Traditions of the Adyghe people. Creative project “Customs and traditions of the Circassians”
Presentation on the topic: History of the Circassian people
Presentation prepared by:
Student of group No. 12a
Belimgotov Islam Beslanovich
Project manager: Eremin
Vladimir Nikolayevich
-
unwritten
vault
moral and social rules that
complied with in all circumstances.
It was these rules that determined the rights and
responsibilities of each person, group or
class
of people.
All,
regardless
from
provisions had to be adhered to
them, since any deviation from them
was considered shameful and inadmissible.
However, these rules were supplemented or
changed according to circumstances.
“Adyge Khabze is a measure of behavior
people, as a result of repeated and
enough
long-term
time,
giving positive results to society
and family - this is the custom.”
National clothing and Kabardian horse breed
Beautiful and comfortable clothes of the Circassians consistfrom beshmet or arkhaluk, cherkeska, buttons,
duvets, burkas and hats trimmed with galloon, with
a bashlyk reminiscent of a Phrygian cap.
There were strict rules for wearing it.
The manner of wearing a Circassian coat was also very important. Her
worn buttoned and belted with a narrow
a belt on which hung a dagger,
Sometimes
gun
And
checker.
Most
the most striking detail were the gas bottles
- chest pockets with small compartments,
which contained tubes with charges for
weapons - gazyrs.
The Kabardian horse breed (Adygesh) is one of the oldest horse-drawn breeds. Got into everything
world reference books on horse breeding. A distinctive feature of Kabardian horses were strong legs and
a special “cup” shape of the hooves. "In such horses, the muscular part of the sole lay deep, as if at the bottom
an inverted glass, and it was almost completely surrounded by a horny formation, strong as a bone" (S. Mafedzev).
And that’s why the Kabardian breed of horses was not forged. Like other peoples, in Circassian cuisine
Cereal crops predominated. This can also
explain such an interesting fact that all dishes,
prepared from cereals, began with “khya” - in
translated from Circassian as “cereal”: hyelyue, hyetyk,
Khyegulyve and many others.
The most popular cereal among the Circassians is corn.
(nartykh). Corn reached the Circassians in the 16th century from
North America. The Adygs liked it so much
this cereal that they gave it its own name nartyhu (“nart food”).
When it comes to Circassian cuisine, you need
be sure to pay attention to this
An important fact is that sunflower oil
Circassians began to be used in the 20th century, and before that
time, all dishes were prepared exclusively on
sour cream, butter, lamb fat, which they
were made at home.
The Circassian table and all those rules that had to be strictly observed at the table were firmly rooted and not
They are not subject to any changes; moreover, they are brought to perfection. This includes sitting at the table, dividing
food between those present, and the head of the table, Tjemade, who oversees the meal. He has
an assistant, uneut or shkhegeryt, who makes sure that there is no dirt on the tables; they bring and take away dishes with food.
Conversation on the topic:
"Traditions and customs of the Circassians."
Goals of the conversation:
- Talk about the traditions and customs of the Adyghe people.
- Develop moral qualities: respect for elders, modesty, politeness, etc.
Progress of the conversation:
- Organizing time.
- Teacher's story "Traditions and customs of the Circassians."
Each nation has its own customs and traditions, which have been formed over thousands of years and passed on from generation to generation. The Adyghe people also have many of them.
One of the best traditions of the Circassians is the tradition of respect for elders. The tradition of respect for elders is instilled in children from early childhood. In the presence of elders, young people should behave modestly, with all their appearance expressing attention, respect, and readiness to carry out any assignment. They should not keep their hands in their pockets, stand half-bent, sit slumped, turn their backs to others, fidget in their chair, or scratch the back of their heads. In the language, there are special polite and modest forms of addressing elders to express gratitude to them.
3. Teacher’s story “Old Men’s Rock.”
This rock rises like a gloomy wall above the mountain river Ashe. It is called that for a reason. In ancient times, the Shapsug tribe that lived here had a cruel custom - to kill the elderly, who became people for the family and useless for the tribe. Trusting in the will of Allah, the old people were thrown off the cliff by their own children. The rock chosen for this was called the rock of the old men.
