Black Hundred parties. Ideology of the Black Hundreds Black Hundred organizations number of participants

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Black Hundreds Black Hundreds is a collective name for representatives of extreme right-wing organizations in Russia in 1905–1917, who acted under the slogans of monarchism, great-power chauvinism and anti-Semitism. The Black Hundred movement did not represent a single whole and consisted of various associations, such as the “Russian Monarchist Party”, “Black Hundreds”, “Union of the Russian People”, “Union of the Archangel Michael”, etc.

Leader of the organization One of the founders and main ideologists of the Black Hundred movement was the Russian politician V. A. Gringmut. Gringmut was the leader of that line in the Black Hundreds that most consistently advocated an unlimited monarchy and denied any concessions to parliamentarism.

V. A. Gringmut In June 1906, his article “The Guide of the Black Hundred Monarchist” was published, which in a systematic and accessible form for the common man gave answers to the socio-political questions of our time. This document provides the following list of “internal enemies of Russia”: constitutional democrats, socialists, revolutionaries, anarchists and Jews. These and other radical views of Gringmuth caused him to be brought to trial in 1906 on charges of “inciting hostility of one part of the population against another.”

Composition The social basis of these organizations consisted of heterogeneous elements: landowners, representatives of the clergy, large and petty urban bourgeoisie, merchants, peasants, workers, burghers, artisans, police officials who advocated the preservation of the inviolability of the autocracy. The period of special activity of the Black Hundreds fell on the years 1905 - 1914.

The Worker and Peasant Question The Black Hundreds advocated shortening the working day, improving working conditions and insurance for workers, as well as preserving landownership. All-Russian Emperor Nicholas II meets with the Black Hundreds.

Basic ideas The ideology of the Black Hundreds is set out in Gringmut’s article “The Guide of a Black Hundred Monarchist.” The main ideas in it: the preservation of a single indivisible Russia, autocracy, nationalism and anti-Semitism.

END THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Political parties in the political system of society

Presentation of a lesson in 11th grade social studies. Lesson objectives: Educational: To form in students an idea of ​​what a party is. Show the signs and role of political parties...

People who studied in Soviet schools clearly knew that the Black Hundreds were obscurantists and pogromists. There was no doubt about this, nor was there a desire to look at the people who staged bloody pogroms in the cities of Russia, especially in Moscow and Odessa, from some other angle.

The ideas of the Black Hundreds are still alive today. A certain segment of the population becomes interested in them. Our time is remarkable in that you can look at any issue from different points of view and try to form your own opinion about this movement.

Prominent figures who sympathized with the Black Hundreds

It is interesting to get acquainted with the program of the Black Hundreds, if only because the wife and daughter of F. M. Dostoevsky, who spoke of the impossibility of good, which is based on even a drop of the shed blood of a child, were active Black Hundreds. Archpriest John of Kronstadt and artist Viktor Vasnetsov were among them. Mendeleev, Michurin, captain of the cruiser “Varyag” Rudnev are the Black Hundreds, not to mention the 500 figures of the Orthodox Church who were later classified as “new martyrs and confessors of Russia.” Among them was the future Patriarch, Metropolitan Tikhon Bellavin.

Healthy roots

So, there was some kind of positive idea in the program of this movement? And what is this name that has acquired such a terrifying connotation over time? Historian Vladimir Mokhnach says that initially “the Black Hundreds were representatives of urban democratic circles.”

Why is that? Because in tsarist Russia a hundred was the name given to an internal division of a city. There were white hundreds, which included the upper strata of the population who did not pay taxes to the state, and black hundreds who did. Representatives of this urban democracy (merchants, artisans) formed the detachments that expelled the Poles from the Kremlin and contributed to ending the Time of Troubles in Rus'.

One of the ideologists

And the reactionary direction itself of 1900-1917 owes its name to V. A. Gringmut, one of the main ideologists of the Black Hundred movement. He was such a prominent representative that he remained in history not as a right-wing radical politician, but as a pogromist and obscurantist (obscurantist hostile to science, progress and enlightenment), for which he was brought to trial by the tsarist government in 1906.

According to Gringmut, the Black Hundreds are ardent fighters for preserving the inviolability of autocracy, however, on the basis of great-power chauvinism, which resulted specifically in anti-Semitism.

One of the assessments of the movement by a contemporary

At the beginning of the century, this extremely reactionary movement was so active that it was called the “Black Hundred Terror of 1905-1907.” At this time, they committed the murders of M. Ya. Herzenstein and G. B. Yollos (members of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party) and no less resonant attempts on the lives of P. N. Milyukov and ex-Prime Minister Witte, whom some representatives of the movement (the same Gringmut) designated as one of their main enemies. S. Yu. Witte believed that the Black Hundreds were, in essence, representatives of a patriotic organization, the ideas of which were based not on reason and nobility, but on passions, and that they were simply unlucky with their leaders, among whom were many crooks and people with dirty thoughts and feelings. In such a high style he spoke about the pogromists who carried out the bloody massacre. Entire Jewish families died under the slogan “Beat the Jews, save Russia!” But the ex-prime minister, speaking about the patriotism of the Black Hundreds, obviously had in mind the starting idea of ​​the movement, which is based on the slogans of the Slavophiles about the originality of Russia and its own path of development, different from the West.

Motion support

So who are they? Scattered reactionary far-right organizations in Russia in 1906-1917 are the Black Hundreds. Fortunately, they were never able to unite into one force, which would have increased their capabilities many times over. Before the appearance of a common name, disparate parties called themselves “patriots”, “true Russians”, “monarchists”.

The largest associations of the Black Hundreds were the “Union of the Russian People” (leader - A. I. Dubrovin), “Russian Monarchist Party” (founder - V. A. Gringmut). V. M. Purishkevich became one of the founders of the clerical-conservative organization “Union of the Archangel Michael”. It must be noted that the activities of the disunited and often opposing Black Hundred organizations were directed and financed by the “Council of the United Nobility,” created in May 1906 with the full support of the tsarist government. It should also be noted that the police of the Russian Empire considered the Black Hundred squads as allies and relied entirely on them in their work. Simultaneously with the “Council of the United Nobility”, the Black Hundred organization “Union of Russian People” was formed in Moscow. The founders and leaders were the counts brothers Sheremetyev, princes Trubetskoy and Shcherbatov. Prince Dmitry Pavlovich Golitsyn (Muravlin) was also a Black Hundred member. These are the “glorious Russian names” that were associated with the Black Hundreds. All of them were attracted by the main idea embedded in the program of the movement - the inviolability of the monarchy, the unity of the autocracy with the people.

