What applies to fruit and berry crops? Agriculture of Russia

The basic principles of cultivation consist of controlling the moisture content of the atmosphere, the amount of watering and ensuring the required temperature. Light is one of the most important factors. There are flowers that will grow well in any environment - be it at home or in the yard. Having determined which group the flower belongs to, it becomes possible to reliably organize the required care. Many of the house flowers are divided into types. Some can only be kept outside. Certain groups can only be bred at home without a natural environment.

Fruits and berries are the pride of any gardener

Growing (planting) fruit trees and other fruit and berry crops does not require a large area. You can find a place for peach, cherry, plum and apple trees even in a small garden, as well as for a pergola entwined with grapes, a currant bush or gooseberry. You should carefully and promptly follow the rules for caring for fruit trees.

The apple tree is the most unpretentious fruit tree; with good care, it can produce a bountiful harvest both in a sunny place and in shade. The composition of the soil does not matter much. She only dislikes lowlands and depressions, where during flowering late frosts can damage the flowers. The pear tree is inferior in winter hardiness to the apple tree. It is more demanding of soil and climatic conditions. Pears should be planted in warm, elevated places. She loves loamy and sandy soils. Lowlands, depressions and closed basins are not suitable for it. Cherries and plums love well-lit and elevated areas warmed by the sun. The best places are near fences and buildings, where a warmer microclimate is created and more snow accumulates in winter. Areas located in closed basins and lowlands, where sharp temperature fluctuations are observed at the end of winter and frosts are frequent in spring, are not suitable. If groundwater is located closer than 1 meter, these stone fruits will suffer from freezing; sandy and loamy soils are suitable for them. Acidic peaty, marshy, sandy and heavy clay soils are not suitable for cherries and plums. Chokeberry grows well on sandy and medium loamy soils, as well as on drained peat bogs. It bears fruit worse on heavy loamy and light sandy soils. But it tolerates acidic soils. Sea buckthorn loves the sun and light sandstones. On heavy clay soils, a good harvest cannot be expected. Wetlands with stagnant water are not for her. This light-loving culture needs well-drained and at the same time sufficiently moist places. Gooseberries are demanding of light and prefer clay and loamy soils provided with fertilizers, primarily organic. Does not like sandy soils, lowlands and places where water stagnates. The area should be well lit by the sun. This crop is not winter-hardy enough and needs snow cover in winter. Gooseberries cannot be planted under the crowns of fruit trees; in this case, they suffer greatly from powdery mildew and bear fruit poorly. Black currant is one of the winter-hardy berries. It grows well and bears fruit on moisture-intensive, heavy and medium loams. Blackcurrant is sensitive to high acidity and feels better at an acidity level of 6 - 6.5. If the soil is acidic or the area is swampy and the groundwater level is closer than 0.7 m, then it suffers greatly, gets sick and may die. It grows poorly on acidic soils, is more damaged by fungal diseases, and berries fall off the bush. Needs protection from wind in winter and early spring. Red and white currants are light-loving, they like open places, protected from north-eastern winds, grow well and bear fruit on light and medium loams rich in humus. They are not suitable for low and damp places and do not tolerate shading well. Raspberries and blackberries. Of all the berry crops, raspberries and blackberries are the most demanding when choosing a location; they love the sun, grow well and bear fruit only in areas protected from the wind, well lit and warmed up. Raspberries and blackberries do not tolerate excess moisture. They are sensitive even to short-term flooding. The raspberry root system cannot withstand dampness and, if planted in a damp area, may freeze in winter. The groundwater level should not be closer than 1 meter from the surface. They require soil with high fertility. Well-drained medium loam is the most suitable soil for them. Sandy ones are suitable only with abundant organic fertilizer and watering. Strawberries are moisture-loving, but do not tolerate stagnation of water. It can be grown in all soils, but grows best in medium loamy and sandy loam soils. Clay and sandy soils should be fertilized with organic fertilizers. Excess nutrients in the soil leads to strong growth of the bush to the detriment of the harvest. It grows well and bears fruit in soils with an acidity of at least 5. This plant is not winter-hardy and, in the absence of snow, may freeze in winter. Honeysuckle is a light-loving crop that prefers sandy and loamy soils. Prolonged flooding is detrimental to it.

Planting fruit trees and fruit and berry crops

One of the most important work that is carried out in participation is planting plants. They should be planted during the dormant period: in the fall, after leaf fall, or in the spring - before the buds open. Autumn planting should be done no later than a month before the onset of frost. When planting is late, suction roots do not have time to form and the plant does not receive moisture from the soil. It should also be remembered that in winter, the moisture in the seedlings evaporates, and if it has not been replenished since the fall, the plant may die. In cold and windy weather, the seedlings do not freeze out so much as they dry out.

Planting holes are prepared in advance, for spring planting - in the fall, for autumn - 3-4 weeks before planting. Typically, fruit trees require a sunny location, well-drained soil, fertile, rich in organic matter. Therefore, before planting them in a permanent place, the soil must be prepared in advance, carefully, processed deeply, applying organic (rotted manure) and complex mineral fertilizers. They are placed directly into the planting hole at the rate of 100 - 200 grams of mineral fertilizers per plant, more organic fertilizers.

A peg is installed at the intended landing site. A 0.5 m long twine with a nail at the end is attached to the bottom of the peg. Next, using this nail, draw a circle on the ground, this will be the diameter of the planting hole. The depth of the planting hole should be at least 60 cm, its size depends on the size of the root system of the tree. In any case, the roots should be positioned freely. The size of the pit is at least 50x50x60 cm, but may be larger. When digging a hole, the top fertile layer is laid in one direction, it is then used when planting, and the bottom layer is placed in the other; this soil is scattered between the rows. If necessary, the bottom of the pit is covered with broken bricks or crushed stone as drainage.

In places where there is a danger of flooding, more thorough drainage can be done; in the lowest part of the planting hole, a channel 1 - 1.5 m deep is made with a drill, which is filled with broken bricks or gravel. Then pre-planting fertilizers are applied to the hole. Before planting, broken branches are removed from seedlings, and damaged roots are cut back to healthy wood. During planting, you need to pay attention to the position of the root collar relative to the soil level. The plant is placed in a hole so that the root collar is at the level of the ground surface, and the grafting site is several cm above it. After planting, the earth is compacted with feet, a groove is made to retain water in the tree trunk circle, abundant watering is carried out, and the soil is mulched with peat, sawdust or humus.

It is better to bury seedlings purchased in late autumn for the winter in the highest place, where water does not stagnate. The seedlings are placed in a dug ditch, lightly sprinkled with earth or sand, watered thoroughly so that the soil fills the voids between the roots, and more soil is added to cover the roots. With the onset of frost, the entire ditch is covered with earth, leaving only the tips of the branches on the surface. To protect the seedlings from mice, they are covered with spruce branches.

Seedlings are purchased bare root, with a lump of earth or in containers. Bare-root plants are cheaper, easier to transport, easier to plant in a permanent location, but less likely to take root well. In addition, bare-root plants experience stress during transplantation, which is why they bear fruit later than seedlings with a clod of soil or in containers. Plants with a lump of earth or in containers take root better, but they are difficult to plant on the site due to the large size of the root system. Moreover, using plants in containers can extend the planting period, since the plant can remain in the pot for some time. In any case, the hole is made larger than the root system so that the planted plant is surrounded by completely loose, prepared, fertilized soil.

Read also:

Leaves are affected, spots of different sizes and colors appear on the leaves of different crops, leaves dry out, crack and fall off

Bacterial cancer of Tomatoes All above-ground parts of plants are affected, sores appear on leaves, tomato stalks, stems and fruits; as a result of damage to the vascular system, the entire plant and internal tissues of the fruit wither

White rot of strawberries Strawberries Leaves and shoots are affected, turn pale, gradually dry out, and rot in wet weather; the berries also rot, turning into a pasty mass.

White leaf spot Tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants

Leaves are affected, single off-white spots with a dark rim appear on the lower leaves (sometimes already cotyledons), leaves die off

Whitefly, larvae Tomatoes, lettuce, celery, cucumber, pepper, eggplant The above-ground part of the plant is affected, the larvae suck the juice from the plant, sooty fungi settle on the sugary secretions of the larvae, a sooty coating appears, which prevents the plant's brushes from absorbing carbon dioxide, which leads to general oppression plants

Goblet rust Currants, gooseberries Leaves, berries, shoots are affected: large red spots appear on them, which are especially noticeable on the back side of the leaf, covered with small bubbles that open in the form of cups. With severe damage, the leaves and ovaries fall off, the shoots become bent and dry out

Bronzing of leaves Potato Leaves are affected as a result of a lack of potassium in the soil, the leaves become wrinkled with rough venation. The tissue between the veins darkens, acquires a bronze tint, the leaves die

Lumpy scab (oosporosis)

Potato

Tubers are affected during storage; small dark brown or black pustules appear on the surface of the tuber near the eyes; later they merge and form depressed spots; when wetted with water, they acquire a purple tint

Potato brown spot (alternaria blight)

Potato

Affects the root system, small brown spots appear on the leaves, the fruits are small, ripen and are poorly stored

Currant leaf gall midge, larvae

Red, white and black currants

Unopened, folded young leaves are damaged, the larvae eat the leaves, as a result they curl, turn brown and dry out, the damaged tips of the growth shoots die off, the side shoots branch abnormally, do not have time to develop and freeze out in the winter

Currant shoot gall midge, larvae

Red, white, black currant

Shoots and branches are damaged, especially young ones; the larvae develop in cracks in the bark, feed under the bark of the branches, as a result of which they gradually die

Currant flower gall midge, larvae Red, white, black currant The buds are damaged, which the larvae eat away from the inside, the damaged buds do not bloom, take on an ugly shape and fall off

Bitter rot of apples, plums, apricots, cherries, etc.