At that time, Shapsug Tahir lived in one of the villages. He was once the most fearless son of the tribe. And he had a son, Kazbek, who took care of him. Soon Tahir became very old and became so weak that he could not properly care for himself.
“It’s time to go to the rock of the old men,” the people of the tribe said about him.
But Kazbek loved his father very much.
“I’ll hide you in that cave over there,” Kazbek suggested. “I will come to you with food, and return from you with advice.” And in the village let them think that I threw you off the cliff. So they did.
Every year youth competitions were held in the village. And thanks to his father, Kazbek won all competitions. And when the bashi-bazouks attacked the village, Tahir told Kazbek how to defeat the enemies. And the village was saved.
When, at the celebrations on the occasion of the victory, young Kazbek was called the savior of the tribe, he was embarrassed and replied:
I'm not your savior. Everything I did, I did on the advice of my father Tahir. The years he has lived have made him a treasure trove of experience and wisdom.
And since then, they stopped throwing old people off the cliff into the abyss, and surrounded them with respect and honor.
4. Acquaintance with the custom of hospitality.
The custom of hospitality dates back to ancient times. Each nation brought its own specifics to this custom. Adyghe hospitality is distinguished by its unusual sophistication. It applies to all Circassians, regardless of their condition. The guest is a sacred, inviolable person; it is believed that he brings happiness and prosperity with him. It is the duty of every Adyghe to invite into the house those who need food and shelter.
The right of hospitality is enjoyed by both old and young, rich and poor, man and woman, friend and enemy. Guests from distant lands are held in highest esteem.
Next to the residential building, each family builds a special house - kunatskaya. The doors of the kunatskaya are open at any time of the day or night.
The sacred duty of the owner is to protect the peace and protect the guest. It is customary to give gifts to the most honored guests. A guest leaving the house is escorted to the edge of the aul and wishes him a happy journey.
5. Reading and discussion of the poem “About Guests.”
About the guests.
They say that in the Circassian's house
The room was special.
For her, Circassian, as for songs
He did not spare the warmth.
Old people probably still remember:
Wonderful carpets hung in it.
Only this is the best of the rooms -
Still empty for the time being.
But it’s not for nothing that there are household members in the house
Every day they took care of her, -
Guests may not even knock
Its door is open for guests.
Come in, friend, stranger,
Having overcome a multi-day journey!
Guest Adyghe is a holiday at home,
So, you can rest, traveler!
Start your story about the capitals,
And start the story about the villages...
We should learn from the Circassians
An ancient custom now.
How the alarming world would change,
A world with tight veins of roads,
If every heart were given
The best corner for the guest.
L. Sorokin.
6. “If a child is born” is a custom associated with the birth of a child.
When a child is born in a family, the news spreads throughout the village. A tree is planted in honor of this event. When a boy is born, a nut is often planted; if a girl is born, an apple tree is planted.
When the baby takes his first steps, a celebration is held in the house.
To find out what profession a child will be, they offer him various objects and toys. If a child chooses an accordion, he will be a musician, if a thermometer - a doctor, if a hammer - a carpenter, a book - a writer or poet. According to custom, on this day guests, relatives and neighbors give gifts to the baby.
7. Reading and discussion of the poem by K. Janet “This is the custom of the Circassians.”
The Circassians have this custom.
If somewhere among young people
The gray-haired Adyghe is speaking,
Don't you dare interrupt him,
Respect his gray-haired age, -
The Circassians have this custom.
Yes Yes Yes! Yes Yes Yes!
The Circassians have this custom.
If a guest knocks at the door, -
Open your heart to the guest.
And give half the house away for a while,
And treat him to chitlibzh,
And give me spring water to drink, -
This is the custom of the Circassians!
Yes Yes Yes! Yes Yes Yes!
This is the custom of the Circassians!
