What is neutral vocabulary? Neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary
forms the basis of the verbal means of language. It is used in all varieties, both written and oral speech. Neutral words are used to name objects, properties, actions and communicate various information, without any assessment of this information by the speakers: book, house. theory, big, wooden, do, play, talk, always, there, our, this and many more etc.
Stylistically reduced vocabulary can be divided into two groups - colloquial vocabulary and colloquial vocabulary.
L eks i k a Conversational speech is characteristic primarily of everyday, relaxed speech; its use in book speech, for example in a scientific report, is not always appropriate. Words of colloquial vocabulary have additional shades of familiarity, rudeness, contempt, disapproval, playfulness, irony, obsolescence: eatery(cf. dining room), bracelet(cf. bracelet), doctor's wife, general's wife(cf. wife of a doctor, general), very close, very close(cf. exactly, very exactly, very close), scribbling, scribbling(with a hint of disdain), braggart, scoundrel, beast, Arkharovite(with a hint of disapproval, close to swear words), lipped; toothy(with a hint of rudeness), bobak(about a clumsy, lazy person) bear(about a clumsy person with a hint of disapproval, and sometimes playfulness and familiarity), balk, make trouble, joke around, careless(cf. disorderly), blundering. blond(cf. blond), now(cf. today), poor thing(with a touch of familiar sympathy), Basurman(obsolete swear word), etc. (Words colloquial speech, which are swear words, are very close to colloquial vocabulary.)
Let's look at examples: /) Pechorin was unwell for a long time, lost weight, bad thing. (L.) In this sentence the spoken word poor thing has a clearly expressed shade of sympathy. 2) It finally occurred to me that, by the grace of Telitsyn, I was working the mostb e a l a b e r n m way and spentp r o p a t b unnecessary labor and time. (Letters) In this example there are two words of colloquial vocabulary: careless And abyss. Their colloquial nature clearly appears when they are replaced with words of commonly used, stylistically neutral vocabulary: I, by the grace of Telitsyn, he workedo r e n b e s p o r i d o c h n o i spent a lot of unnecessary labor and time. 3) Tentetnikov belonged to the family of those people... whose names u v a l n i, leonards, b a i b a k i and the like. (G.) This sentence contains three words of colloquial vocabulary: bumpkins, lazybones, boibaks. They have an added tinge of disapproval. 4) - I know I your secretary,” he said, getting into the cab.P r o u d o x a And b e s t i i... of which there are few. (Ch.) This sentence contains two words of colloquial vocabulary: rascal And beast. Both have an additional character of disapproval, approaching swear words.
Colloquial vocabulary differs from colloquial vocabulary in a greater degree of expression. Many colloquial words have a connotation of rudeness, and therefore their use is typical only for
certain types of linguistic communication - for familiar speech, various kinds verbal altercations, altercations, quarrels, etc. Compare words like mug, mug, deceive, bend over, eat etc. In speech practice, literary talking people some colloquial words are often used intentionally - to enliven speech, to play out certain situations humorously, etc.
In fiction, colloquial vocabulary is used mainly for the speech characteristics of characters, as well as in some forms of author’s speech (when the narration is conducted as if from the character’s point of view), compare the so-called skaz, which was widely used, for example, in the works of M. Zoshchenko: Recently there was a fight in our communal apartment. And not just a fight, butPURPOSE the battle. They fought, of course, from the bottom of their hearts. The last one for the disabled Gavrilovhead near o t t i p a l i .
Book vocabulary constitutes a significant layer of the dictionary. Here are examples of book words: analogy, antagonist, antithesis, argumentation, indifference, calm, tastelessness(cf. word in common vocabulary bad taste), timelessness, anarchy, soullessness, silence, fratricidal, improvement, proportional, symmetrical, empirical, disinfect, differentiate, conduct, etc.