The fruits are affected, rounded brown spots appear on them, sharply outlined and slightly depressed, black pustules are located on them in circles, the fruits cannot be stored and are unsuitable for consumption

Bottom rot (fusarium rot)

Onions (species), garlic The root system is affected, the roots of the bulbs rot, an overgrown mycelium appears in the area of ​​the bulbous bottom, the bulbs soften, the tissue becomes watery, the leaves quickly die

Root collar rot Various crops, onions The base of the stem, the root collar are affected, the tissues rot, split into fibers, the skin cracks, the supply of water and nutrients to the plant is disrupted, the above-ground part of the plant withers and dries out

Potato hollowness

Potato

Tubers are affected, voids of various sizes and shapes form inside, the hollow cavity is covered with light brown skin

Iron spot (rust) of potatoes Potatoes

Tubers are affected as a result of a lack of phosphorus in the soil; light brown and rusty spots scattered in disarray are visible on the cut of the tuber

Yellow gooseberry sawfly, larvae Gooseberry, red currant The leaves are damaged, the larvae eat away the tissue of the leaf plate between the veins, leaving only the veins, the plant weakens, the berries cannot develop and fall off

Raspberry beetle, raspberry larvae Leaf tissues are damaged, which the beetle eats between the veins and buds, damaged buds fall off or produce ugly berries, the larvae bite into the stalks and eat the fruit

Green apple aphid Apple trees The green tips of the leaves that protrude from the scales of the fruit buds are damaged, budding leaves, flower buds, the plant does not bloom, does not pollinate, does not form fruits, spoiled buds produce defective flowers

Strawberry-raspberry weevil

Strawberries, raspberries

The buds are damaged, which are eaten by beetles, feeding on unripe flower anthers, piercing the bud on the side at its base, the bud dries out and falls off, the formation of fruits becomes impossible

Cabbage whites, cabbage caterpillars

The leaves are affected, the caterpillars penetrate between the leaves, causing the head of cabbage to rot

Cabbage clubroot

Cruciferous vegetables, especially cabbage

The root system is affected, swellings and growths appear on the roots, consisting of hypertrophied plant tissue, pest spores accumulate in the affected tissues, plants lack water, are stunted in growth, leaves turn yellow and wither, heads of cabbage become smaller or do not set

Cabbage moth, caterpillars

Cabbage, rutabaga

The young leaves of the developing head of cabbage are damaged, the pests make tortuous passages in the leaf plate; “windows” appear on the surface of the leaf - areas covered with a thin film, the plant weakens, forms a bad head of cabbage

Cabbage scoop

Cabbage, peas, beets, potatoes, apple tree

The leaves are damaged, the cutworm eats away the surface tissues of the leaves and eats them through, making passages through the fruit

Cabbage aphid

White cabbage, cauliflower

The leaves are damaged, the flea sucks the juice from the leaf blade, the leaves curl, white spots form on them, the heads of cabbage become loose and light

Cabbage flies, larvae

Cabbage, radishes, turnips, radish

The underground part of the plants is affected, the larvae gnaw out a groove in the root and damage the vascular bundles, eat away the root crop, the plant withers

Pockets of plums Plum, cherry plum, bird cherry The fruits are affected, excessive ugly growth of the ovary occurs, instead of fruits, bag-like formations appear, which are pockets devoid of seeds

Potato nematode Potato The root system is affected, the roots develop poorly, small spherical cysts of white and yellow color are formed on them, the plant is stunted in growth, forms a small number of stems

Currant bud mite Black currant The buds are damaged, the infected buds swell to the size of a pea, ugly deformed leaves appear from under the spread outer scales, the bud resembles a burst head of cabbage, feeding and developing inside the bud the mite causes them to swell, deform and make them completely unviable

Clusterosporiasis of stone fruits (hole spot)

Cherry, sweet cherry, plum, apricot Leaves and fruits are affected. On the former, light brown spots form, which turn brown and fall off, leaving holes on the leaves; on the latter, spots and local thickenings appear, disfiguring the fruit, the pulp stops growing, and the fruit dries to the bone, the fruits fall off, remain underdeveloped, the tree weakens

Cherry coccomycosis Cherry, sweet cherry, apricot, plum Leaves are affected, which become covered with many separate red spots, a white coating forms on the lower part of the leaf, later the spots merge, the leaf dries out and massive premature leaf fall occurs

Colorado potato beetle Potatoes, tomatoes The voracious larvae are especially dangerous during the budding phase and the beginning of flowering, when the process of tuber formation is underway; they eat foliage, moving from the lower tier of leaves to the upper

Ring rot. Potatoes Affects tubers, in a longitudinal section the affected areas located in a ring are visible, the core of the tuber softens, turns yellow and secretes a putrefactive mass

Cabbage fly Cabbage flies damage cruciferous vegetable plants; they lay eggs in the soil near the cabbage stem or in the axils of the lower leaves. The larvae develop and feed on underground parts of plants, penetrate inside root crops and feed on their tissues Leaf flea beetle Lays eggs in the soil, the hatching larvae eat young shoots and leaves of planted crops, severely damaging fragile plants, which become weakened, stunted in growth and often die Onion fly Females lay eggs on onion feathers, in the axils of leaves and under the scales of bulbs or in the soil next to them. The larvae penetrate the pulp of the bulbs and feed on it, causing softening and rotting, the onion leaves turn yellow and wither. Raspberry weevil This pest has an unusual appearance: an elongated head is elongated into a proboscis, which is why the second name for weevils is elephants. Females lay eggs in a bud, piercing it with their proboscis at the base of the peduncle, and then eat up the peduncle, the bud breaks off and falls to the ground, and the larva developing from the egg feeds inside the bud

Ringed silkworm, caterpillars Apple, pear, plum, cherry, apricot, rowan, hazel Leaves are damaged, caterpillars eat them from the edges, leaving the central vein, with massive damage to leaves, the natural biological cycles of the tree are disrupted, the formation of fruit buds is reduced

Brown spot (macrosporiasis)

Tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, nightshade crops It affects first the upper, then the lower leaves, round, clearly defined large brown spots appear on the leaves, later merge and cover the entire leaf, the leaf dies.

Tomato fruits are also affected; damaged tissues become covered with a black coating of mycelium.

Red rot of carrots (felt disease, rhizoctonia)

Carrots The root crop is affected, lead-gray subcutaneous spots appear on the surface, a dense film of felt purple mycelium develops on the surface of the affected areas, the fruit withers, shrivels and cracks, the leaves turn yellow and dry out, the affected root crops are poorly stored

Cruciferous fleas Cruciferous vegetable crops The entire plant is damaged, mainly the leaves, the fleas scrape out small pits in the leaf blade, ulcers appear, the affected tissues dry out, if the growing point is damaged, the plant dies

Gooseberry moth (codling moth), caterpillars Gooseberry, currant Flowers and young ovaries are damaged, into which the caterpillar penetrates, gnawing a thin passage at the base.

