Everyday life and customs of peasants. Peasant life: housing and outbuildings
The main prerequisite for revolutionary actions in February 1917 is considered to be the revolution of 1905-1907 - it did not solve the main problems of society: landlessness, working conditions of the proletariat, the issue of national self-determination of peoples within the Russian monarchy.
In the war of 1914-1918, Russia took the side of the Entente. The fighting weakened the state: the economic crisis became deeper, the strike movement intensified, and a political opposition emerged, which managed to create a strong social base. The level of economic development did not allow the military needs to be adequately met, the country's external debt grew, factories stopped working, and agriculture was in decline.
The main reasons for the revolutionary events were: economic decline, loss of authority by the head of state, the anti-war movement, and the crisis situation of the peasants.
Driving forces: proletariat, peasants. The center of events is Petrograd.
At the end of February 1917, the country was swept by a mass movement to overthrow the monarchy and end the war. The army went over to the side of the protesters. Petrograd was captured. The formation of a Provisional Government and the need to convene a Constituent Assembly were announced. The Council of Workers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed.
The result of the revolution was the abdication of power by the monarch Nicholas II, the rule of the state passed into the hands of the Provisional Government. A situation of dual power arose: the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.
The highest legislative and executive functions were assigned to the Provisional Government. It wasn't strong enough. The core consisted of members of the Social Revolutionary and Social Democratic parties. A series of Bolshevik demonstrations took place against him in the summer of 1917 - the “July Days”. During the “July days” the leaders of the Bolshevik movement were arrested. One of the ideologists of Bolshevism, Vladimir Lenin, ended up in exile.
August 1917: General Lavr Kornilov attempted to establish a dictatorship. The coup was unsuccessful.
Gradually the Bolsheviks increased the number of their representatives in the Petrograd Soviet. After the Kornilov coup, Leon Trotsky became the head of the Council.
In October, the Military Revolutionary Committee was formed under the Petrograd Soviet, whose task was paramilitary support for the Bolshevik faction.
The revolutionaries captured the Winter Palace on October 25 (in the new style - November 7). Representatives of the Provisional Government were arrested, and the head, Alexander Kerensky, fled. The event was called the October Revolution.
The main consequence: the proclamation of Soviet power.
- Causes, character, driving forces
- Main events of the revolution
- Formation of the Provisional Government
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The First World War exacerbated all existing contradictions in society
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The need to eliminate feudal-serfdom remnants that hinder the development of the country.
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Contradictions between landowners and peasants
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Contradictions between workers and bourgeoisie.
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Contradictions between the center and the outskirts
- Kyiv 1917
- Yakutsk 1917
- Tomsk 1917
- Central Asia 1917
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Contradictions between government and society
- Dissolution of the Duma
- Dissolution of the Duma
- Grigory Rasputin
- Political strike in the Caucasus
Slide 9
We fill out the table: “Events of the February Revolution of 1917.”
Slide 10
The first unrest began with a strike by workers at the Putilov plant on February 17, whose workers demanded an increase in prices by 50% and the hiring of laid-off workers.
The administration did not satisfy the stated demands. As a sign of solidarity with Putilov's workers, many enterprises in Petrograd went on strike. They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side. The crowds of workers were joined by thousands of random people: teenagers, students, small employees, intellectuals. On February 23, a demonstration of women workers in Petrograd took place.
February 18 - They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side.
Slide 11
According to estimates, the number of people on strike was about 300 thousand! In fact it was a general strike. The main slogans of these events were: “Down with autocracy!”, “Down with war!”, “Down with the Tsar!”, “Down with Nicholas!”, “Bread and Peace!”.
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February 25: general political strike. Slogans: “Down with tsarism!”, “Down with autocracy!”, “Down with war!”
On the evening of February 25, Nicholas II gave the order to stop the unrest in the capital. The State Duma was dissolved.
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February 26: Political strike develops into uprising
On the night of February 26-27, rebel soldiers joined the workers; on the morning of February 27, the district court was burned down and the pretrial detention house was seized; prisoners were released from prison, among whom were many members of revolutionary parties who had been arrested in recent days. On February 27, the Arsenal and the Winter Palace were captured. The autocracy was overthrown.
Slide 14
The Arsenal and Winter Palace were captured. The autocracy was overthrown. On the same day, the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed, and members of the Progressive Bloc created the Provisional Committee of the Duma, which took the initiative to "restoration of state and public order."
- Gun arsenal
- Winter Palace
Slide 15
March 2 – Nicholas II signs the act of abdication from the throne.
Slide 16
On March 3, 1917, the Provisional Government was created
The Provisional Government (March 3 (16), 1917 - October 26 (November 8), 1917) is the highest legislative and executive body of state power in Russia during the period between the February and October revolutions.
Prince Lvov G.E. Chairman of the Government.
