The ending ion in English. Noun suffixes in English: rules, examples

English suffixes, like Russians, are the elements of the word following the root. They help us form new words. Some suffixes change the part of speech, turning, for example, a verb into a noun. We should also not forget about those suffixes that, while changing the form of a word, do not affect its very meaning.

If you have even a little ideaabout the table of suffixes in English, then any word-formation “delights” in English will seem like child’s play. Moreover, having understood the principles of constructing new words with the help of prefixes and suffixes (by the way, prefixes are significantly inferior to suffixes in terms of flexibility and prevalence), a language learner will be able to translate masculine nouns into feminine ones, form a nationality or profession without any problems.

It turns out that it is not at all necessary to set records for the number of words learned. After all, in English, as in Russian, there is the concept of “cognate words”, differing from each other only in suffixes and prefixes. Therefore, knowing, for example, the meaning of the verb paint (to paint, to paint), you can easily understand that painter is an artist.

Word-forming and form-forming suffixes: differences

Russian speakers consider some English suffixes to be endings. For example, some English textbooks call the suffix -ed an ending. All Suffixes in English is divided into two large groups: formative and word-forming. Thanks to the first, the word does not change its meaning, only the form changes. Compare, short (short) and shorter (shorter).

Word-formingsuffixes in Englishform a new word with a different meaning, albeit often similar to the meaning of the original word. For example, neighbor (neighbor) - neighborhood (neighborhood).

Form-buildingsuffixes in English

So, in English, unlike Russian, one word can take not so many forms. This is due to the fact that in English many grammatical meanings of a word, such as gender, verb tense, etc., are expressed not by the word itself, but by various auxiliary elements (articles, auxiliary verbs, etc.). In Russian, just one adjective (depending on case, number, gender) can have more than 20 forms. For example, beloved - beloved - beloved - beloved, etc. In English, the adjective favorite (favorite) may not change at all, but we guess about its exact form from the context (environment): This is my favorite book (This is my favorite book ). - He is my favorite writer (He is my favorite writer).

However, in some cases, English words do change form. And for this, in English there are five formative suffixes that are important to remember: -ed, -est, -ing, -s (-es), -er.

Now it’s worth understanding English words ah, capable of taking different forms. So, the English suffix -ed is needed in order to form the second and third forms correct verb. For example, finish (finish, complete) - finished (completed).

The suffixes -er and -est in English languageused in the formation of comparative forms of adjectives. We use these suffixes with short adjectives, like close, big, etc. The suffix -er is used for the comparative form, and -est for the superlative form. For example, close (close) - closer (closer) - closest (closest).

Among English suffixes-s and -es are widespread. They apply in the following cases:

• to form the possessive form of an animate noun - father (father) - father's house (father's house);
• for education plural noun - face (face) - faces (faces);
• to form the 3rd person singular of the verb (in the Present Simple) - run (run) - runs (runs).

Finally, English suffix -ing used to form temporary forms Continuous, participle of the 1st type, verbal noun and gerund: to run (run) - I am running (I am running) - running (running, running, running).Read more about this in the article.

Suffixes forming nouns

Word-formingsuffixes in Englishcontribute to the formation of a number of nouns. It is to them that we owe the appearance of the names of many professions. The list of suffixes for nouns is quite extensive.

Suffixes in English: tablefor nouns

Adjective suffixes in English

A huge number of adjectives in English are formed from nouns and verbs. Some suffixes are used to form both nouns and adjectives (for example, -al, -ing). But most of the suffixes we see with the part of speech answering the question “which” are not found on nouns or verbs. For example,suffix less in Englishcharacteristic only of adjectives.

List adjective suffixes in English, just as in the case of nouns, is quite extensive.