The caterpillars feed mainly on the seeds of the ovary, gnawing them completely, leaving only the skin and pulp. Caterpillars move from berry to berry, pulling them together in a common web

Leafrollers (There are various types of leafrollers, the most dangerous for the garden are cut, hawthorn, variegated golden, frost, lead-sex, omnivorous, reticulated, willow, crooked, currant, fruit, bud leafrollers.), caterpillars Fruit trees and berry bushes The buds and later the leaves are damaged, caterpillars, when feeding, fasten the leaves with silkworms, damaged leaves curl up in the shape of boats

Downy mildew Various vegetable crops, onions,

Leaves and stems are affected, a light gray, bluish coating appears on them in the form of large whitish spots from

Carrot fly Female carrot flies lay eggs in the soil next to carrot seedlings and on the base of the stems. The larvae, which appear after 10-15 days, bite into the pulp of the root crop and make long narrow mines in it. Processed carrots lose their shelf life during storage and quickly rot. Nematodes Nematodes infect the root system of plants, and small white, yellow and brown cyst balls form on the roots. Affected plants develop poorly, are stunted and often die

Name of diseases and pests Affected crops Signs of damage

Downy mildew pumpkin crops sporulate the fungi that cause the disease, then gray spots form, they turn yellow and turn brown as a result of tissue death, the stems become bent, become brittle, the leaves crumble, if the plant is severely damaged, only petioles of the leaves may remain on the plant, onion leaves lie down and die off, the bulbs rot and are poorly stored, cucumbers often die if they are severely infected

Onion fly, larvae Onion crops: onion sets, leeks, multi-tiered onions, chives,

The bulbs are affected, the larvae damage the juicy pulp of the bulbs, their tissues liquefy, the leaves turn yellow and wither, the bulbs rot

Lupine fly, larvae Pumpkin crops, beans, beans, spinach, beets, corn, sunflower Germinating seeds, young seedlings are affected, the larvae bore the subcotyledon of the seedlings and penetrate inside the stem, causing rotting of the plants, damaged seeds do not germinate or produce weak seedlings

Medvedka (kapustyanka)

Cabbage, beets, carrots, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, etc.

Damages roots, root crops, bulbs, sown seeds; plants with damaged root systems do not receive water and nutrients and die

Wet bacterial rot Potato Tubers are affected, the tissues soften and turn into a rotting mass with an unpleasant odor, the color of the tuber changes from light to dark brown and pink

Apple moth, caterpillars Apple tree Young leaves are damaged, the caterpillars drill into the leaf plate, making narrow passages-mines in it, or eat the whole leaves, brown spots form on the damaged leaves in the feeding areas of the caterpillar, and the leaves dry out.

Eating leaves causes the ovaries of apple trees to fall off, the formation of flower buds decreases, which leads to a decrease in next year's harvest.

Monial burn (moniliosis) of fruits Various fruit crops are affected, that is, flowers, leaves, tips of young shoots, fruits turn brown and dry out; with severe damage, the tree quickly loses vitality, does not lay a sufficient number of flower buds, is in a depressed state

Carrot flea beetle, larvae of Carrots. Leaves and succulent petioles are affected, the larvae suck out the juice from plant parts, leaf curling occurs, growth is stunted, young shoots die

Carrot fly, larvae Carrots, beets Root crops are affected, the larvae drill into its pulp, leaves of damaged plants acquire a purple tint, turn yellow and wither, damaged root crops are poorly stored and rot

Partner silkworms, caterpillars Fruit trees Buds and leaves are damaged, which are eaten by the caterpillars, sometimes completely exposing the tree, buds, and flowers. If the damage is severe and the tree is left without leaves, it may dry out.

Powdery mildew Pumpkin crops, berry crops, ornamental plants The aerial part of the plant is affected, a white powdery coating in the form of large white spots appears on the leaves on both sides and stems of the plants, consisting of fungi that cause the disease; black dots may appear on the affected areas, severe affected leaves and stems dry out and die, the plant experiences severe depression

Nematodes (Diseases caused by nematodes belong to the group of phytohelminthoses)

Various vegetable crops, potatoes, tomatoes Affect the root system, small spherical cysts of white, yellow and brown color form on the roots, the plant weakens and dies

Common scab (Common scab can be present in various forms: flat scab - the edges of the ulcer are flush with the surface of the tuber, deep scab - the ulcers are immersed deep in the tuber, a convex ulcer - the edges of the ulcer are raised above the surface of the tuber.)

Potato

Affects tubers, ulcers appear, which, with severe damage, merge into a continuous crust

Fruit scab Apple, pear Leaves, fruits, sometimes shoots are affected, olive-colored spots form on the leaves, gradually turn brown, round brown spots on the fruit are covered with a velvety coating of spores; leaves fall off or remain on the tree, fruits lose their quality

Powdery scab Potato Affects tubers, round pustules and warts form on the tubers, then the integumentary tissue of the tubercles develops and an open pustule with black powder inside is formed

Silver scab Potato Tubers are affected, light brown, slightly depressed spots appear on the surface of the tubers, later the skin peels off and the affected area acquires a silvery sheen, sometimes a sooty coating appears

Spider mite (polyphagous pest)

Cucumbers, pumpkin, peppers, eggplants, beans, spinach, beets, dill, celery, roses, onions, strawberries, annual and perennial flower crops Damages the leaves by piercing their skin from the underside and sucking out the juice, the leaves become whitish and are sharply damaged physiological functions and normal metabolism, “marbling” of the leaves appears, then they turn yellow and fall off prematurely; all this leads to the death of the plant and a sharp decrease in yield

Fruit rot of pome and stone fruits Apple, pear, plum,

The fruits are affected, a small brown spot appears on the surface, which quickly grows and covers the entire fruit, later the fruits mummify and become glossy black

Yellowing (drying) of feathers Onion crops Leaves are affected. One of the reasons is a lack of moisture in the soil and air, the lower leaves dry out and die entirely

Wireworm (larva of click beetle)

Almost all vegetable crops, especially potatoes, damage the underground organs of plants, which, due to damage to the root system, do not receive water and nutrients and die

Tomato bird's eye (a type of bacterial canker)

Tomatoes All above-ground parts of plants are affected, leaves, petioles, stalks of the stalk are covered with brown sores of various shapes, white spots with dark cracks in the center appear on green fruits, yellow spots with a dark center appear on red fruits

Button (phoma) rot of Potatoes First, the stems are affected with the formation of elongated spots and ulcers, the disease further develops during potato storage, dry flat depressions appear on the tuber, their surface wrinkles and gives longitudinal cracks, small black dots protrude from under the peel - pycnidia

Rhizoctoniosis Potato Tubers are affected; they become smaller, ripen poorly, become deformed, and crack. Young potato shoots die due to the formation of black spots at the base of the stem, the plant turns brown, and the apical leaves curl

Pink rot (pink late blight)

Potatoes Tubers are affected, brown spots of various shapes and sizes appear, the surface between the spots is covered with black dots, the tuber tissue becomes pink when cut

Sprout fly, larvae Cucumbers, pumpkin crops, cabbage Germinating seeds and young seedlings are affected, the larvae bore the subcotyledon of the seedlings and penetrate inside the stem, causing plant rotting, damaged seeds do not germinate or produce weak seedlings

Rowan moth, caterpillars Apple tree Fruits are damaged in which the caterpillars make narrow passages, significantly damaging tissues, apples

Spider mite The female mite lays eggs on the underside of plant leaves; the leaves are entwined with cobwebs.

Adult mites and their larvae damage the leaves on the underside, causing a sharp disruption of the normal metabolism in the green mass of plants, the leaves turn yellow and fall off. Skosar furrowed Skosar belongs to the family of weevils, females of the skosar lay eggs in the ground, the larvae develop within three weeks and begin feed intensively, damaging the root system of plants and their above-ground parts. A characteristic feature is arcuate gouges along the edges of the leaf blade Plum sawfly Female sawflies lay eggs on the leaves, the larvae eat away the tissue of the leaf blade between the veins, leaving only the veins. As a result, the leaves die, and the berries do not develop and fall off.

Plum black sawfly This species of sawfly attacks stone fruit crops such as cherries and plums. Flies lay eggs in the ovary, the larvae of the first instar develop and feed on the pulp of the ovary, the larvae of the second and third instar eat away the central part of the mature fruit, damaging even the seed

Name of diseases and pests Affected crops Signs of damage become unsuitable for consumption, storage and processing

Gray mold of strawberries Strawberries Leaves, stems, buds, flowers, fruits are affected, brown watery spots appear on the leaves that cover the entire leaf plate, and the leaf dies, a coating of gray mold appears on the affected parts of the plant, the tissues turn brown, soften and rot

The secretive onion proboscis Onion crops The leaves are damaged, the beetle feeds on tubular leaves, arrows, and pedicels of blossoming inflorescences, leaving numerous tissue gnawings on the leaves of plants; plants weaken, damaged leaves dry out from the tops, loss of leaves affects the development of bulbs

Plum codling moth Plum The fruits are damaged, the caterpillar makes moves in the pulp, the wormhole inside the seed chamber disrupts the vascular system of the fruit, deteriorates the quality of the fruit, the affected fruits often fall off and cannot be stored

Plum black sawfly, larvae of Plum The ovaries are damaged, the pulp of which feeds the larvae, young fruits, and even the unhardened stone is damaged; the fruit filled with secretions of the larvae has an unpleasant bug smell and is unfit for consumption

Slugs Legumes, cruciferous vegetables, carrots, cabbage, parsley, turnips, beets, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers, leafy vegetables, lettuce, less often potatoes, etc.

