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Alternative energy sources presentation in English. Presentation "Alternative energy sources" in geography - project, report

Use of alternative energy sources

Lesson on technology in grade 10

Teacher Larionova Tatyana Petrovna

Alternative energy- a set of promising methods of obtaining energy, which are not as widespread as traditional ones, but are of interest because of the profitability of their use with a low risk of harm to the ecology of the area.

Alternative energy source - a method, device or structure that allows you to receive electricity (or other required type of energy) and replaces traditional energy sources that operate on oil, natural gas and coal. The purpose of the search for alternative energy sources is the need to obtain it from the energy of renewable or practically inexhaustible natural resources and phenomena. Environmental friendliness and economy can also be taken into account.

Source classification

Type of sources

Convert to energy

windmills

The movement of air masses

Geothermal

Heat of the planet

solar

The electromagnetic radiation of the sun

hydropower

Movement of water in rivers or seas

Thermonuclear

Fusion reaction

Energy of sun (solar energy)

Translated from Greek, the Sun - Helios

(solar power plants)

The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is 6.7 times the global fossil fuel resource potential. The use of only 0.5% of this reserve could completely cover the world's energy needs for millennia. The technical potential of solar energy in Russia (2.3 billion tons of conventional fuel per year) is approximately 2 times higher than today's fuel consumption.

Methods for generating electricity and heat from solar radiation

Getting electricity

using photocells.

Converting solar energy into electricity using heat engines: steam engines using water vapor.

"Pros" of using solar energy

THE SOLAR ENERGY COMING TO THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA IN THREE DAYS EXCEEDS THE ENERGY OF THE ENTIRE ANNUAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION!!!

NO! pollution

environment!

NO! extermination

resources!

NO! harmful effects !

Wind energy - wind energy

WPP (wind power plant)

In Russia, the gross potential of wind energy is 80 trillion. kW / h per year, and in the North Caucasus - 200 billion kW / h (62 million tons of conventional fuel). These values are significantly greater than the corresponding values of the organic fuel technical potential.

Wind energy on earth is inexhaustible. For many centuries, people have been trying to turn wind energy to their advantage by building wind farms that perform various functions: mills, water and oil pumps, and power plants. As the practice and experience of many countries have shown, the use of wind energy is extremely beneficial, because, firstly, the cost of wind is zero, and secondly, electricity is obtained from wind energy, and not by burning carbon fuel, the combustion products of which are known to be dangerous. impact on a person.

Due to the constant emissions of industrial gases into the atmosphere and other factors, the temperature contrast on the earth's surface increases. This is one of the main factors that leads to an increase in wind activity in many regions of our planet and, accordingly, the relevance of building wind farms - an alternative source of energy.

wind power plant

is a complex of technical devices for converting the kinetic energy of the wind flow into the mechanical energy of rotation of the generator rotor. The wind turbine consists of one or more wind farms, an accumulating or redundant device, and systems for automatic control and regulation of the plant's operating modes.

Remote areas, insufficiently provided with electricity, have practically no other, economically viable alternative, such as the construction of wind farms.

The energy of the sea tides

PES (the first tidal power plant

The cost of energy produced at such a TPP is comparable to the cost received at a nuclear power plant

The energy of the internal heat of the Earth (geothermal energy)

GeoTPP (geothermal thermal power plant) or GTS

geothermal energy - the direction of energy, based on the production of electrical and thermal energy at the expense of thermal energy contained in the bowels of the earth, at geothermal stations

The structure of the globe

Ocean

outer core

Earth core. The hottest part of the Earth with a temperature of 4000˚C. It consists, as scientists believe, of molten iron.
Mantle. The shell that covers the nucleus. The mantle reaches a depth of 2900 km.
Lithosphere. The earth's crust, or, in other words, the lithosphere (in Greek, "lithos" - a stone, "sphere" - a ball) is the upper solid shell of the Earth, its thickness is from 30 to 100 km under the continents and only 5-7 km - under the oceans .

Mantle

Earth's crust

inner core

Shells of the globe

Volcano- a geological formation in the earth's crust and on the surface of the earth, where eruptions of lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor rise from the bowels of the earth through cracks and channels.