If you are building a new house, -
The whole village helps with labor.
You alone do not lift the log,
And for everyone it’s like a feather.
The house above the river will rise joyfully,
The Circassians have this custom.
Yes Yes Yes! Yes Yes Yes!
This is the custom of the Circassians!
If a daughter or son is born,
Citizen of our glorious country, -
You press him gently to your chest,
And plant a tree in the garden,
In honor of the one who disturbed the peace, -
This is the custom of the Circassians!
Bye - bye, bye - bye,
Bye - bye, my baby, go to sleep.
Ah-ah-ah, ah-ah-ah, this is the custom of the Circassians.
8. Introduction to the ethical program “Adyghe Khabze”.
As the basis for the education of a citizen of Adygea, it is necessary to take the moral laws of “Adyghe khabze”, which have absorbed the best qualities of the character of the Adyghe people, for whom high ethical principles have always been the norm of behavior. “Adyghe Khabze” is an oral cultural monument that designed a model of behavior that any Circassian who wants to maintain a spiritual and material connection with their ancestors must adhere to. This program can rightly be a program of social education and life activity of all citizens living in the Republic of Adygea.
Let's get acquainted with the basic principles of the “Adyghe Khabze” program.
Veneration of antiquity.Should have respect for parents, especially in their old age. Remember that they gave you life and that you are their flesh and blood.
Institute of seniority.It presupposes well-deserved respect for wisdom and justice; this is the ancient living law of the Circassians with the distribution of rights and responsibilities in society.
Man. According to the Adyghe canons, he was endowed with such qualities as courage, restraint, nobility in everyday life. A man is responsible for the material well-being of the family and children of his family who are left orphans. A man is an example for children.
Woman. Creates home comfort, raises sons to become men and future fathers, and daughters to become women and future mothers.
Children. They are obliged to respect their elders, and as they grow older, to become more independent, turning their attention to helping their aging parents.
Good and evil. Man is given reason to distinguish between good and evil. It is necessary to do good without demanding gratitude in return.
Warfare. Being a warrior can become a profession for an Adyghe; this guarantees peace.
Cult of beauty and harmony.Worship beauty and honor it. Beauty is harmony. Strive for it in everything.
Beauty from God is the beauty of a woman.
The beauty we are surrounded by is nature.
The beauty that we create ourselves is the beauty of relationships between people.
Virtue. Don't boast about your abilities. Don't chase bad fame. An Adyg who has achieved strength and self-confidence will not boast of his achievements. It is necessary to despise deception and subservience to the strongest. Pure reason and firmness of conviction will always show the right path.
The laws of “Adyghe khabze” show a person the path to the improvement of virtue and contribute to the establishment of harmonious relationships between people.
9. Summing up.
ADYGES. FORMATION OF A NATION The work was carried out by a history teacher at MBOU Secondary School No. 10 Art. Novosvobodnoy Martynov Alexey Georgievich
Among the Circassians there are various legends that say that as early as 4000 BC. Strong Proto-Meotian tribes from the coasts of the Meotian (Khy Myut1e) and Black (Khy Sh1uts1e) seas made military campaigns in Western Asia.
MORE THAN 4 THOUSAND YEARS AGO IN ANATOLIA THE HUTTS, WHO SPEAKED A LANGUAGE RELATED TO ADYGO-ABKHAZIAN, CREATED THE MOST ADVANCED CIVILIZATION OF ASIA MINOR. BEING SUBJECT TO THE ALIEN HITTES, THEY APPEARED TO PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE IN THE FORMATION OF THE HITTITE STATE, WHICH A FEW CENTURIES GROWED TO THE BORDER OF EGYPT.