They damage leaves by eating away the tissues of the leaf blade, can completely destroy young tender shoots, eat away cavities in potato tubers located close to the soil surface, sometimes feed on the pulp of strawberries and ripe tomato fruits

Currant glass, Currant caterpillars Branches are damaged, caterpillars penetrate inside young branches and gnaw passages in the core, then move to old branches, branches dry out and die along with young shoots and ovary clusters

Leaf aphids Numerous varieties of aphids form extensive colonies on the leaves, stems and young shoots of plants; they feed on plant juices, sucking them out of the tissues, as a result of which the leaves become dehydrated, dry out, curl and die. Scale insects These sedentary insects have a dense shield on their body, for which they got their name, they form colonies on the leaves and young stems of plants and look like scales stuck to the plant. Harmful to many cultivated plants

Name of diseases and pests Affected crops Signs of damage

Stem nematode Various vegetable crops, potatoes Tubers are affected, a depressed lead-gray spot appears on the surface, which grows, darkens, splits and cracks, rot penetrates deep into the root

Stolon rot Potato Tubers are affected during the growing season; on the cut of the tuber, brown lines of dead vessels are visible, diverging like star rays, the skin of the tuber wrinkles

Dry rot Potato Tubers are affected during storage in potatoes weakened by late blight, scab, ring rot; a dry spot appears on the tuber, which grows, the tissue softens, turns brown, falls off, internal cavities appear

Spheroteka (American powdery mildew)

Gooseberries, currants Leaves, shoots, berries are damaged, a whitish-gray cobweb or powdery coating appears on them, which later becomes denser and acquires a dirty brown color. The growth of the berries stops, they become covered with a dense brown coating, similar to felt, and fall off.

Aphids Various types of vegetable and fruit crops Young shoots, leaves, stems, buds, flowers are damaged, aphids suck out the juices of the plant and introduce special enzymes into the tissue that disrupt physiological processes in it, the tissue in the places where it is sucked turns pale, turns yellow, withers, plant stems become bent, leaves curl, growth points stop developing, buds do not bloom. The sugary secretions of aphids attract ants, sooty fungus settles on them; aphids are carriers of many viral diseases

Leaf gall aphid Red, white, less often black currant Leaves are damaged, especially the upper and young tips of shoots, yellow or reddish necrotic spots appear on the leaves, the plant becomes sick, weakens, fruit ripening worsens

Ugliness of fruits Potato Tubers are affected, the reason is the abnormal growth of the pistil of the flower, healed leathery spots and cracks appear on the surface

Apple codling moth Females lay eggs on the fruit, the hatching caterpillars begin to crawl on the apple and penetrate into it in places of damage or punctures in the skin or through the petiole.

The caterpillar lives and feeds inside the fruit, gradually making a long passage to the seed chamber; apples damaged by the caterpillars fall off. Apple moth. This pest also has another popular name - land surveyor, which it received for the peculiar way of moving the caterpillar, which, when moving, bends the middle part upward in a loop. torso and pulls the abdominal legs towards the chest legs, as if measuring the ground with spans.

The caterpillars are very voracious; they damage the buds, buds and leaves of apple trees

Name of diseases and pests Affected crops Signs of damage

Late blight

Potatoes, tomatoes Affects the leaves, which become yellowish-green on the front side, turning into brown watery spots,

And they rot. Tubers are affected by fungal spores washed off from the foliage, depressed brown spots appear on them, tomato fruits are covered with vague, compacted brown spots

Black leg of potatoes Potato Tubers are affected, at the site of the lesion the pulp turns into a dark mucous mass with an unpleasant odor, the potato plant stops growing due to the fact that the root collar and roots rot

Black spot Potato The tops of the tuber are affected, blurry spots appear, covered with a black velvety coating, the tissue under the spots darkens, the peel peels off

Blackcurrant berry sawfly (Blackcurrant berry sawfly especially damages early-ripening and large-fruited varieties of blackcurrant), blackcurrant larvae. The ovaries in which the larvae feed, eating the seeds are damaged, the pulp is slightly affected, damaged ovaries from the outside are difficult to recognize, later they grow strongly and swell , acquire a characteristic ribbed shape and fall off

Chlorosis Various crops The aboveground part of the plant is affected as a result of excess chlorine in the soil, the leaf blade lengthens, becomes narrow, the edges turn up and dry, the chlorophyll content in the tissues decreases, which causes the leaf blade to turn pale

Apple honey worm, Apple tree larvae The buds are damaged in the green cone stage, the larvae first feed on the surface of the tight bud, as they bloom, they penetrate inside the bud and eat it away, the larval secretions glue the unopened leaves and the bud does not bloom.

Damaged buds dry out, leaves grow poorly and become smaller, the formation of flower buds decreases, leaves and ovaries fall off

Apple codling moth Apple tree The fruits are damaged, the caterpillar makes moves in the pulp, the wormhole inside the seed chamber disrupts the vascular system of the fruit, deteriorates the quality of the fruit, the affected fruits often fall off and cannot be stored

Apple flower beetle (weevil), larvae Apple tree Flower buds are damaged during the swelling period, the beetles pierce the buds and lay eggs, the larvae feed inside the bud on the anthers, stamens and pistils of the flower, eating away the internal organs of the bud, the petals are glued together by the secretions of the larvae and the flowers do not open.

K category: Gardening

Fruit crops - stone fruits

Stone fruits (cherries, sweet cherries, plums) are more precocious than pome trees, they bloom early, almost all at the same time. They produce relatively high fruit yields and, as a rule, annually. The fruits are distinguished by high taste qualities; they are used fresh and for making preserves, jellies, and marmalade. They are propagated mainly vegetatively (by budding), partially by root shoots.

Varieties cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone are divided according to their appearance (habitus) into bush-like (3-5 m high) and tree-like (up to 7 m high) forms. This distribution is due to the characteristics of fruiting. In plants of bush-like forms, flower buds are formed on annual elongated shoots in the year of their formation. All bushy forms of stone fruits have lateral flower buds, vegetative buds and replacement shoots. The apical vegetative bud gives rise to a continuation shoot, on which flower buds are laid for the next year's harvest.

Flowering and vegetative buds of stone fruits are very similar in appearance. On annual elongated shoots, only some buds do not form flowering buds; they remain vegetative and form new elongated shoots, on which flower buds are formed. In bush cherries, the formation of the harvest gradually moves from the center to the periphery. Thin, long branches that have fallen off, become bare and droop, create a spreading crown. Since dormant buds in stone fruit plants are short-lived, crown renewal on bare parts almost never occurs. In the process of evolution of stone fruit root crops, another type of crown renewal has developed - the formation of root suckers (shoots).

In tree-like forms, flower buds are rarely formed on vegetative shoots, and if they are formed, they are more often mixed, that is, in a group with vegetative buds. Fruiting in these forms of stone fruit occurs due to flower buds located on shortened perennial fruit branches, called bouquet branches, where there is one vegetative bud in the center, and 4-5 flower buds around. Fruits are formed from flower buds after flowering, and a short shoot is formed from vegetative buds. This biological feature ensures longer functioning of bouquet branches compared to long fruit shoots of bush-like forms.

The main part of the fruits of tree-shaped stone fruits is located inside the crown of the tree. The foliage of perennial bouquet branches promotes better growth of skeletal branches and overgrowing branches in thickness. Therefore, these forms have sparse, more compressed, raised (pyramidal) crowns with thick, well-leafed branches.

Stone fruit flowers are collected in inflorescences of various types. They are monoecious, with one monostylized pistil. The fruit is a true drupe. Most stone fruit varieties need to be provided with the best soils to obtain a good fruit harvest.

Stone fruit crops are more precocious than pome crops and bloom early, almost all at the same time. They produce relatively high fruit yields and, as a rule, annually. Stone fruits are distinguished by high taste qualities. They are used fresh and for making preserves, jams, and marmalade. They are propagated mainly vegetatively (by budding), partially by root shoots.

Varieties of stone fruit crops (cherries, sweet cherries, plums) cultivated in the Non-Black Earth zone, according to their appearance (habitus), are divided into bush-like (height 3-5 m) and tree-like (height up to 7 m) forms. This distribution is due to the characteristics of the types of fruiting.

In plants of bush-like forms, flower buds are formed on annual elongated shoots in the year of their formation. All bushy stone fruits have simple, lateral flower buds; vegetative buds and replacement shoots are absent. The apical growth bud produces a continuation shoot, on which flower buds are laid for next year's harvest.

Fruit and growth buds of stone fruits are difficult to distinguish in appearance. On annual elongated growths, some buds do not turn into flowering ones; they remain vegetative and form new elongated shoots, on which fruit buds are formed. In bush cherries, the formation of the harvest gradually moves from the center to the periphery. Thin long branches that bear fruit, becoming bare and hanging down, create a spreading crown. Since dormant buds in stone fruit plants are short-lived, crown renewal on bare parts almost never occurs. In the process of evolution of stone fruit crops, another type of crown renewal has developed - the formation of root suckers (shoots).