Book vocabulary is used in works fiction, for example: 1)It was fullno wind (Leon.)(Book word calm with book suffix - no .) 2) Dark blueimmensity the sky sparkled with gems. (New-Pr.)(Book word immensity with suffix -ost.) Book vocabulary is also often found in critical and journalistic articles, for example: We must shatter the fairy tale aboutanolithic art. (V.M.)(Book word apolitical, it contains Greek elements.)
Book vocabulary is widely represented in scientific and popular science works, for example: Absolute cessation of all life func tion seed, even on a relatively small P e r i o d time, must inevitably entail the complete destruction of the seed. (Michurin.) This sentence contains book words absolute, functions Latin in origin, and period - Greek
Book words are not the same in the degree of emotional coloring (cf., on the one hand, words such as analogy, abstract, differentiate, and on the other - words with a touch of solemnity: accomplishments, coming, erect), by areas of their primary use (compare scientific literature and poetry). Depending on this, several groups of book words are distinguished.
Vocabulary is special various areas science and technology. The bulk of words in specialized vocabulary are terms. A term is a word with a precisely established content, denoting a concept in a particular field of science or production: multiplication, addition, divisibility, equation, trapezoid(mathematical terminology); mood, agreement, adjunction, addition, subordination of sentences, isolation ( grammatical terminology); digestion, blood circulation, metabolism(physiological terminology), etc.
Special vocabulary is found mainly in scientific research and textbooks. In fiction, special vocabulary in the past - in the 19th - early 20th centuries. - rarely penetrated. IN Soviet period Special vocabulary is widely included in literary texts. In the works of F. Gladkov, L. Leonov, D. Granin and many others, special technical and scientific vocabulary is widely represented, in the works of A. Novikov-Priboy, V. Konetsky - marine terminology, in the works of G. Nikolaeva, F. Abramov, V. Belova - special agricultural vocabulary, etc.
A unique layer of book words is made up of official vocabulary, characteristic of official documents - laws, diplomatic notes, protocols and other types of business papers: the above, such, in view of, in relation to, plaintiff, defendant, protocol, personal appearance, disciplinary action, prosecutorial supervision, credentials, ratification of the treaty, authorized representative and under.
In written language, sublime vocabulary stands out very noticeably. In the Russian language, the richest synonymy allows you to make speech solemn by selecting appropriate synonyms, for example: mouth(cf. lips), fatherland(cf. homeland), before(cf. before), because(cf. because), penates(cf. native places). Sublime vocabulary is characteristic of certain genres of poetry; At the same time, it must be taken into account that the nature of this vocabulary and attitudes towards it are changing. In modern poetry, for example, some words typical of poetic language first half of the 19th century: cheeks(cheeks), kissing(kiss), virgins(girls), Brega(shore), swearing(war), Aurora(morning dawn) aquilon(northeast wind), ambrosia(food of the gods), anchorite(hermit), bard(poet), marshmallows(warm wind), etc.
Among the words of sublime vocabulary in modern poetry, for example, the following are found: mouth, lyre, herald, army, knights, radiant, crimson, find, sons, homeland, embraces, creators, coming etc., for example: I) The country presents awards to its militarysons . (Zharov.) 2)Radiant life sparkles for us now... (Rylsky.) 3) We will not flinch in the battle forfatherland my. Our native Moscow is dear to us. (Marmot.)
Words of sublime vocabulary are used in journalistic works for two purposes: as a means of solemnity and as a means of irony.
Here are some words and combinations that are used to create solemnity: warriors, great achievements, retribution, from now on, erect, in the name of and etc.
An ironic impression is created when something very ordinary or even base is described by means of sublime vocabulary, especially when words of sublime vocabulary are used next to words of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. A master of using the means of sublime vocabulary for an ironic purpose was M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, for example: “He approached one cart, wants to launch his paw, but the paw does not rise; he went up to another cart and wanted to shake the man by the beard - oh, horror! - hands do not stretch out.”