Xhatiteui tyatezhkher L'epk'yzhme aschyshchheu Thydezh'me k'aIuate. The Hittites are our grandfathers. From the most ancient tribes (which are) epics are told. Khyatitme yapschygoshho, Khyshho kIybym shchynaIou, TsIeryIou zeubgyu. The kingdom of the Hittites is huge, known beyond the great sea, and expanding in glory. Yagyupapkyi Mysyrym Khyetit nag'esy. Ramseseui yapachyhyam Ar ymydeu zao keshIy. The Hittites extend their border to Egypt. Ramses, the king of Egypt, is dissatisfied with this and starts a war. Khyetitme yashIenyg'e Bgyu psteumkIi l'ag'ekIuate. Yeshit (Mysyr) pachykheu firaune Ramseseri, Khyetitme yar kakIui, ZeIu thylyi zedash Blag'e tiuri zereshchIyg. The Hittites promote their knowledge in all directions. The King of Egypt, Pharaoh Ramses, arrives to the Hittites. The agreement (contract) is concluded together, both parties become related. Striking is the MENTION IN THIS ADYGHE SONG OF PHARAOH RAMES (RAMSES) II, WHO LIVED IN ANCIENT EGYPT IN 1317-1251. BC. HOW LIVING IS THE POWER OF PEOPLE'S MEMORY!
The hypothesis that Circassian is an exo-ethnonym, recorded for the first time in the Mongolian chronicle “The Secret Legend” in 1240, in the form of serkesut, comes from the Turkic languages and means “cutting off the path,” is practically generally accepted today. Less widespread is the opinion, once voiced by the Kabardian prince Misostov, that “the word chirakes is a Farsi [Persian] thug.” Both of these points of view ignore the ethnonym “Kerket”, recorded on the Circassian coast since antiquity, to which the third group of researchers turns their attention, including the Authors of the AChE-Adyghe (Circassian) Encyclopedia, who believe that it is from him that the modern "Circassian", "Sirkess", "Sherjes". HITTITE SARKISATI ("KING OF THE OIKUMENE") TUTHALIYAS IV (KARABEL NEAR IZMIR, TURKEY). THERE ARE DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE ORIGIN OF THE ETHNONYM CIRCASIAN.
Emperor of the kingdom of Hatti, under which the power reached its maximum size: - in the south, the island of Alasia (Cyprus), the largest producer of copper (a strategic raw material of the Bronze Age) in the region and the only overseas possession of the Hittite Empire in its entire history, was captured; The peace treaty with Egypt (by the way, the first in the world), concluded by King Hattusilis III, continues to be in effect; TUTHALIYAS IV SON OF HATTUSILIS III. RULE DATES: 1244-1220, OR 1250-1220, OR 1260-1230.
- in the west of Anatolia - in the north of the Kaskas (kas-kas, it was after Assuwa (Asia) was conquered and, in the name of this people, according to one version, the Caucasus was named throughout it), the remaining reigns, the federates of Hatti, from the time of the reign Muwatallis - the great war continues with the rival of the great Egyptian kingdom of Arzawa, as well as with Pharaoh Ramses II in the great battle of the kingdom of Ahhiyawa - Kadesh (1290-75 BC - more precisely, the latter is known as difficult to say) and his brother and the Trojan War for the vassal co-ruler - the powerful vice-king of the north of the empire of the aforementioned Hatti - Vilussu / Tarupsu Hattusilis - in the future, who carried out (Ilion / Troy), in the "Odyssey" a coup and took the throne, overthrowing Homer, the hero of the royal brother is mentioned; the helmets of especially the Ketheans (Hittites) Eurypylus are interesting to us because they are the Hatto-Abkhazian son of Telephus ("Telepinus" in Adyghe people - the last Hatti (proto-Hittites) of Anatolia Hittite) and the sisters of Priam unassimilated by the Indo-European Astyochs, killed by the Hittites (Nesites); Neoptolemus; - IN THE EAST THERE IS A PERMANENT WAR WITH ASSYRIA.
About 1,400 Hatti cities flourished during the reign of Tuthalias IV (archaeologists today have not found even a dozen). His era is the heyday of Hittite art. TUTHALIYAS ACCEPTED THE TITLE SAR KISATI, I.E. “KING OF ALL”, “KING OF THE INHABITABLE WORLD”, “KING OF THE OICUMENE”. THIS TITLE IS A CALQUE FROM THE ASSYRIAN TITLE THAT THE KING OF ASSYRIA ADAD-NIRARI I (1290-1265) CALLED HIMSELF.