Boundless devotion to autocracy

The extreme monarchists, as the Black Hundreds were also called, represented the conservative camp of Russia, which, according to some sources, numbered up to 410 thousand people after the defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907. The Black Hundreds' program was basically based on the theory of the so-called official nationality, the author of which was the Minister of Education of Russia (the first half of the 19th century). He developed a three-term formula, which can be considered as the main idea of ​​Uvarov’s theory: Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality. Unlimited autocracy, like Orthodoxy, which the Black Hundreds considered primordially Russian principles, should have remained unshakable, and Russia did not need to carry out reforms at all.

Relaxations allowed by the Black Hundreds

However, some of their programs provided for various freedoms - religion, speech, assembly, press, unions and personal inviolability. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the large number of people who sympathize with the Black Hundreds. The agrarian program of the Black Hundreds was also extremely uncompromising, providing for the sale of only empty state-owned lands to peasants (no confiscation of landowners), and the development of rental and credit systems.

The most, as it turned out later, failure in the Black Hundreds’ program was United and Indivisible Russia, in their opinion, it should have relied on great-power chauvinism, which took extreme forms and degenerated into militant anti-Semitism.

Powerful support

The ideas of the Black Hundreds were carried to the masses by such printed publications as “Russian Banner” and “Moskovskie Vedomosti”, “Pochaevsky Listok” and “Bell”. And also “Zemshchina”, “Thunderstorm” and “Veche”, “Kievite” and “Citizen”. The support is more than powerful. They contributed to the fact that the Black Hundreds’ program became close and understandable to a huge number of landowners, representatives of the clergy, merchants, workers and peasants, artisans and representatives of both the petty and large urban bourgeoisie, Cossacks and petty bourgeoisie - absolutely all layers of Russian society.

The end of the movement and its leaders

After the brutal pogroms, most supporters recoiled from the Black Hundreds, and after 1917 the movement fell into complete decline and was completely banned by the Soviet authorities. The Black Hundreds, whose leaders and ideologists were recognized as enemies of the people, actively fought against Soviet power, and during the Second World War they sided with the Nazis. The major figures of this movement include, first of all, A. I. Dubrovin, V. M. Purishkevich, V. A. Gringmut, N. E. Markov. And also P. F. Bulatzel (lawyer), I. I. Vostorgov (priest), engineer A. I. Trishaty, Prince M. K. Shakhovskoy, monk Iliodor.

Octobrists

As noted above, there was never any unity in the ranks of this movement; many unions differed from each other not only in names, but also in programs. Thus, members of the Union of October 17 party, or Octobrists-Black Hundreds, occupied a special place among the political parties of Russia - they were located between conservatives and liberals, which is why they were called conservative liberals. The party of the large financial and commercial-industrial bourgeoisie was headed by A. I. Guchkov, M. and V. V. Shulgin.

Their program was based on the Tsar's manifesto of October 17, 1905. The Octobrists differed from the far-right Black Hundreds in that they advocated for a constitutional monarchy, in which the power of the tsar would be limited by the fundamental law. They differed from the extreme right in that, while advocating an indivisible Russia, they still recognized Finland’s right to autonomy. And on the peasant question, they advocated the forced alienation of part of the landowners' lands for ransom.

Cadets

If the Octobrists were on the extreme right wing, then on the left flank of the liberal movement were the Cadets (constitutional democratic party), whose organizer and ideological leader was P. N. Milyukov. The party of which he was the chief strategist was called the People's Freedom Party. Their program paid great attention to the rights and freedoms of citizens. In their opinion, the future political system of Russia should have been the Cadets, Octobrists, Black Hundreds - these are more or less large parties among dozens of others, such as the Socialist Revolutionaries, Neo-People's Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, of whom there were numbered in Russia at the beginning of the last century, right up to the revolution dozens. But the Cadets, Octobrists and Black Hundreds were united by their attitude towards the monarchy, the inviolability of which was placed at the forefront of their programs.

| | | | |
Black Hundreds Wikipedia, in. Kozhinov Black Hundreds and revolution
Black Hundreds- a collective name for representatives of extreme right-wing organizations in Russia in 1905–1917, who acted under the slogans of monarchism, great-power chauvinism and anti-Semitism.

Initially they called themselves “true Russians”, “patriots” and “monarchists”, but then (through Gringmut) quickly adapted this nickname, tracing its origins to the Nizhny Novgorod “black (grassroots) hundreds” of Kuzma Minin, who brought Russia out of the Time of Troubles .

The Black Hundred movement did not represent a single whole and was represented by various associations, such as, in particular, the “Russian Monarchist Party”, “Black Hundreds”, “Union of the Russian People” (Dubrovin), “Union of the Archangel Michael”, etc.

In 1905-1907, the term “Black Hundred” came into widespread use to refer to far-right politicians and anti-Semites. “Small Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by P. E. Stoyan (Pg., 1915) Black Hundred or Black Hundred - “Russian monarchist, conservative, ally.”

The social basis of these organizations consisted of heterogeneous elements: landowners, representatives of the clergy, large and petty urban bourgeoisie, merchants, peasants, workers, burghers, artisans, Cossacks, police officials who advocated the preservation of the inviolability of autocracy on the basis of Uvarov’s formula “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” . The period of special activity of the Black Hundreds occurred in the years 1905-1914.

• 1 Ideology
• 2 History
• 3 Activities of the Black Hundred movement
• 4 Role in pogroms
• 5 Terror against the Black Hundreds
• 6 Weakening and end of the Black Hundred movement
• 7 Modern Black Hundreds
• 8 Notes
• 9 Literature
• 10 Links
  • 10.1 Early 20th century editions
  • 10.2 Websites of modern Black Hundred organizations

Ideology

The ideology of the Black Hundreds was permeated with the spirit of great power and xenophobia.

In the economic sphere, the Black Hundreds advocated a multi-structural system. Some Black Hundred economists proposed abandoning the commodity backing of the ruble.