Exercise 20. Indicate words and combinations of official vocabulary and explain for what purpose they are used in A.P. Chekhov’s story. Write by inserting the missing letters.
- - Listen! Article 1081 of the Penal Code says that for any damage done with intent... railway when it could endanger the following transport on this road and the culprit knew that the consequence of this should be ( Not)happiness<...>could not (Not) know , To what does this unscrewing lead to?<...>
- - Of course, you know better<...>
- 21. Copy by inserting the missing letters. Indicate words and combinations of official vocabulary and explain for what purpose M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses this vocabulary.
Encouraged by the success of the first law, Benevolensky began actively preparing for the publication of the second. The fruits turned out to be quick, and on the streets of the city, through the same sacrament... a new and more simple law appeared, which read as follows:
Instructions for proper baking of pie.
"I. Let everyone sing pies on holidays, without forbidding themselves from such cookies on weekdays.
- 2. Let everyone use the filling according to their condition. Tako: when you catch a fish in the river, put it down; Having chopped the cattle meat into pieces, put it in; Having chopped the cabbage, add it too. Poor people put in tripe.
- 4. When they take it out of the oven, everyone takes a knife into his hand and, having cut out a part from the middle, let him bring it as a gift.
- 5. Let him who has done this eat.”
- (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. History of a city.)
- 22. Read aloud expressively; indicate words and combinations of military vocabulary and words of colloquial speech; then tell me for what purpose the poet A. Tvardovsky uses these words and combinations.
- 1) I came from the stop. I wouldn’t smoke shag,
To your dear village council. I wish I could get Kazbek.
I came, and there was a party. And I would sit, guys,
No party? Okay, no. There, my friends,
I went to another collective farm and to a third - Where as a kid I hid it under a bench
The whole area is visible. Your feet are bare.
Somewhere I’m in the village council and would smoke a cigarette,
I'll go to the party. I would treat everyone around
And, having appeared at the party, And to all sorts of questions
Although I am not a proud person, I would not answer suddenly.
2) Allow me to report And the war - forget about everything
Short and simple: And you have no right to blame.
I am a big hunter of life, I was getting ready for a long journey,
About ninety years old. The order was given: - Leave!
- (A. T v a r d o v s k i y. Vasily. Terkin.)
- 23. Read it out loud carefully. Indicate words and combinations of book vocabulary. Write by inserting the missing letters.
Never think that you already know everything. And, no matter how highly you are rated, always have the courage to say to yourself: “I am a n... ».
N... let pride take over you. Because of her you will persist where you need to agree, because of her you will refuse useful advice and friendly help, because of it you will lose a measure of objectivity.
In the team that I had to lead, everything is done by the atmosphere. We are all tied into one common cause, and everyone moves it according to their strength and capabilities. With us, you can often not tell what is “mine” and what is “yours,” but our common cause only benefits from this.
- (Academician I. P. P a v l o v.)
- 24. Read carefully; indicate words and combinations of special vocabulary; tell me what branch of science they belong to. Write by inserting the missing letters.
Once upon a time, somewhere a ray of... the sun fell to the ground, but it did not fall on barren soil, it fell on a green blade of wheat sprout, or, better said, on a chlorophyll grain. Hitting against it, it went out, ceased to be a light, but did not... disappear. He only spent on internal work, he cut, broke the connection between the particles of carbon and oxygen, connected in carbon dioxide. The liberated carbon combined with water to form starch.
This starch, turning into soluble sugar, after long wanderings through the plant, was finally deposited in the grain in the form of starch or in the form of gluten. In one form or another, it became part of the bread that served us as food. He was transformed into our muscles, into our nerves. And now the carbon atoms in our bodies strive to reconnect with oxygen, which the blood carries to all ends of our body. At the same time, the tin... of the sun, hidden in them in the form of chemical tension, again takes the form of obvious force. This ray of... the sun warms us. He sets us in motion. Perhaps at this moment it is playing in our brain.
