Topics of emergency training. Emergency and fire drills

With personnel of energy organizations of the housing and communal services system Russian Federation, approved by order of the Gosstroy of Russia on June 21, 2000 No. 141 and the Regulations on assessing the readiness of electricity and heat supply organizations to work in autumn-winter period, approved by the Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation on August 25, 2004.

6. Fire drills can be combined with emergency drills. Operational managers, operational, operational and repair personnel, maintenance personnel, personnel of permanent sections of repair units servicing thermal power plants take part in fire drills.

11. In order to reduce the conventionality of training activities and increase objectivity in assessing results, new technical training tools (automated training systems, training grounds, simulators) should be used in training.

To master the main and auxiliary equipment of power facilities and practice techniques for maintaining stationary and non-stationary modes, it is recommended to use automated training systems (hereinafter referred to as ATS) and so-called full-scale simulators.

The most successful training of operating personnel can be ensured by conducting training on full-scale simulators that accurately simulate the operator’s workplace, using which the methods of perceiving information and error-free operation of power plant controls are brought to automaticity.

The use of computer simulators for emergency training can be additional in nature and should not replace on-the-job training, since by controlling the operation of a computer, the training participant does not acquire the skills to control a real power plant to the required extent. The use of computer simulators is advisable at power facilities equipped with such automated control systems, when all facility control is carried out using a computer network.

Many years of experience of municipal energy enterprises have shown the effectiveness of conducting network-wide emergency drills at training grounds. A diagram of the training ground for conducting classes simulating emergency situations in heating networks is given in.

II. CLASSIFICATION OF TRAININGS

12. The following emergency drills are carried out at energy enterprises of the housing and communal services system:

in heating network enterprises - network-wide, dispatch, district (precinct), individual (for a given workplace);

in boiler rooms - general boiler rooms and individual ones (for a given workplace).

Network-wide training is considered to be one in which emergency situation covers the equipment of a section of the main heating network with pumping stations and other facilities, and in which, together with the network dispatcher, the operating personnel of thermal power plants in several areas participate.

A general boiler room is considered to be a training in which an emergency situation covers power plants connected by a single technological process for the production of thermal energy and in which all operational and maintenance personnel of the boiler room shift participate.

in case of errors made by operating personnel during switching, switching on and off of power plants, mechanisms, etc.;

training with impacts on fittings, switching equipment and elements of relay protection and automation, control equipment and electric motor switches on non-working equipment (under repair or put into reserve);

combined training.

17. are carried out in real time and with mandatory access of participants to the places of operations. Using this method, training is conducted with operational and operational-repair personnel directly servicing thermal power plants.

18. Training with control actions on switching devices, fittings and switches of electric motors on non-working equipment (under repair or put into reserve) is carried out with the aim of practicing and consolidating professional skills among personnel. For example, opening and closing shut-off valves, drainage, bleed and purge valves, short-term start-up of electric motors.

22. In accordance with the requirements of the Rules for working with personnel in electric power organizations of the Russian Federation and the Rules technical operation thermal power plants, employees from operational, operational-repair and operational managers participate in emergency training once every three months.

23. At newly commissioned power plants, as well as at existing power plants, by decision of the head of the organization, the number of training sessions can be increased depending on the level vocational training and personnel skills in accident prevention and response.

24. For shift personnel in which an accident or incident occurred due to the fault of operational or operational maintenance personnel, additional training may be assigned by order of the chief engineer of the enterprise, taking into account the mistakes made.

27. Each thermal power enterprise draws up an annual schedule for emergency drills in accordance with these Recommendations. The schedule must be included in the personnel plan and approved by the management of the enterprise. Based on this schedule, a training schedule for the structural unit is drawn up. Accounting for the completion of emergency training by personnel is carried out in a log. The recommended form of the journal is given in these Recommendations.

type of training;

date of its holding;

participating shift;

training leader.

29. The training leader is responsible for its preparation and conduct.

general boiler rooms - the head of the boiler room or the person responsible for the good condition and safe operation of the boilers;

Emergency training related to the complete shutdown of energy sources and massive disruption of energy supply should be carried out under the leadership of the first managers of energy supply organizations.

When conducting an emergency drill combined with a fire drill, the fire extinguishing manager from among the engineering and technical personnel is appointed as the training leader - the boiler room shift manager, the enterprise shift manager, the network district manager.

Table 1

Location	Type of training	Who approves the program	Supervisor	Method of implementation	Training participants
Network enterprises	Network-wide	Chief engineer of the enterprise
Boiler room	General boiler room	Chief engineer of the enterprise	The head of the boiler house, his deputy or the person responsible for the safe condition and operation of boilers
Dispatching service	Control room	Head of ADF	Head of ADF	According to the scheme	Change of ADS
Network district	District	Head of the district	Head of the district or his deputy	With conditional and real actions of personnel

accidents and incidents that occurred in heat sources, heating networks and pumping stations, as well as technological violations given in information and directive materials;

The topic of the training should be realistic and close to the operation of the organization’s specific equipment.

availability of staff on site;

rapid restoration of normal operation of power plants, power supply to consumers and normal parameters of thermal energy supplied to consumers.

33. The training program indicates:

type of training and its topic;

training method;

a list of intermediaries indicating the control area (workers who are well aware of the scheme and equipment, as well as the instructions, rights and responsibilities of the persons serving the area, are appointed as intermediaries, and the number of training participants controlled by one person is determined in each specific case when drawing up the program; actions fire extinguishing supervisors are controlled by the training supervisor);

purpose of the training;

time of occurrence of the accident;

When conducting training and developing a program, it should be borne in mind that in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents (NTD), the elimination of technological violations in boiler rooms should be led by the boiler room shift manager, and in heating networks - by the ADS dispatcher. The dispatcher's instructions are mandatory for operational and maintenance personnel of thermal power plants.

An example of an emergency training program is given in these Recommendations.

34. When conducting emergency drills combined with fire drills, representatives of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, who take part in the analysis of fire drills and evaluate the actions of the participants, can be involved as intermediaries by agreement.

35. When preparing a training session with conditional actions of personnel on equipment, you should check the completeness of the necessary documentation, add to the set of training posters and tags with inscriptions that simulate the switching on and off of valves, switching devices, devices, protection devices, pumps, etc. They must differ in shape and color from those used in operation, have the inscription “training”, and also have devices for securing them in place. The size of posters and tags is chosen arbitrarily so that they do not interfere with staff’s work. After training, all training posters must be removed and put away.

37. Group training should be carried out, as a rule, not during duty. Individual training may be conducted while on duty if the work environment does not prevent this. The time spent on emergency drills and fire drills is included in the working hours of the trainees.

38. During training, the personnel participating in it must comply with safety regulations. It is not allowed to perform any actions on operating equipment, or to touch switching devices, mechanisms and control equipment (keys, start buttons, valve drives, etc.).

39. Immediately before the start of the training, the readiness of technical and training equipment should be checked, radio and telephone communication between participants should be organized, the methodology of conducting it should be clarified, taking into account the peculiarities of training according to schemes, conditional actions of personnel, with actions on idle equipment, using technical means training.

It is advisable to record negotiations between training participants on a tape recorder.

Training according to schemes

41. According to the schemes, dispatcher training is carried out at heating network enterprises.

42. Training according to the schemes can be carried out directly at the workplace or in places with the necessary equipment. To conduct training, participants must have training diagrams of the areas they serve, on which, before starting training, they mark the position of disconnected equipment, shut-off valves or sections of networks at the time preceding the accident. The training leader and facilitator should have the same scheme.

procedure for using communication;

time of occurrence of an emergency.

45. The training begins with messages from the training leaders or intermediaries about the changes that have occurred in the regime, about the shutdown of equipment, about the readings of instruments at the workplaces of the training participants.

Training with conditional actions of personnel

48. Network-wide, district, and boiler-wide trainings are conducted using the method with conditional actions of personnel. These trainings are carried out directly at the workplace.

50. If a real emergency situation occurs in any part of the networks or thermal power plant, the training is immediately stopped, the participants are removed from the emergency zone, and all training posters and tags are removed.

51. All personnel of the enterprise, boiler house, and district must be informed about the start of the training.

operating mode preceding the occurrence of an emergency;

deviations from the normal pattern;

procedure for using communication; time of occurrence of the accident.

56. Intermediaries are required to record all actions of personnel in the trainees’ activity cards, interfering with the course of the training only if it is necessary to communicate something to its participants, hang up new posters or tags, remove or turn them over depending on the actions of the personnel or changes in the introductory one.

Training with control actions on switching devices, fittings and motor switches on idle equipment

63. Training on idle equipment should not affect the condition and operating mode of equipment in neighboring areas.

64. After receiving input data about the operating mode and state of the equipment at the time of the start of training, as well as automatic shutdowns and other disruptions in the operation of the equipment, the trainee assesses the situation and begins to restore the normal situation. In the process of eliminating a conditional emergency situation, the participant must perform real actions with equipment (for example, turning on or off switching devices, starting a pump, closing or opening a valve), which are provided for by the training topic. In this case, he does not have to tell the intermediary about the procedure for his actions and tells him only what in real conditions he would tell his supervisor on the shift or the personnel of other areas.

Training using technical training tools

to bring the training activities of operational personnel as close as possible to real ones, without affecting the operating equipment;

deviations from the normal pattern;

procedure for using communication;

time of occurrence of the accident;

69. The training ends at the command of the training leader, after which information on the control and evaluation of training activities is collected and recorded.

Combined workouts

Fire drills

74. Each employee from among the operational, maintenance and repair personnel of heating network enterprises, personnel of permanent sections of repair units servicing energy facilities must participate in fire-fighting training once every six months.

76. Territorial divisions of the state government must be notified about the planned dates of training fire service EMERCOM of Russia, at the discretion of which representatives of these bodies may take part in them as observers.

77. When participating in network-wide training of operational field and operational repair teams, the time spent on preparing the team, repair equipment, mechanisms, tools, protective equipment, time spent on travel, preparation of machines, lifting, earth-moving and other mechanisms, equipment is checked. communications, etc.

78. All types of training must be carried out in conditions as close as possible to real ones. For example, it is allowed to combine training on the topic “Accident in the heating network” with excavation planned for a given period at the site of a simulated accident; you can open and close auxiliary valves on idle equipment, checking the initial state of the valve after completing the actions; disable work lighting.

Training can be complicated by distractions: messages about the status and operation of other equipment, calls from consumers, etc.

79. When conducting network-wide, general-boiler, district and dispatch training, the conversations of the person in charge of the liquidation of a conditional accident are recorded on a tape recorder or other recording device in order to acquire the skills of more clear negotiations by the operating personnel, this will reduce the number of misunderstandings when analyzing training and will allow the use of recordings training during briefings.

VI. TRAINING REVIEW

81. Analysis of the training is carried out in order to determine the correctness of the actions of each participant in eliminating the accident provided for by the topic of the training, and to develop measures to improve the reliability of the equipment and the safety of operating personnel.

correct understanding of the task;

correctness of actions to eliminate the accident;

mistakes made and their reasons;

88. The results of the training are recorded in a journal. The recommended form for recording the emergency training carried out is given in these Recommendations.

89. Based on the results of the training, measures are developed aimed at preventing mistakes made by personnel. Activities developed based on the results of training are recorded in the emergency training log. In this case, the training leader must familiarize the heads of the relevant departments with the activities recorded in the log. Management personnel are obliged to take measures to implement these activities.

ANNEX 1

Scheme of the training ground for conducting training sessions with simulating emergency situations in heating networks

APPENDIX 2

FORM
annual schedule of emergency training

Types of training

Training leaders

Distribution by month

September

Network-wide

Chief Engineer

General boiler room

Boiler room manager

Control room

Senior dispatcher

District

Head of the district

Chief Engineer_____________________________

APPENDIX 3

MAGAZINE
accounting for personnel undergoing emergency training

APPENDIX 4

Damage to the supply pipeline of the main heating network from the district boiler house "Gorki-2"

04/03/2004 10-30, dispatch service of the heating network enterprise, boiler room "Gorki-2" and a section of the main heating network from the boiler room "Gorki-2" to chamber A-1

3. Training method: with conditional actions of personnel on operating equipment

4. Training leader: Semenov A.P., deputy chief engineer

orally, via the city telephone network, via mobile phone, radio communications on a wave dedicated to the enterprise with a signal at the beginning of a conversation - “training”

7. Arrangement of intermediaries, checking readiness Vehicle, repair equipment and personnel - are carried out before the start of training; the start of the training is announced by radio, introductions are given verbally or using training posters (the list of training posters is presented below)

8. Purpose of the training: to practice the actions of operational personnel of the dispatch service, district boiler house and repair service in the event of an accident in the heating network

9. Operating mode before the accident: the hydraulic and temperature conditions of the heating network are maintained close to the schedule set by the dispatcher

At 9:30 a.m. The shift supervisor and the operator of the central control panel of the boiler room recorded a slight drop in pressure in the supply line at the exit from the boiler room. At the same time, the drop in pressure is recorded by the plant's dispatch service. The shift supervisor gives orders to increase the replenishment to maintain normal hydraulic conditions. At 9:45 a.m. A sharp drop in pressure in the network was recorded in the boiler room and control room. Almost simultaneously, a signal was received from the city housing organization to the heating network dispatch service about strong steaming and the appearance of hot water at the location of the route in the area of ​​camera A1. The dispatcher instructs the boiler room shift supervisor to switch the network to static mode and the fire control foreman to go and search for the damage site.

The operational field team discovered strong steaming, noise and hot water escaping to the surface of the ground along the network route. The heating system master reports the accident to the heating network dispatcher, who gives instructions to turn off the supply pipeline using the nearest sectional valve, drain the emergency area and prepare it for repairs. At the same time, the dispatcher gives instructions to the boiler room shift supervisor to turn off the supply pipeline. The dispatcher directs the ORB to the scene of the accident. After eliminating the accident, the dispatcher gives an order to the boiler room shift supervisor and the fire control foreman to restore normal operation of the network.

