflation.

Speransky’s economic recovery plan included:

• cessation of issue of banknotes;
• sharp cuts in government spending;
• declaration of banknotes as public debt and their gradual redemption from the population;
• introduction of a tax on landowners' estates;
• carrying out internal loans from the population;
• introduction of additional taxes on peasants;
• introduction of a new customs tariff.

But this plan was not implemented, and the blame for economic difficulties fell on M.M. Speransky.

Ideologist,

• The activities of the Secretary of State were sharply criticized by the nobility. It was headed by N.M. Karamzin- ideologist of the conservative movement.
• Alexander took this criticism personally, and after accusing Speransky of sympathizing with the French order, he was forced to send him into retirement in 1812, first to Nizhny Novgorod, then to Perm.

Conservatism

Page 24

N.M. Karamzin

What are the reasons for the negative attitude towards Speransky’s activities?

Working with doc. on page 23

In what year was this decree adopted?

“To establish and spread uniformity and order in public administration, we recognized the need to establish the State Council to provide education characteristic of the space and greatness of our empire.”

• In 1801 3) in 1807
• In 1803 4) in 1810

The State Council became:

1) legislative body

2) executive body

3) legislative advisory body

4) parliamentary authority

What is the main point of M.M. Speransky’s political reform?

1) implementation of the principle of separation of powers

2) introduction of a republican form of government

3) preservation of absolutism

The ultimate goal of the reform project:

1) liquidation of the monarchy

2) establishment of a republic

3) limitation of autocracy

4) introduction of universal suffrage

“When in 1803 Your Majesty was pleased to entrust me, through Count Kochubey, under whose command I then served, to draw up a plan for the formation of judicial and government places in the Empire, I accepted this assignment with joy and fulfilled it with zeal.”

M.M.Speransky

Supporters of the idea of ​​preserving traditions, continuity in the life of society, idealizing the past and advocating gradual development are called

1) liberals

2) conservatives

3) reformers

4) reactionaries

In 1812 Speransky:

1) received the post of chancellor

3) was arrested

4) was awarded the title of count

Indicate the principle of formation of the series

• Establishing order in the preparation of laws, reviewing reports of ministries, proposals for the distribution of expenses

• Nobility, “average status”, “working people”

Tasks

State Council

Estates according to the project of M. Speransky

Homework assignment

• Questions and tasks on pp. 22-23
• Repeat § 2

Thanks to all

for your work in class!

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

2 slide

Slide description:

There is an opinion that these reforms could fundamentally change Russia, directing it along a more favorable historical path. Why did unrealized reform projects deserve such high praise? Did the proposed reforms meet the needs and state of Russia at that time? Why were reforms not implemented?

3 slide

Slide description:

Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky What can you guess about the origin, upbringing and social status of this person? MM. Speransky in the 1790s.

4 slide

Slide description:

Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky Born in 1772 into the family of a rural priest. He studied at the Vladimir Theological Seminary. In 1788 he was transferred to the capital's Alexander Nevsky Seminary. Upon graduation, he became a seminary teacher, then secretary of Prince A.B. Kurakina. In 1797 - in the office of the Prosecutor General of the Senate, titular adviser (9th rank). In 1801 - actual state councilor (4th rank). Since 1803 - director of the department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since 1807 - in fact, the emperor's personal secretary. MM. Speransky in the 1790s. What is unusual about the biography of M.M. Speransky?

5 slide

Slide description:

Class structure of the population of Russia according to the project of M.M. Speransky Nobility Average condition Working people Serfs, servants, artisans, hired workers Officials, merchants, burghers, state peasants Personal integrity, presumption of innocence, equality before the law, judicial protection, right to housing, ownership and disposal of property, conclusion of transactions. Civil rights? What rights are called civil rights? What fundamentally changed in Russia with the granting of civil rights to the entire population?

6 slide

Slide description:

Class structure of the population of Russia according to the project of M.M. Speransky Nobility Average wealth Working people The right to participate in elections, i.e. elect and be elected to government bodies Political rights Based on property qualifications Based on property qualifications? Who was granted political rights? What rights are called political?