- (K. A. T i m i r y z e v.)
- 25. Read expressively; indicate words and combinations of sublime vocabulary.
- 1) I would like to live and live,
rushing through the years.
But in the end I want -
there are no other desires -
I want to meet
my hour of death
how I met death
Comrade Nette.
- (V. V. M a y a k o v s k i y.)
- 2) And, listening to the sound of spring,
Among the enchanted grasses,
I would still lie and think, I think
Boundless fields and oak forests.
(N.A. Z abolotsk iy.)
The Almighty God has risen and judged
Earthly gods in their host;
How long, rivers, how long will you be
Spare the unrighteous and evil?
Your duty is: to preserve the laws,
Don't look at the faces of the strong,
No help, no defense
Do not leave orphans and widows.
Your duty: to save the innocent from harm,
Give cover to the unlucky;
To protect the powerless from the strong,
Free the poor from their shackles.
- (G. R. Derzhavin.)
- 26. Read expressively; indicate words and combinations of various stylistic layers.
I would be a wolf
bureaucracy.
To the mandates
there is no respect.
to hell with their mothers
any piece of paper.
- (V. V. M a y a k o v s k i y.)
- 4. Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of its origin
| test questions | dictionary of terms
Neutral vocabulary (cross-style)
From a stylistic point of view, all popular Russian vocabulary (except for dialect and slang words, as well as highly specialized terms) can be divided into three large groups:
1. Neutral vocabulary (cross-style);
2. Vocabulary of oral speech;
3. Vocabulary of written speech.
Neutral (interstyle) words are used in any type of speech: in casual conversation and in the speech of a speaker, in all genres of fiction and journalism. That's why this vocabulary is called interstyle or neutral, that is, serving all styles of speech. Neutral vocabulary is called because it is devoid of special expression and emotions.
Neutral vocabulary- the basis of the vocabulary of the language, which includes various parts of speech: head, tree, Moscow, new, fun, easy, eight, hundred, I, mine, etc.
Neutral, interstyle vocabulary appears to be the background against which words belonging to written and oral speech stand out. Interstyle words do not have any external features (phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic), but they are still easy to find among other stylistic layers of vocabulary. For example, among the following words: dunce, birch, consolidation, spiritualized, sign, prerogative, conversation, grin, good, watch, shantrapa, the words: birch, sign, conversation, good, clock stand out for their neutrality.
Stylistically neutral words make up the majority of the national vocabulary. This includes a significant number of words belonging to different parts of speech:
1) Nouns: Day, lecture, window, work, radio, table;
2) Adjectives: Paper, deep, Russian, southern;
3) Verbs: ride, hate, organize, smile;
4) Adverbs: Fun, very, in our opinion;
5) Pronouns: Who, our, ours, this, I;
6) Function words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles):
In, on, and, if, would, same.
All numerals belong to interstyle words. Interjections do not occur between style words, and there are styles, genres and varieties of speech where interjections do not occur:
1) Scientific articles (scientific journalistic style);
2) Official documents (official business style);
3) Business papers (international diplomatic style);
4) Information in the tools mass media(newspaper-journalistic style).
Neutral vocabulary- the most stable part of the vocabulary of a language, constituting its basis; can be used in any communicative situation, since it is devoid of any expressive-emotional coloring and in fact is a kind of standard in relation to which all others are determined
functional layers of vocabulary. So, for example, the verb die is neutral in comparison with such options as die (book style), die (colloquial style) and bend (jargon); the noun face is neutral in comparison with the words face (high style), physiognomy (colloquial version) and mug (a simple river word).
Neutral vocabulary includes the names of many objects and phenomena (house, book, wind, snow, etc.), actions and states (read, lie, walk, etc.), signs (tall, sad, green, etc.). Almost all pronouns, numerals and function words are stylistically neutral.
In some linguistic works, neutral vocabulary is called interstyle.