Some of the Black Hundred ideas - both programs of organizations and topics discussed in the Black Hundred press - assumed a conservative social structure (there were significant disputes over the admissibility of parliamentarism and generally representative institutions in an autocratic monarchy), and some curbing of the “excesses” of capitalism, as well as strengthening social solidarity, a form of direct democracy.

Story

• The Black Hundreds trace their origins to the grassroots Nizhny Novgorod militia of the Time of Troubles, led by Kuzma Minin, who “stood for the house of the Most Holy Theotokos and the Orthodox Christian faith, took up arms against the destroyers of the Russian land for the sake of saving the father’s faith and the fatherland from destruction” (In Russia in the 14th-17th centuries, “blacks” "the land plots of the black-growing peasants and tax-paying urban population were called. In historical sources, the “black” lands are contrasted with the “white” lands, which were in the possession of the feudal lords and the church).
• The Black Hundred movement came out at the beginning of the 20th century under the slogans of defending the Russian Empire and its traditional values ​​of “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.”

The first Black Hundred organization was the Russian Assembly, created in 1900.

A significant source of funding for the Black Hundred unions were private donations and collections.

According to a number of scientists, the participation of famous figures in Black Hundred organizations was subsequently significantly exaggerated. Thus, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Sergei Lebedev believes that

Modern rightists... like to increase this already long list at the expense of those figures of Russian culture who were not formally members of the Black Hundred unions, but did not hide their right-wing views. These include, in particular, the great D. I. Mendeleev, the artist V. M. Vasnetsov, the philosopher V. V. Rozanov...

The “Black Hundred” of 1905-1917 are several large and small monarchist organizations: “Union of the Russian People”, “Union of the Archangel Michael”, “Russian Monarchist Party”, “Union of Russian People”, “Union for the Fight against Sedition”, “Council” United Nobility", "Russian Assembly" and others.

The Black Hundred movement at various times published the newspapers “Russian Banner”, “Zemshchina”, “Pochaevsky Listok”, “Bell”, “Groza”, “Veche”. Black Hundred ideas were also preached in the major newspapers Moskovskie Vedomosti, Kievlyanin, Grazhdanin, and Svet.

Among the leaders of the Black Hundred movement, Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, and Prince M.K. Shakhovskoy stood out.

In October 1906, various Black Hundred organizations held a congress in Moscow, where the Main Council was elected and unification under the roof of the United Russian People organization was proclaimed. The merger did not actually happen, and a year later the organization ceased to exist.

The Black Hundred organizations, which were small in number, were nevertheless able to create the appearance of popular support for the monarchy. Thus, shortly before the February Revolution, when the Chairman of the IV State Duma M.V. Rodzianko tried to draw the tsar’s attention to the growing discontent in the country, Nicholas II showed him a large stack of telegrams from the Black Hundreds and objected: “This is wrong. I also have my own awareness. These are the expressions of popular feelings that I receive daily: they express love for the Tsar.” The loyal telegrams of the Black Hundreds to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna had a particularly convincing effect.

After the February Revolution of 1917, Black Hundred organizations were banned and partially remained underground. During the Civil War, many prominent leaders of the Black Hundreds joined the White movement, and in exile they loudly criticized the emigrant activities. Some prominent Black Hundreds eventually joined various nationalist organizations.

Activities of the Black Hundred movement

Role in pogroms

Members of the Black Hundred carried out raids (with unofficial government approval) against various revolutionary groups and pogroms, including against Jews.

Researcher of the “Black Hundred”, historian Maxim Razmolodin, believes that this issue is debatable and requires further study.

Black Hundred organizations began their formation not before, but after the first, most powerful wave of pogroms. Doctor of Historical Sciences, historian of the Black Hundred movement Sergei Stepanov writes that in the subsequent period, the combat squads of the “Union of the Russian People” and other far-right organizations became a weapon of Black Hundred terror. Maxim Razmolodin argues that as the activities of the Black Hundred organizations unfolded, the wave of pogroms began to subside, which was pointed out by many prominent figures of this movement and recognized by political opponents.

Black Hundred organizations were most active in regions with a mixed population - in Ukraine, Belarus and in 15 provinces of the Pale of Settlement, where more than half of all members of the Union of Russian People and other Black Hundred organizations were concentrated. After the organization of the Black Hundred movement, only two major pogroms were recorded. Both of them occurred in 1906 on the territory of Poland, where the Russian Black Hundreds had no influence. The leaders of the Black Hundred movement and the charters of organizations declared the law-abiding nature of the movement and condemned the pogroms. in particular, the chairman of the Union of the Russian People, A.I. Dubrovin, in a special statement in 1906, defined pogroms as a crime. Although the fight against “Jewish dominance” was one of the foundations of the movement, its leaders explained that it should not be waged by violence, but by economic and ideological methods, that is, mainly by increasing discrimination against Jews. Razmolodin claims that the Black Hundred newspapers, despite their general anti-Semitic orientation, did not publish a single direct call for a Jewish pogrom.

However, Sergei Stepanov argues that policy documents and actual activities were very different from each other. There are facts indicating the active propaganda of anti-revolutionary violence by the Black Hundreds. J. D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroso quote the words of M. Dubrovin, spoken in front of 300 members of the Odessa organization of the RNC:

The extermination of rebels is a sacred Russian cause. You know who they are and where to look for them... Death to the rebels and the Jews!

Original text (English)

The Holy Russian cause is the extermination of the rebels. You know who they are and where to find them… Death to the rebels and the Jews.

Terror against the "Black Hundred"

Radical socialist parties launched a campaign of terror against the Black Hundreds. The leader of the Social Democrats, V. I. Lenin, wrote in 1905:

Detachments of the revolutionary army must immediately study who, where and how the Black Hundreds are composed, and then not limit themselves to preaching alone (this is useful, but this alone is not enough), but also act with armed force, beating the Black Hundreds, killing them, blowing up their headquarters etc. etc.

On behalf of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, an armed attack was carried out on the Tver teahouse, where workers of the Nevsky Shipyard, who were members of the Union of the Russian People, were gathering. First, two bombs were thrown by Bolshevik militants, and then those running out of the tea shop were shot with revolvers. The Bolsheviks killed two and wounded fifteen people.