Introductory time	Workplace	Introductory (orally in the form of a poster)
9 hours 34 minutes	ODS dispatcher	Small pressure drops in the supply line
9 hours 34 minutes	Boiler room shift supervisor	Slight pressure drop in the supply line
	ODS dispatcher	A sharp drop in pressure in the supply line. Signal from the housing organization
9 hours 45 minutes	Boiler room shift supervisor	A sharp drop in pressure in the supply line
9 hours 50 minutes	ODS dispatcher	Name the possible causes of the accident
9 hours 55 minutes	Boiler room shift supervisor	Assess the condition and operating mode of the equipment
10 hours 40 minutes	ODS dispatcher	Emergency section disabled
12 hours 50 minutes	ODS dispatcher	The damaged area has been drained and prepared for repairs
16 hours 25 minutes	ODS dispatcher	Repair of the emergency area has been completed. The pipeline is prepared for filling
16 hours 25 minutes	Boiler room shift supervisor	The renovation is complete. The pipeline is ready for filling
18:20	ODS dispatcher	The accident has been eliminated. The operating mode of the heating network has been restored
18 hours 25 minutes	ODS dispatcher Boiler room shift supervisor	End of training

12. Detection and elimination of an accident.

The dispatcher, having detected a pressure drop using the pressure gauge installed in the ODS and rechecked with the boiler room shift supervisor, instructs him to strengthen control over the hydraulic mode and inspect the equipment of the pumping and heating installation in order to determine the cause of the pressure drop. The shift manager instructs the shift mechanic on duty to check the operation and condition of the equipment and, after the inspection, reports to the dispatcher that the equipment in the boiler room is working normally, no leaks or other defects were found. At 9:48 a.m., the boiler room shift supervisor reports to the dispatcher about a sharp drop in pressure in the network. The dispatcher, having recorded a sharp drop in pressure in the network at 9:45 a.m. and having heard the report of the boiler room shift supervisor, instructs him to increase the replenishment as much as possible; if it is impossible to maintain normal pressure transfer the heating network to static mode. The ODS receives a signal from the city about an alleged accident in the network and its coordinates. The dispatcher instructs the EOD master to immediately go to the scene of the accident. After clarifying all the circumstances, the master reports to the dispatcher about the release of hot water to the surface of the earth, strong noise, steaming and the formation of a funnel, as well as the flow of hot water into chamber A1. At the direction of the dispatcher, he turns off the sectional valve, drains the area and prepares it for emergency repairs. The dispatcher simultaneously instructs the boiler room shift supervisor to turn off the valve on the supply pipeline of the boiler room manifold and instructs the ORB foreman to travel and carry out emergency repair work, after which he informs the main consumers about the accident and the estimated time for restoring normal operation. The boiler room shift manager, having received instructions from the dispatcher, turns off the network pumps, turns on the backup pumps, turns on the backup make-up pump and transfers the operating water heating boiler No. 3 to the hot reserve.

After organizing and carrying out emergency activities, the dispatcher instructs the heads of the area in charge of the emergency area to issue a work permit for emergency repair work.

13. Evaluation of the participants’ actions and training in general

The assessment of the actions of the ODS dispatcher, the boiler room shift supervisor, and the EOD and ORB foremen is carried out in accordance with the protocol.

The assessment of the actions of dispatch service personnel, boiler room shifts, operational field and operational repair teams is carried out directly by intermediaries. The main criterion for assessing training as a whole is the correctness of the participants’ actions, assessed by the protocol method.

Familiarized yourself with the training program:

Training results:

Dispatcher's assessment -

Boiler room shift supervisor assessment -

Rating of the EOD master -

Evaluation of the training as a whole -

Poster 2. Valve No. 4 does not close

Poster 3. The drain valve in chamber A1 is faulty

Poster 4. Name possible signs accidents

Map of the activity of the master of fire safety

		Control time	Mediator's comments	Gross mistakes of the trainee
	Visually it is possible to give only a general assessment of the violation of the normal technological regime
Name the signs of a heating network failure and possible causes	Formation of a funnel with hot water escaping to the surface, noise, steaming. The appearance of a fistula in the pipeline or rupture
Disable the emergency section	Decides to go down to chamber A1 to shut off the section using a sectioning valve			After ventilating the chamber, he descends into the chamber independently without taking safety measures.
Prepare the area for emergency repairs by ORB personnel	Provides additional ventilation to the chamber, closes the sectional valve, opens the valve on the drainage pipeline, and pumps water out of the chamber. Installs a fence at the accident site and hangs posters. Records network pressure using pressure gauges in the chamber and air temperature
Prepare the site for launch	Removes the posters, removes the fence, closes the drainage, opens the jumper to fill the supply pipeline from the return one. After equalizing the pressure, he reports to the dispatcher and, on his instructions, opens the sectional valve. Records the pressure in the pipelines in chamber A1 after circulation is restored

Mediator

Poster No. 1 for hanging on control keys of electric drives of pumps, fans, smoke exhausters, etc.

Poster No. 2 for hanging on shut-off valves

APPENDIX 6

MAGAZINE
recording of completed emergency training

The training leader gives a general assessment of the emergency training.

APPENDIX 7

MAGAZINE
accounting of conducted fire drills

The training leader gives a general assessment of the fire training.

GUIDELINES
on preparation and conduct of emergency training for personnel of electric power organizations of housing and communal services

I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. Guidelines on the preparation and conduct of emergency training for personnel of electric power organizations of housing and communal services, developed with the aim of providing methodological assistance to organizations of the housing and communal services system carrying out transmission and distribution electrical energy and operating electrical substations, electrical networks and structures on them as part of centralized energy supply systems.

2. These Recommendations have been developed taking into account the requirements of the Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks of the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated June 19, 2003 No. 229 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on June 20, 2003 Rep. No. 4799), Rules for working with personnel in electric power organizations of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia on February 19, 2000 No. 49 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on March 16, 2000 per. No. 2150), as well as Peculiarities of working with the personnel of energy organizations of the housing and communal services system of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the State Construction Committee of Russia on June 21, 2000 No. 141, and the Regulations on assessing the readiness of electricity and heat supply organizations to operate in the autumn-winter period, approved by the Minister of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation on August 25, 2004.

4. Emergency training is carried out with the aim of acquiring practical skills and the ability of personnel to act independently, quickly and technically competently in the event of technological violations, applying technical operation and safety rules, operating instructions and labor protection instructions.

5. Operational managers, operational and operational maintenance personnel should take part in emergency training.

By decision of the head of the organization and structural unit, other employees may be involved in conducting and participating in emergency training.

Maintenance personnel are involved in emergency drills; during the training, his readiness to go to the site of a simulated accident and his ability to quickly eliminate it are checked.

6. Fire drills can be combined with emergency drills. Operational managers, operational, operational and repair personnel, maintenance personnel, personnel of permanent sections of repair units servicing electrical and thermal power plants take part in fire drills.

7. Emergency training is one of the mandatory forms of working with personnel.

Conducting training involves solving the following tasks:

checking the ability of personnel to correctly perceive and analyze information about a technological violation, based on this information, make the optimal decision to eliminate it through a certain action or issuing specific orders;

ensuring the formation of clear skills for making operational decisions in any situation and in the shortest possible time;

development of organizational and technical events aimed at increasing the level of professional training of personnel and the reliability of operation of power plants.

8. Training is carried out with the reproduction of conditional violations in the operation of power plants, imitation of operational actions in the workplace to eliminate accidents and incidents, performing equipment control operations on simulators, assessing the activities of participants and issuing work permits and switching forms.

9. Basic actors during training, there are the training leader, training participants and intermediaries performing supervisory functions.

10. The effectiveness of the training depends on the relevance of the topic, the quality of program development, the preparation of the participants and the necessary means for conducting the training, the degree of proximity of the simulated accident to the real, correct and objective assessment actions of the participants and analysis of the training.

11. In order to reduce the conventionality of training activities and increase objectivity in assessing results, new technical training tools (automated training systems, training grounds, simulators) should be used in training.

To master the main and auxiliary equipment of power facilities and practice techniques for maintaining stationary and non-stationary modes, it is recommended to use automated training systems (hereinafter referred to as ATS) and so-called full-scale simulators.

AOS are software tools for professional training of personnel, consisting of automated training courses and specialized local simulators that allow the formation of professional skills and abilities to make and implement decisions on the management of power plants. In particular, AOS for operating personnel of substations and distribution networks allows them to be used for training in the following modes:

training and training on complex operational switchings carried out when power plants undergo repairs and when they are put into operation;

conducting emergency training that increases the level of personnel readiness to perform operations in an emergency at the substation and in the distribution network.

The most successful training of operating personnel can be ensured by conducting training on full-scale simulators that accurately simulate the operator’s workplace, on which the methods of perceiving information and error-free operation of power plant controls are brought to automaticity.

The use of computer simulators for emergency training can be additional in nature and should not replace on-the-job training, since by controlling the operation of a computer, the training participant does not acquire the skills to control a real power plant to the required extent. The use of computer simulators is advisable at power facilities equipped with such automated control systems (ACS), when all facility management is carried out using a computer network.

Many years of experience of municipal energy enterprises have shown the effectiveness of conducting network-wide emergency response training at training sites. A diagram of the training ground for conducting training sessions in electrical networks is given in.

II. CLASSIFICATION OF TRAININGS

12. In enterprises of electrical networks of the housing and communal services system, network-wide, dispatch, district (precinct), individual (for a given workplace) emergency training are carried out.

Network-wide training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of a section of an electrical network with distribution points, transformer substations and other facilities, and in which operational personnel of electrical power installations in several areas participate together with the network dispatcher.

Dispatcher training is considered to be training that involves participation in the elimination of technological violations by dispatchers with subordinate shift personnel.

A district training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers power plants in one district and in which operational and maintenance personnel of the district participate.

An individual training is considered to be one in which one operational worker servicing power plants participates.

Individual training can be carried out with individual employees who, for whatever reason, did not participate in the planned training (vacation, illness, etc.).

13. Emergency training is divided into planned and extraordinary.

A planned training is considered to be a training that is carried out according to the approved annual plan for working with personnel.

Extraordinary training is considered to be training that is carried out by order of the enterprise management in addition to the annual plan in the following cases:

if an accident or incident occurs due to the fault of personnel;

upon receipt of unsatisfactory grades based on the results of a planned training session.

Extraordinary training is also carried out for employees who were absent during scheduled training. various reasons(illness, vacation, business trip, etc.). Extraordinary training is carried out individually within 3 weeks after returning to work.

14. Depending on the number of participants, training is divided into group and individual.

Group training is considered to be a training session conducted with several participants.

Individual training is carried out in the following cases:

with personnel admitted for the first time independent work after duplication in the workplace;

in case of errors made by operating personnel during switching, switching on and off of power plants;

after accidents that occurred during startup, shutdown or equipment failures;

with unsatisfactory grades obtained as a result of individual control in group training.

15. According to the method of conducting training, they are divided into: training according to schemes;

training with conditional actions of personnel;

training with impacts on switching equipment and elements of relay protection and automation, control equipment and electric motor switches on non-working equipment (under repair or put into reserve);

training using technical personnel training tools;

combined training.

16. Training according to schemes is carried out using technological schemes without indicating actions at workplaces and equipment, without limiting the time for performing exercises. In such training, staff develop the skills to quickly make the right decisions and issue the necessary orders. Using this method, training should be conducted with senior operating personnel to ensure that they understand the features of the scheme, its flexibility and possibilities for use in emergency response.

Scheme training allows us to identify the level of knowledge of the scheme, its features and capabilities, as well as determine the coordination of shift personnel when receiving information and issuing orders.

17. Training with conditional actions of personnel is carried out in real time and with mandatory access of participants to the places of operations. Using this method, training is conducted with operational and maintenance personnel directly servicing electrical power plants.

18. Training with control actions on switching devices, relay protection and automation, equipment and switches of electric motors on non-working equipment (under repair or put into reserve) is carried out with the aim of practicing and consolidating professional skills among personnel.

19. Training using technical means of personnel training is carried out using automated training systems, simulators, and training grounds. In such trainings, personnel develop skills in identifying the causes of deviations in modes and technological violations, developing measures to eliminate deviations and violations, and developing professional work practices. The advantages of this method include bringing personnel actions closer to a real situation, practicing reactions to changes in equipment operating modes in real time, and forming assessments of the quality of training tasks.

20. Combined training allows you to take advantage of each of the listed methods. For example, it is possible to combine training on a simulator and conditional actions of personnel at the workplace, training according to schemes with the actions of personnel at the training ground, etc. The effectiveness of such a combination different types training depends on the technical capabilities for training.

21. Based on the nature of the relationship with fire drills, emergency drills are divided into combined and separate.

III. FREQUENCY OF TRAININGS

22. In accordance with the requirements of the Rules for Work with Personnel in Electric Power Organizations of the Russian Federation and the Rules for the Technical Operation of Thermal Power Installations, employees from operational, operational repair and operational managers participate in emergency training once every three months.

Workers from among operational, maintenance and repair personnel, operational managers of the organization, personnel of permanent sections of repair units servicing power plants participate in one fire training once every six months.

23. At newly commissioned power plants, as well as at existing power plants, by decision of the head of the organization, the number of training sessions can be increased depending on the level of professional training and skills of personnel in preventing and eliminating accidents.

24. For shift personnel in which an accident or incident occurred due to the fault of operational or operational maintenance personnel, additional training may be assigned by order of the chief engineer of the enterprise, taking into account the mistakes made.

25. Each dispatcher of an enterprise (district) must take part in the preparation and conduct of at least one training session with subordinate personnel during the year.

IV. TRAINING PREPARATION EVENTS

26. Preparation of emergency training is carried out in accordance with the annual training schedule, taking into account the list of recommended topics and training programs.

27. Each electric power enterprise draws up an annual schedule for emergency drills in accordance with these Recommendations. The schedule must be included in the personnel plan and approved by the management of the enterprise. Based on this schedule, a training schedule for the structural unit is drawn up. Accounting for the completion of emergency training by personnel is carried out in a log. The recommended form of the journal is given in these Recommendations.

28. Monthly training schedules in a structural unit are approved by the head of the structural unit. The monthly schedule indicates:

type of training;

date of its holding;

participating shift;

training leader.

29. The training leader is responsible for its preparation and conduct.

Emergency drills are led by:

network-wide - the chief engineer (his deputy) or the head of the emergency dispatch service (hereinafter referred to as ADS);

control rooms - the head of the ADS (senior dispatcher);

district (precinct) - chief (deputy chief) of the district;

individual - specialists appointed by the chief engineer (head of a structural unit).

Emergency training related to the complete shutdown of energy sources and the simulation of a massive power supply disruption should be carried out under the leadership of the first managers of energy supply organizations.

When conducting an emergency drill combined with a fire drill, the fire extinguishing manager from among the engineering personnel - the enterprise shift manager, the network district manager - is appointed as the head of the training.