In tree-like forms, flower buds are rarely formed on growth shoots, and if they are formed, they are most often mixed, that is, vegetative ones are also found among the flower buds. Fruiting in these forms of stone fruit occurs due to flower buds located on shortened perennial fruit branches, called bouquet branches, where, along with 4-5 flower buds, one vegetative one remains in the center. Fruits are formed from flower buds after flowering, and a short shoot is formed from vegetative buds. This physiological feature ensures longer functioning of bouquet branches compared to long fruit shoots of bush-like forms.

The main part of the fruits of tree-like stone fruits is located inside the crown of the tree. The foliage of perennial bouquet branches contributes to the excessive growth of skeletal and overgrowing branches in thickness. Therefore, these forms have sparse, more compressed, raised (pyramidal) crowns with thick, well-leafed branches.

The flowers of stone fruit plants are collected in inflorescences of various types. They are monoecious, with one monostylized pistil. The fruit is a true drupe. Most stone fruit varieties must be provided with better soils to obtain a good fruit harvest.

Cherry

This is a widespread culture. Many varieties of cherries are quite frost-resistant, so they are grown even near Leningrad, in the Vologda and Kirov regions. Cherry is also of particular interest as an ornamental plant.

Varieties. Vladimirskaya. An ancient Russian variety. Recommended for all republics and regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone.

The trees are medium-sized, bush-shaped, characterized by high winter hardiness and moderate yield (4-8 kg per tree). They begin to bear fruit in the 3-4th year. The fruits ripen in the second half of July. They are easily separated from the stalk and fall off when fully ripe. The fruits are medium-sized (weight 2-3 g), dark cherry, almost black in color, with dense, dark cherry-colored flesh, sweet, with a slight sour taste. Used both fresh and for processing.

Griot Moscow. The trees are medium-sized, durable, moderately winter-hardy, and begin bearing fruit in the 4th-5th year. The fruits ripen in July. They are large (weight 3-4 g), dark cherry color, good taste; They are consumed fresh, as well as for making jam and juice.

Crimson. Trees of medium height, winter-hardy, partially self-fertile. They begin to bear fruit in the 3-4th year. The yield from one tree is 6-10 kg. The fruits ripen in the first half of July. They have a satisfactory taste, weighing 3-4 g. Suitable for fresh use.

Lyubskaya. An ancient Russian variety. Winter-hardy, low-growing, self-fertile, early-fruiting variety. It is distinguished by late flowering and abundant annual fruiting.

Trees of this variety are less durable than trees of other varieties, as they are depleted by abundant annual harvests. They suffer from coccomycosis and require good care, increased doses of fertilizers and moist soils.

The fruits ripen in August. They are medium in size, dark red in color, and sour. Used for making jam, compotes, juices.
We can additionally recommend other varieties: Griot Ostgeimsky, Kistevaya, Novodvorskaya, Zhukovskaya, Shubinka, Molodezhnaya. All of these varieties are recommended for cultivation in the Non-Chernozem Zone.

Cherries

Southern heat-loving crop. It became slightly widespread in home gardens of the Non-Black Earth Zone (in Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia) and only after more winter-hardy varieties were developed.

The trees are vigorous, 4-6 m high, with a pronounced trunk and sparse crown. They begin bearing fruit in the 4th-6th year. The longevity of trees is 15-20 years. The harvest is formed mainly on bouquet branches.

The trees initially form a pyramidal crown, later - a spreading one. Winter-hardy, but the buds suffer from frost. Early fruiting, they bear fruit regularly in the 3rd-4th year, the harvest is sometimes moderate. The fruits ripen in late July - early August. They are large (4.5 g), flat-round, white-yellow, sometimes with a blush, with dense, light yellow, juicy, sweet pulp with a pleasant dessert taste.

As additional varieties, you can use the following varieties: Gedelfingenskaya (pollinator - Drogana yellow), Denissena yellow and Early Mark (pollinated by Gedelfingenskaya), Krasavitsa, Early Loshitskaya, Leningradskaya black, etc.

Plum

Plum is not widespread in the Non-Chernozem Zone due to its low winter hardiness and susceptibility to damage by fungal diseases. However, amateur gardeners try to grow it on their plots. Plum fruits contain potassium, which plays an important role in metabolism in the human body, ensuring, for example, normal heart function.

Varieties. Precocious. Bred in the Moscow region. Recommended for the entire Non-Black Earth zone.

Trees with a wide-spreading, medium-dense crown. They have good winter hardiness and are resistant to fungal diseases. They bear fruit in the 2nd year after planting, abundantly and annually. The fruits ripen in the second half of August. They are of medium size (weight 20 g), round, light yellow, bright red in color, with a waxy coating; The pulp is juicy, sweet and sour, aromatic, with a good refreshing dessert taste. The fruits are used fresh and for making compotes.

Hungarian Azhanskaya. A good table variety, suitable for processing. Recommended for household plots in the Baltic republics, Belarus and adjacent regions of the RSFSR.

The trees are winter-hardy, with a large, wide oval crown. The variety is self-sterile; the best pollinators are the Victoria and Skoroplodnaya varieties; the productivity is very high. The fruits ripen in early September. They are of medium size (weight 32 g), oval or obovate in shape, dark red, black in color. The pulp is green-yellow, sweet, pleasant taste.

Victoria. An ancient Western European variety. Promising for the Baltic republics and Belarus.

The trees are large, with a wide, rounded crown. Winter hardiness is satisfactory. The variety is partially self-fertile. It begins to bear fruit in the 3-4th year, regularly and abundantly. The fruits ripen at the end of August. They are large, weighing 40-45 g, oval-round or ovoid in shape, reddish-yellow, from light purple to dark red in color on the sunny side, with a thick bluish coating; The pulp is light amber in color, juicy, tender, and has a good sweet taste. Used fresh, as well as for making jam and compotes.

Ochakovskaya yellow (Latvian yellow egg). An ancient variety of folk selection. Distributed in Belarus, the Baltic republics and adjacent regions of the RSFSR.

The variety is winter-hardy. Young trees are medium in size, with a narrow pyramidal crown. Trees grown from root suckers begin to bear fruit in the 7-8th year, grafted trees - in the 3rd-4th year. Fruiting is regular, but not always abundant. The trees are self-fertile, the best pollinators are Renklod Ulena, Renklod green. With good care, 10-year-old trees can produce a harvest of up to 40-80 kg per tree. The fruits ripen at the end of August and almost all at the same time, they fall off easily and crack in rainy weather. The fruits are medium in size, rounded-ovoid in shape, bright or yellowish-green in color, transparent, with very juicy, tender, aromatic, sweet pulp. They are used both fresh and for processing.

In addition to the listed varieties, you can additionally grow the following varieties: Iskra, Pamyat Timiryazev, Tula Chernaya, Early Loshitskaya, Stakhanovka, Renklod Kolkhozny, Emma Leperman.

- Fruit crops - stone fruits

There are morphological and biological differences in the structure of the fruiting organs of pome and stone fruit crops. In all fruit formations of pome crops, the apical bud is fruiting, in stone fruits it is vegetative. Inside each flower bud of an apple, pear, and quince tree are the primordia of flowers and leaves. The flowers develop into fruits, and the leaf primordia develop into a replacement shoot. Such buds combine two functions - fruiting and vegetative growth. That's why they are called mixed or complex. In stone fruit crops, some buds on the shoot are flowering, others are vegetative. Inside each flower bud there are only flower primordia, and in the vegetative bud there are leaf primordia. Such kidneys are, as it were, specialized; they are often called simple. From some buds only fruits develop (from the lateral ones), while from others (apical) a continuation shoot develops.
Bouquet branches- shortened shoots on which flower buds are located on the side at a close distance, and at the top there is a vegetative bud. All the buds are collected in a miniature bouquet, hence the name. Very short bouquet branches (3-5 cm) have cherry and peach; a little larger than the bouquet branches of an apricot. In cherries, bouquet branches reach 7-8 cm. The lifespan of bouquet branches is not the same: for cherries - two to three years, for apricots - three to four, for cherries - five to six years, and sometimes more.

1 - cherries; 2 - cherries; 3 - plums; 2 - apricot; 5 - peach

Spurs- shortened shoots from 1 to 8-10 cm long. In their structure they resemble bouquet branches. In some years, there is a deviation from the general patterns of the formation of mixed buds in pome crops and simple buds in stone fruits. Under the influence of external conditions and internal causes, individual buds of an apple tree develop as simple ones, like a cherry, and the buds of a cherry develop as complex ones, like an apple tree.
The location of the buds on the spur is the same as on the bouquet branch - flower buds are located on the side of the shoot, and vegetative buds are at the top. The lateral buds of the spur are smaller and thinner than those of the bouquet branch; they are not so close to each other and do not look like a bouquet. In some types of plums, a thorn is formed at the very top of the spur, along with the vegetative bud. It protrudes slightly to the side and resembles a miniature spur. The size of plum spurs is somewhat reminiscent of the spears of an apple tree, but they differ from them in the location of the buds. The apical bud of the lance is fruiting, the lateral buds are vegetative, and the opposite is true for the spur.
In most varieties of stone fruits, fruits develop on shortened shoots - bouquet branches and spurs, but they are not the only fruiting organs. For example, cherry and plum fruits also develop on mixed fruit shoots.
Mixed shoots- small overgrowing branches up to 12-15 cm. In their length, mixed shoots resemble the fruit twigs of an apple tree, but differ from them in the structure and location of the buds. The apical bud of the twig is fruiting, all lateral buds are vegetative. In a mixed shoot of stone fruit crops, the apical bud is vegetative, and the lateral buds are both flowering and vegetative. They alternate with each other throughout the entire escape.
Fruit shoots often found in peach, they differ in that all their buds are fruit buds. Replacement vegetative buds do not develop, and therefore such shoots die after fruiting.
The figure shows all types of fruit formations in cherries (bouquet branch, fruit and mixed shoots) and plums (spurs, fruit and mixed shoots).