7 slide

Slide description:

System of power and administration in the Russian Empire (according to the project of M.M. Speransky) Sovereign power State Council Governing Senate and ministries State Duma Judicial Senate Provincial administration District administration Volost administration Provincial Duma District Duma Volost Duma Voters: property owners Provincial court District court Volost court

8 slide

Slide description:

What principle was the basis for the proposed M.M. Speransky's project for the structure of government bodies? Who first proposed this principle? In which country was this principle first put into practice? What is the purpose of organizing power in accordance with this principle? When was the first attempt to partially implement this principle made in Russia? How has the understanding of this principle changed among Russian reformers compared to Western ones? ?

Slide 9

Slide description:

The powers of the authorities under the M.M. project. Speransky Emperor The right of legislative initiative The right to approve laws Completeness of executive power “In Russia, all executive power must belong to the sovereign power” “No law can be implemented without the approval of the sovereign power” “The proposal of a law must be left exclusively to the government”

10 slide

Slide description:

The powers of the authorities under the M.M. project. Speransky State Duma Adoption of laws “No new law can be issued without the respect of the Duma” Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky Emperor Alexander I

11 slide

Slide description:

The powers of the authorities under the M.M. project. Speransky State Council Appointed by the emperor The link between the monarch and state bodies “In the order of state institutions, the Council represents an estate in which all the actions of the legislative, judicial and executive parts in their main relations are connected and through it ascend to sovereign power and flow from it.”

12 slide

Slide description:

Alexey Andreevich Arakcheev A.A. Arakcheev is the son of a poor provincial nobleman. He made a career in the Gatchina troops of the heir, Pavel Petrovich. Under Paul I - commandant of St. Petersburg, chief inspector of artillery, count. The motto on the coat of arms: “Betrayed without flattery!” Since 1799 - retired. From 1803 he was again an artillery inspector. In 1807 he received the right to issue the highest orders, equivalent to the personal decrees of the emperor. Since 1808 - Minister of War. He is unloved in the army for his cruelty and pathological cowardice on the battlefield.

Slide 13

Slide 1

Topic 3
Reform activities of M.M. Speransky

Slide 2

Plan:
Start of activity of M.M. Speransky. Political reform project: intentions and results. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.

Slide 3

Alexander I decided to regain the authority lost after Tilsit with the help of a new round of reform activities. With the cooling of the tsar towards the members of the Secret Committee, a need arose for new faces, who, however, had to continue the previous direction of reforms.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky
The Emperor quickly found a man who met these requirements. It was M. M. Speransky.

Slide 4

1. Start of activity of M.M. Speransky.
Document Contemporaries about M.M. Speransky “Possessing very happy talents, an attractive appearance and, at the same time, the highest degree of skill, flattery, and compliance in agreeing with all the opinions of senior persons inferior to him in talents, he managed to quickly climb the first steps of the career ladder, pushing aside his colleagues, and there was no there was no shortage on his part in all kinds of intrigues... It was in his power, if not to completely achieve the desired goal, then at least to lay a solid foundation for it, precisely by thoroughly and correctly comprehending the meaning of public institutions. Speransky would have been able to do this if he had not sacrificed that great merit to his desire for innovation, his empty vanity to redo everything.” From the “Notes” of Baron G. A. Rosenkampf

Slide 5

1. Start of activity of M.M. Speransky.
“A strange personality who sometimes elevates us, and sometimes makes us feel our dependence... Speransky has enormous power; he is amazingly smart and cunning, but as proud as he is ignorant; thirsting for what gives only the appearance of happiness, he is not able to comprehend the good that leads to peace of mind. He is afraid of being understood and therefore puts on a thousand masks: sometimes he is a citizen and a good subject, sometimes an ardent fronder, using every effort to convince the public of his talents and not revealing his strength...” Baron Gustav Armfeld Assignment for documents. What qualities of Speransky are highlighted by the authors of the statements? When answering, please note that G.A. Rosenkampf and G. Armfeld were M.M.’s worst enemies. Speransky.