In areas of modern and recently stopped volcanic activity, such a phenomenon as geysers - periodically gushing hot springs. They are a system of fully or partially filled reservoirs (voids), cracks and channels that open onto the surface of the earth. Under the pressure of the water column of the lower part of the canal and underground voids, the water gradually heats up above 100 ° C, boils and, instantly turning into steam, is thrown to the surface with noise in the form of a fountain up to 40, sometimes 150 m high.

One of the geysers in Kamchatka

groundwater, the temperature of which exceeds the average annual air temperature of the area, located at a depth of about 2.5 km.

There are 2 types of such underground pools - with a predominance of steam and with a predominance of hot water.
Along with the construction of geothermal power plants in many countries, thermal waters are increasingly used for direct heating of buildings.

Hot rocks are the future of geothermal energy.
For geothermal energy, coolant A substance that transfers heat from a hotter body to a colder one.

A thermonuclear reaction is a process in which two or more light nuclei form a heavier nucleus.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Alternative energy sources Prepared by: teacher of biology DTPA Poplavskaya E.F.

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Alternative energy sources "A world that can be flown around in 90 minutes will never again be for people what it was for their ancestors."

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Problem questions What are the advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources? What are the types of power plants? Which of the following alternative energy sources will dominate?

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In connection with the problem of ecological catastrophe, an important place is given to the search for alternative energy sources. There are a great many different ways to get energy without emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The most famous of them are: Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal energy River energy World Ocean energy Tidal energy Hydrogen energy

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Advantage: Colossal amount of energy Disadvantage: Weak solar energy density

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Solar power plant The main disadvantage of solar power plants is their high cost and large footprint. Thus, to accommodate a solar power plant with a capacity of 100 MW, an area of 200 hectares is required, and for a nuclear power plant with a capacity of 1000 MW - only 50 hectares.

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Solar energy in Ukraine Significant pace of development of Ukrainian solar energy in 2011 proved to the whole world that Ukraine has an impressive potential in this area. Last year, equipment with a total capacity of 185.5 MW was put into operation in the country, while in 2010 the installed capacity of photovoltaic modules was only 2.5 MW. Mainly, such a powerful jump was a consequence of the approval of a high rate of "green" tariff - 46 euro cents per 1 kWh of electricity. Dunaiska is a 43 megawatt (MW) solar power plant located near the village of Dolinovka in the Odessa region of Ukraine. Consists of 182,380 modules. It occupies 80 hectares. Built by the Austrian company Activ Solar.

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Wind power Advantage: Wind energy potential is great Disadvantages: Wind farms are weather dependent. In addition, they are very noisy, so large installations even have to be turned off at night. In addition, wind farms interfere with air traffic, and even radio waves. Finally, their use requires huge areas than other types of power generators.

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Wind energy in Ukraine The most suitable for wind power plants (WPP) in Ukraine are the northern regions and the Crimea. At the beginning of 2008, the total capacity of the WPP in Ukraine was 89 MW. All Ukrainian wind farms were built as part of the implementation of the “Comprehensive program for the construction of wind power plants”, adopted by the government of Ukraine in 1997 and foreseeing the commissioning of 1990 MW of wind power capacities by 2010. Basically, these wind farms with a capacity of 107.5 kW, which are produced in Ukraine under the license of the American company Kenetic Windpower. Since June 2003, the commissioning of wind power plants of the Belgian company "Turbowinds" with a capacity of 600 kW began in Ukraine.

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Geothermal energy is based on the use of the Earth's heat. Disadvantage: Weak concentration Advantage: Inexhaustible reserves, harmless, economical The geyser contains a huge energy - you just need to be able to use it.

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Geothermal energy in Ukraine Ukraine has at its disposal significant resources of geothermal energy, the potential reserves of which are estimated at 1022 J. This is equivalent to fuel reserves of 3.4·1011 tce. According to various estimates, geothermal heat resources, taking into account proven reserves and the efficiency of geothermal energy conversion, will be able to ensure the operation of geothermal power plants with a total capacity of up to 200 - 250 million kW (with drilling depths of boreholes up to 7 km and periods of operation of stations up to 50 years) and geothermal heat supply systems with a total with a capacity of up to 1.2-1.5 billion kW (with drilling depths of boreholes up to 4 km and periods of operation of systems up to 50 years).