• -able, -ible. The ability to perform or perform any action. To make an adjective, a suffix is ​​added to the verb. For example, to forget (forget) - forgettable (unmemorable).
• -al. Used to indicate a characteristic. For example, accident (case) - accidental (random).
• -ant. Adjectives formed with this suffix from verbs and nouns mean “conveying qualities.” For example, please (to please) - pleasant (pleasant).
• -ar. When forming adjectives, this suffix is ​​often added to nouns or stems of Latin origin. -Ar is used to mean “to have the quality of something” (for example, moon, sun, pole): lunar (lunar), solar (solar), polar (polar).
• -ary, ory. Used to denote a characteristic, quality or relationship to something. For example, diet (diet) - dietary (dietary).
• -ate. The meaning of adjectives with the suffix -ate, as a rule, can be expressed by the phrase “to have some quality”: affection - affectionate (attachment - loving, affectionate). This suffix also indicates a characteristic. For example, fortune (happiness, luck) - fortunate (happy, fortunate).
• -ed. Adjectives with this suffix usually describe the effect exerted on someone or something: amaze (amaze, amaze) - amazed (amazed).
• -ent. Used to mean quality: to differ (different) - different (different).
• -ern. Used when indicating a part of the world: south (south) - southern (southern).
• -ese. Denotes nationality or territorial affiliation. For example, China (China) - Chinese (Chinese).
• -ful. This suffix in English turns a noun into an adjective, meaning “to be endowed with something, some property.” For example, beauty (beauty) - beautiful (beautiful).
• -ian, ean. These suffixes in Englishfound in adjectives expressing national or territorial affiliation: Italy (Italy) - Italian (Italian).
• -ic. Added to a noun and describes a quality: majesty (greatness) - majestic (majestic).
• -ical. Indicates the attribute: myth (myth) - mythical (mythical).
• -ing. For the formation of adjectives and participles with the meaning of quality and property. For example, to miss (miss, miss) - missing (lost, absent).
• -ish. The suffix is ​​used in adjectives to mean “approximately”; it is also found in names of nationalities; sometimes it expresses similarity or belonging to something. For example, child (child) - childish (childish).
• -ive. Used to mean quality, ability: attract (attract) - attractive (attractive).
• -less. The suffix less in Englishserves as an antonym to the suffix ful and indicates the absence of any quality: home (house) - homeless (homeless).
• -like. Means similarity to something, similarity: wave (wave) - wavelike (wavy).
• -ly. To denote quality: friend - friendly.
• - ous - suffix expressing the characteristic: poison (poison) - poisonous (poisonous).
• -y. Used in the meaning of “to have a sign”: dirt (dirt) - dirty (dirty).

Verb suffixes

With the help of suffixes in English, a whole series of verbs are formed from nouns and adjectives.

Verbal suffixes in English: table with examples

Adverb suffixes

Word formation of adverbs in English is a much easier process than creating nouns and adjectives. In order to get a part of speech that answers the questions how, in what way, it is usually enough to use one of the suffixes presented below:

• wise
• ward/wards

The suffix ward is used to mean direction: home (house, cottage) - homeward (home). -Ly indicates a course of action. For example, true (honest) - truly (honestly). -Wise means the method of action: other (other) - otherwise (otherwise).

Of course, you don't have to remember everythingsuffixes in English. Constant conversational practice helps the student, over time, begin to see the components in words, easily identifying suffixes, prefixes and roots. And understanding the basis of a new word allows you to guess its function in a sentence.

Any language, including English, is never “pure”, that is, consisting only of English words. In English, like in any other language, there are many borrowed words, suffixes and prefixes from other languages. Perhaps the most common languages, words from which are found in almost all languages, are Greek language and Latin. Everyone knows that the foundations of many sciences were laid by the ancient Greeks, including the foundations of grammar. They say that the Greeks gave the world a lot. Words with the endings “IST” and “ISM” also entered the Russian language.

For example: ECONOMY IST, SPECIAL IST, OPTIM IST, PIAN IST, PAROD IST or PATRIOT MEASURE, MODERN MEASURE, REAL MEASURE, TOUR MEASURE, EGO MEASURE, DRAMA MEASURE. The meanings of these words are clear to everyone, and in English they will sound approximately the same and have the same meanings. All these words are international.

The suffixes “IST” and “ISM” should be considered together, since they have the same semantic basis, but form nouns belonging to different groups.

The suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST” reflect areas of human activity that can be classified as “mental” and “creative”, that is, we are talking about science and art. Physical activity can be thought of as exercise.

The suffix “ISM” forms nouns that indicate the names of various theories and teachings and are abstract.

The suffix "IST" forms nouns that indicate a person who is engaged in these areas of activity and is specific.

We can conditionally divide the areas of human activity that are determined by “Greek” suffixes into two groups.

