Interesting types of coelenterates. Graceful and dangerous coelenterates

And coral polyps belong to type of coelenterates... They are also called creeping- for stinging cells located in the tentacles and other parts of the body. With stinging cages, animals catch, immobilize and kill victims; burns of some are very painful for people, and several types of coelenterates are generally capable of fishing a person. The name coelenterates reflects the triple structure of their body - they resemble an empty bag, the inside of which is occupied by the digestive cavity. Most of these creatures live in the sea, and only a few species have adapted to life in fresh water. Terrestrial coelenterates do not exist.

The digestive cavity of jellyfish and other coelenterates has a single opening - this is both the mouth and the outlet for undigested residues. Usually it is surrounded by long and thin tentacles, the number of which can exceed a hundred. Outside, their surface is strewn with stinging cells.
If we look at the jellyfish from below, we will see swaying tentacles, or mouth lobes, which immobilize the victim and pull it to the mouth.
Purple striped jellyfish are difficult to spot in the murky sea waters, where they drift like ghosts.

Most coelenterates have a soft, transparent, wobbling body that contains a large saccular digestive cavity. The machine of the animal's body is formed by two layers of cells and a jelly-like substance between them. Some species, such as corals, build strong cupped protective shells around themselves. In jellyfish, the layer of jelly-like substance is especially thick.
BODY FORM... In the group of coelenterates, there are two main life forms: jellyfish and polyp. Some coelenterates spend their entire lives in one form. For example, hydra and anemones always live in the form of polyps. But many coelenterates begin life as a polyp, and then turn into jellyfish - or vice versa.

POLYP... A typical polyp has a soft cylindrical summer. The elongated lower body is used to attach the animal to rocks, algae and other objects. At the top of the polyp is the mouth, surrounded by a ring of stinging stinging tentacles directed upwards. Anemones and corals spend their entire lives in the form of polyps, they do not have the jellyfish stage.

JELLYFISH... Typical resembles a polyp turned upside down. Its body looks like an umbrella or a bell, from the edge of which tentacles directed downward peep out. The mouth is centered on the underside of the body. Usually the jellyfish swims in the water column, and the polyp sits and slowly crawls on the bottom. Jellyfish spend their entire life or most of it drifting in the oceans.

PAIN OR BRIGHT... Some jellyfish, sea anemones and corals are pale or milky-pale in color, especially in cold waters. At the same time, tropical species are often colored in bright shades of pink, red, yellow and orange.
At low tide, anemones appear as dull patches of jelly on the exposed rocky seabed. But with the onset of the tide, they unfurl their soft tentacles, similar to the corolla of flowers. For this they are called - "sea anemones". But of course anemones are animals. Like all coelenterates, anemones look harmless, but in fact they are merciless predators.

Coelenterates:
- about 10,000 species
- mostly marine life, there are several freshwater species
- have a rounded body
- the mouth is surrounded by tentacles
- most are soft-bodied, but some (corals) form strong, rigid protective shells or skeletons
- stinging cells of some representatives contain poison dangerous for humans

The type is divided into three classes:
1. Hydroid
- about 3500 species
- marine and freshwater (hydra)
- in the life cycle, the stages of a polyp and a jellyfish usually alternate, there are colonial forms.

2. Coral polyps (including sea anemones)
- about 6000 species
- only marine
- live only in the form of polyps

3. Scyphoid (jellyfish)

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Amazing coelenterates Completed Smolkovskaya Olga Vasilievna teacher of gymnasium №73 "Lomonosov gymnasium"

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Brief characteristics of coelenterates Live in an aquatic environment (mainly in the seas and oceans) The body is saccular, formed by two layers of cells: the outer one - the ectoderm, and the inner one - the endoderm, between which there is a structureless substance - the mesoglea Inside there is a cavity with the mouth. forms: sedentary polyp, and swimming - jellyfish, they can alternate in the life cycle of the same species, but some groups do not have a medusoid generation or have lost the life form of a polyp Most species are solitary, but there are also colonial forms, all predators Stinging is characteristic cells that contain a capsule with a toxic liquid; inside the capsule in the form of a spiral there is a stinging thread, on the surface there is a sensitive hair. When irritated, the stinging thread is thrown out. The function of these cells is defense and attack. Very ancient animals

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Taxonomy About 9 thousand species are known, classes are distinguished Class Hydroid 2800 species Class Scyphoid jellyfish 200 species Class Coral polyps 6000 species