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Energy of rivers This direction is not new, in Ukraine there are already hydroelectric power plants on small rivers. There are even entire regions where the life of the population depends on the delivery of hydrocarbon fuel, and at the same time, small rivers with sufficient water supply are in place. Therefore, it is advisable to develop small-scale energy as an alternative source of energy. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is truly unique due to its geographical location, since the development of the potential of small rivers and the use of free pressure in the existing water supply and sewerage systems of Crimean cities using small hydropower plants will help solve the problems of improving the power supply to many consumers and their environmental safety. The objects of small hydropower include mini-hydro power plants - with a capacity of up to 100 kW, micro-hydro power plants - up to 100 kW and own small hydro power plants - 15-25 MW. The total installed capacity of small hydroelectric power plants in the Crimea can be about 6900 kW. The operation of small HPPs in the Crimea makes it possible to additionally produce up to 5 million kW / h of electricity per year, which is equivalent to annual savings of up to 1.5 thousand tons of scarce organic fuel.

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Energy reserves in the oceans are colossal, because two-thirds of the earth's surface (361 million km) is occupied by seas and oceans. In addition to the treasures of sunken ships, innumerable treasures of energy are stored in the ocean. 2

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Tidal energy The use of tidal energy began already in the 19th century. for the operation of mills and sawmills on the shores of the White and North Seas. Until now, such structures serve the inhabitants of a number of coastal countries. Now research on the creation of tidal power plants (TPP) is being conducted in many countries of the world. Twice a day at the same time, the ocean level either rises or falls. It is the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun that attract masses of water towards them. Away from the coast, fluctuations in the water level do not exceed 1 m, but near the coast they can reach 13 m.

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Tidal power plants operate according to the following principle: a dam is built at the mouth of a river or bay, in the body of which hydroelectric units are installed. A tidal basin is created behind the dam, which is filled by the tidal current passing through the turbines. At low tide, the flow of water rushes from the pool to the sea, rotating the turbines in the opposite direction. It is considered economically feasible to build a TPP in areas with tidal fluctuations in sea level of at least 4 m. The design capacity of a TPP depends on the nature of the tide in the area of the station construction, on the volume and area of the tidal basin, and on the number of turbines installed in the body of the dam.

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Hydrogen - the energy of the future "I believe that hydrogen and oxygen in the form of water will be used as an inexhaustible source of heat and light" Jules Verne.

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Properties of Hydrogen Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant chemical element in the universe. It is a colorless gas, odorless and tasteless, non-toxic. Each hydrogen molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen gas is 14 times lighter than air and has the highest energy per unit mass of any other fuel. Hydrogen is widely distributed on our planet, but is found only in combination with other elements. Combining with oxygen forms water, and combining with carbon forms hydrocarbons, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, propane and many others. Hydrogen is the best energy carrier for fuel cell electric vehicles or existing internal combustion engine vehicles. Hydrogen in water

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Environmentally friendly fuel When hydrogen is burned, heat, ordinary water and a negligible amount of nitrogen oxides are released. Hydrogen fuel does not contain carbon, so its use does not increase the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The combustion of hydrogen does not lead to the destruction of the ozone layer and the formation of acid rain. The transition to the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier can restore the ecology of the atmosphere, especially in large metropolitan areas. Hydrogen is the only truly environmentally friendly chemical fuel.

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sugar cane which is used to make ethanol. Ethanol is used as a fuel, as a solvent, and as a filler in alcohol thermometers.

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Hydrogen Production Any hydrogen containing material can be a potential source of fuel for fuel cells. Hydrocarbon fuels - methanol, ethanol, natural gas, refined petroleum products and liquefied propane - can give off hydrogen when refining petroleum products through additional processing. Hydrogen can be extracted from biogas or other carbon-free compounds. You can get hydrogen from water using electric current. This process is called electrolysis Sources of hydrogen:

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Hydrogen storage The problem of hydrogen storage is currently being successfully solved by researchers and car manufacturers. Hydrogen can be stored in much the same way as gasoline or propane, but high pressure cylinders are required. Another way to store hydrogen is in the form of hydrides (chemical compounds with other substances) under little or no pressure at all. Hydrogen can also be stored as a liquid, but it would need to be cooled to minus 183 degrees Celsius to do so. A lot of energy is required to liquefy hydrogen in this way, so the gaseous form is much more convenient.