Revolutionary organizations carried out many terrorist acts against members of right-wing parties, mainly against the chairmen of local departments of the Union of the Russian People. So, according to the police department, only in March 1908, in one Chernigov province in the city of Bakhmach, a bomb was thrown at the house of the chairman of the local union of the RNC, in the city of Nizhyn the house of the chairman of the union was set on fire, and the whole family was killed, in the village of Domyany the chairman of the department was killed, In Nizhyn, two department chairmen were killed.

Weakening and end of the Black Hundred movement

Despite massive support among the urban bourgeoisie and the sympathy of the Russian Orthodox clergy and influential aristocrats, the Russian radical right movement remained underdeveloped from its very appearance on the Russian public scene for the following reasons:

• The Black Hundred movement failed to convince Russian society of its ability to offer a positive program according to the then demands for political ideology; the explanation of all the problems and ills of society by the subversive activities of the Jews seemed overly one-sided even to those who did not sympathize with the Jews;
• The Black Hundred movement failed to offer an effective alternative to the liberal and revolutionary, radical left ideas that had won wide circles of the intelligentsia in Russia;
• Continuous splits and internal strife in the Black Hundred movement, accompanied by numerous scandals and mutual accusations (including serious criminal offenses) undermined public confidence in the movement as a whole; for example, the most famous figure in the right-wing movement, Fr. Ioann Vostorgov was accused by right-wing political competitors of poisoning right-wing political figure P.A. Krushevan, murdering his own wife out of a desire to become a bishop, stealing sums from monarchical organizations;
• A strong public opinion has formed that the Black Hundred movement is secretly financed from secret sums of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and all conflicts in the movement are caused by the struggle for individuals’ access to these sums;
• The latter's participation in the murders of Duma deputies M.Ya. had an unfavorable impact on public opinion about the Black Hundreds. Herzenstein and G.B. Yollosa; as well as those put forward by former Prime Minister Count S.Yu. Witte is accused of attempting to kill him by blowing up his house;
• The activities of deputies of the right faction in the Third State Duma, primarily V.M. Purishkevich and N.E. Markov 2nd, was provocative, shocking in nature and was accompanied by numerous scandals that did not contribute to the formation of respect for these political figures; activities of A.N. Khvostov's tenure as Minister of Internal Affairs ended in a loud scandal related to his alleged attempt to organize the murder of G.E. Rasputin and subsequent quick resignation.

Despite certain political successes, after the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Black Hundred movement was unable to become a monolithic political force and find allies in the multi-ethnic, multi-structured Russian society. But the Black Hundreds managed to turn against themselves not only influential radical left and liberal centrist circles, but also some of their potential allies among supporters of the ideas of Russian imperial nationalism.

Some competition with the Black Hundred movement came from the All-Russian National Union and the associated nationalist faction in the Third Duma. In 1909, the moderate-right faction merged with the national faction. The new Russian national faction (in common parlance “nationalists”), unlike the right, managed to position itself in such a way that their votes, together with the Octobrists, formed a pro-government majority in the Duma, while the government had no need for the votes of the right. Right-wing deputies compensated for the insignificance of their faction's votes during voting with aggressive, provocative behavior, which further turned faction members into political outcasts.

The elections to the Fourth Duma took place in a favorable environment for the Black Hundred movements: nationalists competing with them due to a personal conflict between the faction leaders and Prime Minister V.N. The Kokovtsovs lost government support, and significant administrative resources during the elections were directed to supporting right-wing candidates. However, although the number of the right-wing faction increased to 65 deputies (versus 49-53 in the Third Duma), it again failed to take a significant position in the Duma. After the formation of the Progressive Bloc, which united the majority of the Duma, the importance of the right in parliamentary politics fell sharply.

Frightened by the radical rhetoric and episodic violence of the Black Hundreds, the powers in power saw Russian ethnic nationalism as a threat to the Russian state. They managed to convince Tsar Nicholas II, who sympathized with the “allies,” and court circles to turn away from the Black Hundred movement, which contributed to the weakening of the Black Hundreds on the Russian political scene on the eve of the 1917 revolution. The First World War, to which many ordinary people and activists of Black Hundred organizations volunteered, also contributed to some weakening of the movement.

In the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Black Hundred movement played virtually no role; In essence, the self-liquidation of the Black Hundred movement occurred. The Provisional Government did not perceive the Black Hundreds as viable political rivals to such an extent that it did not undertake any significant repression against them (while former right-wing government figures were promptly arrested). After the victory of the Bolsheviks, who saw Russian ethnic nationalism as one of the main threats to the Soviet system created on the basis of proletarian internationalism, the remnants of the Black Hundred movement were mercilessly destroyed, regardless of the degree of their active participation in post-revolutionary political life.

Modern Black Hundreds

The revival of the Black Hundred movement was observed at the end and after perestroika. So, in 1992, a member of the “Memory” society A. R. Shtilmark began publishing the newspaper “Black Hundred”, at the same time his group “Black Hundred” separated from the “Memory” society. Since 2003, “Orthodox Alarm” has been the main publication of the Black Hundred movement, led by Shtilmark. The Black Hundreds include the “Union of the Russian People”, recreated in 2005, the newspaper “Orthodox Rus'”, organizations led by Mikhail Nazarov, founded by Konstantin Kinchev among fans of the Alice group “Red-Black Hundred”, as well as many small organizations. A significant part of modern Russian nationalism, if it does not directly derive itself from the Black Hundreds of the early 20th century, does not at least deny the ideological influence of this movement.

There are Black Hundred organizations in many cities in Russia and abroad: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tikhvin, Kostroma, Novosibirsk, Kyiv and others. In the cities of Efremov and Tomsk, musical ensembles called “Black Hundred” were created.