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The largest coelenterate animal The Arctic giant cyanea jellyfish lives in the northwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean, so one such jellyfish, which was washed ashore in Massachusetts Bay, had a bell diameter of 2.28 m and tentacles 36.5 m long. This is the longest animal on Earth; during its life, such a jellyfish eats about 15 thousand fish. This jellyfish is harmless to humans, but rashes and allergic reactions are unpleasant. Cyanea arctic

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Largest Coral Reef The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef, one of the seven natural wonders of the world, and can be seen from space. Stretches along the northeastern coast of Australia for 2500 km. The ridge has over 2,500 individual coral reefs and 900 islands in the Coral Sea. The structure of the reef is built from billions of tiny organisms - coral polyps, usually corals shrink during the day, and at night they spread their tentacles with which to catch small animals. There is no jellyfish stage, individual polyps resemble hydra, but are more complex. Reproduction: sexual and asexual (budding) After death, the polyp leaves its calcareous skeleton, many skeletons form a coral reef. Inhabitants of the reef - 400 species of corals (varied in color), 1500 species of tropical fish, a huge number of other organisms.

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Corals Coral is the skeletal material of a colony of coral polyps. There are over 3500 known coral species with up to 350 shades. Coral "growth" in favorable conditions is no more than 1 cm per year, the average reef has been forming for centuries, and the island - for millennia. Coral composition: calcium carbonate, admixtures of magnesium carbonate and a small amount of iron oxide, about one percent of organic matter. Indian black coral is composed almost entirely of organic matter. Corals are used to make lime, some are used to make jewelry. Black ("akkabar"), white and silver - pearl ("angel skin") are prized. The most popular red noble coral, iron oxide, gives it different shades of red, it lives in the Mediterranean Sea, near the Canary Islands at a depth of more than 20 meters. Black coral is mined in China and India. The cost of natural corals is high, so there are many fakes. In Egypt and Thailand, the export of corals is prohibited by law; in Egypt, a fine of $ 1,000 is imposed on it. Red and black corals and jewelry made from them

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The smallest coelenterates One of the smallest coelenterates are polyps on hydroid colonies, their size barely reaches 1 mm. This is a complex of individuals sitting, as it were, on a common trunk and its side branches, they look like a tree, a bush, on the branches separate individuals of the colony - hydroids, each individual resembles a hydra. They attach to a rocky bottom or to various underwater objects, usually grow quickly, a bush 5-7 cm high can grow in a month.

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The smallest jellyfish Medusa of the Irukandji group (named after the Australian Irukandji tribe), their size is 1.2 - 2.5 cm in diameter. Milky-white in color, have four thin tentacles from a few millimeters to 1 meter long. Very poisonous, their poison has multiple paralytic effects - Irukandji syndrome, can be fatal for humans. Most often found off the coast of Australia. Jellyfish are more accurate than a barometer. A strong wind over the sea tears off the ridges not only splashes and foam, but also infrasounds. They quickly run in all directions and warn all the inhabitants of the sea who hear them about the approach of a storm. And the jellyfish hears it: sound infra-waves with a frequency of 8-13 hertz hit the tiny pebbles that float in the jellyfish's "ear" - a tiny ball on a thin stalk. The pebbles rub against the nerve receptors in the walls of the "ball", and the jellyfish hears the roar of an approaching storm, sinks to the bottom so as not to perish. The device "jellyfish's ear" has already been designed. The device works with great accuracy: it warns about the approach of a storm 15 hours in advance (1965) Medusa Irukandji - Carukia barnesi

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Edible jellyfish There are approximately 12 species of edible jellyfish in the world. The most expensive and delicious ropilema is edible, the diameter of the umbrella is 50-60 cm, for humans, ropilema is not dangerous (a burn like from nettle). Lives in the Pacific, Atlantic oceans. Aurelia jellyfish is also edible, the most delicious eared aurelia (it was named so because of the 4 blades that hang from under the dome like hare ears), lives in the Pacific, Indian, Atlantic Ocean, umbrella diameter 5-40cm. For a person, it is not dangerous after contact with it, a slight burning sensation is felt. Only females are used since there are few males. The Chinese call jellyfish food "crystal meat", its main quality is crunchy, and the head crunches most of all, in China it is eaten only by wealthy people. Jellyfish is a delicacy for the Chinese, Japanese, Koreans. Ropilema edible Aurelia eared