1. Theories, dogmas, teachings relating to all sciences, starting with philosophy and extending to social concepts, political movements and human behavior.

2. Literature and art.

Let's take a closer look at several groups of nouns with the suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST”.

There are pairs of words with the suffixes “ISM” and “IST” that are practically inseparable. The suffix "-ISM" indicates a field of activity, and the suffix "-IST" indicates a person who is a follower of any teachings of theories or dogmas, is engaged in art or literature of a certain direction, or is engaged in certain types physical exercise. But these nouns have a "source", that is, a root word that has the same meaning. Sometimes the base (root) is an independent word, and sometimes it loses its independent meaning. Such nouns have the same sound as similar Russian translations.

I will write pairs of well-known nouns with the suffixes “-ISM” and “-IST”.

SOCIAL ISM—> SOCIAL IST= socialism -> socialist;

CAPITAL ISM—> CAPITAL IST= capitalism -> capitalist;

COMMUN ISM—> COMMUN IST= communism -> communist;

IMPERIAL ISM—> IMPERIAL IST= imperialism -> imperialist

FASC ISM—> FASC IST= fascism -> fascist;

DARVIN ISM—> DARVI NIST= Darwinism -> Darwinist;

MARX ISM—> MARX IST= Marxism -> Marxist;

NATIONAL ISM—> NATIONAL IST= nationalism -> nationalist;

OPPORTUN ISM—>OPPORTUN IST= opportunism -> opportunist;

OPTIM ISM—> OPTIM IST= optimism -> optimist;

PESSIM ISM—> PESSIM IST= pessimism -> pessimism;

EGO ISM—> EGO IST= egoism -> egoist;

ALTRU ISM—> ALTRUI IST= altruism -> altruist;

S.A.D. ISM—> SAD IST= sadism -> sadist;

IMPRESSION ISM—> IMPRESSION IST= impressionism - impressionist;

PACIF ISM—> PACIF IST= pacifism -> pacifist;

FATAL ISM—> FATAL IST= fatalism -> fatalist;

REAL ISM—> REAL IST= realism -> realist;

There are nouns with the suffix “-IST”, which indicate a person’s occupation, his profession, but there is no “paired” noun with the suffix “-ISM”. There is a root word, which is an independent unit, and nouns with the suffixes “-IST” do not always sound the same as their Russian counterparts.

For example:

TOUR —> TOUR IST= travel, trip, tour, excursion -> tourist. traveler;

SCIENCE —> SCIENT IST= science -> scientist;

HUMOUR —> HUMOUR IST= humor, joke -> humorist, joker;

ART -> ART IST= art - artist, master of his craft, artist;

PHILOLOGY —> PHILOLOGY IST= philology -> philologist;

DRAMATICS —> DRAMAT IST= dramatic art -> playwright;

CHEMISTRY —> CHEM IST= chemistry -> chemist;

ECONOMICS —> ECONO MIST= economics -> economist;

BIOLOGY —> BIOLOG IST= biology -> biologist;

BOTANY —> BOTAN IST= botany -> botanist;

GEOLOGY —> GEOLOG IST= geology -> geologist;

PHYSICS —> PHYSIC IST= physics -> physicist;

PSYCOLOGY —> PSYCOLOG IST= psychology -> psychologist;

PSYCHIATRY —> PSYCHIATR IST= psychiatry -> psychiatrist;

ECOLOGY —> ECOLOG IST= ecology -> ecologist;

MINERALOGY —> MINERALOGY IST= mineralogy -> mineralogist;

CARTOON —> CARTOON IST= cartooncartoonist;

AGRONOMY —> AGRONOM IST= agronomy -> agronomist;

PIANO —> PIAN IST= piano, grand piano -> pianist;

VIOLIN —> VIOLIN IST= violin -> violinist

VIOLONCELLO —> VIOLONCELLO IST= cello —> cellist

There is a group of nouns with the suffix “-ISM”, but they are paired with nouns with other suffixes or no suffixes at all.