Notes

1. Sharova V. L. Right-wing radical ideology in Russia: origins and continuity // Political and philosophical yearbook. - M.: Institute of Philosophy RAS, 2008. - V. 1. - P. 121.
2. S. Stepanov “THE BLACK HUNDRED”
3. "Black Hundreds" article in Encyclopedia Britannica
4. article “Black Hundreds” in TSB
5. Sergey Stepanov. "Black Hundred in Russia"
6. Bizyukin S.S. Economic views of the right-wing monarchist (Black Hundred) movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century // View from the third millennium: Collection of abstracts. Ryaz. state ped. University named after S. A. Yesenina - Ryazan, 2003.
7. Information about the organization on the Chronos website
8. The ideology of right-wing radicalism at the beginning of the 20th century
9. Kulikov S.V. Emperor Nicholas II during the First World War. St. Petersburg 2000. P. 285
10. Black Hundreds
11. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History
12. Black Hundreds
13. 1 2 3 4 Razmolodin M. L. Some thoughts about the so-called. "Jewish pogroms". Chronos website. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.
14. 1 2 Black Hundred terror 1905-1907
15. Lambrozo S. Klier J.D. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. - Cambridge University Press, 1992. - P. 224. - ISBN 978-0-521-40532-4.
16. Compare: The Times, October 9, 1906; In their monograph, J. D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroso refer to the next day's issue of the Times, October 10, which published the end of the "Russia" article. The name of Dubrovin was again mentioned by a correspondent for the London Times in the article “Russian Black Hundred” dated March 8, 1911.
17. Lenin. Tasks of the units of the revolutionary army
18. The first militant organization of the Bolsheviks. 1905-1907 - M., 1934. - P. 221.
19. Circular of the Police Department dated March 8, 1908 // Political police and political terrorism in Russia (second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries): Collection of documents. - M.: AIRO-XXI, 2001. - ISBN 5-88735-079-2

Literature

• Kiryanov Yu. I. Right parties in Russia. 1911-1917. - M.: ROSSPEN, 2001. - 472 p. - ISBN 5-8243-0244-8.
• Lavrikov S.V. Right-wing monarchist movement in the Tver province, 1905-1915: dissertation. ...cand. ist. Sciences: 07.00.02. - Tver, 1996. - 204 p.
• Razmolodin M. L. Black Hundred organizations of the provinces of the Upper Volga region in 1905-1914. (based on materials from the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Vladimir provinces. - Yaroslavl: Alexander Rutman Publishing House, 2001;
• Razmolodin M. L. On the conservative essence of the Black Hundred / Ed. prof. Yu. Yu. Ierusalimsky. - Yaroslavl: Nuance, 2010.
• Razmolodin M. L. The Russian question in the ideology of the Black Hundred / Ed. prof. Yu. Yu. Ierusalimsky. - Yaroslavl: Nuance, 2010.
• Stogov D.I. Black Hundreds: Life and Death for Great Russia / Rep. ed. O. A. Platonov. - M.: Institute of Russian. civilization, Algorithm, 2012. - 672 p. - ISBN 978-5-4261-0004-6.

Links

• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundred unions: in defense of autocracy
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundreds in the fight against the revolutionary movement in 1905-1907. Lessons from the First Russian Revolution."
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundred unions in networks of contradictions (1907-1913)
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundreds: leaving the political arena
• Omelyanchuk I. V. Social composition of the Black Hundred parties at the beginning of the 20th century
• Alekseev I. E. Chuvash-Black Hundreds. “Staging” notes on the activities of the Chuvash departments of Russian right-wing monarchist organizations
• Stepanov S. A. “Black Hundred Terror 1905-1907.”
• Stepanov S. I. RUSSIAN CIVIL SOCIETY - OPRICHNA MONARCHY
• Ganelin R. Tsarism and the Black Hundreds
• Ganelin R. From Black Hundreds to Fascism // Ad hominem. In memory of Nikolai Girenko. St. Petersburg: MAE RAS, 2005, p. 243-272
• Lebedev S. V. Ideology of right-wing radicalism at the beginning of the 20th century
• Krotov Y. G. BLACK HUNDRED broadcast “From a Christian point of view” from 07/07/2005 on Radio Liberty
• Vitukhnovskaya M. The Black Hundred under the Finnish court Neva Magazine No. 10 2006
• Langer Jacob. CORRUPTION AND THE COUNTERREVOLUTION: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK HUNDRED
• Review of the book by S. A. Stepanov “The Black Hundred” in the magazine “People of Books in the World of Books”
• Razmolodin M.L. Conservative foundations of political issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Foreign issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Imperial issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Defense of the Christian tradition as the main function of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.
• Razmolodin M.L. The Jewish question in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. On the criteria for inclusion in the Black Hundred segment (Russian). Chronos website. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Some thoughts about the so-called. “Jewish pogroms” (Russian). Chronos website. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.

Editions of the early 20th century

• Gringmut V. A. Guide of the Black Hundred Monarchist. Ed. 2nd. M., 1911.
• Maikov A. A. Revolutionaries and Black Hundreds. St. Petersburg, 1907.
• Obraztsov V. A. Report of the Black Hundred on the State Duma of the 3rd convocation. Kharkov, 1908.
• Sokolovsky S. A. “Revolutionaries” and “Black Hundred”. Kazan, 1906.
• List of individual patriotic organizations in Russia. St. Petersburg, 1906.
• The Third All-Russian Congress of Russian People in Kyiv. Kyiv, 1906.

Websites of modern Black Hundred organizations

• Official portal of the social-patriotic movement "Black Hundred"
• Official regional portal of the OPD "Black Hundred" in St. Petersburg
• Society "Union of the Russian People"
• Newspaper "Orthodox Rus'"
• Publishing house "Russian Idea"

V. Kozhinov Black Hundreds and revolution, who are the Black Hundreds, Black Hundreds, Black Hundreds Wikipedia

Black Hundreds Information About

Ally."

The social basis of these organizations consisted of heterogeneous elements: landowners, representatives of the clergy, large and petty urban bourgeoisie, merchants, peasants, workers, burghers, artisans, police officials who advocated the preservation of the inviolability of autocracy on the basis of Uvarov’s formula “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality.” The period of special activity of the Black Hundreds occurred between 1914 and 1914.

Ideology

Part of the Black Hundred movement arose from the popular temperance movement. Temperance was never denied by Black Hundred organizations; moreover, some Black Hundred cells were formed as temperance societies, tea houses and reading rooms for the people.

In the economic sphere, the Black Hundreds advocated a multi-structural system. Some Black Hundred economists proposed abandoning the commodity backing of the ruble.

It should be noted that the constructive part of the Black Hundred ideas (this refers to both the programs of organizations and the topics discussed by the Black Hundred press) assumed a conservative social structure (there were significant disputes over the admissibility of parliamentarism and generally representative institutions in an autocratic monarchy), and some curbing of excesses capitalism, as well as strengthening social solidarity, a form of direct democracy.