The meaning of the flag, in particular 12 stars and 3 crossed arrows, the yellow-green combination of its colors is interpreted differently. 12 stars are the 12 main Circassian subethnic groups or 12 administrative districts of Circassia, 3 crossed arrows are the 3 main princely families or a symbol of unity and peaceful intentions, since the 3 arrows in the quiver of the Circassian warrior testified specifically to them. However, what is more important is not the meaning originally assigned by the creators of the flag, but its further fate, its role in the history of the Circassian people. We don't know much about the history of the creation of the Circassian flag. According to one version, it was sewn with her own hands by a Circassian Turkish sultana based on a sketch by Scottish diplomat and writer David Urquhart in the 30s of the 19th century, when the Circassian people fought for their survival, for their land, for their freedom. CIRKASSIAN FLAG - WHERE IS IT FROM?
Originally there was a Hittite standard. Standards were used at all times by the most powerful and warlike peoples, but they were made of metal and were very heavy. On the Hittite standard there are 3 crossed arrows, they represent 3 great peoples who worshiped the sun god Ra: the Greeks, the Hittites, the Egyptians. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES. BUT LET'S PLAY INTO THE PIECE OF HISTORICAL AND
Adygs are one of the indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus. They have been living on the territory of modern Adygea for several millennia, being direct descendants of the ancient population of these places. They are reluctant to leave their homeland: the vast majority of Circassians (a little more than 95 thousand people out of 125 thousand) live in Adygea, and a little more than 20 thousand live in the neighboring Krasnodar Territory. And only a few thousand people moved to Turkey and the Middle East. However, the Circassians remain faithful not only to the land of their ancestors, but also to traditions, the observance of which is one of the requirements for a worthy person.
How society was built among the Circassians
In the old days, the Circassians were divided into many subethnic groups. By the twentieth century, these differences had practically disappeared, and now they speak of a single Adyghe people, sometimes using the synonym “Circassians.” The Circassians themselves call themselves "Adyghe". One of the largest groups within the Circassians are the Adygeis (along with the Kabardians or Shapsugs).
Despite the commonality of traditions and culture, the Circassian tribes in the old days differed in their method of governance. Some of them managed to introduce the beginnings of democracy and limit the power of the nobility. In these so-called democratic tribes, everything was ruled by elected elders. But in aristocratic tribes, princes led. However, what was common was that the life of the Adyghe tribes was based on a strict class hierarchy. Princes ruled, nobles fought, seizing other people's lands and defending their own, peasants and household slaves worked. Misalliances were not allowed: the prince could not marry a commoner.
A person of each class had to follow the rules prescribed to him. For example, the high-born Circassians practiced atalichestvo: while still children, princely children were sent to the family of a noble person. There they were brought up, became acquainted with their rights and responsibilities (the code of conduct of the Circassians was called “Khabza”). The young prince appeared in his father’s house only after reaching his 16th birthday, and his daughter almost before marriage. Proper upbringing is still valued among the Circassians. A person must be cultured, moral, respectful and brave. For those who do not know how to behave properly, the Adygs still have a saying: “Aren’t you an Adyghe?”
Education of military valor
The main character traits of the Circassians, for which they were famous outside their land, were courage and military skill. They were raised as young Circassians from childhood. Over the cradle of a newborn boy, the grandmother sang songs about how brave and dexterous he would be. The grown-up child was put on a horse, taught to throw a knife, handle a dagger, and then shoot with a bow. The Circassians were skilled horsemen and sharp shooters. Anyone who showed cowardice in battle or fear of death was subjected to a humiliating procedure: they put on a dirty hat, put him on a sick horse, and paraded him around like that. Laughing at such a person was not only not prohibited, but also welcomed. The coward became an outcast, an outcast.