For example:

DESPOT ISM—> DESPOT = despotism —> despot;

PATRIOT ISM—> PATRIOT = patriotism —> patriot;

DEMOCRAT ISM—> DEMOCRAT = democracy —> democrat;

RADICAL ISM—> RADICAL = radicalism —> radical;

PROFESSIONAL ISM—> PROFESSIONAL = professionalism —> professional;

SCEPTIC ISM—> SCEPTIC = skepticism —> skeptic;

PARLIAMENTAR ISM—> PARLIAMENTARIAN = parliamentarism —> parliamentarian;

HERO ISM—> HERO = heroism —> hero;

PROVINCIAL ISM—> PROVINCIAL = provincialism —> provincial;

LIBERAL ISM—> LIBERAL = liberalism —> liberal;

CONSERVAT ISM—> CONSERVATIVE = conservatism —> conservative;

The word independent prompted me to write this article. I constantly make the same mistake, no matter how often I see it. Every time it comes out of my pen independent. And every time I flatter myself that my (relative) knowledge of the French language influences me so much (compare ind?pendant), but you and I know that this is self-deception. Similar suffixes – ance/– ence and correspondingly - ant/- ent, and - ancy/-ency productive and often cause spelling confusion. For example, according to the OEC (Oxford English Corpus), the misspelling independent found in publications such as The Guardian, American Zoologist, etc., whose articles are always subject to proofreading. In total, the OED gives exactly 737 examples. Of course, it is encouraging that even journalists admit it. It seems that then we are even more allowed to write independent. But think about it: even if rules are meant to be broken, our minds are very biased, many recoil in horror from misspelled text and instantly form an unflattering opinion of the writer. This can even be called discrimination against the illiterates! Well, that serves it right. Spelling errors in your text can make the reader question your competence and general condition intelligence.

Why do we confuse these suffixes?

Because in colloquial speech they sound exactly the same, because they are always unstressed, and the vowel in them is the so-called neutral “schwa” /?/. However, there are a few simple rules that will help you choose: a or e, instead of rummaging through the dictionary every time.

- anceor -ence?

These suffixes form nouns and denote quality or state (e.g. ignorance) or action (e.g. emergence). Their spelling in most cases depends on the words from which they are derived.

- ance

- y, - ure, or – ear, then the suffix is ​​added to it –ance. For example, apply – appliance; assurance – assurance; appear – appearance.

2. If the noun comes from a verb ending in –ate, then in most cases it acquires the suffix –ance: deviate – deviance; hesitate – hesitance etc.

3. If the root word ends in c (sounding /k/ as in cab) or g (/g/ as in get), then the suffix is ​​used –ance: significance; elegance.

4. As for other cases of use –ance, then they are not subject to any rules, and they are easier to simply remember. For example, abundance, guidance, resistance, resemblance, etc.

- ence

1. If a noun is formed from a verb ending in – here, then the suffix is ​​added to it - ence. For example, adhere – adherence, interfere – interference. I can already hear you asking me indignantly: why? perseverance written with –ance, if it is formed from persevere? This is an exception, deal with it.

2. If the noun comes from a verb ending with a stressed suffix –er, then it acquires the suffix –ence: conference – conference; prefer – preference, transfer – transference etc.

Please note that difference written with –ence despite the fact that in the verb differ the stress falls on the first syllable.

3. If the word contains –cid-, -fid-, -sid- or –vid-, standing directly before the final suffix, then this final suffix will be –ence. For example: confidence, evidence, residence.

4. If the root of a word ends in c (/s/ as in cell) or g (/dg/ as in gin), then the suffix is ​​used –ence: indulgence, license. There are exceptions here, such as: vengeance.

5. And again, some words do not obey any rules, and you just need to remember them: absence, excellence, patience, sentence etc.

- ancyor -ency?

With the help of these suffixes, nouns are formed that denote quality or state. For example, infantility or fluency.

The spelling rules are the same as in –ance/-ence. For example:

• If a noun comes from a verb ending in –ate, then it will acquire the suffix – ance: hesitate - hesitancy; vacate – vacancy.
• If the root word ends in c (/s/ as in cell) or g (/dg/ as in gin), the suffix is ​​used –ence: urgency, emergency.
• Etc.

-antor–ent?

Suffixes -ant And –ent used for education:

Adjectives denoting quality or condition: arrogant, convenient, different etc.

Nouns denoting the performer of an action, that is, the agent: accountant, resident etc.