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Hydrogen Safety Hydrogen has been produced commercially in the US for more than 50 years, and this experience has shown that it can be produced and transported safely. In the 20th century, hydrogen was used as household gas in the United States, and more than 500,000 households in Japan use it to this day. The US hydrogen industry has demonstrated exemplary levels of safety over the past 50 years, and safety requirements are constantly rising. Speaking of gasoline safety. A gasoline fire in 1986 killed 760 people in the United States. More than 140,000 gasoline-fuelled car fires occur each year. Hydrogen is much lighter than air and dissolves quickly, so in the event of a leak in the open air, it rises and is instantly diluted to a non-explosive concentration. When ignited, hydrogen burns at a lower temperature than gasoline vapor, thus greatly reducing the risk of surrounding objects catching fire. Finally, hydrogen does not pollute the soil, as well as water and air.

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Ford on a hydrogen engine accelerated to 331 km. per hour In the United States at Bonneville Salt Lake, Ford's Fusion Hydrogen 999 set a new world speed record for cars equipped with a hydrogen engine. Such a Ford, under the control of the famous racer Rick Burns, was able to accelerate to 207 miles per hour (331 kilometers per hour). The Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999 is the world's first off-the-shelf racing car with a 770 horsepower electric motor powered by a fuel cell hydrogen plant. According to representatives of the American company, this machine is the result of 10 years of research in the field of hydrogen technology, and it took more than a year to build it.

The presentation reflects the material of research activities on the topic "Alternative Energy Sources". The presentation shows all sources of alternative energy used by people in the modern world. The material can be used in the lessons of geography, physics, ecology, class hours.

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Presentation. "Alternative Energy Sources". Completed by: 8th grade students of MBOU Ilkinskaya secondary school. Nazarova Arina, Paranina Ekaterina. Head: Zashkalova S.I. 2013-2014 year. http://www.posternazakaz.ru/shop/makeframe/80662/573/82/

Alternative energy sources. Wind power Geothermal power Solar power Biopower Hydropower Hydrogen power

Wind power. Wind energy is a branch of energy that specializes in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. http://www.energypicturesonline.com/watermark.php?i=2241 Windmill.

http://www.energypicturesonline.com/watermark.php?i=2272 Wind energy. Wind energy uses the force of the wind to drive the blades of wind turbines. The rotation of the turbine blades is converted into electrical current by an electrical generator. In an old mill, wind energy was used to turn mechanical machines to do physical work, such as crushing grain. Now, electric currents drawn by large-scale wind farms are used in national power grids, and small individual turbines are used to provide electricity to remote areas or an individual home.

http://www.energypicturesonline.com/watermark.php?i=2142 Pros. Wind energy does not produce any environmental pollution, as wind is a renewable energy source. Wind farms can be built offshore. Minuses. Wind power is intermittent. If the wind speed decreases, the movement of the turbine slows down and less energy is generated. Large wind farms can have a negative effect on scenery.

Solar energy. Solar energy is the energy of the sun, it is an almost endless source as long as our star shines. Thousands of joules of heat rush in our direction. http://pics.posternazakaz.ru/pnz/product/med/2d2c5c1e1088bb3241178b7421d0754b.jpg

Energy of sun. Solar energy is commonly used for heating, cooking, power generation, and even sea water desalination. The sun's rays are captured by solar installations and the sunlight is converted into electricity, heat. http://20c.com.ua/images/sun_batery.jpg

Pros. Solar energy is a renewable resource. As long as the sun exists, its energy will reach the Earth. Solar energy does not pollute either water or air, because there is no chemical reaction resulting from burning fuel. Solar energy can be used very efficiently for practical applications such as heating and lighting. Cons Solar energy does not produce energy if the Sun is not shining. Night and cloudy days will severely limit the amount of energy produced. Solar power plants can be very expensive. http://www.ecogroup.com.ua/sites/ecogroup.com.ua/files/u1/1307883633_solar-panels.jpg

Hydropower. Hydropower - the energy of falling water, and how to convert it into electricity. http://ukrelektrik.com/_pu/7/25618938.jpg

Water energy. The generation of electricity from moving water is one of the cleanest and most affordable renewable energy sources. This is a good viable option if you live on a river with a reasonably steady flow. http://myrt.ru/news/uploads/posts/2008-12/1230382583_gidroelektrostancia.jpg

Geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is a direction of energy based on the production of electrical and thermal energy at the expense of thermal energy contained in the bowels of the earth at geothermal stations. Considered renewable energy. http://www.google.ru/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/300px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD %25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0&wh=200 =300&sz=24&tbnid=Jy6JxE56uKNZMM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25%D0%25BC 25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1% 2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0.%2B%2B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8 %26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1% 8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA% D0%B 0.++%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8&docid=phieHb0jE2WXQM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uJlsT62YAYrR4QS96pTAAg&ved=0CCUQ9QEwAA&dur=72

Earth energy. Pros. When done correctly, geothermal energy does not emit harmful by-products. Geothermal power plants are usually small and have little impact on the natural landscape. Cons If done incorrectly, geothermal energy can lead to pollutants. Incorrect drilling in the ground contributes to the release of hazardous minerals and gases. http://www.google.ru/imgres?imgurl=http://www.inverter-china.com/ru-blog/upload/geothermal-energy.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.inverter-china.com/ ru-blog/articles/Geothermal-power/about-Geothermal-power.html&h=295&w=336&sz=20&tbnid=wO9cqTlo3jF6HM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=103&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE %25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD %25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0.%2B%2B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580% 25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5 %D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0 %B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0.++%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD% D0%BA%D0%B8&docid=U4m-XpSiQew5mM&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=uJlsT62YAYrR4QS96pTAAg&ved=0CCsQ9QEwAg&dur=394

Bioenergetics. Bioenergy is a branch of the electric power industry based on the use of biofuels from various organic substances, mainly organic waste. http://www.google.ru/imgres?q=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%8D %D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1 %81%D1%8B&hl=ru&newwindow=1&sa=X&biw=1567&bih=778&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=heAWuowfcoRswM:&imgrefurl=http://info-site.my1.ru/publ/11-1-0-329&docid=bB0G7Xw634vIQM&imgurl=http : //www.buzzle.com/img/articleImages/325208-14112-35.jpg&w=350&h=223&ei=mpxsT9isKaGg4gTCyJTAAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=456&sig=107568240252406074391&page=2&tbnh=139&tbnw=197&start=30&ndsp=36&ved=1t: 429, r :33,s:30&tx=108&ty=75

Biomass Organic materials from plants or animals can be used to create energy that can be converted into electricity. Obviously, the combustion process is all bad for the environment, but organic matter burns much cleaner than fossil fuels. http://www.google.ru/imgres?q=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%8D %D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1 %81%D1%8B&start=66&hl=en&newwindow=1&sa=X&biw=1567&bih=778&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=QWPJkZuBF7cFxM:&imgrefurl=http://aenergy.ru/1724&docid=jgjAC40VNl70SM&imgurl=http://aenergy.ru/wpenergy.ru/wpenergy.ru /uploads/2009/08/article-18-08-09-2.JPG&w=586&h=279&ei=sJxsT7mXJrDQ4QTeo6nAAg&zoom=1

Hydrogen energy. Hydrogen energy is an actively developing type of energy, the production and consumption of energy is based on the use of hydrogen, which in turn is formed during the decomposition of water. http://www.google.ru/imgres?imgurl=http://energokeeper.com/assets/images/0100/0015.jpg&imgrefurl=http://energokeeper.com/vodorodnaya-energetika.html&h=225&w=300&sz= 23&tbnid=k3YgRbJbF24XBM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D02% %25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD %25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0.%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=%D0%BA%D0 %B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE %D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0 %BA%D0%B0.&docid=Mmh6ufKHBJO_xM&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=U7hsT8GRO8K2hQfqrKCkBw&ved=0CCsQ9QEwAg&dur=141

Output. Alternative energy sources such as solar and wind can help reduce energy costs. Read about existing alternative energy technologies and how future energy sources will help you run your home efficiently. Alternative or renewable energy sources show significant promise in reducing the amount of toxins that are by-products of energy use. Not only do they protect against harmful by-products, but the use of alternative energy sources conserves many of the natural resources that we currently use as energy sources.

Resources Alternative energy. 2 . -Renewable-Energy-Systems.htm&usg=ALkJrhg7W0B9ajHdq0T7ZDs1-HFcNJ2zqA Renewable energy.