Slide 17
Negative results of the fall of autocracy
The main negative results of the overthrow of the Autocracy by the February Revolution in Russia can be considered:
- The transition from the evolutionary development of society to development along a revolutionary path, which inevitably led to an increase in the number of violent crimes against the individual and attacks on property rights in society.
- A significant weakening of the army (as a result of revolutionary agitation in the army and Order No. 1), a drop in its combat effectiveness and, as a consequence, its ineffective further struggle on the fronts of the First World War.
- Destabilization of society, which led to a deep split in the existing civil society in Russia. As a result, there was a sharp increase in class contradictions in society, the growth of which during 1917 led to the transfer of power into the hands of radical forces, which ultimately led to the Civil War in Russia.
Slide 18
Positive results of the fall of autocracy
- One of the biggest remnants of feudalism, which seriously hampered the development of the country - autocracy - was eliminated.
- Conditions were created for the real development of society along a democratic path.
- There was a short-term consolidation of society as a result of the adoption of a number of democratic legislative acts and a real chance for society, on the basis of this consolidation, to resolve many long-standing contradictions in the social development of the country.
However, as subsequent events showed, which ultimately led to a bloody civil war, the country's leaders, who came to power as a result of the February revolution, were unable to take advantage of these real, albeit extremely small (considering Russia was at war at that time) chances on this.
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February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 Second Russian Revolution Causes, character, driving forces Main events of the revolution Formation of the Provisional Government
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February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 Second Russian Revolution Date: February 23 (March 8), 1917 - March 2, 1917 (?) The nature of the revolution is bourgeois-democratic. Reasons: The First World War exacerbated all existing contradictions in society. The need to eliminate feudal-serfdom remnants that hinder the development of the country. Contradictions between landowners and peasants. Contradictions between workers and bourgeoisie. Contradictions between the center and the outskirts. Contradictions between government and society. Main goal: Elimination of feudal-serfdom remnants (liquidation of the monarchy and establishment of a republic, elimination of landownership), liberalization of the political system; improvement of working conditions; Organizers: Socialist Revolutionary Party, RSDLP. Driving forces: workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, individual parts of the army Opponents: Supporters of Emperor Nicholas II, various Black Hundred organizations, the Union of October 17 Demands: End of the war, liquidation of the autocracy, liquidation of landownership, creation of workers' legislation, solution of the national question. Main forms of struggle: Strikes, strikes, armed uprisings, peasant uprisings, land seizures, arson of landowners' estates. Slogans: “Bread!!!”, “Bring back our husbands!” , “Down with autocracy!” “Down with tsarism!”, “Down with war!”
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The need to eliminate feudal-serfdom remnants that hinder the development of the country
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Contradictions between the center and the outskirts Kyiv 1917 Yakutsk 1917 Tomsk 1917 Central Asia 1917
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Contradictions between government and society. Dissolution of the Duma Dissolution of the Duma Grigory Rasputin Political strike in the Caucasus
Slide 9
We fill out the table: “Events of the February Revolution of 1917.” On February 17, there was a strike by workers at the Putilov plant, whose workers demanded: an increase in prices by 50% for the hiring of laid-off workers. February 18 They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side. February 23 demonstration of women, slogans: “Bread!”, “Down with the war!”, “Bring back your husbands!” February 25: general political strike. Slogans: “Down with tsarism!”, “Down with autocracy!”, “Down with war!” Was dissolved. State Duma February 26 The political strike develops into an uprising. The transition of the Petrograd garrison to the side of the rebels begins. The 4th company of the Pavlovsk regiment opened fire on the mounted police. On February 27, the Autocracy was overthrown. The Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed, members of the Progressive Bloc created the Provisional Committee of the Duma, which took the initiative to “restoration of state and public order.” March 1 The Petrograd military garrison went over to the side of the rebels. March 2, Nicholas II signs the act of abdication from the throne.
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The first unrest began with a strike by workers at the Putilov plant on February 17, whose workers demanded an increase in prices by 50% and the hiring of laid-off workers. The administration did not satisfy the stated demands. As a sign of solidarity with Putilov's workers, many enterprises in Petrograd went on strike. They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side. The crowds of workers were joined by thousands of random people: teenagers, students, small employees, intellectuals. On February 23, a demonstration of women workers in Petrograd took place. February 18 - They were supported by the workers of the Narva outpost and the Vyborg side.
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February 23 – demonstration of women, slogans: “Bread!”, “Down with the war!”, “Bring back your husbands!” According to estimates, the number of strikers was about 300 thousand! In fact it was a general strike. The main slogans of these events were: “Down with autocracy!”, “Down with war!”, “Down with the Tsar!”, “Down with Nicholas!”, “Bread and Peace!”.
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February 25: general political strike. Slogans: “Down with tsarism!”, “Down with autocracy!”, “Down with war!” On the evening of February 25, Nicholas II gave the order to stop the unrest in the capital. The State Duma was dissolved.