Book vocabulary— vocabulary presented in scientific and fiction literature, journalism, official business documents. This category of words is usually used in written speech and is inappropriate in spoken language.
In this group, words that do not express any emotional assessment numerically predominate; quite often they denote concepts that are not found in everyday communication, but at the same time they may not relate to scientific terminology (hypothesis, prevail, pompous). The degree of bookishness of such words can be different - both not very distinct, moderate (argumentation, heavy, immemorial, very), and pronounced (hypertrophied, for, lapidary, prerogative).
Within the book vocabulary there are also emotionally charged words. Some of them give a positive assessment of certain processes, actions, properties and phenomena (persona, pre-draw, panacea), others give a negative or disapproving assessment (vandalism, insinuation, obscurantism).
Inside a bookstore, lofty and poetic vocabulary can stand out. High vocabulary is characterized by special solemnity and elation. It is often used in oratory, especially in cases where some significant events in the history of the country, the life of the people, etc. are touched upon. (accomplishment, sovereign, erect, from now on). Poetic vocabulary is also adjacent to the solemn one, but it is more characteristic of fiction, sometimes journalism (azure, boundless, more beautiful, dreams, muse, blush).
Conversational vocabulary— vocabulary presented primarily in colloquial (oral) speech, focused on the informal, casual communication. Compared to neutral vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary is more expressive, sometimes familiar, and somewhat less stylistic.
Colloquial vocabulary is not homogeneous; several different layers can be distinguished in its composition: Material from the site
- literary and colloquial words (intellectual, slowly, on the sly, hack),
- conversational and professional (back room, steering wheel, planning meeting),
- colloquial terminological (troikatka, ascorbic acid, diabetic),
- everyday life (joker, joker, chatter, canteen).
Within the colloquial vocabulary there are both words devoid of any expressive connotations (four, dad, celebrate [birthday], rush, get sick) and expressively colored ones (mug, devilry, deceive).
Conversational vocabulary is part of literary language, adjacent to it is located outside literary norm colloquial vocabulary is even more expressive and stylistically reduced (surely, bro, mug, dude, sleep). The boundary between colloquial and vernacular words is quite vague and fluid, as evidenced by the marks in various dictionaries.
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On this page there is material on the following topics:
- neutral and reduced vocabulary
- the word belongs to book vocabulary
- colloquial book vocabulary
- colloquial bookish and neutral vocabulary
- stiknizhny colloquial neutral neutral
The meaning of NEUTRAL VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms
NEUTRAL VOCABULARY
Words not attached to a certain style speeches that have stylistic synonyms (bookish, colloquial, colloquial), against the background of which they are devoid of stylistic coloring. So, tin wander is neutral in comparison with the book wander and the colloquial stagger, wander around; future - in comparison with the book future; look - in comparison with gaze; eyes - compared to eyes. Wed also (in the first place a stylistically neutral synonym is given): naked - naked; proof - argument; fragrant - fragrant - fragrant;
eat - eat, eat; complain - complain;
take care - please; delay - delay, procrastination; curly - curly; to lie - to lie; interfere - hinder; husband - spouse; hope - hope, aspiration; in vain - in vain; promise - promise; to deceive - to cheat; duel - single combat; death - demise; die - die; bury - bury. Wed : commonly used cross-style vocabulary.