Slide 6

Speransky proposed the first draft of political reforms to the Tsar back in 1803 in his “Note on the structure of judicial and government institutions in Russia.” He raised the question of the need to carefully introduce a constitutional monarchy in the country and thus prevent a “French revolutionary nightmare” for Russia. However, only after the Peace of Tilsit did the tsar commission him to draw up a project for a comprehensive reform of public administration. Such a project was ready by October 1809. It became “Introduction to the Code of State Laws.”

Slide 7

2. Political reform project: plans and results.
Project for reform of the state structure of Russia by M. M. Speransky “Introduction to the Code of State Laws” (1809)
Goals:
Save autocracy
Modernize public administration
To begin the constitutional process in Russia
Prevent the possibility of revolutionary upheavals in Russia

Slide 8

2. Political reform project: plans and results.

Slide 9

2. Political reform project: plans and results.
Basic principles:
Separation of legislative, executive and judicial branches of government
Responsibility of the executive branch before the law
Election of administrative and executive authorities
Independence of the Judiciary, Public Proceedings and Trials by Jury

Slide 10

2. Political reform project: plans and results.
New bodies in the system of higher public administration:
The State Duma is a representative body for discussing bills and hearing reports from ministers
State Council (1810 -1906) Composition appointed by the Emperor (coordinates the actions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government

Slide 11

2. Political reform project: plans and results.

Slide 12

2. Political reform project: plans and results.

Slide 13

2. Political reform project: plans and results.
Basic principles:
Political rights were to belong to representatives of the “free” (first two) classes; however, the third estate received general civil rights (chief among them was the provision that “no one can be punished without a judicial sentence”) and could, as property and capital accumulated, move into the second estate; the first estate also retained special rights (to buy estates with serfs, etc.);
Only persons who owned movable and immovable property (that is, representatives of the first two classes) received the right to vote;

Slide 14

2. Political reform project: plans and results.
Elections to the State Duma were supposed to be four-stage (first, elections were held in volost dumas, then deputies of these bodies elected members of district dumas, who, in turn, elected deputies of provincial dumas. And only provincial dumas elected deputies of the State Duma).
The work of the Duma was to be led by a chancellor appointed by the tsar.
Basic principles:

Slide 15

2. Political reform project: plans and results.
The implementation of Speransky's project was supposed to be an important step on the path of reform. This plan would eventually develop into other transformations. The reformer saw the ultimate goal in limiting the autocratic power of the tsar and eliminating serfdom. Alexander I generally approved of Speransky's project. However, it had to be implemented gradually, without causing upheaval in society. Taking this into account, the tsar decided to first proceed with the most “harmless” part of the reform.
On January 1, 1810, a manifesto on the creation of the State Council was published. His main task was to establish order in the preparation and adoption of laws. All their projects were now to be considered only through the State Council.

Slide 16

2. Political reform project: plans and results.
In 1811, on the initiative of M.M. Speransky, a reorganization of ministries was carried out. The Ministry of Commerce was abolished, whose functions were distributed between the Ministries of Finance and Internal Affairs. The Ministry of Police was created. The departments of state control, spiritual affairs, foreign religions and communications began to operate as ministries. The composition and functions of ministries, the limits of ministerial power and their responsibilities were more clearly defined.
Conducted in 1810 - 1811. The reforms, as well as the desire to grant civil rights to serfs, caused such a storm of indignation among senior officials and the majority of nobles that Alexander was forced to stop implementing reforms: the fate of his father was too fresh in his memory.

Slide 17

Speransky, on behalf of the emperor, also developed projects for economic reforms. They provided for a limitation on state spending and some increase in taxes, which affected the nobility. Opposition to reforms in these conditions began to be open. Such authoritative people as, for example, N.M. Karamzin, one of the ideologists of conservatism, joined in criticizing the government.
Alexander understood perfectly well that Speransky’s harsh criticism was essentially directed at himself. Speransky was even accused of treason for his sympathy for the order in France, which he allegedly wanted to introduce in Russia to please Napoleon. The tsar could no longer hold back the wave of criticism and decided to resign Speransky.