1 - bouquet branches; 2 - fruit shoot; 3 - mixed escape

Pome breeds

Pome-bearing species - apple, pear, common quince, hawthorn, rowan, chokeberry, medlar, serviceberry, Rosaceae family, apple subfamily.

The apple tree is one of the most common fruit species on the globe; it is cultivated on a total area of ​​5 million hectares. In Russia, the apple tree ranks first among fruit trees and is grown on an area of ​​about 2 million hectares.

Wild apple trees sometimes reach a height of 18-20 m, but more often they grow as small trees (5-8 m) or in the form of large multi-stemmed bushes.

In orchards, grafted apple trees reach a height of 6-10 m. Depending on the variety, rootstock and type of planting, apple trees begin to bear fruit in the 2-3rd year, life expectancy is 20-50 years, production period is 10-30 years , yield 100-300 centners per 1 ha.

The fruits are transportable, stored for a long time, and have high taste qualities.

The genus includes 50 species growing in the Northern Hemisphere.

More than 20 thousand varieties have been described in the world, the summer ripening varieties - Borovinka, Papirovka, Melba, the autumn ripening varieties - anise, the winter ripening varieties - Antonovka, Pepin saffron, Northern Sinap, Renet Simirenko, Jonathan, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious.

All varieties of apple trees belong to one cultivated species - the domestic apple tree, in the origin of which the forest apple tree, the low apple tree, the oriental apple tree, the plum-leaved apple tree, and the berry apple tree took part.

The pear occupies an area of ​​about 1 million hectares in the world. Compared to the apple tree, the pear tree is less winter-hardy, so its industrial culture is widespread mainly in the southern regions of the temperate zone.

In the forest, trees reach a height of 20-30 m, in the garden - 6-15 m, and those grafted on quince or with limited crowns no more than 4-5 m. They retain their stemness well, have a deep and less branched root system than an apple tree.

Depending on the variety, rootstock and type of planting, pear trees begin to bear fruit in the 3-10th year, life expectancy is 25-50 years, period of economic exploitation is 15-30 years, yield is 100-300 centners.

The fruits are transportable, have high taste qualities, and have a shorter shelf life than apples.

Quince is relatively rare. Due to poor winter hardiness, industrial crops are limited to southern countries: the North Caucasus, Moldova, and Ukraine.

Quince grows as a tree from 2 to 8 m in height or as a tree-like bush. It differs from apple and pear trees in the strong pubescence of shoots, leaves and fruits and single flowers.

The fruits are large, fragrant, inedible fresh, but excellent for processing.

Heat-tolerant, but demanding of moisture, light, and heat.

It begins to bear fruit in the 3rd-5th year, the longevity of the trees is 30-50 years, the service life is 20 years.

In the wild, rowan grows as a small shrub up to 1.5-3 m high or as a large-trunked tree up to 10-20 m high.

The root system is powerful, but located superficially.

It is photophilous, undemanding to soil conditions and heat. The trees begin to bear fruit early (in the 3rd-5th year), life expectancy is 50-80 years.

The following types of rowan are cultivated as a fruit species in Russia: House ash, Common rowan, Elder-leaved rowan.

Aronia chokeberry.

The chokeberry fruits are large, black, tart-sweet, used to obtain juice, and are used for processing.

When cultivated, this species grows in the form of a small (2-2.5 m high) bush.

The root system is branched, superficial, and does not form root suckers.

Fruiting is annual and abundant. The yield reaches 70-120 c/ha.

Winter hardiness is high, so it is promising for the northern and northeastern regions of fruit growing. Often used in ornamental gardening, it tolerates shearing easily, and is easily restored after freezing.

A monotypic genus, it consists of only one species - the German or Caucasian medlar.

Under natural conditions and in culture, medlar grows in the form of a multi-stemmed shrub 3-5 m high.

The fruits are up to 3 cm in diameter, eaten after storage or freezing, and are also widely used for processing.

Introduced into cultivation as a valuable fruit and ornamental breed.

The fruits are sweet and contain significant amounts of carotene and vitamin C.

Under natural conditions, it is a multi-stemmed bush 3-5 m high. The plants are early-bearing and begin to bear fruit in the 2-3rd year.

Hawthorn.

Most species are native to North America.

Hawthorn fruits are medium-sized, juicy, and have a sweet and sour taste.

Hawthorn is a large deciduous often multi-stemmed shrub or tree 3-6 m high.

Stone fruits

Stone fruits - cherry, sweet cherry, plum, apricot, peach, cherry plum, sloe, Rosaceae family, plum subfamily, sea buckthorn, Sucker family.

All fruits are drupes with a juicy edible pericarp.

Cherry is the most winter-hardy of the stone fruits, so it is cultivated almost everywhere; it is also highly drought-resistant.

Based on crown habitus and type of fruiting, bushy and tree-like cherries are distinguished.

Bush-like ones have several trunks or one with a low (20-40 cm) trunk, thin hanging and easily exposed branches. Height up to 3 m, durability – 15-20 years. The fruits are dark in color, the juice is colored.

Tree cherries reach a height of 5-7 m, in terms of growth and fruiting they are close to sweet cherries; flower buds are unstable to low temperatures, so this group is widespread in southern countries. Their fruits are pink in color with non-coloring juice.

Cherry is represented by one type. Flower buds are unstable to low temperatures, so they are cultivated only in southern countries.

The trees reach a height of 8-12 m and begin to bear fruit in the 4-7th year.

Industrial culture is widespread in Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus.

Plum trees reach a height of 6-12 m, in gardens their growth is limited to 3.5-4 m. They enter fruiting time in the 3-7th year, longevity is 20-60 years, service life is 15-20 years.

They require moisture due to the shallow location of the root system, but grow in many soils.

Cherry plum is a shrub or tree up to 5 m high, it begins to bear fruit in the 3-4th year, the fruits are large and have high taste. Life expectancy is 15-60 years.

Apricot is cultivated in many countries of the world, for example, in Armenia, Dagestan, Ukraine, and Moldova.

Apricot trees reach a height of 508 m and begin to bear fruit in the 3rd-4th year. The lifespan of trees is 30-80 years. The trees are drought-resistant, heat-tolerant, bloom early, and flowers often die from frost.

Peach is a tree 3-8 m high, it begins to bear fruit in the 2-3rd year, the longevity of trees is 12-30 years. Demanding of heat and light, heat-tolerant and relatively drought-resistant, winter hardiness is low.

Fruits of high taste. All peach varieties are divided into 4 groups: real peaches, pavias, nectarines, brugnen.

Sea buckthorn is a fruit crop, which is sometimes classified as a berry plant. In a number of regions of the country, it is becoming a valuable industrial crop due to the high value of its fruits, winter hardiness, early fruiting, regular fruiting and high yield.

Sea buckthorn is a shrub or tree up to 5 m high with dioecious flowers, dioecious. The fruits are small.

Berry crops

Berry species in Russia are located on an area of ​​about 140 thousand hectares and belong to different botanical families. Strawberries and strawberries - Rose, currants, gooseberries - Saxifraga, raspberries and blackberries - Rose.

They are combined into a group based on the common structure of the fruit - a juicy berry that cannot withstand long-term storage and is often difficult to transport.

Strawberries have a wide range of adaptability to environmental conditions.

A perennial herbaceous plant 10-30 cm high with modified shoots - tendrils, spreading along the ground and forming adventitious roots and a rosette of leaves.

Fruits in the second year. The lifespan of the plantation is 3-4 years.

The fruit is a collective achene.

Raspberries and blackberries are subshrubs 1-2 m high, with a perennial rhizome and biennial axes.

It bears fruit in the 2nd year, after which the branches die off and are replaced by annual renewal shoots. The durability of the plantation is 8-15 years.

The fruit is a juicy drupe, sweet and aromatic in taste, widely used fresh and in processing.

Currant is a shrub 1.5-2.5 m high with a superficial root system that does not form suckers. It bears fruit in the 2-3rd year, life expectancy is 15-20 years, service life is 8-12 years. The fruit is a berry.