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what NEUTRAL VOCABULARY is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
- (from the Greek lexis - speech; way of expression, syllable; phrase, word) - the totality of all the words of the language, its vocabulary. IN … - VOCABULARY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
(Greek) - totality some words be it a language, the vocabulary of a language. L. is one of the sides of the language that most clearly reveals the connection of the language. ... - VOCABULARY
(from Greek lexikos - related to the word) 1) the entire set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to a word), a set of words, the vocabulary of a language. The language of any language or dialect is studied by lexicology and ... - VOCABULARY in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - related to the word), 1) the entire set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
and, pl. no, w. The vocabulary of the language or works of a writer. Russian L. L. Dostoevsky. Lexical - related to... - VOCABULARY V Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -i, w. The vocabulary of a language or something. his style, sphere, as well as someone else's. works, individual works. Russian L. Popular l. ... - NEUTRAL
NEUTRAL AXIS (in the strength of materials), the line of intersection of the cross-sectional plane of the beam with the neutral layer (the surface that separates its beam when bending... - VOCABULARY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LEXICA (from the Greek lexikos - related to the word), the entire set of words, the vocabulary of the language. A set of words characteristic of this option... - VOCABULARY in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, lexics, ... - VOCABULARY in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from g*speech lexikos - relating to a word) - a set of words of a language, its vocabulary. This term is also used in relation to... - VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - verbal, dictionary). 1) The vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words related to the scope of their use. Oral vocabulary... - VOCABULARY in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-and, only food. , and. 1) Totality some words. language, dialect. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 2) About the layers of vocabulary: the totality... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
Vocabulary... - VOCABULARY in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
Syn: see... - VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. lexikos verbal lexis word, expression, figure of speech) a set of words included in composition of some kind, language; vocabulary of some kind of works... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[a set of words that make up a language; the vocabulary of the works of a certain author or a set of words used in a certain language. sphere... - VOCABULARY in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
Syn: see... - VOCABULARY in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
Syn: see... - NEUTRAL
and. decomposition Women's to noun: neutral... - VOCABULARY in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
and. 1) a) A set of words. language, dialect. b) A set of words used in a smb. field of activity. c) The set of words used... - VOCABULARY in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language:
l'exica, ... - VOCABULARY full spelling dictionary Russian language:
vocabulary,... - VOCABULARY in the Spelling Dictionary:
l'exica, ... - VOCABULARY in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
! vocabulary of a language, some of its styles, spheres Russian l. Popular l. L. Pushkin. vocabulary the vocabulary of a language, some of it... - VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - related to the word), 1) the entire set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
vocabulary, plural no, w. (from Greek lexikos - dictionary) (philol.). A set of words. language, dialect, works of some writer, etc.... - NEUTRAL
neutral decomposition Women's to noun: neutral... - VOCABULARY in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
vocabulary f. 1) a) A set of words. language, dialect. b) A set of words used in a smb. field of activity. c) A set of words... - NEUTRAL
and. decomposition wives to noun neutral... - VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
and. 1. A set of words of a language or dialect. Ott. A set of words used in any field of activity. Ott. A set of words used by someone... - VOCABULARY in the Bolshoi Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language:
and. 1. A set of words of a language; vocabulary of this language. 2. A set of words distinguished according to some characteristic (origin, sphere ... - GENDER-NEUTRAL POLICY in the Dictionary of Gender Studies Terms:
see Gender... - ABSOLUTELY NEUTRAL PARTICLE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(true neutral particle) elementary particle or a connected system of elementary particles in which all characteristics that distinguish a particle from an antiparticle are equal to zero; ... - AXIS NEUTRAL in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
neutral in the resistance of materials, a line in the cross section of a bending beam, at the points of which the normal stresses parallel to the axis of the beam are equal to zero. ... - AXIS NEUTRAL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