The types of emergency training and the conditions for their implementation are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Location	Type of training	Who approves the program	Supervisor	Method of implementation	Training participants
Network enterprises	Network-wide	Chief engineer of the enterprise	Chief engineer or head of the enterprise's emergency dispatch service	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Personnel of the dispatch service, network areas, operational field teams, operational repair teams
Dispatching service	Control room	Head of ADF	Head of ADF	According to the scheme	Change of ADS
Network district	District	Head of the district	The head of the district or his deputy	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Operational and maintenance personnel of the district

30. The list of planned training topics is compiled taking into account:

accidents and incidents that occurred in electrical networks, distribution points, transformer substations, as well as technological violations given in information and policy materials;

existing equipment defects, as well as technological violations or abnormal operating modes of power plants and networks;

seasonal phenomena that threaten the normal operation of equipment and structures (thunderstorm, ice, floods, etc.);

commissioning of new equipment, circuits and modes;

the possibility of a fire in emergency conditions.

Training topics are not announced to participating personnel in advance.

31. When preparing a training session, its leader develops a training program.

The topic of the training should be realistic and close to the operation of the organization’s specific equipment. Acceptable conventions should not be unnecessary.

When conducting training at the workplace, the initial scheme and mode of operation of the equipment should be taken as the scheme and mode that were in the workplace at the time of the training. In this case, it is necessary to take into account:

forced change in equipment operating patterns and modes caused by repair work;

availability of staff on site;

state of connection between objects;

design features of the equipment.

32. When developing a training program, it is necessary to provide for the solution of the following tasks when eliminating conditional technological violations:

preventing the development of violations, preventing injury to personnel and damage to equipment not affected by the technological violation;

clarification of the state of switched off and disconnected equipment, rapid elimination of technological violations is possible;

rapid restoration of normal operation of power plants, power supply to consumers and normal parameters of electrical energy supplied to consumers.

33. The training program indicates: the type of training and its topic;

date, time and place of the event;

training method;

last name, first name, patronymic of the training leader;

last name, first name, patronymic, position of fire extinguishing leader (for combined training);

list of training participants for each workplace;

a list of intermediaries indicating the control area (workers who are well aware of the scheme and equipment, as well as the instructions, rights and responsibilities of the persons serving the area, are appointed as intermediaries, and the number of training participants controlled by one person is determined in each specific case when drawing up the program; actions fire extinguishing supervisors are controlled by the training supervisor);

purpose of the training;

time of occurrence of the accident;

diagrams and mode of operation of the equipment before the accident occurred, indicating deviations from the diagrams and modes;

condition of fire extinguishing equipment (for combined training);

causes of the accident, its development and consequences;

the cause of the fire, a description of the development of the fire and the operation of automatic fire extinguishing equipment;

description of the sequence of actions of training participants, possible options for action;

procedure for using technical means;

a list of required posters and tags;

technological map of the activities of each training participant.

During the development process, the program should be discussed with the heads of the structural units in which the training will be carried out, involving necessary cases qualified specialists.

The program is signed by the training director and approved by the person indicated in, or his deputy.

Network training programs are coordinated with the heads of structural divisions.

When conducting training and developing a program, it should be borne in mind that in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documentation (NTD), the elimination of technological violations in electrical networks must be managed by an ADS dispatcher. The dispatcher's instructions are mandatory for operational and maintenance personnel of electrical power installations.

An example of an emergency training program is given in.

34. When conducting emergency drills combined with fire drills, it is recommended to involve as intermediaries representatives of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, who take part in the analysis of fire drills and evaluate the actions of the participants.

35. When preparing a training session with conditional actions of personnel on equipment, you should check the completeness of the necessary documentation, add to the set of training posters and tags with inscriptions that simulate the switching on and off of switching devices, devices, protection devices, etc. They must differ in shape and color from those used in operation, have the inscription “training”, and also have devices for securing them in place. The size of posters and tags is chosen arbitrarily so that they do not interfere with staff’s work. After training, all training posters must be removed and put away.

36. Before conducting the training, its leader must review the program with the training leaders at the sites and with intermediaries, while clarifying the procedure for the participants and discussing possible errors.

V. TRAINING METHODOLOGY

37. Group training should be carried out, as a rule, not during duty. Individual training may be conducted while on duty if the work environment does not prevent this. Time spent on emergency drills and fire drills is included in work time training.

38. During training, the personnel participating in it must comply with safety regulations. It is not allowed to perform any actions on operating equipment, or to touch switching devices, mechanisms and control equipment (keys, start buttons, etc.).

39. Immediately before the start of the training, the readiness of technical and training means should be checked, radio and telephone communication between participants should be organized, the methodology of the training should be clarified, taking into account the specifics of training according to schemes, conditional actions of personnel, with actions on non-working equipment, using technical training means.

40. All types of training begin with an introductory part and end with analysis and summing up.

It is advisable to record negotiations between training participants on a tape recorder.

Training according to schemes

41. Dispatch training is conducted at electrical network enterprises according to the schemes.

42. Training according to the schemes can be carried out directly at the workplace or in places with the necessary equipment. To conduct training, participants must have training diagrams of the areas they serve, on which, before starting training, they mark the position of disconnected equipment, or sections of networks at the time preceding the accident. The training leader and facilitator should have the same scheme.

43. When conducting training according to schemes directly at workplaces, intervention in technological process not allowed.

44. Before the start of the training, its participants are informed of the introductory part, which indicates:

section of the technological diagram on which an emergency situation will be simulated;

operating mode preceding the occurrence of an emergency;

deviations from the normal pattern;

procedure for using communication;

time of occurrence of an emergency.

If necessary, information about seasonal phenomena (floods, ice, thunderstorms, etc.) and meteorological conditions is provided.

45. The training begins with messages from the training leaders or intermediaries about the changes that have occurred in the regime, about the shutdown of equipment, about the readings of instruments at the workplaces of the training participants.

46. ​​Training according to the schemes is carried out in the form operational negotiations training with each other and with intermediaries. Negotiations should be conducted in the same way as in a real situation, with the exception of training sessions conducted in the workplace, where the word “training” is added before the message.

47. Training participants, receiving messages about changes that occurred as a result of the accident and the actions of personnel to eliminate it, reflect them on the diagram.

Training with conditional actions of personnel

48. Network-wide and regional trainings are conducted using the method with conditional actions of personnel. These trainings are carried out directly at the workplace.

49. Training participants must comply with safety regulations. It is not allowed to touch the mechanisms and controls, switching devices, or perform any real actions with the equipment.

50. If a real emergency situation occurs in any part of the networks or electrical power plant, the training is immediately stopped, the participants are removed from the emergency zone, and all training posters and tags are removed.

51. All personnel of the enterprise and district must be informed about the start of the training.

52. Before the start of training, intermediaries simulate an emergency situation with the help of training posters and tags posted on equipment, controls, switching devices and alarm devices, which reflect the changes that occurred as a result of the accident. Posters and tags are hung in such a way that they do not interfere with operating personnel performing operations and observing the readings of instruments and alarm devices.

53. After placing the posters and tags, the training participants are informed of the introductory part - by the training leader or facilitator. The introductory part states:

operating mode preceding the occurrence of an emergency;

deviations from the normal pattern;

procedure for using communication;

time of occurrence of the accident.

54. Training participants are allowed to their workplaces after giving a signal about its start. Such a signal could be:

message from the training leader simultaneously to all areas by telephone or radio: “Attention participants! The training has begun";

message from intermediaries or training leaders at their sites at the appointed time: “Training has begun!”

55. When the signal is given to start the training, its participants must begin inspecting the posters and tags posted on the equipment of their site and eliminating the simulated accident. Changing the state of shut-off valves, switching devices, fixing light signals of display boards and bulbs, control keys must be done using conditional actions by removing, turning over, replacing posters and tags, verbally explaining their actions.

56. Intermediaries are required to record all actions of personnel in the trainees’ activity cards, interfering with the course of the training only if it is necessary to communicate something to its participants, hang up new posters or tags, remove or turn them over depending on the actions of the personnel or changes in the introductory one.

57. When conducting emergency drills combined with fire drills, the fire extinguishing manager conducts the training according to the program; The instructions of the fire extinguishing supervisor are mandatory for each training participant.

58. In the process of conducting a training session covering several areas, emergency situations at each of them should be changed by intermediaries (with the help of posters, tags, etc.) taking into account the actions of the training participants not only in their own area, but also in other areas. This can be achieved by coordinating the activities of the facilitators with the training leader. For this purpose, he must be at the workplace of the operational person in charge of the liquidation of the simulated accident, monitor changes in the situation based on negotiations between training participants and messages from intermediaries and, in turn, inform the latter about the progress of the training as a whole.

If it is impossible to coordinate the actions of intermediaries for any reason, then changes in emergency situations in individual areas must be carried out by intermediaries in the sequence established by the program. In this case, it is also necessary to foresee how long after the start of training at a particular workplace it is necessary to change the situation.

59. During training, negotiations and explanations between trainees and intermediaries are reduced to a minimum. Hints, leading questions and other actions that distract participants from their direct task of identifying the causes of the accident and eliminating the emergency situation are not allowed.

60. When using telephone and radio communications simultaneously for operational and training conversations, it is necessary to announce the start of a training conversation with the word “Training” and repeat it by the second person participating in the conversation.

61. At the end of training, all posters and tags must be removed from the equipment.

Training with control actions on switching devices, relay protection and automation, equipment and motor switches on idle equipment

In order to increase their effectiveness, it is most advisable to conduct such training when commissioning new equipment.

63. Training on idle equipment should not affect the condition and operating mode of equipment in neighboring areas.

64. After receiving input data about the operating mode and state of the equipment at the time of the start of training, as well as automatic shutdowns and other disruptions in the operation of the equipment, the trainee assesses the situation and begins to restore the normal situation. In the process of eliminating a conditional emergency situation, the participant must perform real actions with equipment (for example, turning on or off switching devices), which are provided for by the training topic. In this case, he does not have to tell the intermediary about the procedure for his actions and tells him only what in real conditions he would tell his supervisor on the shift or the personnel of other areas.

Training using technical personnel training tools

65. Technical means of personnel training include simulators, automatic training systems, training grounds, stands, etc.

Conducting training using technical personnel training tools allows you to:

to bring the training activities of operational personnel as close as possible to real ones, without affecting the operating equipment;

increase the efficiency of monitoring and evaluating the actions of training participants.

The greatest training effect is achieved on replica simulators, the control panels of which are similar to the workplace (full-scale simulators).

66. Equipment control operations that cannot be implemented using the applied technical training tools must be reproduced conditionally, for example, in the form of a report to the supervisor.

67. Before the start of the training, its participants are informed of the introductory part, which indicates:

features of technical means, existing conventions and simplifications;

general characteristics of the initial mode;

deviations from the normal pattern;

procedure for using communication;

time of occurrence of the accident;

a way to evaluate the actions of trainees.

68. Training begins with a signal from the training leader.

During the training process, the training leader or an intermediary from the training control panel enters faults, simulates machine stops, disables automatic devices, transfers equipment to preset modes, etc. in accordance with the training program.

69. The training ends at the command of the training leader, after which recording information on the control and evaluation of training activities is collected and recorded.

Combined workouts

70. Combined training is based on the use of a program that combines various training methods and technical means.

71. Enterprises should develop a list of combined training with various program options.

72. The introductory part of the combined training indicates the distribution of shift personnel among training workplaces.

Fire drills

73. Fire training is carried out for the purposes of:

testing the ability of personnel to independently, quickly and correctly navigate and act in the event of a fire at the facility;

developing clear methods for extinguishing fires at a power facility in accordance with the rules fire safety, ability to use fire extinguishing equipment and protective equipment;

checking the interaction of personnel and their ability to coordinate their actions;

training personnel in fire prevention methods and techniques.

74. Each employee from among the operational, operational and repair personnel of electrical enterprises, personnel of permanent sections of repair units servicing energy facilities must participate in fire-fighting training once every six months.

75. Fire training is managed by:

head of the organization (general - by organization);

head of a structural unit (by division).

76. The territorial divisions of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia must be notified about the planned dates for training, at the discretion of which representatives of these bodies can take part in them as observers.

77. When participating in network-wide training of operational field and operational repair teams, the time spent on preparing the team, repair equipment, mechanisms, tools, protective equipment, time spent on travel, preparation of machines, testing laboratory, lifting, earth-moving and other mechanisms, means of communication, etc.

78. All types of training must be carried out in conditions as close as possible to real ones. Training can be complicated by distractions: messages about the status and operation of other equipment, calls from consumers, etc.

79. When conducting network-wide, district and dispatch training, conversations of the person in charge of the liquidation of a simulated accident are recorded on a tape recorder or other recording device in order to acquire the skills of more clear negotiations by operational personnel, this will reduce the number of misunderstandings when analyzing training and will allow the use of training recordings in conducting briefings.

80. During training, armbands and other distinctive signs of different colors may be used for participants and supervisors.

VI. TRAINING REVIEW

81. Analysis of the training is carried out in order to determine the correctness of the actions of each participant in eliminating the accident provided for by the topic of the training, and to develop measures to improve the reliability of the equipment and the safety of operating personnel.

82. Analysis of training is carried out after its completion by training leaders with the involvement of intermediaries. If it is impossible to conduct a debriefing after the end of the training, then the debriefing should be done within five days after its completion.

83. All personnel participating in the training must be present at the debriefing. Network-wide training sessions may be reviewed over the phone.

84. When analyzing for each participant, the following should be analyzed:

correct understanding of the task; correctness of actions to eliminate the accident; mistakes made and their reasons;

correct conduct of operational negotiations and use of communication means.

85. When debriefing a training session, the leader listens to reports from intermediaries about the actions of the training participants, analyzes the activity cards of the trainees,, if necessary, listens to the participants themselves, points out the mistakes made and approves individual and general assessments of the training results using a four-point system.

When conducting a review of an emergency drill combined with a fire drill, in addition, the fire extinguishing leader reports to the training leader about the current situation and the decisions he made to extinguish the fire, notes the correct actions of the personnel and the shortcomings identified in the process of extinguishing the fire.

To evaluate the actions of training participants, it is recommended to be guided by the following provisions:

if, during the training, a participant makes decisions that in a real situation, if carried out, would lead to the development of an accident or an accident, then he is given an “unsatisfactory” rating;

if during the training a participant makes mistakes that do not aggravate the situation, but delay the process of eliminating the accident, then he is given a rating of “good” or “satisfactory” depending on the nature of the errors;

If the participant does not make mistakes, he is given an “excellent” rating.