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private educational institution secondary school "Komashinsky", Slavyanka village 2010 Completed by 11th grade student Vladimir Bortkevich Alternative sources of electricity

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Introduction: On the threshold of the 21st century, people increasingly began to think about what will become the basis of their existence in the new era. It is possible to single out many components that play an important role in people's lives, but ENERGY occupies a special place in it. Due to the shortage and limited fuel resources, there is a transition to non-traditional (alternative energy sources). In my work, I decided to consider the main possibilities of using non-traditional methods of energy production, which are not yet popular in the modern world, but are necessary in the future.

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Problem questions: What is the electric power industry? What refers to the types of "non-traditional" energy? Ways to get it. Problems of development of alternative sources of electricity in our country? General problems of the development of "non-traditional" energy in our country?

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What is the power industry? The electric power industry is an integral part of the energy industry, the task of which is to generate electricity at power plants and transfer it to consumers through power lines. Energy is an essential part of human life. It is the basis for the development of productive forces in any state. Power industry Electricity generation Electricity transmission Electricity use HPP AC lines Industry Transport Agriculture Household Thermal power plants Nuclear power plants DC lines

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Electricity, the only industry produced in power plants, whose products cannot be stored. Type of power plants Construction and operation Work in the energy system Environmental impact Thermal (CHP) They are built quickly and cheaply, but consume a large amount of fuel, hence the cost of extracting and transporting fuel. They operate continuously, but require a long stop during repairs. Coal-fired thermal power plants emit a lot of solid waste and harmful gases into the atmosphere. Hydraulic (HPP) They take longer to build, are more expensive than all types of power plants. They use the energy of falling water, the staff is small, the cost of electricity is minimal. They can cover heavy loads, easily turning on at the right time. There is a flooding of river valleys - especially valuable lands; river flow regulation. Nuclear (NPP) They are built for a long time and are expensive, but electricity is cheaper than at thermal power plants. Uses uranium, does not depend on fuel resources, requires precision equipment. Qualified workers. When operating without incident - the impact on the environment is negligible; disposal of radioactive waste is required.

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Production of electricity at stations of various types. From the diagram it can be seen that most of all comes to thermal power plants, then comes the hydroelectric power station, and the last one is the nuclear power plant.

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Alternative sources of electricity Scientists warn that the proven reserves of fossil fuels at the current rate of growth in energy consumption will last only 70-130 years. It is these conclusions that once again confirm the need for a speedy transition to alternative sources of electricity.

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What refers to the types of "non-traditional" energy? Ways to get it. The main types of "non-traditional" energy converted into electrical energy: solar, wind, geothermal, hydrogen, ocean thermal energy, tidal energy, sea currents, etc.

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Solar energy Solar energy is the kinetic energy of radiation generated as a result of reactions in the depths of the Sun. Methods for generating electricity and heat from solar radiation. 1. Obtaining electricity with the help of photocells. 2. Solar thermal energy - Heating the surface that absorbs the sun's rays and the subsequent distribution and use of heat. 3. "Solar sail" can convert the sun's rays into kinetic energy in an airless space. 4. Hot air power plants (conversion of solar energy into air flow energy). 5. Solar balloon power plants (generation of water vapor inside the balloon balloon due to heating of the balloon surface by solar radiation).

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Wind energy Wind energy is a huge energy of moving air masses. The principle of operation of wind turbines is very simple: the blades, which rotate due to the force of the wind, transmit mechanical energy through the shaft to the electric generator. That, in turn, generates electrical energy.

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In the mid-90s of the last century, on the territory of the Khasansky district of the Primorsky Territory in the village of Slavyanka at the enterprise "Road Repair and Construction Administration" under the leadership of Loponikov, a wind turbine was installed, but due to the neglect of the wind rose, the wind turbine was not put into commercial operation .

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Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is the production of electricity and thermal energy from the thermal energy contained in the bowels of the earth. In volcanic regions, circulating water superheats above boiling temperatures at relatively shallow depths and rises through cracks to the surface, sometimes manifesting itself in the form of geysers.

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There are the following fundamental possibilities of using the heat of the earth's depths. Water or a mixture of water and steam, depending on their temperature, can be used for hot water and heat supply, for power generation, or for all three purposes simultaneously.

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Tidal energy The strategy for optimal operation of a tidal power plant (TPP) is simple: store water in a reservoir behind the dam during high tides and use it to generate electricity when there is a “peak demand” in the grids, thereby reducing the load on other power plants.