When a beam is bent, its fibers between two cross sections are partly lengthened and partly shortened. In the case of simple bending, according to the accepted theory... - AXIS NEUTRAL in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? When a beam is bent, its fibers between two cross sections are partly lengthened and partly shortened. In the case of a simple bend, according to the accepted... - VOCABULARY NEUTRAL in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
see neutral vocabulary... - ABSOLUTELY NEUTRAL PARTICLE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(true neutral particle), an elementary particle or a connected system of elementary particles in which all the characteristics that distinguish a particle from an antiparticle are equal ... - Insulin suspension-semilong in the Directory of Medicines:
INSULIN SUSPENSION-SEMILONG (Suspensio Insulini semilongi). Neutral suspension of pork insulin (monopique or monocomponent). Contains 40 units of insulin per ml. How … - NEUTRAL in the Dictionary of Automotive Jargon:
- neutral gear... - DEATH INSTINCT in the Dictionary of Analytical Psychology:
(Death instinct; Todestrieb) - we know a certain critical attitude that Jung expressed regarding the Freudian classification of instincts, which distinguished special group instincts... - GRADE in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
a way of establishing the significance of something for an acting and cognizing subject. Three types of significance can be distinguished: theoretical (epistemological values), value-based (axiological values), ... - NEUTRON
B. Green An electrically neutral particle usually found in the nucleus of an atom; A neutron consists of three quarks (two A-quarks and one... - NEUTRINO in the Dictionary of Modern Physics from the books of Green and Hawking:
B. Green An electrically neutral particle participating only in weak interactions. S. Hawking is the lightest (possibly massless) elementary particle of matter, participating only ... - LANGUAGE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- a complex developing semiotic system, which is a specific and universal means of objectifying the content of both individual consciousness and cultural tradition, providing... - POSTMODERNISM, OR THE LOGIC OF THE CULTURE OF LATE CAPITALISM in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
(“Postmodernism or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism”, 1991) - Jameson’s work, which became a philosophical bestseller; one of the first studies of high...
Unlike special terms, professionalisms have a bright expressive coloring and expressiveness due to their metaphorical nature and, often, figurativeness.
In some cases, professionalisms can be used as official terms. In these cases, their expressiveness is not
much of it is erased and fades, but the metaphorical nature of the meaning is still felt quite well. Compare, for example, the terms:
Lever arm; Gear tooth; Knee pipes and etc.
It should be remembered that, despite the limited scope of use of special and professional vocabulary, there is a constant connection and interaction between it and the popular vocabulary. Literary language masters many special terms: they gradually, in the process of use, begin to be rethought, as a result of which they cease to be terms, that is are determinologized. Compare, for example, the use in modern journalism, in colloquial speech, and sometimes in fiction of such phrases created according to the “term + common word” scheme:
Head, tree>, Moscow, new, fun, easy, eight, one hundred, I, my and etc.
Neutral, interstyle vocabulary appears to be the background against which words belonging to written and oral speech stand out. Interstyle words do not have any external features (phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic), but they are still easy to find among other stylistic layers of vocabulary. For example, among the following words
Colloquial vocabulary is “lower” in style than colloquial vocabulary, so it is outside strictly standardized Russian literary speech. In colloquial vocabulary we can distinguish three groups: 1) Roughly expressive vocabulary is grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs:
Big guy, bore, idiot;
Ragged, pot-bellied;
Totally, lousy, foolishly;
To snooze, to swell, to swell.
Rude and expressive words are most often heard in the speech of insufficiently educated people, characterizing their cultural level. It cannot be said, however, that they are not found in the speech of cultured and educated people, that is, those who take care of their language. The expressiveness of these words, their emotional and semantic capacity sometimes make it possible to briefly and expressively show an attitude (most often negative) to an object, person, or phenomenon.
2) Rough vernacular vocabulary differs from rude-expressive vocabulary by a greater degree of rudeness:
Murlo, hailo, grunt, mug, turnip, rylnik, stove(V meaning"face").
These words have a strong expression, the ability to convey the speaker’s negative attitude towards any phenomena. Excessive rudeness makes this vocabulary unacceptable in the speech of cultured people.
3) Properly colloquial vocabulary to which a relatively small number of words belong. The unliterary nature of these words is explained not by their rudeness (they are not rude in meaning and expressive coloring) and not by their abusive nature (they do not have abusive semantics), but by the fact that they not recommended for use in the speech of cultural people:
Just now, ahead of time, I suppose, once born, daddy and etc.
Proper colloquial vocabulary is also called vernacular and differs from dialect only in that it is used and in the city and in the countryside.