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Medusa that discards tentacles. Colobonema (Colobonema sericeum) - this jellyfish discards tentacles, and it has 32, the same happens to a lizard when it is grabbed by its tail. These jellyfish live at a depth of 500-1500 meters, rarely have a full set of tentacles. Colobonema in its entirety can be seen only on the surface of the ocean. It is a small jellyfish with a dome diameter of about 5 cm. Sitting jellyfish. Stavromedusa, a group of sessile jellyfish, are radically different in structure from free-swimming species. About 30 species are known, 12 species live in the Russian seas. The body is like a bowl with a long stem (the stem is attached to the ground or algae) At the end of each "arm" is a bunch of short tentacles similar to a dandelion. Sizes are usually 1-3 cm., And lucenarii up to 15 cm. If necessary, they can move as if turning over, take several steps per day. Behavior and movement resemble a hydra, predators. Bottom sessile jellyfish cassiopeiae sessile jellyfish lucenarius Colobonema

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The most dangerous coelenterate animal The most poisonous jellyfish in the world is the Australian sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri) The dome is about 12 cm long, almost invisible in the water. Lives off the coast of Australia, the Pacific and Indian Ocean. After touching its tentacles, a person dies in 1-3 minutes, if there is no medical attention, the poison paralyzes the heart muscle, it is enough to touch its tentacles, the supply of poison in its stinging cells is enough to kill 250 people. The remedy is a women's tights used by lifeguards at a surfing competition in Queensland, Australia.

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Poisonous coelenterates Far Eastern cross jellyfish (Gonionemus vertens) Named for the cross-shaped pattern on the dome. The diameter of its dome is 2-3 cm, rarely 4 cm, has 50 - 80 tentacles, feeds on small crustaceans near the coast overgrown with vegetation. After 10 minutes. after her "burn", a person experiences general weakness, pain in the lower back and joints makes breathing difficult, hands and feet become numb, and there is a danger of drowning. The acute period lasts 4-5 days, then these phenomena subside and disappear without consequences.

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Poisonous coelenterates False fire corals (Millepora) - they do not belong to corals - this is a hydroid polyp, they live in the Red and Caribbean seas, settle among real corals, up to 5 meters long. There are two types of polyps in the colony. Inside, they are responsible for reproduction and digestion of food, and outside the most dangerous in this family, they catch prey, guard coral, sting anyone who touches. They can seriously injure the skin when touched. Often, after burns, long-lasting ulcers are formed. They look like branchy trees, but do not break off a piece as a souvenir, around the world about 1,500 people suffer from their burns.

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Unusual coelenterates Portuguese boat (Portuguese warship), or physalia (Siphonophora detachment) This is a type of colonial hydroids of complex structure, a huge floating colony of polyps and jellyfish, numbering several hundred individuals, each performs some function, some get food, others digest it, and still others protect the colony from enemies, but outwardly it looks like one organism. The body is 9 - 35 cm long, rise above the water by about 15 cm, drift in the sea, live for several months. Tentacles up to 30 meters long in color merge with water, are almost invisible and very dangerous. Physalia poison is dangerous for humans, similar to the poison of a cobra, physalia thrown ashore retain the ability to sting, tentacles that have been in the refrigerator for six years retained their toxic properties. The most poisonous species of physalia live in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, their poison is deadly to humans. The ship got its name back in the 15th century in honor of the flotilla of Heinrich the Navigator.

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Unusual coelenterates Porpita and Velell - these animals, as well as physalia are called sailboats, but belong to the order Chondrophora - these are floating colonies found in warm seas. Porpita ("blue button") consists of a float and a hydroid colony, often mistaken for jellyfish, but it is a hydroid colony. Porpyra arrowheads are not as powerful as those of physalia, the mouth is located under the float, serves for eating (zooplankton, organic remains) and for removing food waste. Velella lives on the high seas up to 12cm in length. along the long axis of the disk. Veella has a high triangular outgrowth - a sail, with its help it moves, there are 8 or more tentacles. Velells often gather in huge flocks .. The crab planes "travels" on it and takes food, finds protection from enemies. The predatory gastropod mollusc yantina attaches itself to the bottom of the vella and eats away at its tissues until it dies. Many organisms use veella as a "raft" and food. Porpita Velella