86. Persons who have made serious mistakes and received unsatisfactory grades undergo repeated training within a time frame determined by the head of the organization or structural unit.

87. If the majority of training participants received unsatisfactory grades, then the training on the same topic is repeated over the next 10 days, and the repeated training is not taken into account as planned.

88. The results of the training are recorded in a journal. The recommended form for recording the emergency training carried out is given in these Recommendations.

When conducting combined training, in addition, the results are recorded in the fire training log. The log form for recording fire drills is given in these Recommendations.

VII. DEVELOPMENT OF EVENTS BASED ON TRAINING RESULTS

89. Based on the results of the training, measures are developed aimed at preventing mistakes made by personnel. Activities developed based on the results of training are entered into the emergency training log. In this case, the training leader must familiarize the heads of the relevant departments with the activities recorded in the log. Management personnel are obliged to take measures to implement these activities.

90. The training leader must familiarize the personnel participating in the training with the program and journal entries after the training. Personnel suggestions are communicated to the head of the training or structural unit.

ANNEX 1

Distribution by month

September

Network-wide

Chief Engineer

Control room

Senior dispatcher

EXAMPLE
programs for organizing and conducting emergency training on the topic:

Damage to the line disconnector onI section of closed switchgear-10kV substation. "New"

1. Date, time and place of the event

03/18/2004 10-30, p/st. “New” indoor switchgear-10kV input T-1

2. Conditional time of occurrence of the accident 10-30

3. Method of training: according to a scheme with conditional actions and on equipment

4. Training leader: Voronkov V.S., head of the ODS

5. Training participants and facilitators

Workplace	FULL NAME. participant	FULL NAME. intermediary
Head of the network district	Orlov V.I.	Kutov V A.
Dispatcher	Kudra E.V.	Lebedev S.S.
	Ushakov SP.	Spiridonov B.S.
	Stepanov V.I.
Electrician	Filimonov A.I.
Electrician	Remizov E.P.
Electrician-driver	Mityakov B.S.
Electrician-driver	Beketov V.A.
Mobile laboratory engineer (ETL)	Yuskov A.M.

6. Procedure for using communication:

orally, via the city telephone network, by mobile phone, by radio with a signal (call sign) at the beginning of the conversation - “training”

7. Arrangement of intermediaries, checking the readiness of vehicles, repair and testing equipment, instruments, protective equipment and personnel - are carried out before the start of training; the start of the training is announced by radio, introductions are given verbally or using training posters (the list of training posters is presented below)

8. Purpose (objectives) of the training: practicing the actions of operational, operational and repair personnel during the liquidation of an emergency situation.

9. Operating mode of the equipment before the accident occurred: according to the normal power supply scheme.

10. Causes of the accident, its development and consequences:

At 10:30 a.m. The voltage has gone out on section I of the closed switchgear-10kV substation. "New". The cause of the accident was an insulation failure on the T-1 input line disconnector due to increased dampness in the indoor switchgear associated with poor ventilation of the room.

Due to the blocking of the linear input disconnector T-1, the differential protection T-1 was triggered. Since AVR-10 kV at substation. “Novaya” was taken out of operation, section I of the 10 kV indoor switchgear remained without voltage.

11. Introductory training for participants:

Introductory time	Workplace	Introductory (orally or in the form of a poster)
10 o'clock 30 min	ODS dispatcher	The voltage has gone out on section I of ZRU-10 substations. "New"
10 hours 45 minutes	Head of the network district	Covering the linear input disconnector, T-1 p/st. "New". Name the possible causes of the accident
10 hours 55 minutes		Name the possible consequences of an accident associated with the failure of equipment adjacent to the source
11:00 am	ODS dispatcher	Emergency section disabled
11 o'clock 10 min	Head of the network district	A permit for work has been prepared
11 o'clock 15 minutes	Electrician OVB	Switching form prepared
11 hours 20 minutes	Head of the network district	A team of operational and repair personnel has been prepared
11 hours 25 minutes	ODS dispatcher	Prepared workplace
15 hours 45 minutes	Master Engineer ETL	Work completed, grounding, posters removed, fences removed
16:00	ODS dispatcher	People have been taken out. The task force is closed. The accident is liquidated.
16:05	Dispatcher Head of network area	Voltage is applied to section I End of training

12. Procedure for eliminating an accident.

The head of the network district has prepared an approval order for replacing failed equipment, followed by testing it with high voltage, as well as an agreed work order for testing input cables with high voltage. Upon arrival at the station. “New” staff prepares the workplace in accordance with the work order and the “Instructions for operational switching of p/st. "New". Receives on-the-job training and is allowed to work. After which he begins work on repairing the equipment of the 10 kW-1 input cell. In parallel with the repair of primary equipment, the electrical laboratory staff checks the integrity of secondary circuits located in the immediate vicinity of the failed equipment, including current transformers. Upon completion of the repair of the linear disconnector and high-voltage testing of the equipment of the 10 kV water cell, the end seals of the input cables are inspected and, if their condition is satisfactory, high-voltage tests are carried out on the cable lines. To make sure that when operating on a close short circuit the power transformer does not fail, the direct current resistance of the windings of transformer T-1 is measured. At the end of the work, the personnel inspects the workplace, removes foreign objects, removes portable groundings, posters, and fences installed during the work, removes the team personnel from the work site and reports to the dispatcher about their readiness to put the T-1 into work.

13. Evaluation of the actions of the participants and the training as a whole. The evaluation of the actions of the ODS dispatcher and the head of the network area is carried out in accordance with the protocol.

The assessment of the actions of the personnel of the operational field and operational repair teams and the personnel of the electrical laboratory is carried out directly by intermediaries. The main criterion for assessing training as a whole is the correctness of the participants’ actions, assessed by the protocol method.

Familiarized yourself with the training program:

Training results:

Dispatcher's assessment -

Assessment of the head of the network district -

Master's assessment -

Mobile laboratory engineer assessment -

Electrician assessment -

Electrician-driver assessment -

Evaluation of the training as a whole -

Activities based on the results of the training:

Poster 1. Do not include working people

Poster 2. Grounded

Poster 3. Work here

Poster 4. Stop tension

Poster 5. The test is life-threatening

Network District Master Activity Map

	Reference solution and expected responses from the trainee	Control time	Mediator's comments	Gross mistakes of the trainee
	Using a voltage indicator, we check the presence of voltage on the equipment. You can visually determine the presence of melt deposits on the equipment. Using a megohmmeter we determine the state of equipment insulation
Name the signs of an electrical equipment failure and possible causes	Formation of carbon deposits and melting on equipment due to overlap and short circuit formation
Name the possible consequences of failure of other equipment located near the source of damage	Near the short circuit, failure of instrument transformers, secondary circuits, and windings is possible power transformer
Name the technical measures that ensure the safety of work during the permitting of the team	Disconnecting damaged equipment, installing a poster “Do not turn on people working”, checking the absence of voltage, applying grounding, installing posters “Grounded”, “Stay voltage”, “Test dangerous to life”. Installation of fences |
Prepare the area for emergency work	Performs organizational and technical measures to ensure work safety. Instructs the team. Provides adequate illumination of the workplace
What is the list of work performed after equipment repair?	Removes foreign objects, removes installed grounding connections, posters, and fences. Removes personnel from the work site, closes the work order, reports to the dispatcher about the completion of work and the readiness of the equipment to turn on

Mediator

I am familiar with the assessment of training actions_________________

Poster No. 1

The training leader gives a general assessment of the fire training.

• Topics of emergency training.
• Procedure: 1. Signs of a power outage at the boiler room 2. Practicing personnel actions 3. Summing up, giving grades.

Teplogood.narod.ru

CONTENTS | METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS for preparing and conducting emergency training for personnel of heat and power organizations of housing and communal services

• in boiler rooms - general boiler rooms and individual ones (for a given workplace).

RD 34.12.203 List of topics for emergency training of operating personnel of thermal power plants

• This List is intended for selecting topics and drawing up programs for emergency response training of operating personnel at all thermal power plants of the USSR Ministry of Energy.

Files.stroyinf.ru

Schedule for conducting emergency drills in the boiler room | Content platform Pandia.ru

• Conducting emergency drills in the boiler room. No. Name of emergency training.
• Subscribe to our newsletter: Interesting news Important topics Reviews of Pandia.ru services.

List of topics for emergency training on equipment of municipal facilities - page 7

• G). Network-wide emergency training. Power outage settlement(municipal facility).
• Act. based on the results of a trial fire on heat supply systems.

Emergency and fire safety training order of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated 06/21/2000 141 (as amended on 04/18/2001) on approval of the specifics of working with personnel of energy organizations of the housing and communal services system of the Russian Federation (2017). Current in 2017 | The law is simple!

• - in boiler rooms - general boiler rooms and individual ones (for a given workplace).
• Topics of emergency training for personnel participating in them
• For the head of an organization, fire drills can be combined with emergency...

www.zakonprost.ru

Download Methodological recommendations for conducting emergency training for personnel of thermal power organizations Download for free without registration

• Time spent on emergency and fire drills
• EXAMPLE of a program for organizing and conducting emergency training on the topic
• At 9:45 a.m. A sharp drop in pressure in the network was recorded in the boiler room and control room.

www.OpenGost.ru

List of topics for emergency training on equipment - Order

• 1. Power outage in the boiler room. 2. Loss of water in the boiler.
• 8. Destruction of the sewer well (chamber). G). Network-wide emergency training.
• based on the results of a trial fire on heat supply systems.

Methodological recommendations “Methodological recommendations for the preparation and conduct of emergency training for personnel of heat and power organizations of housing and communal services”

• ...combined with fire fighting, the head of the fire extinguishing training is appointed from among the engineering and technical personnel - the boiler room shift supervisor
• EXAMPLE of a program for organizing and conducting emergency training on the topic

Methodological recommendations - Methodological recommendations for the preparation and conduct of emergency training for personnel of heat and power organizations of housing and communal services.

• When conducting an emergency drill combined with a fire drill, the head of the training is appointed as a fire extinguishing supervisor from among the engineering and technical personnel - the boiler room shift manager, the enterprise shift manager...

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION OF THE USSR

RULES
EMERGENCY TRAINING OF PERSONNEL
ELECTRIC PLANTS AND NETWORKS
USSR MINISTRY OF ENERGY

RD 34.12.201-88

SO 153-34.12.201-88

SERVICE OF EXCELLENCE FOR SOYUZTEKHENERGO

Moscow 1989

DEVELOPED by the enterprise "Yuzhtekhenergo", Production Association for setting up, improving technology and operating power plants and networks "Soyuztekhenergo" CONTRACTORS N.S. DOLGONOSOV, A.G. TUMANOV, L.M. SLONEVSKAYA (Yuzhtekhenergo), A.S. ZVEREV (MGP "Soyuztechenergo") APPROVED by the State Inspectorate for the Operation of Power Plants and Networks 08/12/88. Chief Engineer A.D. SHCHERBAKOV

RULES FOR CONDUCTING EMERGENCY TRAININGS OF PERSONNEL OF POWER PLANTS AND NETWORKS OF THE USSR MINISTRY OF ENERGY

RD 34.12.201-88

Expiration date set

until 01/01/94

These Rules establish the procedure for preparing, conducting and reviewing emergency drills in the workplace using modern technical training tools. The rules apply to the personnel of joint dispatching departments, dispatching departments of power systems and energy enterprises. With the release of these Rules, the “Unified methodology for preparing and conducting emergency training exercises for personnel of power plants and networks” (Moscow: STSNTI ORGRES, 1972) is canceled.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Emergency training (hereinafter referred to as training) is one of the mandatory forms of industrial and technical training and advanced training of operating personnel of power plants, joint dispatching departments, dispatching departments of power systems, electrical and heat networks. 1.2. The training is aimed at solving the following tasks: testing the ability of personnel to independently and on the basis of collective actions of shift personnel to prevent the development of accidents, in the best way to ensure their elimination; provision of first aid and release of the victim from the effects of electric current (qualification control); ensuring the formation or restoration of skills in making operational decisions and operating in a difficult security environment in conditions of limited time for solving management problems (training); identification of necessary organizational and technical measures aimed at improving the work of personnel and increasing the reliability of equipment (recommendations). 1.3. Training is carried out in the form of a game with the reproduction of violations in the operation of equipment, imitation of operational activities to eliminate an emergency situation, and assessments of these activities. 1.4. The main actors during the training are the training leader, training participants and intermediaries performing organizational and supervisory functions. 1.5. The effectiveness of training depends on the quality of its preparation, the degree of proximity of the reproduced accident situation to the working one, the reliability of assessments of the activities of the training participants and the quality of the training analysis. Achieving the best training results requires good organization and rational use means and methods for their implementation. 1.6. The accumulated experience of conducting training in accordance with the current “Unified methodology for preparing and conducting emergency training exercises for personnel of power plants and networks” (Moscow: STSNTI ORGRES, 1972) shows that in the practice of energy enterprises there is a high level of conditionality of training activities and subjectivity in the organization of current control and evaluation of results, this is caused mainly by the impossibility of real actions on operating equipment and the low level of mechanization and automation of training. Minimizing and completely eliminating these shortcomings is possible by using new technical training tools in training (simulators, automated computer-based training systems with automatic control functions, training grounds, etc.), algorithmic descriptions of operational activities (action plans, situation assessment trees , observation maps). 1.7. These Rules are drawn up taking into account the existing positive experience of leading energy enterprises, as well as the requirements of the current “Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks” (M.: Energia, 1977), “Standard instructions for the prevention and elimination of accidents at thermal power plants. TI 34-66-061-87" (M.: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1987), "Basic scientific and technical requirements for the creation of an industry-wide system for training operating personnel of energy enterprises using technical means" (M.: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1987), "Instructions on the construction of a complex of training and training systems for training operating personnel of power units of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, power grid enterprises, power systems and associations" (Moscow: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1986). 1.8. It is recommended to combine emergency drills with fire drills. The organization of combined emergency and fire drills, as well as fire drills that are carried out separately, must comply with the requirements of the “Instructions for organizing fire drills at energy enterprises and in organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy” (Appendix to Order of the USSR Ministry of Energy No. 267 dated July 23, 1984). The fire extinguishing leader, along with the training leader, training participants and intermediaries, takes part in the emergency training combined with the fire drill.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF TRAININGS

2.1. Emergency training should be carried out in joint dispatch control departments (UDD), in dispatch control departments (DU) of power systems, at power plants, in electrical and thermal networks. In Fig. 1 presents the main types of emergency training, indicating the location of their implementation. 2.2. The ODU conducts inter-system and dispatch training. An intersystem training is considered to be one in which emergency situations are common to the equipment of several power systems and in which, together with the ODU dispatcher, the personnel directly subordinate to him or her at least three facilities participate. A control room in an ODU is considered to be a training session that provides for the participation in the liquidation of an emergency situation only by ODU dispatchers. 2.3. System-wide and dispatcher trainings are conducted at power systems control rooms. A system-wide training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of a certain section of the power system with power plants, network enterprises (districts), substations and other facilities located in it, and in which, together with the power system dispatcher, personnel directly subordinate to him in at least four areas participate. Dispatcher training in the power system control room is considered to be a training session that provides for the participation of only power system dispatchers in the liquidation of an emergency situation. 2.4. At power plants, plant-wide, block and shop training is conducted.