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Thermal energy of the ocean Mini-OTES and OTES-1 installations were created (OTES - the initial letters of the English words Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, i.e. ocean thermal energy conversion - we are talking about conversion into electrical energy). This is one grandiose pipe, in the upper part of which there is a round machine room, where all the necessary devices for energy conversion are located.

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The upper end of the cold water pipeline will be located in the ocean at a depth of 25–50 m. The turbine hall is designed around the pipe at a depth of about 100 m. Turbine units operating on ammonia vapor will be installed there, as well as all other equipment.

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The energy of sea currents The inexhaustible reserves of the kinetic energy of sea currents, accumulated in the oceans and seas, can be converted into mechanical and electrical energy using turbines submerged in water (like windmills "submerged" in the atmosphere).

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Hydro Power "Mini HPPs" can be located on small rivers or even streams, their power generators will work with small drops in water or driven only by the force of the current. The same "mini-hydroelectric power plants" can be installed on large rivers with a relatively fast flow.

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Wave energy A vertical pipe is installed on the bottom of the sea or lake, in the underwater part of which a “window” is made; falling into it, a deep wave (and this is an almost constant phenomenon) compresses the air in the mine, and it turns the generator turbine. During the reverse movement, the air in the turbine is rarefied, setting the second turbine in motion. Thus, the wave power plant operates continuously in almost any weather, and the current is transmitted to the shore through an underwater cable.

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Hydrothermal energy The principle of obtaining energy by hydrothermal power plants. This requires an installation that operates on the principle of “a refrigerator in reverse.” Hot steam, which is formed as a result of heat exchange, condenses, its temperature rises to 110 C, and then it can be started up either for turbines of power plants or for heating water in central heating batteries up to 60- 65 C.

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Controlled Fusion Controlled Fusion uses the nuclear energy released by the fusion of light nuclei such as hydrogen or its isotopes deuterium and tritium. (The fusion reaction of deuterium with tritium D + T = He + n, which results in the formation of a helium nucleus, He, and a neutron.).

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Hydrogen is the fuel of the future Hydrogen can be considered an ideal fuel. It is available wherever there is water. When hydrogen is burned, water is formed, which can be decomposed again into hydrogen and oxygen, and this process does not cause any environmental pollution.

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At the moment, hydrogen is the most developed “fuel of the future”. There are several reasons for this: when hydrogen is oxidized, water is formed as a by-product, and hydrogen can be extracted from it. And if we take into account that 73% of the Earth's surface is covered with water, then we can assume that hydrogen is an inexhaustible fuel. It is also possible to use hydrogen to carry out thermonuclear fusion, which has been taking place on our Sun for several billion years and provides us with solar energy.

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Problems of development of alternative sources of electricity in our country? In 1990, the share of EPA accounted for approximately 0.05% of the total energy balance, (ie, approximately 30 times less than in the US) But what are the problems of such a situation in the alternative electric power industry in Russia? 1. There is no industry in the country that combines all disparate developments into a single strategic plan. 2. There is practically no strategy for a full-scale transition to alternative energy. 3. The problem of financing is also relevant and most important.

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But still, in our country there are stations that generate energy from alternative sources, despite the fact that their share is small and insignificant. Underground heat or geothermal energy is used in Kamchatka.

Wind energy. Wind energy uses the force of the wind to drive the blades of wind turbines. The rotation of the turbine blades is converted into electrical current by an electrical generator. In an old mill, wind energy was used to turn mechanical machines to do physical work, such as crushing grain. Now, electric currents drawn by large-scale wind farms are used in national power grids, and small individual turbines are used to provide electricity to remote areas or an individual home.

Pros. Wind energy does not produce any environmental pollution, as wind is a renewable energy source. Wind farms can be built offshore. Minuses. Wind power is intermittent. If the wind speed decreases, the movement of the turbine slows down and less energy is generated. Large wind farms can have a negative effect on scenery.

Resources Alternative energy. 1. //saveenergy.about.com/od/alternativeenergysources/a/altenergysource.htm&usg=ALkJrhgt0WEAMR14gV7RNqd 1FrqDtz4DKQ com/translate_c?hl=en&langpair=en%7Cru&rurl=translate.google.ru&u= Energy-Systems.htm&usg=ALkJrhg7W0B9ajHdq0T7ZDs1-HFcNJ2zqA Renewable energy.

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