Slide 18

3. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.
Not the least role here was played by the emperor’s intention to unite society on the eve of the approaching war with Napoleon. In March 1812, Speransky was exiled to Nizhny Novgorod, and then to Perm. However, given the administrative abilities of M.M. Speransky (in 1816-1820 - governor of Penza and governor-general of Siberia), in 1821 the emperor returned him to St. Petersburg and introduced him to the State Council.
Despite the fact that Speransky’s reforms did not affect the foundations of the feudal-autocratic system, they were almost never implemented. At the same time, Speransky’s reformist quests formed the basis on which new reform projects were subsequently developed.

Slide 19

3. Resignation of M.M. Speransky: causes and consequences.
Attitude to the project M.M. Speransky was expressed by the writer and historian N.M. Karamzin in “Note on Ancient and New Russia”: “Reforms will harm Russia, since they pose a threat to the primordial foundations of the country.”

Slide 2

Lesson Plan

1. Personality M.M. Speransky;
2. Political Reform Project;
3. Economic plans;
4. Resignation of M.M. Speransky.

Slide 3

Lesson assignment

Prove that the reforms of M.M. Could Speransky really lead to the limitation of absolutism in Russia?

Slide 4

Personality M.M. Speransky

After Tilsit, Alexander I decided to restore his lost authority by continuing reforms.
During this period, M.M. rose to prominence under him. Speransky. He was born in 1772 into the family of a priest. After graduating from the Theological Academy, he became B. Kurakin's secretary.
His business qualities were noticed in the “Unofficial Committee” and in 1806 he became the Emperor’s Secretary of State.

M.M.Speransky

Slide 5

Political Reform Project

Having received the task of drawing up a draft reform, Speransky prepared it in 1809. “The introduction to the Code of State Laws provided for:

• separation of powers,
• creation of the State Duma,
• transfer of executive power to ministries,
• creation of the State Council-advisory body,
• transfer of judicial functions to the Senate,
• multi-stage elections,
• establishment of 3 main estates:
  • Nobility,
  • “Average condition” - merchants, townspeople, state peasants.
  • “Working people” - serfs, workers, servants.
• political rights for the 1st and 2nd estates,
• civil rights for the 3rd estate,
• suffrage for the propertied classes.

The goal of the reform is to limit absolutism.

Yu. Khmeletsky. Romanovs.Alexander I.

Slide 6

In 1810, the State Council was created, which was supposed to consider all bills and consider reports from ministries. Speransky was appointed Secretary of State.
In 1811, unified regulations for the activities of ministries were introduced.
In 1811, a draft Code of the Senate was prepared; it was divided into the Governing (local government) and the Judicial. But this project was not accepted.

MM. Speransky in 1812

Slide 7

Economic plans

Russia's participation in the continental blockade sharply worsened the economic situation. Expenses exceeded income by 2 times. The issue of banknotes caused inflation.
Speransky’s economic recovery plan included: stopping the issue of banknotes,

G. Myasoedov. Mowers.

Slide 8

• sharp reduction in government spending,
• declaration of banknotes as state debt and their gradual redemption from the population,
• introduction of a tax on landowners' estates,
• carrying out internal loans from the population,
• introduction of additional taxes on peasants,
• introduction of a new customs tariff,

But this plan was not implemented, and the blame for economic difficulties fell on Speransky.

A. Venetsianov.On the arable land. Spring

Slide 9

Resignation of M.M. Speransky.

The activities of the Secretary of State were sharply criticized by the nobility. It was headed by N.M. Karamzin is an ideologist of the conservative movement.
Alexander took this criticism personally, and after accusing Speransky of sympathizing with the French order, he was forced to send him into retirement in 1812, first to N. Novgorod, then to Perm.

N.M. Karamzin

View all slides