Story

• The Black Hundreds trace their origins to the grassroots Nizhny Novgorod militia of the Time of Troubles, led by Kuzma Minin, who “stood for the house of the Most Holy Theotokos and the Orthodox Christian faith, took up arms against the destroyers of the Russian land for the sake of saving the father’s faith and the fatherland from destruction” (In Russia of the XIV-XVII centuries "black" were the land plots of the black-growing peasants and the tax-paying urban population. In historical sources "black" lands are opposed "white" lands that were in the possession of feudal lords and the church).
• The Black Hundred movement came out at the beginning of the 20th century under the slogans of defending the Russian Empire and its traditional values ​​of “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.”

The first Black Hundred organization was the “Russian Assembly,” created in 1900.

A significant source of funding for the Black Hundred unions were private donations and collections.

According to a number of scientists, the participation of famous figures in Black Hundred organizations was subsequently significantly exaggerated. Thus, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Sergei Lebedev believes that

Modern rightists... like to increase this already long list at the expense of those figures of Russian culture who were not formally members of the Black Hundred unions, but did not hide their right-wing views. These include, in particular, the great D. I. Mendeleev, artist V. M. Vasnetsov, philosopher V. V. Rozanov...

The “Black Hundred” of 1905-1917 are several large and small monarchist organizations: “Union of the Russian People”, “Union of the Archangel Michael”, “Russian Monarchist Party”, “Union of Russian People”, “Union for the Fight against Sedition”, “Council” United Nobility", "Russian Assembly" and others.

The Black Hundred movement at various times published the newspapers “Russian Banner”, “Zemshchina”, “Pochaevsky Listok”, “Bell”, “Groza”, “Veche”. Black Hundred ideas were also preached in the major newspapers Moskovskie Vedomosti, Kievlyanin, Grazhdanin, and Svet.

Among the leaders of the Black Hundred movement, Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, and Prince M.K. Shakhovskoy stood out.

Black Hundred organizations began their formation not before, A after the first, most powerful wave of pogroms. Nevertheless, Black Hundred organizations were most active in regions with a mixed population - in Ukraine, Belarus and in 15 provinces of the Pale of Settlement, where more than half of all members of the Union of Russian People and other Black Hundred organizations were concentrated. As the activities of the Black Hundred organizations unfolded, the wave of pogroms began to subside, as many prominent figures of this movement pointed out and were recognized by political opponents. After the organization of the Black Hundred movement, only two major pogroms were recorded. Both of them took place in 1906 on the territory of Poland, where the Russian Black Hundreds had no influence.

The leaders of the Black Hundred movement and the charters of organizations declared the law-abiding nature of the movement and condemned the pogroms. In particular, the chairman of the Union of the Russian People, A.I. Dubrovin, in a special statement in 1906, defined pogroms as a crime. Although the fight against “Jewish dominance” was one of the foundations of the movement, its leaders explained that it should not be waged by violence, but by economic and ideological methods. Black Hundred newspapers did not publish a single direct call for a pogrom against the Jews.

Terror against the "Black Hundred"

Radical socialist parties launched a campaign of terror against the Black Hundreds. The leader of the Social Democrats V. I. Lenin wrote in 1905

Detachments of the revolutionary army must immediately study who, where and how the Black Hundreds are composed, and then not limit themselves to preaching alone (this is useful, but this alone is not enough), but also act with armed force, beating the Black Hundreds, killing them, blowing up their headquarters etc. etc.

On behalf of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, an armed attack was carried out on the Tver teahouse, where workers of the Nevsky Shipyard, who were members of the Union of the Russian People, were gathering. First, two bombs were thrown by Bolshevik militants, and then those running out of the tea shop were shot with revolvers. The Bolsheviks killed two and wounded fifteen people. .

Revolutionary organizations carried out many terrorist acts against members of right-wing parties, mainly against the chairmen of local departments of the Union of the Russian People. So, according to the police department, only in March 1908, in one Chernigov province in the city of Bakhmach, a bomb was thrown at the house of the chairman of the local union of the RNC, in the city of Nizhyn the house of the chairman of the union was set on fire, and the whole family was killed, in the village of Domyany the chairman of the department was killed, two department chairmen were killed in Nizhyn.

Weakening and end of the Black Hundred movement

Despite massive support among the urban bourgeoisie and the sympathy of the Russian Orthodox clergy and influential aristocrats, the Russian radical right movement remained underdeveloped from its very appearance on the Russian public scene for the following reasons:

• The Black Hundred movement failed to convince Russian society of its ability to offer a positive program according to the then demands for political ideology; the explanation of all the problems and ills of society by the subversive activities of the Jews seemed overly one-sided even to those who did not sympathize with the Jews;
• The Black Hundred movement failed to offer an effective alternative to the liberal and revolutionary, radical left ideas that had won wide circles of the intelligentsia in Russia;
• Continuous splits and internal strife in the Black Hundred movement, accompanied by numerous scandals and mutual accusations (including serious criminal offenses) undermined public confidence in the movement as a whole; for example, the most famous figure in the right-wing movement, Fr. Ioann Vostorgov was accused by right-wing political competitors of poisoning right-wing political figure P.A. Krushevan, killing his own wife out of a desire to become a bishop, stealing sums from monarchical organizations;
• A strong public opinion has formed that the Black Hundred movement is secretly financed from secret sums of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and all conflicts in the movement are caused by the struggle for individuals’ access to these sums;
• The latter's participation in the murders of Duma deputies M.Ya. had an unfavorable impact on public opinion about the Black Hundreds. Herzenstein and G.B. Yollosa; as well as those put forward by former Prime Minister Count S.Yu. Witte is accused of attempting to kill him by blowing up his house;
• The activities of deputies of the right faction in the Third State Duma, primarily V.M. Purishkevich and N.E. Markov 2nd, was provocative, shocking in nature and was accompanied by numerous scandals that did not contribute to the formation of respect for these political figures; activities of A.N. Khvostov's tenure as Minister of Internal Affairs ended in a loud scandal related to his alleged attempt to organize the murder of G.E. Rasputin and subsequent quick resignation.