Slide 13
February 26: Political strike develops into an uprising On the night of February 26-27, rebel soldiers joined the workers, on the morning of the 27th the district court was burned down and the pre-trial detention house was seized, prisoners were released from prison, among whom were many members of revolutionary parties arrested in recent years days. On February 27, the Arsenal and the Winter Palace were captured. The autocracy was overthrown.
Slide 14
The Arsenal and Winter Palace were captured. The autocracy was overthrown. On the same day, the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed, and members of the Progressive Bloc created the Provisional Committee of the Duma, which took the initiative to "restoration of state and public order." February 27 Captured Gun arsenal Winter Palace Formed
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Slide 17
Negative results of the fall of the autocracy The main negative results of the overthrow of the autocracy by the February Revolution in Russia can be considered: The transition from the evolutionary development of society to development along a revolutionary path, which inevitably led to an increase in the number of violent crimes against the individual and attacks on property rights in society. A significant weakening of the army (as a result of revolutionary agitation in the army and Order No. 1), a drop in its combat effectiveness and, as a consequence, its ineffective further struggle on the fronts of the First World War. Destabilization of society, which led to a deep split in the existing civil society in Russia. As a result, there was a sharp increase in class contradictions in society, the growth of which during 1917 led to the transfer of power into the hands of radical forces, which ultimately led to the Civil War in Russia.
18 slide
Positive results of the fall of autocracy: One of the biggest remnants of feudalism, which seriously hampered the development of the country - autocracy - was eliminated. Conditions were created for the real development of society along a democratic path. There was a short-term consolidation of society as a result of the adoption of a number of democratic legislative acts and a real chance for society, on the basis of this consolidation, to resolve many long-standing contradictions in the social development of the country. However, as subsequent events showed, which ultimately led to a bloody civil war, the country's leaders, who came to power as a result of the February revolution, were unable to take advantage of these real, albeit extremely small (considering Russia was at war at that time) chances on this.
Here you can find information about the arrangement of the house, clothing and food of the peasants.
Knowledge of folk life, traditions, and customs gives us the opportunity to preserve historical memory, to find those roots that will nourish new generations of Russians.
A peasant dwelling is a courtyard where residential and outbuildings, a garden and a vegetable garden were built.
The roofs of the buildings were thatched or wooden; often wooden figures of heads of various birds and animals were attached to the roofs.
The buildings themselves were made of wood, mainly pine and spruce. They literally chopped with an axe, but later saws also became known.
For the construction of even the largest buildings, no special foundation was built. But instead, supports were laid in the corners and middles of the walls - stumps, large boulders.
The main buildings of a peasant yard were: a hut and a cage, an upper room, tumbleweeds, a hay barn, a barn, and a shed. A hut is a common residential building. The upper room is a clean and bright building built above the lower one, and here they slept and received guests. The dumps and the hay barn were cold storerooms and served as living quarters in the summer.
The most important component of a peasant home was the Russian stove. They baked bread in it, cooked food, washed, and slept on the upper wall.
The main decoration of the house were images (icons). The icon was placed in the upper corner of the chambers and covered with a curtain - a dungeon.
Wall paintings and mirrors were banned by the Orthodox Church. Only small mirrors were brought from abroad and were components of the women's toilet.
In the household structure of the Russians, there was a noticeable custom of covering and covering everything. The floors were covered with carpets, matting, felt, benches and benches were covered with shelf covers, tables were covered with tablecloths.
The houses were illuminated with candles and torches.
The houses of poor and rich people had the same names and structures, differing only in size and degree of decoration.
The cut of the clothes was the same for both kings and peasants.
Men's shirts were white or red, they were sewn from linen and canvas fabric. The shirts were belted low with straps with a weak knot.
The clothes they wore at home were called zipun. It was a narrow, short white dress.
Women's clothing was similar to men's, only longer. The pilot wore a long shirt. It had a slit in the front that fastened with buttons all the way down to the throat.
All women wore earrings and headdresses.
The peasants' outerwear was a sheepskin coat. The sheepskin coats were altered for children.
For footwear, the peasants had bast shoes, shoes made of vine twigs and leather soles, which were tied to the feet with belts.
Peasant cuisine was Russian, national. The best cook was considered to be the one who knew how other housewives cooked. Changes in food were introduced quietly. The dishes were simple and not varied.
According to the Russian custom of sacredly maintaining fasts, the table was divided into two parts: fast and fast, and according to supplies, the dishes were divided into five: fish, meat, flour, dairy and vegetable.
Floury foods included rye bread - the head of the table, various pies, loaves, casseroles, rolls; for fish - fish soup, baked dishes; for meat - side dishes, quick soups, pates and many others.
The drinks were: vodka, wine, juices, fruit drinks, Berezovets, kvass, tea.
The sweets were natural: fresh fruits, fruits cooked in molasses.
I hope that my small contribution to the promotion of folk culture and way of life will partly contribute to the fact that this culture will be preserved, knowledge of it will strengthen the mind and soul of growing citizens and patriots of our Fatherland.