Black, red, and common currants are of industrial importance.

Gooseberry is a shrub with thorns, does not form root suckers, reaches a height of 1-1.5 m, bears fruit in the 2nd-3rd year, yield is 120-200 kg per hectare. The fruits are large, green to dark purple in color, glabrous or pubescent.

Rosehip, Rosaceae family. Rose hips contain provitamin A. Sugar, vitamin PP, but are valued for their very high content of vitamin C.

Rosehip plants are photophilous, with a superficial root system and underground branching. The lifespan of plants is 20-25 years. Productive period 15-20 years.

Edible honeysuckle, family Honeysuckle. Wild plants are common in the Far East, Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. In the Primorsky Territory, in the north of the Korean Peninsula and in Northern China.

Of all the species of the genus, this species is the only one that produces edible fruits - juicy fruits (such as blueberries).

Honeysuckle is an underground branching shrub that begins to bear fruit in the 2-3rd year; the fruits ripen 7-12 days earlier than strawberries and are eaten fresh.

Actinidia, family Actinidia, is a liana that climbs using leaves and partly stems, so wild plants are common in the undergrowth of coniferous and deciduous forests.

Most species are excellent ornamental plants for vertical gardening, and some species are widely known as fruit and medicinal crops, the fruits of which are sold both fresh and processed.

Schisandra chinensis, family Schisandaceae. Schisandra is a deciduous vine up to 8-12 m long or more with a trunk diameter at the base of the soil of 2-4 cm. All parts of the plant have a strong lemon smell. It is a monoecious plant; under unfavorable conditions for growth and fruiting, sex changes and the plant becomes polygamous or only staminate flowers are formed. The fruit is a juicy berry.

Nut breeds

The group of nut crops includes fruit species of temperate and subtropical zones from different botanical families that form fruits - nuts and dry drupes.

Nut fruits include: walnut, hazel, hazelnut, almond, pecan, chestnut.

Their fruits are distinguished by their high shelf life, transportability and high calorie content. Used fresh and in the confectionery industry, they have important medicinal value.

Nut fruits are durable, life expectancy is 200-300 years or more. Wild plantings and industrial nut orchards are used.

Walnut, family Nutaceae, grows in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

The fruit is a drupe and contains a significant amount of oil. The trees are large, up to 15-20 m tall, begin to bear fruit in the 5-9th year, longevity is 200-300 years.

Almonds, Rosaceae family. A low tree or shrub, the root system is powerful, deep, drought-resistant and salt-tolerant.

Cultivated in Central Asia, Crimea, Krasnodar Territory and Transcaucasia. Bears fruit in the 3-4th year. The productive life period is 30-50 years.

The fruit is a drupe and contains up to half of the fatty oil.

Hazel, hazelnut, Birch family. Wild plants of this species are called hazel (hazel), and cultivated plants are called hazelnuts.

This is a large bush, multi-stemmed, 7-9 m high, branched from the base, with shoots. It begins to bear fruit in the 3rd-5th year, the productive period is 25-40 years.

Pistachio, Sumacaceae family. Multi-stemmed large shrub, reaching a height of 5-7 m or more.

In terms of drought resistance, it ranks first among all species; the plants are durable, their life expectancy is 300-400 years and reaches 700.

Chestnut, Beech family. Plants of all types form edible fruits - nuts with a thin pericarp, located in spiny paddles. Chestnut trees are large, reaching a height of 12-15 and even 35 m, deciduous, monoecious, but with dioecious flowers.

Pecan, Nut family. A large deciduous tree, reaching a height of 50-65 m with a trunk diameter of 2-2.5 m. The fruit is a drupe with a thin endocarp, superior in taste to walnuts and almonds.

Subtropical rocks

Subtropical crops include deciduous fruit and evergreen plants, which require almost year-round vegetation for their development, but they have a pronounced seasonal development, occurring in the winter.

Subtropical rocks are divided into two subgroups:

Various fruits - olive, Olive family, fig, Mulberry family, pomegranate, Pomegranate family, persimmon, Ebony family, unabi, Buckthorn family, feijoa, Myrtaceae family.

Citrus or amber fruits - orange, lemon, citron, tangerine, grapefruit, pompelmousse, bigaradia. All of them belong to the Rutaceae family.

Olive, or olive tree, is an evergreen tree 3-7 m high.

A fast-growing crop, the productive period is 100-200 years. Canned olives have high taste qualities.

Fig, or fig, fig tree is a deciduous subtropical plant up to 7-10 m high, with large leaves.

The trees are dioecious, drought-resistant, and can withstand temperatures down to –12-13 C in winter.

Persimmon is a deciduous fruit tree 5-10 m high, with a sparse crown. Persimmon is a polygamous plant: it has three types of flowers: staminate, without a pistil and ovary, pistillate, without stamens, and bisexual.

Persimmon fruits with seeds, even in a solid state, have a sweet taste and are called kings.

Pomegranate is a deciduous shrub 2-4 m high, with perennial trunks of different ages and diameters. The fruit is a pomegranate; numerous seeds are surrounded by juicy pulp. Representing the edible part of the fruit.

Tropical crops

Tropical species include heat-loving fruit species cultivated in tropical regions of the globe. In these areas there are no low, even positive temperatures, and there are no sharp temperature fluctuations throughout the year. Therefore, fruit crops in this zone exhibit a weak seasonality of development, which is so characteristic of fruit plants of the temperate zone and partly of subtropical, especially deciduous, crops.

This group includes a large number of breeds from different botanical families and having different origins.

Banana, Banana family, pineapple, Bromeliad family, mango, Sumac family, melon tree, Papaya family, date. Malmacaceae family, coconut palm, oil palm, Palmaceae family, cashew, caju, Sumacaceae family, litchi, longan, rambutan, Soapaceae family, avocado, Laurel family.



There are morphological and biological differences in the structure of the fruiting organs of pome and stone fruit crops. In all fruit formations of pome crops, the apical bud is fruiting, in stone fruits it is vegetative. Inside each flower bud of an apple, pear, and quince tree are the primordia of flowers and leaves. The flowers develop into fruits, and the leaf primordia develop into a replacement shoot. Such buds combine two functions - fruiting and vegetative growth. That's why they are called mixed or complex. In stone fruit crops, some buds on the shoot are flowering, others are vegetative. Inside each flower bud there are only flower primordia, and in the vegetative bud there are leaf primordia. Such kidneys are, as it were, specialized; they are often called simple. From some buds only fruits develop (from the lateral ones), while from others (apical) a continuation shoot develops.
Bouquet branches are shortened shoots on which flower buds are located on the side at a close distance, and at the top there is a vegetative bud. All the buds are collected in a miniature bouquet, hence the name. Very short bouquet branches (3-5 cm) have cherry and peach; a little larger than the bouquet branches of an apricot. In cherries, bouquet branches reach 7-8 cm. The lifespan of bouquet branches is not the same: for cherries - two to three years, for apricots - three to four, for cherries - five to six years, and sometimes more.

Bouquet sprigs of stone fruits
1 - cherries; 2 - cherries; 3 - plums; 2 - apricot; 5 - peach

Spurs are shortened shoots from 1 to 8-10 cm long. In their structure, they resemble bouquet branches. In some years, there is a deviation from the general patterns of the formation of mixed buds in pome crops and simple buds in stone fruits. Under the influence of external conditions and internal causes, individual buds of an apple tree develop as simple ones, like a cherry, and the buds of a cherry develop as complex ones, like an apple tree.
The location of the buds on the spur is the same as on the bouquet branch - flower buds are located on the side of the shoot, and vegetative buds are at the top. The lateral buds of the spur are smaller and thinner than those of the bouquet branch; they are not so close to each other and do not look like a bouquet. In some types of plums, a thorn is formed at the very top of the spur, along with the vegetative bud. It protrudes slightly to the side and resembles a miniature spur. The size of plum spurs is somewhat reminiscent of the spears of an apple tree, but they differ from them in the location of the buds. The apical bud of the lance is fruiting, the lateral buds are vegetative, and the opposite is true for the spur.
In most varieties of stone fruits, fruits develop on shortened shoots - bouquet branches and spurs, but they are not the only fruiting organs. For example, cherry and plum fruits also develop on mixed fruit shoots.
Mixed shoots are small overgrown branches up to 12-15 cm. In their length, mixed shoots resemble the fruit twigs of an apple tree, but differ from them in the structure and location of the buds. The apical bud of the twig is fruiting, all lateral buds are vegetative. In a mixed shoot of stone fruit crops, the apical bud is vegetative, and the lateral buds are both flowering and vegetative. They alternate with each other throughout the entire escape.
Fruit shoots are often found in peach; they differ in that all their buds are fruit buds. Replacement vegetative buds do not develop, and therefore such shoots die after fruiting.
The figure shows all types of fruit formations in cherries (bouquet branch, fruit and mixed shoots) and plums (spurs, fruit and mixed shoots).