Despite certain political successes, after the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Black Hundred movement was unable to become a monolithic political force and find allies in the multi-ethnic, multi-structured Russian society. But the Black Hundreds managed to turn against themselves not only influential radical left and liberal centrist circles, but also some of their potential allies among supporters of the ideas of Russian imperial nationalism.

Some competition with the Black Hundred movement came from the All-Russian National Union and the associated nationalist faction in the Third Duma. In 1909, the moderate-right faction merged with the national faction. The new Russian national faction (in common parlance “nationalists”), unlike the right, managed to position itself in such a way that their votes, together with the Octobrists, formed a pro-government majority in the Duma, while the government had no need for the votes of the right. Right-wing deputies compensated for the insignificance of their faction's votes during voting with aggressive, provocative behavior, which further turned faction members into political outcasts.

Notes

Links

• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundred unions: in defense of autocracy
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundreds in the fight against the revolutionary movement in 1905-1907. Lessons from the First Russian Revolution."
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundred Unions in Networks of Contradictions (1907-1913)
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundreds: leaving the political arena
• Lebedev S. V.
• Omelyanchuk I. V. Social composition of the Black Hundred parties at the beginning of the 20th century
• Alekseev I. E. Chuvash Black Hundreds. “Staging” notes on the activities of the Chuvash departments of Russian right-wing monarchist organizations
• Stepanov S. A."Black Hundred Terror 1905-1907"
• Stepanov S. A. RUSSIAN CIVIL SOCIETY - OPRICHNA MONARCHY
• Ganelin R. Tsarism and the Black Hundreds
• Ganelin R. From Black Hundreds to Fascism // Ad hominem. In memory of Nikolai Girenko. St. Petersburg: MAE RAS, 2005, p. 243-272
• Lebedev S. V. The ideology of right-wing radicalism at the beginning of the 20th century
• Krotov Ya. G. BLACK HUNDRED broadcast “From a Christian point of view” from 07/07/2005 on Radio Liberty
• Vitukhnovskaya M. The Black Hundred under Finnish court Neva Magazine No. 10 2006
• Langer Jacob. CORRUPTION AND THE COUNTERREVOLUTION: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK HUNDRED
• Review of the book by S. A. Stepanov “The Black Hundred” in the magazine “People of Books in the World of Books”
• Razmolodin M. L. Conservative foundations of political issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived
• Razmolodin M. L. Foreign issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Imperial issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Defense of the Christian tradition as the main function of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. The Jewish question in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. On the criteria for inclusion in the Black Hundred segment (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Some thoughts about the so-called “Jewish pogroms” (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.

Ally."

The social basis of these organizations consisted of heterogeneous elements: landowners, representatives of the clergy, large and petty urban bourgeoisie, merchants, peasants, workers, burghers, artisans, police officials who advocated the preservation of the inviolability of autocracy on the basis of Uvarov’s formula “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality.” The period of special activity of the Black Hundreds occurred between 1914 and 1914.

Ideology

Part of the Black Hundred movement arose from the popular temperance movement. Temperance was never denied by Black Hundred organizations; moreover, some Black Hundred cells were formed as temperance societies, tea houses and reading rooms for the people.

In the economic sphere, the Black Hundreds advocated a multi-structural system. Some Black Hundred economists proposed abandoning the commodity backing of the ruble.

It should be noted that the constructive part of the Black Hundred ideas (this refers to both the programs of organizations and the topics discussed by the Black Hundred press) assumed a conservative social structure (there were significant disputes over the admissibility of parliamentarism and generally representative institutions in an autocratic monarchy), and some curbing of excesses capitalism, as well as strengthening social solidarity, a form of direct democracy.

Story

• The Black Hundreds trace their origins to the grassroots Nizhny Novgorod militia of the Time of Troubles, led by Kuzma Minin, who “stood for the house of the Most Holy Theotokos and the Orthodox Christian faith, took up arms against the destroyers of the Russian land for the sake of saving the father’s faith and the fatherland from destruction” (In Russia of the XIV-XVII centuries "black" were the land plots of the black-growing peasants and the tax-paying urban population. In historical sources "black" lands are opposed "white" lands that were in the possession of feudal lords and the church).
• The Black Hundred movement came out at the beginning of the 20th century under the slogans of defending the Russian Empire and its traditional values ​​of “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.”

The first Black Hundred organization was the “Russian Assembly,” created in 1900.

A significant source of funding for the Black Hundred unions were private donations and collections.

According to a number of scientists, the participation of famous figures in Black Hundred organizations was subsequently significantly exaggerated. Thus, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Sergei Lebedev believes that

Modern rightists... like to increase this already long list at the expense of those figures of Russian culture who were not formally members of the Black Hundred unions, but did not hide their right-wing views. These include, in particular, the great D. I. Mendeleev, artist V. M. Vasnetsov, philosopher V. V. Rozanov...

The “Black Hundred” of 1905-1917 are several large and small monarchist organizations: “Union of the Russian People”, “Union of the Archangel Michael”, “Russian Monarchist Party”, “Union of Russian People”, “Union for the Fight against Sedition”, “Council” United Nobility", "Russian Assembly" and others.

The Black Hundred movement at various times published the newspapers “Russian Banner”, “Zemshchina”, “Pochaevsky Listok”, “Bell”, “Groza”, “Veche”. Black Hundred ideas were also preached in the major newspapers Moskovskie Vedomosti, Kievlyanin, Grazhdanin, and Svet.

Among the leaders of the Black Hundred movement, Alexander Dubrovin, Vladimir Purishkevich, Nikolai Markov, and Prince M.K. Shakhovskoy stood out.

Black Hundred organizations began their formation not before, A after the first, most powerful wave of pogroms. Nevertheless, Black Hundred organizations were most active in regions with a mixed population - in Ukraine, Belarus and in 15 provinces of the Pale of Settlement, where more than half of all members of the Union of Russian People and other Black Hundred organizations were concentrated. As the activities of the Black Hundred organizations unfolded, the wave of pogroms began to subside, as many prominent figures of this movement pointed out and were recognized by political opponents. After the organization of the Black Hundred movement, only two major pogroms were recorded. Both of them took place in 1906 on the territory of Poland, where the Russian Black Hundreds had no influence.