Rice. 1. Types of emergency training

A plant-wide training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of at least half of the existing workshops connected by a single technological process for the production of thermal and electrical energy and in which the operating personnel of these workshops participate together with the duty engineer of the power plant. A block training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of one unit and in which the participation of all operating personnel of the unit is provided. Workshop training is considered to be training that is carried out with the personnel of one workshop. Shop training can be carried out simultaneously with the staff of the entire workshop shift or alternately with the staff of individual workplaces. Operating personnel from another workshop, whose equipment is connected with the equipment of this workshop, may be involved in workshop training. 2.5. In electrical networks, network-wide, dispatch, district, precinct, and substation trainings are carried out. In heating networks, network-wide, dispatch, and regional trainings are carried out. Network-wide training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of a certain section of the network with the areas (or part thereof), substations and other objects located in it, and in which operational personnel of at least four facilities or areas participate together with the network manager. Dispatching in networks is considered to be a training that involves the participation in the elimination of an emergency situation of a shift of electrical network (district) dispatchers. A district training is one in which the emergency situation involves the equipment of one region and in which the operating personnel of that region participates. A site training is considered to be a training in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of a site and in which the operational personnel servicing this section of the network participates. Substation training is carried out at substations with operating personnel on constant duty. 2.6. The considered types of emergency training are divided into planned and extraordinary. A planned training is considered to be a training that is carried out in accordance with the annual personnel work plan approved by the management of the enterprise. Extraordinary training is considered to be training that is carried out above the plan by special order of the enterprise management in the following cases: if an accident or failure to work occurs due to the fault of personnel; upon receipt of unsatisfactory grades based on the results of a planned training session; when analyzing individual accidents according to the recommendations of emergency circulars; after vacation or long-term illness of operational workers. 2.7. Depending on the number of participants, training is divided into group and individual. Group training is considered to be emergency training conducted with several participants. Individual training is considered to be one conducted with an individual operational worker. Individual training is carried out in the following cases: with personnel who are allowed to perform independent operational work for the first time after undergoing duplication at the workplace; in case of errors made by operational personnel during work related to turning off and turning on units, mechanisms, switching equipment, when interacting with subsystems of automated process control systems, etc.; after accidents that occurred during start-up, shutdown or equipment failure in normal modes; in case of unsatisfactory grades obtained as a result of individual control and in group training, after vacation, illness, etc. 2.8. According to the method of conducting training, they are divided into: training according to schemes; training with conditional actions of personnel; training with impacts on valves and motor switches on non-working equipment (under repair or taken out of reserve); training using technical personnel training tools; combined training. 2.8.1. Training according to schemes is carried out using technological schemes without indicating the actions at workplaces and equipment, without limiting the time for performing exercises. In such trainings, staff practice the skills of quickly accepting right decisions and issuing the necessary orders. Using this method, training should be carried out with senior duty personnel to ensure that they understand the features of the scheme, its flexibility and possibilities for use in emergency response. Scheme training allows us to identify the level of knowledge of the scheme, its features and capabilities, as well as determine the coordination of shift personnel when receiving information and issuing orders. 2.8.2. Training with conditional actions of personnel is carried out in real time and with mandatory access of participants to the places of operations. Using this method, training should be carried out with operational personnel directly servicing production areas. 2.8.3. Training with impacts on valves and motor switches on non-working equipment (under repair or taken out of reserve) is carried out with the aim of practicing and strengthening certain professional techniques among personnel. For example, transferring the generator excitation from the main exciter to the backup one, taking a gas sample from a gas relay, manually turning on switches by jacking, eliminating minor equipment defects, etc. 2.8.4. Training using technical means of personnel training is carried out using simulators, automated computer-based training systems, training grounds based on algorithmic descriptions of operational activities. In such trainings, personnel develop skills in recognizing technological modes, identifying the causes of deviations and violations, planning activities to eliminate deviations and violations, ensuring stable operation of equipment, and developing professional work practices. The advantages of this method are associated with the ability to perform real actions, practice reactions to changes in equipment operating modes in real time, form generalized assessments of the quality of training tasks, automate the recording of training progress, etc. 2.8.5. Combined training allows you to use the advantages of each of the listed methods when solving a selected technological problem. For example, combinations of training on a simulator and conditional actions of personnel at the workplace or using an automated training system, or on a simulator and real actions on equipment put into reserve, etc., are of interest. The effectiveness of combining different types of training is determined by the capabilities of the available training tools and the quality of the unifying combined training program. 2.9. Based on the nature of the relationship with fire drills, emergency drills are divided into combined and separate.

3. FREQUENCY OF TRAININGS

3.1. Each employee from among the operational personnel of control systems of energy systems, power plants, boiler houses, electrical and heating network enterprises must participate in planned emergency drills at least once a quarter. The frequency of group planned emergency training is indicated in Table. 1. 3.2. Inter-system and system training, due to the complexity of their organization, is recommended to be carried out once or twice a year at the discretion of the head of the control department (for inter-system training) and the chief engineer of the power system (for system-wide training). 3.3. Managers, specialists and employees (RS) of power plants and networks who are not operational personnel, but are involved in the production of switching as intermediaries, and with operational and repair personnel, training is carried out each time after checking their knowledge of safety rules (or simultaneously with the check) . 3.4. At new facilities of energy enterprises, during the first two years of operation, the number of training sessions may be increased at the discretion of the enterprise management. 3.5. For shift personnel in which an accident or work failure occurred due to the fault of duty or operational repair personnel, additional training may be assigned by order of the chief engineer of the power plant or network, or the head of the dispatch service, taking into account the mistakes made.

Table 1

Frequency of group planned emergency training

Location	Type of training	Frequency
		for this type of training	for all types of emergency training conducted in this unit
Joint control centers	Intersystem	Once - twice a year	Four times a year with each shift. In addition, each dispatcher must take part in the preparation and conduct of at least one training session with the personnel directly subordinate to him
	Control room	Two to three times a year with each shift
Power system control rooms	System-wide	Once - twice a year	Four times a year with each shift. In addition, each dispatcher must take part in the preparation and conduct of at least one plant-wide or network-wide training together with the chief engineer of the power plant or network enterprise with on-site training
	Control room	Two - three times and a year with each shift
Power station			Four times a year (fire safety - at least twice a year) with each shift. In addition, each duty engineer (shift supervisor) of the station must take part in the preparation and conduct of at least one workshop training together with the head of the corresponding workshop
	Shop	Three times a year with each shift (fire-fighting workshops - 1 time a year with each shift)
		Four times a year with each shift (fire fighting at least twice a year with each shift)	Four times a year (fire safety - at least twice a year) with each shift
Network enterprises		Once a year with each shift	Four times a year (fire safety - at least twice a year) with each shift. In addition, each network enterprise (district) dispatcher must take part in preparing and conducting at least one training session with subordinate personnel
	Control room	Three to four times a year with each shift
		Three to four times a year (fire fighting - at least twice a year) with each shift

4. TRAINING PREPARATION EVENTS

4.1. Emergency training is prepared on the basis of a training schedule, a list of recommended topics, and training programs. 4.2. At each energy enterprise (as well as in the control rooms of power systems and control centers), an annual schedule (Appendix 1) must be drawn up for conducting emergency drills that are of a general nature for the entire enterprise. The annual schedule must be included in the annual personnel work plan and approved by management in accordance with Table. 2. Based on the training schedule of the enterprise (energy system), a training schedule for the structural unit must be drawn up, which additionally includes training that is not related to other units. This schedule is part of the work schedule for the personnel of your department. The division's schedule must be agreed upon with the training and production and technical training engineer, operational inspector engineer, safety engineer and approved by the enterprise management. Every month, for each structural unit of the enterprise (production energy association), as part of the overall monthly work plan of the unit, training schedules are developed taking into account the annual schedule and the current production activities. Monthly schedules must be approved by the management of the structural unit. Monthly schedules should indicate: type of training; date of its holding; personnel shift involved; training leader. The training leader is responsible for its preparation and conduct. The person indicated in the table is appointed as the training leader. 2, and in case of absence - his deputy. When conducting systemic, network-wide, district and station-wide trainings from among the persons indicated in table. 2, training leaders at the sites are also appointed.

Types of emergency training and conditions for their implementation

table 2

Location	Type of training	Who approves the program	Supervisor	Method of implementation	Training participants
Joint Dispatch Directorate	Intersystem	Head of ODU		According to the scheme	Change of ODU dispatchers together with subordinate personnel
	Control room	Chief dispatcher of ODU	Chief dispatcher of the ODU or head of the dispatch service of the ODU	According to the scheme	Change of dispatchers
Power system dispatch control	System	Chief engineer of POEE	Chief engineer of POEE or head of dispatch service of POEE	According to the scheme	Change of power system dispatchers with subordinate personnel
	Control room	Head of dispatch service POEE	Head of the POEE dispatch service or his deputy	According to the scheme	Power system dispatcher diagram
Power station	General station or block (facility fire protection)		Chief engineer of the power plant and his deputy		Station or block shift personnel
	Shop	Foreman	Head of the workshop or his deputy	With conditional and oval actions of personnel	Shop shift staff
Power plant with shopless structure	General station (on-site fire protection)	Chief engineer of the power plant	Chief engineer of the power plant	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Station shift staff
Network enterprises	Network-wide or district (on-site fire protection)	Chief engineer of a network enterprise (district)	Chief engineer or head of the operational dispatch service of a network enterprise (district)	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Shift personnel of the enterprise networks (district), OVB and ORB
	Control room	Head of operational dispatch service	Head of the UDF	According to the scheme	Changing network managers (district)
	Precinct and substation (on-site fire protection)	Head of a section or substation	Heads of sections, substations	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Operating personnel of a network site or substation

When conducting a workshop or site emergency drill, combined with a fire drill, the head of the training is appointed fire extinguishing supervisor (FEM) from among the engineering and technical personnel: for a workshop training - the workshop shift supervisor, for a facility training - the station shift supervisor (dispatcher of the enterprise, network district, duty officer substations). 4.3. When compiling a list of recommended training topics, it is necessary to focus on the recommendations given in the “List of topics for emergency training of operating personnel” (M.: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1987) taking into account: accidents and cases of operational failures that occurred in power systems, power plants and networks; possible emergency situations on equipment specified in standard instructions and other policy documents on accident prevention; existing equipment defects or possible abnormal operating conditions of a given power plant, network area or energy system; seasonal phenomena that threaten the normal operation of equipment (thunderstorms, ice, transformations, floods, etc.); the possibility of fires in emergency conditions; commissioning of new, unexploited equipment, new electrical and thermal circuits and modes. 4.4. When preparing a training session, the choice of topic should be made by its leader, and the training director can entrust the preparation of the program to another person who has the necessary knowledge and work experience. The training topic should be real in its content and should not be based on schemes and regimes that include many conventions and overlapping accidents. If the training is carried out on a work bench, then it is recommended to take as the initial scheme and mode of operation of the equipment the scheme and mode that should be at the workplace by the time the training begins. In this case, the following should be additionally taken into account: forced changes in equipment operating patterns and modes caused by repair work; availability of staff on site; state of communication (its presence and quality) between objects; design features equipment. 4.5. For the selected training topic, a detailed program for its organization and conduct should be drawn up. The recommended form and example of the program are presented in Appendix 2. The program should indicate the following main indicators of the training: type of training and its topic; date, time, place of training; training method; last name, first name, patronymic, position of the training leader; last name, first name, patronymic, position of fire extinguishing leader (for training combined with fire fighting); list of training participants for each workplace (last name, first name, patronymic of each person); a list of intermediaries indicating the control area, last name, first name, patronymic and position (employees who are well aware of the layout and equipment of the area, as well as the instructions, rights and responsibilities of the persons serving the area, should be appointed as intermediaries, and the number of training participants controlled by one person is determined in each specific case when drawing up the program); the actions of the fire extinguishing leader are controlled by the training leader; the purpose (objective) of the training; conditional time of occurrence of the accident; diagram and mode of operation of the equipment before the accident occurred, indicating deviations from the normal schemes (modes) of operation of the equipment; condition of fire extinguishing equipment (for training combined with fire fighting equipment); causes of the accident, its development and consequences; the cause of the fire, a description of the development of the fire and the operation of automatic fire extinguishing equipment (for training combined with fire fighting); time-balanced description of the optimal sequence of actions of participants in the emergency response training (possible options and their Comparative characteristics ); method of transmitting the introductory part of the training, conditioned signals and messages during the training; the procedure for using communications by training participants; procedure for using additional technical means; a list of required training posters and tags; activity map of each training participant. It is advisable to attach to the program a description of the most likely erroneous actions of training participants with recommendations for assessing the actions of trainees. During the development process, the training program should be discussed with the managers of the sites where the training will be carried out, with the involvement, if necessary, of highly qualified equipment maintenance specialists. The developed program must be signed by the training director. Depending on the type of training, the program is approved by the person indicated in the table. 2. In the absence of this person, his deputies can approve the program. Systemic, network-wide and district training programs must be agreed upon with the managers of participating enterprises. Station-wide training programs must be agreed upon with the heads of participating structural units. 4.6. When conducting emergency drills combined with fire drills, the RSS and work managers of higher organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy, as well as the central apparatus of the fire safety department, paramilitary security and civil defense of the USSR Ministry of Energy, who are required to take part in the analysis of fire drills and give an assessment, may be present as intermediaries. actions of training participants. 4.7. If the training being prepared will not be carried out at the workplace, then before it begins, you should check the availability and serviceability of the special equipment that will be used during the training process, and the completeness of the necessary documentation. 4.8. When preparing a training session with conditional actions of personnel on equipment, you should check and, if necessary, replenish the previously prepared set of training posters and tags with appropriate inscriptions, through which the switching equipment, shut-off valves, instrument readings, protection devices, alarms, etc. are simulated. The material from which posters and tags are made must comply with safety regulations. They must differ in shape and color from those used in operation, have the inscription “training”, and also have devices for fastening in place (ears, rope loops, miniature magnets, etc.). ). Their size must be such that, when placed on equipment or control devices, they do not interfere with personnel’s work. Some types of recommended posters are given in Appendix 3. 4.9. If the training is carried out at the workplace, then changes in the operation of equipment using posters and tags should be displayed to an extent sufficient to unambiguously determine the cause of the emergency. At the same time, if the required number of posters and tags is so large that their location makes it difficult for the operating personnel to act, it should be possible to produce special card. The specified card must be handed (presented) to the participant(s) of the training and contain the necessary information in in brief. 4.10. If the training program for practicing negotiations involves the use of sound recording equipment, then its installation and check of serviceability must be carried out before the start of the training. 4.11. Before conducting the training, its leader must conduct a preliminary analysis of the program with the training leaders at the sites and with intermediaries, while the procedure for the participants’ actions is clarified and possible mistakes of the trainees are discussed. The topic and program of the training are not communicated to the operating personnel participating in it in advance.