The same rules apply, for example:

• Words formed from a verb ending in - y, add a suffix –ant. For example, defy – defiant; occupy – occupant.
• Words formed from a verb ending in – ate, acquire the suffix –ant: deviate – deviant; hesitate – hesitant etc.
• If a word comes from a verb ending in –ere, the suffix is ​​added to it –ent: cohere – coherent; adhere – adherent.
• In addition, the same rule applies with c and g: if they are pronounced as /k/ and /g/, then use – ant, For example: communicant, extravagant; if they are pronounced as /s/ and /dg/, then the suffix will be used -ent, For example: intelligent, recent etc.
• Etc.

Dependent/dependantAndpendant/pendent

The spelling of these adjectives depends on the part of speech to which they belong.

Let's start with dependent/dependent:

1. In British English noun can be written as with a suffix –ent, and with the suffix – ant: He is a single man with no dependents/ dependants. In American English the only correct option is dependent.
2. If we are talking about an adjective, then in both versions of the language the correct spelling will be dependent (We're dependent on his goodwill). Please note: independent always written with a suffix –ent, be it a noun or an adjective.

The situation with pendant/pendent a little simpler. Pendant can be both an adjective and a noun ( She wore a silver pendant; pendant catkins), while pendent- it's only an adjective ( pendent catkins).

I agree that at first glance it seems that it is easier to check every time or simply learn the spelling of words than to apply these rules. But that's not true. Rules relating to one pair of suffixes, e.g. -ence And - ance, work with the rest, and this greatly simplifies our task. So, being confident in writing competence, you will not be mistaken in competent and competency.

Follow the rules! But don't be afraid to experiment.

This is a lesson from the series and in it we will look at common noun suffixes: -er/or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence/ance (5). The exercises will help you understand how nouns are formed in English, and also prepare for English language exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Exam.

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Basic suffixes of nouns in English (grade 9)

Remember these 5 main suffixes. Next, let's take a closer look at each of them.

1. er/or
2. ence/ance

1. Suffixes of nouns formed from a verb

verb + Ʌ =noun

1. -er/or(doer suffix)
   dance - dancer (dance - dancer)
   work - worker
   collect - collector (collect - collector)
   invent - inventor
2. -tion(process suffix)
   collect - collection (collection, collection)
   invent - invention
3. -ing
   suffer - suffering (to suffer - suffering)
   warn - warning
   mean - meaning

Remember three suffixes -er (-or), -tion, -ing, with the help of which nouns are formed from a verb.

2. Suffixes of nouns formed from an adjective

adj + Ʌ =noun

1. -ness
   ill - illness (patient - illness)
   kind - kindness
2. -ance/ -ence(corresponding adjectives have suffixes: -ant/ -ent)
   important - importance (important - importance)
   different - difference

Remember two suffixes: -ness, -ence (ance), with the help of which nouns are formed from an adjective.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

-ness & -tion- the most common suffixes of nouns.

Exercise 1. Suffix -ness.Translate the indicated nouns and indicate the adjectives from which they are formed.

foolishness, happiness, seriousness, illness, readiness, richness, strangeness, carelessness, whiteness, cleverness, greatness, brightness

Note. Please note that the letter “y”, as a rule, occurs at the end of a word, but in the middle of the word its double is used - the letter “i”: happ i ness - happy y.

Exercise 2. Suffix –tion and its varieties -ation /-ion/ -sion/ -ssion.Translate the indicated nouns and indicate the verb from which they are formed.

translation, explanation, admiration, celebration, continuation, invitation, pronunciation, exhibition, demonstration, conversation, competition, communication

Exercise 3. Suffix –tion.Rephrase the sentence using a verb derived from it instead of a noun.

EXAMPLE. Their acting was very good. —— They acted very well.

1.His collection of books was mainly on art.
2. The farmer's quick actions saved the building from fire.
3.Her translation of the poem was so good that the professor invited her to take part in a translation contest.
4. The teacher's explanation of the task was clear to everyone.

Exercise 4. Guess the suffix and form nouns with it. Translate them.

1. weak
2. polite -
3. fresh -
4. ugly -
5. cold -
6. dark —
7. careful -

Exercise 5. Suffix –er.Guess the profession.