Perhaps, it was only with his courage that a real Circassian could attract attention to himself. Modesty was considered a virtue. The Adygs say: a person can only be in the spotlight three times in life - at the moment of birth, on the wedding day and on the day of death. Each of them is accompanied by its own traditions and ceremonies.
Having a baby: everything goes according to the rules
The fact that a child had appeared in the house was signaled by a flag hung on the roof of the house. A motley flag signifies the birth of a girl, while a plain flag indicates the birth of a son. Until the baby is one year old, his paternal grandfather must plant a tree in the yard of his house. The new family member himself will later take care of him. As this tree grows, so does the child gain intelligence and education.
The Circassians prepare everything necessary to care for the baby only after his birth. It is not customary to do this in advance. According to tradition, all bedding is brought by relatives on the mother's side. It is believed that sleeping on linen prepared by the father's relatives is a bad sign (in the future it will bring misfortune to the child in marriage). But the baby’s paternal grandmother puts him in the cradle.
Circassian wedding: the main thing is desire
Surprisingly, it is precisely in the matter of marriage that the Circassians, who are strict about observing traditions, demonstrate respect for freedom and rationality.
The girl is allowed to choose the groom according to her heart. The explanation for this is simple: the family should be strong and happy, divorces are not encouraged. And the best foundation of a strong family is love and mutual respect.
The process of choosing a bride or groom can be quite lengthy. Young boys and girls look at each other at holidays and festivities. Then the girl goes home and receives young people in her room. They get to know each other and talk. At the same time, they have quite a lot of freedom: a guy can visit several girls, and a girl can receive several guys. Having made a choice, the man comes to the woman he likes and proposes. If she agrees, a wedding day is set. True, even on this day she can take back her word - until the guests enter her house. It is not customary to be offended by a refusal, because this is done in a delicate manner, without explaining the reasons.
Like many other Caucasian peoples, the parents of the bride and groom are not present at the wedding. The young people are in different houses, in the company of their friends. The groom's relatives bring a certain symbolic amount to the bride's house - as a sign of respect, and not as a ransom. In turn, her parents transfer a dowry to their daughter’s new home. The bride's relatives are not supposed to stay in the house of the newly-made son-in-law for long, a couple of hours at most.
At the same time, the Adyghe wedding is cheerful and joyful. The bride is showered with sweets, grains and coins, and walks on silk to the house. When entering the house, they take her in their arms so that she does not accidentally step on the threshold under which the souls of their ancestors live. Everyone gives each other gifts. There are other customs - comic ones.
For example, the groom’s grandmother leaves home: they say, the new young mistress will drive me out of my family. The bride, in turn, persuades her to return, gives her sweets and assures that everyone will respect and love her grandmother. The "negotiations" end with hugs and a return home.
In the Adyghe family, a woman occupied a fairly high place. Yes, she obeyed her husband unquestioningly, but she was not allowed to beat or punish her, she was considered the mistress of the house. And although the Circassians have been Muslims since the end of the 18th century, polygamy was not welcomed among them and was rare.
How to see off on your last journey
Funeral rituals also developed quite a long time ago. They are based on Muslim customs. Prayers are read over the deceased and wrapped in white cloth; after the funeral, his clothes are distributed to loved ones. However, these rituals also contain old, pre-Islamic features. For example, in the first three days after the funeral, you cannot cook in the house of the deceased: neighbors and relatives bring food. Mirrors are hung in the house of the deceased, and the women of his family wear black. And although Islam usually prescribes not to cry over the dead, the Circassians do not follow this recommendation. Children are not allowed to attend the funeral: they are taken away from the house in which the accident occurred.
Traditions in modern times
Modern Adygs still honor many ancient customs. It is not customary to eat a lot, talk a lot and express your feelings in public. It is not considered shameful to ask for help from neighbors and relatives, who are obliged to come to the rescue. The traditions of hospitality are also respected: the guest is prepared with the best dishes, given the best place and everything is done to ensure his safety even on the way home.
Maria Andreeva