Various types of fruit formations of cherry (I) and plum (II)
1 - bouquet branches; 2 - fruit shoot; 3 - mixed escape

Leaves- the most important organs of the fruit tree. New buds are formed in the leaf axils every year. New leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits emerge from them! The leaves feed the above-ground part and root system of the tree. They take an active part in the development of the entire organism and new organs.
A plant is a leaf. The most important biological process occurs in the leaves - photosynthesis, which results in the formation of carbohydrates and other organic compounds. Transpiration and gas exchange in the plant occur through the leaves, which in turn increases the winter hardiness and drought resistance of the tree; Thanks to the activity of leaves, reserves of nutrients, etc. are deposited.
According to the morphological structure, the leaves of fruit and berry plants are divided into simple and complex. Simple leaves have one leaf blade. A compound leaf consists of several plates and can be trifoliate, odd-pinnate, pair-pinnate, palmate, etc.
Most fruit tree species have leaves arranged in a spiral. For every two full revolutions of the spiral, five leaves are placed; the sixth sheet is above the first, the seventh above the second, the eighth above the third, etc. In this case, the leaf arrangement is indicated by the fraction 2/5. There may also be the following leaf arrangements: 1/2, 1/3, 3/8, 4/11, 5/13, etc. It happens that in the lower part of the shoot there is one cycle of leaf arrangement, and in the upper part there is another.
Based on the number of leaves in the crown, trees are distinguished as heavily, moderately and sparsely leafy. The largest leaves have fatty and basal shoots. On annual vegetative growths, the leaves are larger than on fruiting formations. Young trees have larger leaves than fruiting trees. Due to the low level of agricultural technology, growth and leaf size are reduced. Depending on the external conditions and nutrition of the tree, the number of stomata on the leaves and the nervation of the leaf (network of veins) also change.

Flowers and inflorescences. The flower is a modified, very shortened shoot of the generative
type. A collection of flowers held by a simple or branched axis is called an inflorescence.
The reproductive organs are placed in flowers in different ways. Some breeds have bisexual flowers, others have unisexual or dioecious flowers. Bisexual flowers have stamens (male organs) and pistils (female organs). Dioecious flowers have either stamens (staminate) or pistils (pistillate).
Plants are also distinguished by the placement of flowers on them. Among the fruit breeds there are monoecious dioecious, dioecious dioecious and monoecious bisexual. Monoecious dioecious plants have male and female flowers on the same tree; In dioecious dioecious trees, some trees have only male flowers, while others have only female flowers.
Most fruit species are monoecious - apple, pear, cherry, plum, sweet cherry, apricot, peach, currant, gooseberry and others. Such flowers are pollinated mainly by insects and are called entomophilous.
Dioecious plants include walnut, hazel, edible chestnut, pistachio, and pecan. These plants are pollinated by wind and are called anemophilous. Dioecious species include some types of strawberries, figs, actinidia, and sea buckthorn.
There is also a transitional group of plants with flowers of various types. Thus, in mulberry there are both monoecious specimens - with male and female flowers, and dioecious ones, on which there are either male or female flowers. Japanese persimmon has the majority of female flowers and a small part of male flowers on the same plant; In other persimmon plants, on the contrary, male flowers predominate.
Most bisexual flowers have equally well-developed stamens and pistils. But there are flowers with underdeveloped stamens or pistils. Flowers with underdeveloped stamens are called functionally female, while flowers with underdeveloped pistils are called functionally male. A different number of flowers develops from one flower bud: peach, apricot, almond, quince have 1 flower each, apple trees have from 3 to 8 flowers, but most cultivated varieties have 5 flowers. A pear develops from 3 to 11 flowers from one bud. The buds of plums, walnuts, and hazelnuts develop 2-3 flowers.
Flowers differ in the number of carpels that make up the pistil. Cherries, plums, sweet cherries, apricots have one carpel, apple trees have two to five, pears have five, currants have two to four, strawberries and raspberries have several dozen each. Fruits develop according to the number of fertilized carpels.
The number of nests in the ovary is also related to the structure of flowers and fertilization: stone fruits have one nest, apples and pears have two, chestnuts have three to six, and citrus fruits have many.
Based on the type of branching, inflorescences are divided into monopodial and sympodial.
Monopodial inflorescences are characterized by prolonged growth of the central axis and gradual blooming of flowers from bottom to top. Sympodial inflorescences have several axes and orders of branching. Monopodial inflorescences are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones include a brush, a shield, an earring, and an umbrella. Complex ones include a complex hand, a complex shield. Currants, raspberries, gooseberries, bird cherry, and Magaleb cherries have a brush. Pear, rowan, and hawthorn have a shield. The lower flower blooms first in the inflorescence. Apple, cherry, and sweet cherries have an umbrella. Catkin - in walnuts, hazels, hazelnuts, pecans, edible chestnuts. It contains only male flowers. After flowering, the catkin falls off, and the fruits develop from the fertilized female flowers.

Fruit are formed as a result of fertilization from one or more flowers. Some fruits can develop without fertilization - parthenocarpic, or seedless (some varieties of pears, tangerines, oranges and others).
If only one pistil took part in the formation of the fruit, the fruit is called simple. A fruit formed by several pistils is called complex or composite (raspberries, strawberries). Fruits formed from a whole inflorescence are called infructescences (figs, mulberries). In some plants, fruits develop only from the ovary of the flower (stone fruits); in others, in addition to the ovary, both the receptacle and the calyx (apple tree, pear) take part in the development of the fruit.
The components of the fruit are exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp.

Fruit structure
1 - exocarp; 2-mesocarp - a) external pulp, b) internal pulp, c) border between external and internal pulp; 3 - endocarp; 4-vessels; 1 - seed; 6 - overgrown receptacle; 7 - fruit-nuts; 8 - stony cells

The exocarp is the outer shell of the fruit. It can be pubescent or non-pubescent, soft or leathery, woody or non-woody, thin or thick, colored or uncolored. Thus, the exocarp of a peach is pubescent, that of a cherry is not pubescent, that of a gooseberry is leathery, that of a hazel is woody, and that of a citrus fruit is thick and soft.
The mesocarp can be edible - in apples and pears, inedible - in nuts, juicy - in grapes, dry - in hazels, single-layered - in stone fruits, double-layered - in pomegrass fruits.
The endocarp in stone fruits is a hard shell, in apples - parchment-like plates of the seed chamber, in pears - stony cells, etc.
According to their structure, fruits are divided into false fruits, drupes, berries, nuts, citrus fruits, and parthenocarpic fruits. False fruits include apple, pear, and quince fruits. They develop from fertilized carpels and pericarp.
The figure shows the structure of an apple fruit, which shows an overgrown receptacle, calyx lobes, remains of stamens and pistil, inner pulp - endocarp, middle pulp - mesocarp, outer pulp - mesocarp, pith and seeds.


Apple structure
1 - seed chamber; 2 - ovule vessel; 3 - vascular-fibrous bundle of skin; 4 - vascular-fibrous ray of sepals; 5 - heart; 6 - one of the main fibrovascular bundles that nourish the outer pulp of the apple; 7 - one of the main vascular-fibrous bundles of the carpel

Fruits produced from a single fertilized carpel are called drupes. Their pulp develops without the participation of other parts of the flower. The exocarp of drupes is soft, the mesocarp is juicy, and the endocarp is hard. The hard shell, or shell, of the seeds that protects the seed belongs to the pericarp, not the seed. Berries include fruits with a juicy pericarp - currants, cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, grapes and others. Berries also include multi-membered or composite fruits - wild strawberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries. Berry-like fruits include lemon, tangerine, and orange. These fruits have a thick outer shell - the endocarp, followed by a spongy mesocarp, inside of which there is an edible endocarp with and without seeds.

Conclusion

Thus, in practical fruit growing, the biological-production classification of fruit and berry crops is generally accepted, according to which they are divided into the following groups: pomaceous, stone fruit, berry, nut-bearing, subtropical - heterogeneous and citrus fruits, tropical.

In addition, they are divided into industrial crops, promising crops and wild fruit species.

List of used literature

1. Fruit growing / Ed. V.A. Kolesnikova. – M.: Kolos, 1979. – 415 p. 2. Yakushev V.I., Shevchenko V.V. Fruit growing with the basics of ornamental gardening. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1987. – 336 p. 3. Vegetable and fruit growing / E.I. Glebova, A.I. Voronina, N.I. Kalashnikova and others - L.: Kolos, Leningrad branch, 1978. - 448 p. 4. Kurennoy N.M., Koltunov V.F., Cherepakhin V.I. Fruit growing. – 1st ed. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. – 399 p. 5. Vegetable growing and fruit growing / A.S. Simonov, V.K. Rodionov, Yu.V. Krysanov et al., ed. A.S. Simonova. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 398 p.