Vocabulary of written speech (book and high)
To vocabulary writing include words that are used primarily in written varieties of the literary language: in scientific articles, textbooks, in official documents, in business papers, and not used in casual conversations, in everyday speech.
The language of fiction (prose, poetry, drama) does not belong to specifically written varieties of speech (as well as to specifically oral species speech).
The vocabulary of fiction, based on neutral words, can include words of both oral and written speech (as well as, along with them, all varieties of popular vocabulary: dialectisms, professionalisms, jargons).
There are two types of written vocabulary:
1) Vocabulary book;
2) Vocabulary high(poetic, solemn).
Noted functional-style stratification book vocabulary:
1) Official business;
2) Scientific;
3) Newspaper and journalistic.
Official business vocabulary is used in government documents of the following types:
1) Laws;
2) Regulations;
3) Charters;
4) Instructions;
5) Office and administrative papers;
6) Business letters;
7) Agreements;
8) Legal business documents;
9) International agreements;
10) Communiqué;
11) Diplomatic notes, etc. This vocabulary is characterized by:
A) isolation(there are no foreign style inclusions;
b) semantic clarity;
c) maximum unambiguity;
d) availability cliches, stereotypes, cliches. Basic lexical groups business style:
1) Names of business papers:
Statement, instruction, explanatory, dotsaad, note, certificate, progress secret;
2) Names of documents:
Diploma, passport, certificate, charter;
3) Business and production technical terminology:
Cargo turnover, carrying capacity, supply, recyclable materials, medical staff, overalls, financial department;
4) Nomenclature names (names of various institutions, officials and their posts):
General Directorate, Ministry, Engineer, Inspector. In modern business style commonly used abbreviations:
KB - design bureau;
8. Sphere of use of the word (national, dialect, professional, slang).
9. Expressive-stylistic coloring (neutral, belongs to oral speech (colloquial, colloquial) or written speech (book, high).
Blooming view
1. Indicates a sign.
2. Free value.
3. Multiple meanings.
4. Used in figurative meaning by similarity, that is, in a metaphorical meaning.
5. Synonyms: healthy, beautiful(contextual); antonym: sick; there are no homonyms.
6. Borrowed, of Old Slavic origin, indicator suffix – noun-.
7. Active word.
8. Refers to the national vocabulary.
9. Belongs to oral speech, colloquial.
Full lexical analysis of the text.
In this case, you need to find in the text all the lexical features it contains in the order indicated for the analysis of the word.
Today(2 digits) in our(2 digits) country(2 digits) big(4 digits), national(1 digit) holiday(3 digits).
There are 7 words in the text, 6 of them are used in direct, free meanings (1 auxiliary word). There are no words with phraseologically related or syntactically determined meanings. All words are ambiguous, except the word national. All words are used in direct meanings, except the word big, which is used in a figurative meaning (transfer by size, metaphor). There are no antonyms or homonyms in the text, but there are contextual synonyms: big, national. All words are originally Russian, with the exception of 2 words: a country And holiday, which are of Old Slavic origin. All words refer to active vocabulary, all words are national, commonly used, stylistically neutral.
The procedure for analyzing phraseological units
1. The meaning of phraseological units.
2. Structural-semantic type: fusion, unity, combination.
3. Phraseological synonyms and antonyms.
4. Grammatical composition (equivalence of one or another part of speech: verbal, substantive, adverbial, adjective, interjectional, modal, conjunction).
5. Origin of phraseological units.
6. Active or passive use.
7. The sphere of use of phraseological units (commonly used, dialectal, professional, slang).
8. Expressive-stylistic coloring of phraseological units: neutral (inter-style), colloquial, bookish.
To grandfather's village
1. In an unknown direction.
2. Phraseological unity.
3. Synonym: wherever the eyes look; antonym: exactly as intended.
4. (unknown where) adverbial.
5. Originally Russian.
6. Active use.
7. Commonly used.
8. Conversational style, negative emotional coloring.