5. TRAINING METHODOLOGY

5.1. General instructions

5.1.1. Group training should generally be conducted during off-duty hours. Individual training, with the permission of the head of the relevant department, can be carried out during duty, if this is not prevented by the trainee’s workload and the situation at the workplace. The time spent on emergency and fire safety training is included in the working hours of the trainees. 5.1.2. When conducting training, the topic may include issues related to working in special modes and fire drills, and in enterprises and equipment with an increased fire hazard, it is recommended to combine fire drills with emergency drills. 5.1.3. When conducting training, participants must strictly adhere to safety rules. 5.1.4. Immediately before the start of the training, the readiness of technical and training means should be checked, telephone and radio search communication between its participants should be organized, and the training methodology should be clarified in connection with possible changes in the technical means used in comparison with the program, taking into account the peculiarities of training according to schemes, with conditional actions of personnel , with control actions on idle equipment, using technical training tools and combined training. 5.1.5. All types of training begin with an introductory part and end with analysis and summing up.

5.2. Training according to schemes

5.2.1. The following trainings are carried out according to the schemes: inter-system and dispatching control rooms, general-system and dispatching power systems, dispatching electrical and heat networks. 5.2.2. Training according to the schemes can be carried out directly at the workplace or in places adapted for this and having the necessary equipment. To conduct training, trainees must have diagrams of the areas they serve, on which, before starting training, they mark with a pencil the position of switching equipment or shut-off valves, disconnected areas, areas that have deviations from normal operation, etc. at the time before the accident. The facilitator or training leader should have the same diagram. 5.2.3. If training according to the schemes is carried out at workplaces, then it is allowed to use all existing information display and communication means with the adoption of additional measures for non-interference in the technological process and the immediate termination of training at the request of those on duty if the security situation becomes more difficult. 5.2.4. Before the start of the training, the participants are informed of the introductory part, which indicates: the section of the technological diagram on which the emergency situation will be simulated; operating mode preceding the occurrence of an emergency; deviations from the normal pattern; procedure for using communication; time of occurrence of an emergency. If necessary, information about meteorological conditions and seasonal phenomena (flood, ice, thunderstorm, etc.) is provided. 5.2.5. The training begins with messages from intermediaries or training leaders about changes in the regime, equipment shutdowns, and readings from the mnemonic diagram and instruments at the trainees’ workplaces. 5.2.6. Training according to the schemes is carried out in the form of operational negotiations between trainees and with intermediaries, and the latter can negotiate on behalf of persons from the operational personnel serving the site, with the exception of personnel directly involved in the training. Negotiations should be conducted in the same way as they would be conducted in a real work environment, with the exception of on-the-job training where the word “training” is added before the message. 5.2.7. Trainees, receiving messages about changes that occurred as a result of the accident and the actions of personnel to eliminate it, reflect them on the diagram according to which the training is carried out. 5.2.8. Training with a shift of dispatchers consisting of several people is also carried out in the form of operational negotiations between each of the trainees and their intermediary. However, when conducting such training, it is recommended to place the training participants in one room and the facilitators in another. Each participant in the negotiation training must have a direct telephone connection with the person controlling his actions. With this method of conducting training, each of the training dispatchers is provided with information about the development of the accident and the progress of its elimination only for the section of the circuit he serves. A complete picture of the development of events during the training is obtained by summing up the information available to each participant. Such summation should be carried out on general scheme, where those participating in the training note all the changes that occur. 5.2.9. Intersystem and system-wide training can be conducted in one of the following ways: participants in the training are located outside their workplace in the same or different rooms. To conduct a training session, it is necessary to have a telephone connection between the persons participating in the training. Each of the trainees must have a diagram of their area, according to which all operations to eliminate a simulated accident are carried out. The introductory part must be communicated to each trainee, indicating all existing deviations from the normal regime. This information is reported by the training director for all participants at the same time, or it is transmitted by the person who controls the actions of the trainee at his site (in the case of placing training participants in the premises of his own departments). The beginning of the training can be a message from the training leader about a change that has occurred in any area; Those participating in the training are located at their workplaces. To conduct a training session, it is necessary to allocate one communication channel for each place, through which all negotiations related to the training should be conducted. Routine operation of the power system or association at this time must be carried out through other communication channels. If any power system facility (power plant, substation, network control center) has only one communication channel with the power system dispatcher, then it is not recommended to involve the personnel of this facility in conducting system-wide training. 5.2.10. In Fig. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of communication means and placement of intermediaries during a system-wide training involving a shift of energy system dispatchers of two people and subordinate personnel of ten objects.

Rice. 2. Structural diagram of communication means and placement of intermediaries during system-wide training:

Training participant; - intermediary, - communication channel; - an intermediary who negotiates on behalf of persons not participating in this training

5.3. Training with conditional actions of personnel

5.3.1. According to the method with conditional actions of personnel, the following types of training are carried out: station-wide, block, workshop, network-wide or district, district and substation, combined. These trainings should be carried out directly at the workplace. 5.3.2. Participants in training must strictly comply with safety regulations during training. It is prohibited to perform any actual operations with the equipment, or to touch the mechanisms and controls of switching equipment and shut-off valves. 5.3.3. If a truly emergency situation occurs at any site or facility, the training must be stopped. 5.3.4. Before the start of training, all working personnel must be informed about this. 5.3.5. Before the start of the training, its participants must leave their workplaces, where the intermediaries (or other persons under their direction) simulate an emergency situation using training posters and tags posted on equipment, controls, devices, protection and alarm devices, which reflect the changes that occurred as a result of the accident. Posters and tags must be hung in such a way that they do not interfere with operating personnel performing operations and observing the readings of instruments and alarm devices. 5.3.6. After the posters and tags are placed, training participants are given an introduction. The introductory part is given by the mediator or the training leader at his site. The introductory part indicates: the operating mode preceding the occurrence of an emergency; deviations from the normal pattern; procedure for using communication; time of occurrence of the accident. 5.3.7. Training participants are allowed into their workplaces only after a signal has been given about its start. Such a signal could be: a message from the training leader to all sections simultaneously by telephone or radio: “Attention participants! The training has begun"; message from intermediaries or training leaders at their sites at the appointed time: “Training has begun!” 5.3.8. When the signal is given to start the training, the persons participating in it must begin to inspect the posters and tags posted on the equipment of their area, and to eliminate the simulated accident. Changing the state of switching equipment and shut-off valves, fixing the light signals of the display and lamps (acknowledgement), control keys must be done using conditional actions by removing and turning over posters and tags, verbally explaining their actions. For example, a trainee must turn on the switch of line A, on the control key of which a “Blinking” poster is posted on the mnemonic diagram with a luminous alarm (in reality, the switch is turned on, and its automatic shutdown according to training conditions is shown using this poster). He goes to the place where the switch control key is located and says: “I acknowledge the control key for line A switch,” and turns over the poster posted on the control key of this switch. The back of the poster should say “Disconnected.” Then the trainee continues: “I turn on the switch of line A,” and removes the “Disconnected” sign. If there are no posters on the control key, this means that the position of the switch under the training conditions coincides with its real state. To show that the switch has not turned on for some reason, the agent will post a “Flashing” sign on his control key. 5.3.9. Intermediaries are required to record all actions of personnel in the trainees' activity cards, interfering with the course of the training only if it is necessary to communicate something to its participants, hang up new posters or tags, remove or turn them over depending on the actions of the personnel. 5.3.10. When conducting emergency drills combined with fire drills, the fire extinguishing supervisor conducts the training according to the program and the instructions of the fire extinguishing supervisor are mandatory for each participant in the training. 5.3.11. During a training session covering several areas, emergency situations at each of them should be changed by mediators using posters, tags, etc., taking into account the actions of the training participants not only in their own area, but also in other areas. This can be achieved by coordinating the activities of the facilitators with the training leader. For this purpose, he must be at the workplace of the operational person in charge of the liquidation of the simulated accident, monitor changes in the situation based on negotiations between training participants and messages from intermediaries and, in turn, inform the latter about the progress of the training as a whole. At the same time, the consistency of the actions of those participating in the training will not be disrupted even in the event of possible mistakes by one of the trainees, which are almost impossible to predict by the program. If it is impossible to coordinate the actions of intermediaries for any reason, then changes in emergency situations in individual areas must be carried out by intermediaries in a sequence pre-established by the program. In this case, it is also necessary to foresee how long after the start of training at a particular workplace the situation needs to be changed. For example, local training is carried out in electrical networks. The personnel of the 110 kV substation “A” (Fig. 3) were given an introductory part about the operation of the differential protection of 110 kV buses, and the personnel of the dead-end substation “B”, powered by the substation “A”, were given an introductory part about the disappearance of voltage. During the training, the personnel of substation “A” inspects the 110 kV buses, separates the damaged section, takes voltage to the 110 kV buses and gives it to substation “B”. The input about the appearance of voltage to the personnel of substation “B” is given by an intermediary either after a message from the training leader located at substation “A”, or after a certain time after the start of the training, pre-provided by the program. In this case, when drawing up a program, it is necessary to determine the time that the personnel of substation “A” should spend on inspecting 110 kV busbars, separating the damaged section and applying voltage to substation “B”. At the same time, some inconsistency in emergency situations in individual areas is possible, caused by deviations from the program during the training process. 5.3.12. It is recommended that negotiations and explanations between trainees and mediators be minimized as much as possible. You should not allow any hints, leading questions, disapproving exclamations or anything that could distract those participating in the training from their direct task of identifying the cause of the accident and eliminating the emergency situation. 5.3.13. When using telephone and radio communications simultaneously for operational and training conversations, it is necessary to announce the start of a training conversation with the word “Training”.

Rice. 3. Diagram of a section of a 110 kV electrical network with two substations:

B - switch; T - transformer; OD - separator; Short circuit - short circuit

5.3.14. It is not recommended to use telemechanics devices on equipment in operation to display the switching state of equipment and shut-off valves, transmit signals to the signal board, or artificially change the readings of measuring instruments when conducting emergency training. 5.3.15. If a truly emergency situation occurs at any site or facility, emergency drills must be stopped. 5.3.16. At the end of training, all posters and tags must be removed from the equipment.

5.4. Training with control actions on valves and motor switches on idle equipment

5.4.1. It is recommended to conduct training on non-working equipment to practice individual emergency situations. The technological situation that allows such training to occur occurs if the equipment is under repair or in reserve. It is especially recommended to conduct such training when commissioning new equipment, in order to master it by operating personnel. 5.4.2. Training on non-working equipment must be organized in such a way that its conduct does not reduce the reliability of operation of equipment in neighboring areas. 5.4.3. When choosing a training topic, you should especially pay attention to the presence in it of such elements of personnel actions that they must be able to perform, but which they rarely encounter in their daily work. Such actions include, for example, manual synchronization of a generator in emergency conditions, taking a gas sample from a gas relay of an automatically switched off transformer, switching from operating equipment to standby equipment, usually performed automatically, eliminating minor faults in electrical and thermal mechanical equipment, etc. 5.4.4. The training leader or facilitator in the introductory part reports on the operating mode and condition of the equipment at the start of the training, as well as on automatic shutdowns that have occurred and other signs of malfunctions in the operation of the equipment. Based on the information received, the training participants must begin actions to eliminate the emergency situation. For example, turbogenerator No. 1 operates at full load. Condensate pumps 1-A, 1-B are operating, pump 1-B is in reserve, the vacuum in the condenser is 96%. Pump 1-B turned off, the automation did not turn on pump 1-B. The vacuum in the capacitor begins to decrease. After assessing the situation and what happened, the trainee begins to take action to restore the normal situation. In the process of eliminating a conditional emergency situation, he must perform real actions with the equipment (for example, start pump 1-B manually), which are provided for in the training topic. In this case, he should not tell the intermediary about the procedure for his actions, the operations being performed and is obliged to tell him only what in real conditions he would tell his supervisor on the shift or the personnel of adjacent areas.

5.5. Training using technical personnel training tools

5.5.1. Technical means of personnel training, with the use of which training can be carried out, include simulators, simulators, training complexes, training grounds, stands, etc. Conducting training using technical means of training personnel allows you to: bring the training activities of operational personnel as close as possible to real ones, without affecting the operating equipment; increase the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluating training participants. The use of technical training tools complements and increases the effectiveness of traditional training methods, while the benefits of their use increase as the characteristics of technical training tools approach the characteristics of the operating personnel’s workplaces. The greatest training effect is achieved on replica simulators, the control panels of which are similar to a workplace. 5.5.2. The completeness of solving training problems when using technical teaching aids should not depend on the limitations of their functionality. This requires targeting each topic and training program towards a complete emergency task. Equipment control operations that cannot be implemented using the applied technical training tools must be reproduced conditionally, for example, in the form of a report to the supervisor. 5.5.3. Before the start of the training, its participants are informed of the introductory part, which indicates: the features of the operational circuit of the technical means of training, the existing conventions and simplifications; general characteristics original mode; deviations from the normal pattern; procedure for using communication; time of occurrence of the accident; a way to evaluate the actions of trainees. 5.5.4. The training begins with the training leader giving a signal. During the training process, the training leader or an intermediary from the training control panel enters disturbances, malfunctions, simulates machine stops, turns on alarms, disables automatic devices, transfers equipment to preset modes, etc., in accordance with the training program, taking into account the specific activities of participants training. 5.5.5. The end of the training is carried out at the command of the training leader. At the same time, recording information on monitoring and evaluation of training activities is collected and recorded.