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Unusual coelenterates. Is it a plant or an animal? Order of Sea anemones or Sea flowers - Anemones (Actiniaria) - class Coral polyps. About 1000 species of anemones are known. Until the end of the 19th century, anemones were classified as plants, they look like the beautiful flowers of the sea. The body is from a few millimeters to 1.5 meters in diameter, unlike corals, they are devoid of a mineral skeleton, they often live one at a time, and not in colonies. At the top of the anemone is the mouth, the lower end of the "sole" - for attaching to underwater objects, the tentacles for catching prey, if disturbed, the tentacles are pulled into themselves. The coloration is very varied depending on the distribution. They are able to move very slowly along the bottom for short distances. More common in warm waters, although ubiquitous. The magnificent carpet anemone differs from other species in its size up to 1 meter (a type of barrel with grass) It lives in the Indian and Western Pacific Ocean. It is a predator, like all anemones, it can cause serious burns to a person. Magnificent carpet anemon (Heteractis magnifica) Beautiful sea anemones - flowers of the sea

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Symbiosis of anemones with other organisms Anemones can enter into relationships with hermit crab, fish (for example, clownfish), crabs, molluscs and other animals. Fish - clowns are covered with a mucous membrane that protects them from the poison of the tentacles of anemones. For them, the anemones are a reliable shelter from large predatory fish, in turn, the fish eat among the tentacles and pieces of food fall into the anemones, and the fish also drive the air between the tentacles with their fins, improving the gas exchange of the sea anemone, thus there is a benefit for both organisms. A hermit crab, discovering an anemone, transfers it to its shell, a crayfish provides an anemone with food debris and transports it from place to place, and the stinging tentacles of an anemone repel the attack of predators. Actinia and fish - clown Actinia and crayfish - hermit

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Interesting facts about hydra. Why is a hydra called a hydra? Symbionts of the Hydra. The hydra has an amazing regenerative ability, as a result of which it got its name, by analogy with the mythical Lernaean hydra, which regenerated its head every time it was chopped off. You can decapitate the hydra and the mouth cone with tentacles will re-form. If you cut a hydra lengthwise into two halves, a whole hydra will be restored from them, etc. It is interesting that pieces of the body of a hydra, rubbed through muslin, and then merged into a single mass, are capable of regeneration. In the reservoirs of Russia there are 4 types of hydra, similar to each other., The body length is usually 1-20 mm. In the so-called green hydras Hydra (Chlorohydra) viridissima, symbiotic algae of the genus Chlorella - zoochlorella - live in the cells of the endoderm. In the light, such hydras can live for more than four months without food.

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LUMINOUS CAVITY The luminous coelenterates are very diverse. The jellyfish Crossota and Pantachogon have many long tentacles on the edge of the umbrella, they swim in short, quick jerks. The Meator jellyfish has lost its medusoid shape, it looks like a transparent ball with a dark core. Lives at a depth of 1 to 6 km., In darkness and cold. Very beautiful luminous jellyfish phosphoric oliandias (Olindias phosphorica) belongs to the class Hydroid, this is a rare animal, like a shining umbrella. Lives off the coast of Japan, Argentina, Brazil. Umbrella length 15 cm in diameter, feeds on small fish, plankton. In humans, contact with it causes mild skin irritation. Most deep-sea jellyfish are red or brown in color, due to the special pigment luciferin, the oxidation of this fat-like substance by the enzyme luciferase is accompanied by luminescence. Phosphoric olindias - a miracle of nature Pantakhogon

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Intestinal animals are the only ones in their group that have stinging capsules, thanks to this they can, if necessary, usually during irritation, throw out a thread from the body that contains poison. The poison should paralyze any attacking animal, but usually this only applies to small individuals.

Cavities have tentacles, which are important parts of their body. With the help of tentacles, the animal grasps its prey and pushes it into its mouth, where partial digestion takes place, the prey is digested into small fragments, then they pass to the ectodermal cells, they already absorb useful substances. If some particles are not digested, then they come out back through the oral cavity;

The hollow threads by which coelenterates protect and neutralize other animals look like tentacles. Stinging cells are located at the tips of the tentacles, in appearance they are similar to harpoons that dig into the victim's body and inject poison;

The poison of stinging cells of some coelenterates even affects humans. It is believed that the poison from various coelenterates is not harmful to humans, but in fact this is a misconception. Some of the animal species can cause severe burns in humans, and cases have been reported when the respiratory and nervous systems failed, which led to painful death;

Intestinal animals are divided into two categories, one of them leads a mobile lifestyle, and the other - an immobile one. In general, people should be wary of all varieties of these animals, so as not to put their health at risk. For example, anemones look more like flowers, in fact, these are animals with many tentacles, which are only looking for prey;

Jet engines were created by observing jellyfish, which move like them.