EXAMPLE. Someone who bakes bread is a baker

1. Someone who interviews people is a….
2. Someone who plays football is a…
3. Someone who eats well is a…
4. Someone who sleeps well is a…
5. Someone who rules the country is a…
6. Someone who explores new lands is a…
7. Someone who makes or repairs shoes is a…
8. Someone who always causes trouble is a…
9. Someone who makes films is a…
10. Someone who has traveled to another place for a holiday is a…

Remember:

• trouble maker- bully, hooligan
• holiday maker- vacationer

Exercise 6. If you know the verbs, then adding a suffix –tion you can easily form new words. Translate them into Russian.

1. collect -
2. explain -
3. protect —
4. prepare -
5. found -
6. inform
7. celebrate -
8. compose -
9. create -
10. decorate —

Exercise 7. Suffix –er/or.Form nouns from these words using suffixes: -er/-or.

Remember: to fail - failure

to construct, to direct, to protect, to transport, to fail, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to build, to sing, to act, to sleep

Exercise 8. Suffix –ence/ance.Translate and remember pairs of words with the suffixes -ence/-ance:

1. import ant-import ance
2. differ ent- differ ence
3. indifferent - indifference
4. independent - independence
5. dependent - dependence
6. patient - patience
7. persistent - persistence
8. insistent - insistence
9. indulgent - indulgence

In this article from the “” series we will look at 10 main adjective suffixes in English: -ful, -less, -ous, -al, -y, -ic, -ish, -able, -ive, -ent (10), We will also devote significant time to practicing these suffixes. Word formation exercises will not only help you prepare for English language exams in the form of the OGE and the Unified State Exam, but will expand your vocabulary and contribute to the development of linguistic conjecture.

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Word formation of adjectives

1. Suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns

noun + Ʌ = adj

1. -ful (expresses the presence of quality; beautiful, colorful)
2. -less (expresses lack of quality: colourless, useless)
3. -ous (words of French origin, analogue of ful: courageous, famous)
4. -al (central, formal)
5. -y (cloudy, dirty)
6. -ic (poetic, domestic)
7. -ish (expresses nationality: Scottish, English, as well as a weak degree of quality: brownish - brownish, reddish - reddish)

The exception is the suffix -ly, since this suffix serves to form adverbs. However, there are a number of adjectives and quite common ones that are formed using this suffix, for example: friendly(friendly), lovely(charming), lively(active, active)

2. Suffixes of adjectives formed from verbs

verb + Ʌ = adj

1. -able /-ible (expresses the ability to undergo an action indicated by the verb: to change – changeable (change – changeable); to eat – eatable (eat – edible)
2. -ive (active, talkative)
3. -ent /-ant (different, important)

Note that the vowel in the adjective suffix is e nt/- a nt is the same as in the noun suffix - e nce/- a nce and vice versa, that is:

differ ent- differ ence
import ant-import ance

Adjective suffixes in English. Exercises

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.

The suffix -ful means “be full of” e.g. beautiful means “be full of” beauty.

1. She was very grateful for our help.
2. She likes colorful clothes.
3. She is a very forgetful girl.
4. We are not sure that our team will win, but we are hopeful.
5. They lived a peaceful, happy life.
6. He was always as helpful as possible.

Exercise 2.1. Translate into Russian.

The suffix -less means "without" e.g. hopeless means “without” hope.

a moonless night, a cloudless sky, a noiseless machine, numberless heroes, a motherless girl, a heartless woman, a homeless cat, a leafless tree, a nameless author, a sunless room, a endless war, a lifeless body, a colorless liquid , a friendly child, a sleepless night, careless people, a doubtless victory

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English.

A cloudless sky, a helpless child, a silent car, countless heroes, a lifeless body, a carefree child, a heartless woman, a stray cat, a tree without leaves, a nameless author, a room without sun, an endless war, a colorless liquid. It was a moonless night. He looked tired after a sleepless night.

Exercise 3.

The suffix - ous means “full of” which comes from French e.g. danger + ous = dangerous

A. Form adjectives from nouns and translate them.

SAMPLE nerve + ous = nervous (nerve - nervous)

fame - ..., humor - ..., courage - ..., glory (y->i) - ..., poison - ..., space (i) - ...

IN. Use the words in the sentences.