5.6. Combined workouts

5.6.1. Combined training is based on the use of a program that takes into account combinations of various training methods and technical means. 5.6.2. The energy enterprise must develop a list of combined trainings, with various options for combining methods of conducting them, as well as layouts of programs for the implementation of such trainings. 5.6.3. In the introductory part of the combined training, along with the functional initial data, the distribution of watch personnel among training workplaces is indicated. 5.6.4. The methodology for conducting combined training is based on the specified methods, in accordance with the combination used. 5.6.5. Appendix 4 provides additional guidance for specific types of training.

6. TRAINING REVIEW

6.1. Analysis of training is carried out in order to determine the correctness of actions in eliminating an accident, provided for by the topic of the training, for each of those participating in it and to identify measures that help improve the reliability of equipment operation and the safety of operating personnel. 6.2. Analysis of training should be carried out, as a rule, immediately after its completion by training leaders with the involvement of intermediaries. If it is impossible to organize a review of the training immediately after its completion (for example, after intersystem-wide and network-wide training), then it should be carried out on the following days, but no later than five days later. 6.3. All personnel participating in it must be present at the analysis of block, workshop, substation, district, dispatch and combined trainings. In order to reduce time, during the analysis of inter-system, system-wide, network-wide and plant-wide training, we can limit ourselves to the presence of personnel who participated in the training in the most important areas covered by the simulated accident. For other participants, the analysis can be carried out at their workplaces by mediators. Analysis of inter-system, system-wide and network-wide training can be done over the phone. 6.4. During the analysis, it should be clarified in relation to each participant in the training: the correct understanding of what happened; correct action to eliminate the accident; mistakes made and their reasons; correct conduct of operational negotiations and use of communication means. 6.5. When debriefing a training session, the leader listens to reports from intermediaries about the actions of the training participants, analyzes the activity cards of the trainees, and, if necessary, listens to the participants themselves, points out mistakes made and approves individual and general assessments of the training results using a four-point system. When conducting a review of an emergency drill combined with a fire drill, in addition to the above, the fire extinguishing supervisor reports to the training supervisor about the current situation and the decisions he made to extinguish the fire, as well as to prevent the development of the accident, notes the correct actions of the personnel and the shortcomings identified in the process of extinguishing the fire. It is recommended to evaluate the actions of training participants to be guided by the following: if during the training the participant makes decisions that in a real situation, if carried out, would lead to the development of an accident or an accident, then he is given an “unsatisfactory” rating; if during the training a participant makes mistakes that do not aggravate the situation, but delay the process of eliminating the emergency situation, then he is given a rating of “good” or “satisfactory”, depending on the number and nature of the mistakes; If during the training the participant acts without a single mistake, then he is given an “excellent” rating. 6.6. Persons who receive an unsatisfactory assessment of their actions during control training are subject to an extraordinary qualification inspection. (New edition, Amendment No. 1). 6.7. If half or more of the training participants received unsatisfactory grades, then training on the same topic should be conducted a second time within no more than ten days (for object-based combined training, repeated training is carried out within two weeks), and repeated training is not taken into account as planned. 6.8. The results of the training must be entered into special tables presented in the application. When conducting combined training, in addition, the results are entered into the fire-fighting training log; the form of the first page of the fire-fighting log is given in Appendix 6.

7. DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES BASED ON TRAINING RESULTS

7.1. If in the process of preparing or conducting a training it becomes clear that it is necessary to carry out measures that promote accident-free operation, then they should be entered in the emergency training log. In this case, the training leader must familiarize the heads of the relevant departments with the activities recorded in the emergency training log. Management personnel are obliged to take measures to implement these activities. 7.2. The training program, as well as the log after each training session, are transferred to the workplace of the person in charge of the liquidation of the simulated accident for the personnel participating in the training to familiarize themselves with these documents. All staff suggestions must be communicated to the training director or the head of the workshop (section, service).

Annex 1

FORM OF ANNUAL EMERGENCY TRAINING SCHEDULE WITH AN EXAMPLE OF COMPLETION

Type of training

Training leader

Distribution of participants in training by month

September

General station

Chief engineer Ivanov A.A.

Shift A, block No. 2 - 4

Shift B, block No. 1 - 3

Shift B, block No. 3 - 4

Shift G, block No. 2 - 3

Block

Deputy Chief Engineer for Operations Petrov A.B.

Shift A, block No. 1

Shift B, block No. 4

Shift B, block No. 1 - 2

Smena G, block No. 1, 4

Workshop for electrical shop

Deputy Chief Sidorov V.G.

Chief engineer signature

Appendix 2

____________________ ____________________ (energy enterprise) (approval stamp)

EXAMPLE OF A PROGRAM FOR ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING UNIT EMERGENCY TRAINING, COMBINED WITH FIRE FIGHTING, ON THE TOPIC: “COMBUSTION OF SOOO DEPOSITS IN RVP-A (EMERGENCY UNIT EMERGENCY STOP)”

1. Date, time and place of conduct: 09.22.1987, 16 o'clock, control room No. 3. 2. Conditional time of occurrence of the accident: 16 o'clock. 3. Method of training: with conditional actions of personnel on operating equipment. 4. Training leader: Petrov I.G., deputy head of the CTC. 5. Training participants and facilitators. 6. Head of fire extinguishing: Afanasyev I.P., senior unit driver. 7. The procedure for using communication by training participants: verbally, by radio search telephone with a set-top box at the beginning of the conversation of the “training” signal. 8. The placement of intermediaries and checking the readiness of fire extinguishing equipment are carried out before the start of the training: the start of the training is announced via radio search communication, introductions are given orally or using training posters (the list of training posters is presented below). The fire brigade is called by telephone, and the fire brigade is met by a person appointed by the training leader. 9. Purpose (objective) of the training: monitoring and practicing the activities of operational personnel during a fire in RVP-A. 10. Operating mode of the unit equipment before the accident occurred: the unit operates in a mode close to the nominal one, fuel oil. Protections have been introduced: protection valid for emergency unloading of the unit up to 50% N eno with the permission of the chief engineer, brought out to eliminate a defect in the work, automatic regulators are included in the work. 11. Condition of fire extinguishing equipment: normal. 12. The cause of the accident, its development and consequences: due to the collapse of part of the packing, the RVP-A jams and shuts down. The block operator begins to unload the block to 50% N uh no. The blocking that acts to close the valves on the gas pipelines before and after RVP-A does not work. Locally it is possible to close the gate on the gas pipeline after RVP-A. The gate on the gas pipeline in front of RVP-A does not close due to jamming. As a result of the entry of hot gases into the stopped RVP-A, soot deposits ignite in it. The block stops abnormally. Measures are being taken to extinguish the fire in RVP-A. After the fire has been extinguished, the equipment is taken out for repair. 13. Cause of fire ignition and its development: ignition of soot deposits in RVP-A occurs as a result of heating when the valves on the gas pipelines are not closed when the mechanism is stopped. 14. Introductory training for participants:

Introductory time	Workplace	Introductory (in the form of a poster or orally)
16 h 08 min		Poster 1. Poster 2. Test time 2 min.
16 h 10 min		Poster 3
16 h 15 min		RVP-A jammed due to the collapse of part of the cable
16 h 30 min		Poster 4. Test time 2 min.
16 h 13 min		Poster 5
16 h 20 min		Poster 5 is removed
16 h 18 min		Poster 6. Test time 2 min
16 h 20 min		Poster 7
		The gate on the gas pipeline in front of RVP-A does not close - it is jammed
16 h 20 min		Name the signs of a sunburn in a RVP. Control time 1 min
16 h 22 min		Fire in the RVP
		Unit emergency stop control
16 hours 27 minutes		The fire in the RVP has been extinguished
16 h 34 min	MB, SMB, IOC, ILO	End of training

15. Detection, development and elimination of fire. The unit driver, having discovered the RVP-A shutdown (reports to the senior unit driver), begins unloading up to 50% N he demands that the boiler operator inspect the mechanism and find out the reason for its shutdown. While monitoring the operation of the interlocks to turn off the RVP, he notices that the valves on the gas side do not close. Attempts to duplicate the action of locks - unsuccessfully. Requires the boiler operator to close the valve in place, the duty instrumentation and A operator to find out the reason for the blocking failure, and the EC shift supervisor to check the serviceability of the RVP-A engine. Receives a report from the boiler operator about mechanical jamming of RVP-A due to the collapse of part of the packing, a message about jamming of the gate on the gas pipeline to RVP-A (the gate behind RVP-A is closed manually). The unit operator requires the boiler operator to strengthen control over RVP-A. The driver-inspector reports to the ground that there are signs of fire in RVP-A. The unit operator makes a decision to emergency stop the unit and reports the decision taken senior unit driver. The senior unit driver gives instructions to the unit driver on fire-fighting actions, reports to the station shift manager about the emergency situation and fire. The training leader, together with the senior unit driver, organizes a fire extinguishing operations center in the event of a fire spreading outside the unit. The unit operator controls the correct operation of the protection that stops the unit. Turns on the fire extinguishing system in RVP-A. Performs emergency stop operations of the unit that are not included in the scope of operations performed by the protection. Requires the turbine operator to check the operation of the protections locally. Performs the necessary coordination with the shift supervisor of the electrical center; the boiler operator on site monitors the activation of the fire extinguishing system. Controls drainage from the box. After the fire has been eliminated, he reports to the unit operator, follows his instructions to close the manual valves of the boiler in place, and blows out the injections in reverse. The turbine operator monitors locally the correct operation of the protection and listens to the turbine during run-down. After the fire has been eliminated, the unit's senior driver announces the all-clear for the combined training. 16. Evaluation of the participants’ actions and training in general. The unit driver's actions are assessed in accordance with the protocol. The assessment of the actions of the boiler operator is carried out in accordance with the protocol. The assessment of the actions of the senior unit driver, boiler operator, ILO, due to the insignificant workload during the training, is carried out without a protocol, directly by intermediaries. When analyzing a training session, evaluate the results of the training participants’ activities using activity cards indicating the joint actions of the training participants, the presence armbands,competency training posters. The main criterion for assessing training as a whole is the correctness of the participants’ actions, assessed by the protocol method. The training program was compiled by (last name, first name, patronymic, position). The program has been agreed upon (last name, first name, patronymic, position). I checked the training program (last name, first name, patronymic, position). We got acquainted with the training program. Results of the training: MB assessment - IOC assessment - SMB assessment - ILO assessment - Assessment of the training as a whole -

Activities based on the results of the training:

List of training posters:

POSTER 1. “Assess the operating mode of the equipment. Give a brief description" POSTER 2. "4PZ is out" POSTER 3. Display "No rotation of RVP-A" POSTER 4. "Name the signs of shutdown of RVP-A" POSTER 5. "The fittings on the flue gas side of RVP-A do not open" POSTER 6 "Characterize the state of the gas-air path after turning off the draft mechanisms one line at a time" POSTER 7. "The gate on the gas pipeline in front of RVP-A does not close."

Activity map of the unit driver during training

	Reference activity and expected trainee responses	Control time for task completion	Mediator's comments	Gross mistakes of the trainee
Assess the operating mode of the equipment. Give brief description	The unit carries a load close to the rated one, protection has been introduced to reduce the load of the unit, automatic regulators are in operation
Name the signs of RVP-A shutdown	The green RVP-A light on the mnemonic symbol is flashing. Zero readings of the ammeter of the RVP-A electric motor. The “No rotation RVP-A” display is flashing. The alarm panel “Disconnection of one RVP” is on. Parameters: = 40 (± 5) ° C;
Controls the boiler unit: closing of the fuel oil valve, fuel oil shut-off valve, valves on the fuel oil supply to the burners, on the fuel oil recirculation line; turning off blower fans, gas recirculation exhaust fans; turning off the regulator and closing the guide vanes of the blower fans; closing dampers on air and gas pipelines before and after RVP-B, dampers after and before gas recirculation smoke exhausters; closing of control feed valves, shut-off valves on the water supply for injection Controls the turbine unit: closing of the main steam valves, seating of stop valves, closure check valves(KOS) selections; turning off the PTN and not turning on the PEN via AVR; opening of the BVK, PSBU, valves for injection into the desuperheaters of discharges into the condenser; transfer of the D-7ATA deaerator to power supply with steam from the CH manifold; closing the valves on the steam pipeline from the third extraction to the STP and on the pressure of the STP Additional actions:
		Requires the IOC and ILO to check the implementation of the protection action in place. Controls: the absence of combustion in the firebox; disconnecting the generator from the network when N e = 0; P r.st = 0; closing the valves on the steam supply line to an external source; closing the valve at the PTN exhaust; transfer of seals to MV steam supply; shutdown of one BPN, KN-1 and KN-P, NRT; closing the water supply to the gas coolers in agreement with the shift manager of the electrical center, turning off the NTO; levels in D-7ATA, condenser, steam outlet temperatures			Disconnecting the generator from the network before closing the main steam valves, stop valve and WWTP valve
		Do you require the ILO to listen to the turbine during run-down, rotation of the turbine using a shaft turning device?	Total time 25 min
Mediator _________________ (signature) The assessment of training actions has been reviewed by: __________________ (signature)

1. Poster for hanging on control keys of switches and symbols of switches of telemechanized control panels

POSTER No. 1	POSTER No. 2

Posters No. 1 and 2 are used to show the positions of the switches. To show the off position of an automatically turned off switch, poster No. 1 is hung with the inscription “Flashing”, and to show the automatically turned on switch, poster No. 2 with the same inscription is hung up. Acknowledgment of the control key (matching the position of the control key and the switch) should be done by turning over the posters. In this case, on the key or symbol of the switch that has turned off, there will be a poster with the inscription “Off”, and on the key of the switch that has turned on, there will be a sign with the inscription “On”. If, during the training, a participant needs to turn on the switch, on the control key of which there is a poster with the inscription “Disabled,” he says: “I turn on the switch,” and removes the poster from the control key. When this switch is disconnected from the protection, the person in control must again display poster No. 1 with the inscription “Flashing”, as well as the poster “Siren” (see below). If the switch is not turned on by the control key, then poster No. 1 is posted with the inscription “Flashing”. Similar actions with posters are performed when the switch is turned off. 2. Poster for hanging on voltmeters

No voltage

It is hung to show the disappearance of voltage on live parts. 3. Tags for hanging on alarm devices

Posted to show how the protection works. 4. Tag for hanging on the alarm board. A narrow colored strip is attached to the window of the board (on the edge).