The leaders of the Black Hundred movement and the charters of organizations declared the law-abiding nature of the movement and condemned the pogroms. In particular, the chairman of the Union of the Russian People, A.I. Dubrovin, in a special statement in 1906, defined pogroms as a crime. Although the fight against “Jewish dominance” was one of the foundations of the movement, its leaders explained that it should not be waged by violence, but by economic and ideological methods. Black Hundred newspapers did not publish a single direct call for a pogrom against the Jews.

Terror against the "Black Hundred"

Radical socialist parties launched a campaign of terror against the Black Hundreds. The leader of the Social Democrats V. I. Lenin wrote in 1905

Detachments of the revolutionary army must immediately study who, where and how the Black Hundreds are composed, and then not limit themselves to preaching alone (this is useful, but this alone is not enough), but also act with armed force, beating the Black Hundreds, killing them, blowing up their headquarters etc. etc.

On behalf of the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP, an armed attack was carried out on the Tver teahouse, where workers of the Nevsky Shipyard, who were members of the Union of the Russian People, were gathering. First, two bombs were thrown by Bolshevik militants, and then those running out of the tea shop were shot with revolvers. The Bolsheviks killed two and wounded fifteen people. .

Revolutionary organizations carried out many terrorist acts against members of right-wing parties, mainly against the chairmen of local departments of the Union of the Russian People. So, according to the police department, only in March 1908, in one Chernigov province in the city of Bakhmach, a bomb was thrown at the house of the chairman of the local union of the RNC, in the city of Nizhyn the house of the chairman of the union was set on fire, and the whole family was killed, in the village of Domyany the chairman of the department was killed, two department chairmen were killed in Nizhyn.

Weakening and end of the Black Hundred movement

Despite massive support among the urban bourgeoisie and the sympathy of the Russian Orthodox clergy and influential aristocrats, the Russian radical right movement remained underdeveloped from its very appearance on the Russian public scene for the following reasons:

• The Black Hundred movement failed to convince Russian society of its ability to offer a positive program according to the then demands for political ideology; the explanation of all the problems and ills of society by the subversive activities of the Jews seemed overly one-sided even to those who did not sympathize with the Jews;
• The Black Hundred movement failed to offer an effective alternative to the liberal and revolutionary, radical left ideas that had won wide circles of the intelligentsia in Russia;
• Continuous splits and internal strife in the Black Hundred movement, accompanied by numerous scandals and mutual accusations (including serious criminal offenses) undermined public confidence in the movement as a whole; for example, the most famous figure in the right-wing movement, Fr. Ioann Vostorgov was accused by right-wing political competitors of poisoning right-wing political figure P.A. Krushevan, killing his own wife out of a desire to become a bishop, stealing sums from monarchical organizations;
• A strong public opinion has formed that the Black Hundred movement is secretly financed from secret sums of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and all conflicts in the movement are caused by the struggle for individuals’ access to these sums;
• The latter's participation in the murders of Duma deputies M.Ya. had an unfavorable impact on public opinion about the Black Hundreds. Herzenstein and G.B. Yollosa; as well as those put forward by former Prime Minister Count S.Yu. Witte is accused of attempting to kill him by blowing up his house;
• The activities of deputies of the right faction in the Third State Duma, primarily V.M. Purishkevich and N.E. Markov 2nd, was provocative, shocking in nature and was accompanied by numerous scandals that did not contribute to the formation of respect for these political figures; activities of A.N. Khvostov's tenure as Minister of Internal Affairs ended in a loud scandal related to his alleged attempt to organize the murder of G.E. Rasputin and subsequent quick resignation.

Despite certain political successes, after the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Black Hundred movement was unable to become a monolithic political force and find allies in the multi-ethnic, multi-structured Russian society. But the Black Hundreds managed to turn against themselves not only influential radical left and liberal centrist circles, but also some of their potential allies among supporters of the ideas of Russian imperial nationalism.

Some competition with the Black Hundred movement came from the All-Russian National Union and the associated nationalist faction in the Third Duma. In 1909, the moderate-right faction merged with the national faction. The new Russian national faction (in common parlance “nationalists”), unlike the right, managed to position itself in such a way that their votes, together with the Octobrists, formed a pro-government majority in the Duma, while the government had no need for the votes of the right. Right-wing deputies compensated for the insignificance of their faction's votes during voting with aggressive, provocative behavior, which further turned faction members into political outcasts.

Notes

Links

• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundred unions: in defense of autocracy
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundreds in the fight against the revolutionary movement in 1905-1907. Lessons from the First Russian Revolution."
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundred Unions in Networks of Contradictions (1907-1913)
• Molodtsova M. S. Black Hundreds: leaving the political arena
• Lebedev S. V.
• Omelyanchuk I. V. Social composition of the Black Hundred parties at the beginning of the 20th century
• Alekseev I. E. Chuvash Black Hundreds. “Staging” notes on the activities of the Chuvash departments of Russian right-wing monarchist organizations
• Stepanov S. A."Black Hundred Terror 1905-1907"
• Stepanov S. A. RUSSIAN CIVIL SOCIETY - OPRICHNA MONARCHY
• Ganelin R. Tsarism and the Black Hundreds
• Ganelin R. From Black Hundreds to Fascism // Ad hominem. In memory of Nikolai Girenko. St. Petersburg: MAE RAS, 2005, p. 243-272
• Lebedev S. V. The ideology of right-wing radicalism at the beginning of the 20th century
• Krotov Ya. G. BLACK HUNDRED broadcast “From a Christian point of view” from 07/07/2005 on Radio Liberty
• Vitukhnovskaya M. The Black Hundred under Finnish court Neva Magazine No. 10 2006
• Langer Jacob. CORRUPTION AND THE COUNTERREVOLUTION: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK HUNDRED
• Review of the book by S. A. Stepanov “The Black Hundred” in the magazine “People of Books in the World of Books”
• Razmolodin M. L. Conservative foundations of political issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived
• Razmolodin M. L. Foreign issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Imperial issues in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Defense of the Christian tradition as the main function of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. The Jewish question in the ideology of the Black Hundred (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. On the criteria for inclusion in the Black Hundred segment (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
• Razmolodin M. L. Some thoughts about the so-called “Jewish pogroms” (Russian). Chronos website. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.