1. We don’t know if these chemicals are ____________ to people.
2. She became ____________as a writer.
3. I like to read___________stories.
4. There are a lot of ________ snakes in the jungle.
5. It was a _________victory.
6. He was a ____________soldier.
7. They liked the _______________rooms in their new house.

Exercise 4. The suffix -y.

A. Translate into Russian.

windy day, sunny weather, cloudy sky, sleepy child, dreamy girl, icy wind, healthy food

B. Form adjectives from the nouns and translate them.

SAMPLE swamp - swampy (swamp - swampy)

sand - ... , rock - ... , juice - ... , grass - ... , star(r) - ... , bone - ... , skin(n) - ..., water- ... , fog (g) - ..., swamp - ...

C. Put the adjectives from B into this sentences to make them complete.

1. This … land is very good for farming. Cows and sheep can feed here all the year round.
2. Peter, eat some more roast beef. You should eat more: you have grown so… (2 options)!
3. On such … mornings it’s very difficult to drive, as you can’t see the road clearly.
4. These are... apples. I like them most of all.
5. My little brother never eats fish if it is….
6. Holidaymakers love the … beaches in the south of Australia.
7. Why does this coffee taste so... ?
8. The picture shows the … mountains of Scotland.
9. The sky is unusually… tonight.
10. … places have a lot of water in all seasons.

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian the adjectives, ending with the suffix — ic.

gigantic hound, scientific expedition, domestic animal, academic year, Olympic games, thematic collection, basic knowledge

Exercise 6. Make up adjectives with the help of suffix -al and translate them.

SAMPLE music – musical (music – musical)

industry – …, culture – …, region – …, tradition – …, nature – …, nation – …, agriculture – …, comic – …

Exercise 7. Nationality suffixes

SAMPLE Britain – British

Scotland - ..., Spain - ..., Sweden - ..., Finland - ..., Denmark - ..., Poland - ..., Turkey - ...

SAMPLE Russia – Russian

America — …, Australia — .., Canada — …, Hungary — …, Belgium — …, Egypt — …, Italy — …, Europe — …

SAMPLE Japan – Japanese

China - ... , Portugal - ...

Mind: Germany - German, France - French, Holland - Dutch, Greece - Greek

Exercise 8. The suffix – able.

Suffix able has the value "can": movable means can move - can be moved (movable)

A. Form the words with the suffix – able.

move — .., count — …, eat — …, drink — …, comfort — …, imagine — …, break — …, read — …, respect — …., forget — …, believe — …

B. Use the words in the sentences:

1. Though the cup is made of thin glass it is not……….(break).
2. She thought of all names………to guess the name of their new classmate. (imagine).
3. Everybody respects him. He is very …….. (respect).
4. I can't read the book. It is not……(read).
5. The nouns are divided into …………. and un…………… (count).

Exercise 9. Form the words with the suffix –ive.

create - ... , impress - ... , progress - ... , act - ... , mass - ... , impulse - ...

Exercise 10. Read the adjectives and spell the suffixes used in forming them.

SAMPLE changeable— The adjective changeabl e is formed with the help of the suffix -able.

successful, cloudless, collective, central, comic, satirical, dangerous, faultless, misty, courageous, aggressive, national, breakable

Exercise 11. Translate these combinations; say what words the adjectives are formed from.

a washable shirt, a skilful worker, democratic forces, the postal service, groundless suspicions, a humorous story, a gloomy scene, salty ham, professional interest, peaceful labour, a noiseless machine, a courageous soldier, a lucky ticket, a continental climate , a dusty road.

Exercise 12. Copy and translate all these adjectives. Learn them by heart

B. Listen to the adjectives and translate them by ear.

Word formation in English (repetition)

Noun suffixes. Repetition

Exercise 13. Form nouns from these adjectives using suffixes from the table.

able, near, distant, long, wide, strong, wise, kind, electric, short, white, probable, persistent, dependent, insistent, indifferent, unstable, patient, responsible, important, stupid, curious

That's all for now! I would be glad if my article is useful to you and you share the link on social networks!

Sources: exercises taken from various benefits, partially redone and modified. In particular, the textbooks “English language grades 5-11” by Afanasyeva O.V., Mikheeva I.V. were used.