5. Poster for sound signal

1. When conducting network-wide training, operational field and operational repair teams should be involved in participation in them, traveling to the site as directed by the superior operational personnel participating in the training. In this case, the time required to assemble the team and repair equipment, the time spent on the trip, and the equipment of the vehicle should be checked. At the same time, the condition of the communications equipment is checked. 2. On block boards of power units and other boards with a large number of instruments, symbols of equipment and shut-off valves, alarms, etc., where hanging posters and tags in the required quantity is impossible, it is recommended to provide information about the emergency situation in the form of a card, for example: Mnemonic diagram shows: valves No. 3, 7, 10, 11 are closed, valves No. 4, 8 are open. The alarm board lit up: increase in steam temperature, decrease in feed water pressure. This card is issued during the training process to its participants to familiarize themselves with the situation and is then returned to the supervisor, who reflects on it all changes during the training and is issued to the trainee upon request. It should be noted that such a card should not contain information about the readings of measuring instruments. The supervisor must provide information about their readings at the request of the training participants, and it is necessary to report only the readings of the instruments pointed to by the trainee. 3. All types of training should be carried out in conditions as close as possible to the real ones that may arise for personnel in such an accident. For example, when conducting training in a situation where there is a loss of power to the SI in the premises where the training is taking place, the working lighting can be turned off; when conducting training in a situation where there is no power to consumers, the actions of personnel can be hampered by calls from subscribers or other distractions (messages about fires, accidents, etc.). The degree of difficulty of training using distractions should be varied depending on the experience of the participants. 4. When conducting plant-wide, network-wide, dispatch, system-wide and intersystem training, conversations of the person in charge of the liquidation of a simulated accident should be recorded on a tape recorder. This will teach operational personnel to conduct negotiations more clearly, reduce the number of misunderstandings that arise during training reviews, and make it possible to use training recordings when conducting briefings, etc. 5. When conducting training at power plants, when a lot of people accumulate at certain workplaces and there is a danger of disorientation of the personnel of the working shift, special insignia should be used for persons participating in the training. Such signs can be armbands of different colors for trainees and supervisors.

Appendix 5

JOURNAL FORM FOR ACCOUNTING EMERGENCY TRAININGS

Accounting for emergency training

Training date	Last name of the training participant and position held by him	Topic and location of the training	Rating, comments and suggestions	Signature of training participants
	Ivanov P.I. - duty engineer	Short circuit on 220 kV buses of substation No. 1	Ivanov P.I. - "Fine"
	Petrov A.A. - senior duty electrician		Petrov - “satisfactory.” Work through instructions for maintaining differential protection of busbars and breaker failure protection 220 kV

Signatures of the training director and supervisors indicating the position

Appendix 6

ACCOUNTING JOURNAL FORM______________________________ (shop, facility and joint) FIRE TRAINING
Training date	Topic and location of fire training (facility, training ground)	Participant information			Notes and suggestions for training	Note on the implementation of proposals and elimination of comments
		Full Name	Job title	Trainer's signature
The training leader gives an overall assessment of the fire drill. Signatures: Training leader _________________________ Intermediaries (if appointed) _________________________ Supervisors (if present at the training) _________________________

1. General Provisions. 1 2. Classification of training. 2 3. Frequency of training. 4 4. Training preparation activities. 4 5. Methodology of training. 7 5.1. General instructions. 7 5.2. Training according to schemes.. 7 5.3. Training with conditional actions of personnel. 8 5.4. Training with control actions on valves and motor switches on idle equipment. 10 5.5. Training using technical personnel training tools. 10 5.6. Combined training. 11 6. Analysis of training. 11 7. Development of measures based on the results of training. 11 Appendix 1 Form of the annual emergency training schedule with an example of completion. 13 Appendix 2 An example of a program for organizing and conducting block emergency preparedness training, combined with fire safety, on the topic: “Ignition of soot deposits in RVP-A (Emergency shutdown of the unit).” 14 Appendix 3 Some types of recommended posters and their application. 16 Appendix 4 Additional recommendations for individual training sessions. 17 Appendix 5 Logbook form for recording emergency drills. 17 Appendix 6 Logbook form for recording fire drills. 17

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• Resolution 1060 On approval of the Regulations on the procedure for preparing, considering and conducting state examination of technical, economic and commercial offers and justifications for the feasibility, effectiveness and possibility of participation Russian organizations in the construction of facilities abroad on the basis of intergovernmental agreements on economic and technical cooperation

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION OF THE USSR

RULES
EMERGENCY TRAINING OF PERSONNEL
ELECTRIC PLANTS AND NETWORKS
USSR MINISTRY OF ENERGY

RD 34.12.201-88

SO 153-34.12.201-88

SERVICE OF EXCELLENCE FOR SOYUZTEKHENERGO

Moscow 1989

DEVELOPED by the enterprise "Yuzhtekhenergo", Production Association for setting up, improving technology and operating power plants and networks "Soyuztekhenergo" CONTRACTORS N.S. DOLGONOSOV, A.G. TUMANOV, L.M. SLONEVSKAYA (Yuzhtekhenergo), A.S. ZVEREV (MGP "Soyuztechenergo") APPROVED by the State Inspectorate for the Operation of Power Plants and Networks 08/12/88. Chief Engineer A.D. SHCHERBAKOV

RULES FOR CONDUCTING EMERGENCY TRAININGS OF PERSONNEL OF POWER PLANTS AND NETWORKS OF THE USSR MINISTRY OF ENERGY

RD 34.12.201-88

Expiration date set

until 01/01/94

These Rules establish the procedure for preparing, conducting and reviewing emergency drills in the workplace using modern technical training tools. The rules apply to the personnel of joint dispatching departments, dispatching departments of power systems and energy enterprises. With the release of these Rules, the “Unified methodology for preparing and conducting emergency training exercises for personnel of power plants and networks” (Moscow: STSNTI ORGRES, 1972) is canceled.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Emergency training (hereinafter referred to as training) is one of the mandatory forms of industrial and technical training and advanced training of operating personnel of power plants, joint dispatching departments, dispatching departments of power systems, electrical and heat networks. 1.2. The training is aimed at solving the following tasks: testing the ability of personnel to independently and on the basis of collective actions of shift personnel to prevent the development of accidents, in the best way to ensure their elimination; provision of first aid and release of the victim from the effects of electric current (qualification control); ensuring the formation or restoration of skills in making operational decisions and operating in a difficult security environment in conditions of limited time for solving management problems (training); identification of necessary organizational and technical measures aimed at improving the work of personnel and increasing the reliability of equipment (recommendations). 1.3. Training is carried out in the form of a game with the reproduction of violations in the operation of equipment, imitation of operational activities to eliminate an emergency situation, and assessments of these activities. 1.4. The main actors during the training are the training leader, training participants and intermediaries performing organizational and supervisory functions. 1.5. The effectiveness of training depends on the quality of its preparation, the degree of proximity of the reproduced accident situation to the working one, the reliability of assessments of the activities of the training participants and the quality of the training analysis. Achieving the best training results requires good organization and rational use of tools and methods. 1.6. The accumulated experience of conducting training in accordance with the current “Unified methodology for preparing and conducting emergency training exercises for personnel of power plants and networks” (Moscow: STSNTI ORGRES, 1972) shows that in the practice of energy enterprises there is a high level of conditionality of training activities and subjectivity in the organization of current control and evaluation of results, this is caused mainly by the impossibility of real actions on operating equipment and the low level of mechanization and automation of training. Minimizing and completely eliminating these shortcomings is possible by using new technical training tools in training (simulators, automated computer-based training systems with automatic control functions, training grounds, etc. ), algorithmic descriptions of operational activities (action plans, situation assessment trees, observation maps). 1.7. These Rules are drawn up taking into account the existing positive experience of leading energy enterprises, as well as the requirements of the current “Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks” (M.: Energia, 1977), “Standard instructions for the prevention and elimination of accidents at thermal power plants. TI 34-66-061-87" (M.: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1987), "Basic scientific and technical requirements for the creation of an industry-wide system for training operating personnel of energy enterprises using technical means" (M.: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1987), "Instructions on the construction of a complex of training and training systems for training operating personnel of power units of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, power grid enterprises, power systems and associations" (Moscow: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1986). 1.8. It is recommended to combine emergency drills with fire drills. The organization of combined emergency and fire drills, as well as fire drills that are carried out separately, must comply with the requirements of the “Instructions for organizing fire drills at energy enterprises and in organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy” (Appendix to Order of the USSR Ministry of Energy No. 267 dated July 23, 1984). The fire extinguishing leader, along with the training leader, training participants and intermediaries, takes part in the emergency training combined with the fire drill.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF TRAININGS

2.1. Emergency training should be carried out in joint dispatch control departments (UDD), in dispatch control departments (DU) of power systems, at power plants, in electrical and thermal networks. In Fig. 1 presents the main types of emergency training, indicating the location of their implementation. 2.2. The ODU conducts inter-system and dispatch training. An intersystem training is considered to be one in which emergency situations are common to the equipment of several power systems and in which, together with the ODU dispatcher, the personnel directly subordinate to him or her at least three facilities participate. A control room in an ODU is considered to be a training session that provides for the participation in the liquidation of an emergency situation only by ODU dispatchers. 2.3. System-wide and dispatcher trainings are conducted at power systems control rooms. A system-wide training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of a certain section of the power system with power plants, network enterprises (districts), substations and other facilities located in it, and in which, together with the power system dispatcher, personnel directly subordinate to him in at least four areas participate. Dispatcher training in the power system control room is considered to be a training session that provides for the participation of only power system dispatchers in the liquidation of an emergency situation. 2.4. At power plants, plant-wide, block and shop training is conducted.

Rice. 1. Types of emergency training

A plant-wide training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of at least half of the existing workshops connected by a single technological process for the production of thermal and electrical energy and in which the operating personnel of these workshops participate together with the duty engineer of the power plant. A block training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of one unit and in which the participation of all operating personnel of the unit is provided. Workshop training is considered to be training that is carried out with the personnel of one workshop. Shop training can be carried out simultaneously with the staff of the entire workshop shift or alternately with the staff of individual workplaces. Operating personnel from another workshop, whose equipment is connected with the equipment of this workshop, may be involved in workshop training. 2.5. In electrical networks, network-wide, dispatch, district, precinct, and substation trainings are carried out. In heating networks, network-wide, dispatch, and regional trainings are carried out. Network-wide training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of a certain section of the network with the areas (or part thereof), substations and other objects located in it, and in which operational personnel of at least four facilities or areas participate together with the network manager. Dispatching in networks is considered to be a training that involves the participation in the elimination of an emergency situation of a shift of electrical network (district) dispatchers. A district training is one in which the emergency situation involves the equipment of one region and in which the operating personnel of that region participates. A site training is considered to be a training in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of a site and in which the operational personnel servicing this section of the network participates. Substation training is carried out at substations with operating personnel on constant duty. 2.6. The considered types of emergency training are divided into planned and extraordinary. A planned training is considered to be a training that is carried out in accordance with the annual personnel work plan approved by the management of the enterprise. Extraordinary training is considered to be training that is carried out above the plan by special order of the enterprise management in the following cases: if an accident or failure to work occurs due to the fault of personnel; upon receipt of unsatisfactory grades based on the results of a planned training session; when analyzing individual accidents according to the recommendations of emergency circulars; after vacation or long-term illness of operational workers. 2.7. Depending on the number of participants, training is divided into group and individual. Group training is considered to be emergency training conducted with several participants. Individual training is considered to be one conducted with an individual operational worker. Individual training is carried out in the following cases: with personnel who are allowed to perform independent operational work for the first time after undergoing duplication at the workplace; in case of errors made by operational personnel during work related to turning off and turning on units, mechanisms, switching equipment, when interacting with subsystems of automated process control systems, etc.; after accidents that occurred during start-up, shutdown or equipment failure in normal modes; in case of unsatisfactory grades obtained as a result of individual control and in group training, after vacation, illness, etc. 2.8. According to the method of conducting training, they are divided into: training according to schemes; training with conditional actions of personnel; training with impacts on valves and motor switches on non-working equipment (under repair or taken out of reserve); training using technical personnel training tools; combined training. 2.8.1. Training according to schemes is carried out using technological schemes without indicating the actions at workplaces and equipment, without limiting the time for performing exercises. In such training, staff develop the skills to quickly make the right decisions and issue the necessary orders. Using this method, training should be carried out with senior duty personnel to ensure that they understand the features of the scheme, its flexibility and possibilities for use in emergency response. Scheme training allows us to identify the level of knowledge of the scheme, its features and capabilities, as well as determine the coordination of shift personnel when receiving information and issuing orders. 2.8.2. Training with conditional actions of personnel is carried out in real time and with mandatory access of participants to the places of operations. Using this method, training should be carried out with operational personnel directly servicing production areas. 2.8.3. Training with impacts on valves and motor switches on non-working equipment (under repair or taken out of reserve) is carried out with the aim of practicing and strengthening certain professional techniques among personnel. For example, transferring the generator excitation from the main exciter to the backup one, taking a gas sample from a gas relay, manually turning on switches by jacking, eliminating minor equipment defects, etc. 2.8.4. Training using technical means of personnel training is carried out using simulators, automated computer-based training systems, training grounds based on algorithmic descriptions of operational activities. In such trainings, personnel develop skills in recognizing technological modes, identifying the causes of deviations and violations, planning activities to eliminate deviations and violations, ensuring stable operation of equipment, and developing professional work practices. The advantages of this method are associated with the ability to perform real actions, practice reactions to changes in equipment operating modes in real time, form generalized assessments of the quality of training tasks, automate the recording of training progress, etc. 2.8.5. Combined training allows you to use the advantages of each of the listed methods when solving a selected technological problem. For example, combinations of training on a simulator and conditional actions of personnel at the workplace or using an automated training system, or on a simulator and real actions on equipment put into reserve, etc., are of interest. The effectiveness of combining different types of training is determined by the capabilities of the available training tools and the quality of the unifying combined training program. 2.9. Based on the nature of the relationship with fire drills, emergency drills are divided into combined and separate.

3. FREQUENCY OF TRAININGS

3.1. Each employee from among the operational personnel of control systems of energy systems, power plants, boiler houses, electrical and heating network enterprises must participate in planned emergency drills at least once a quarter. The frequency of group planned emergency training is indicated in Table. 1. 3.2. Inter-system and system training, due to the complexity of their organization, is recommended to be carried out once or twice a year at the discretion of the head of the control department (for inter-system training) and the chief engineer of the power system (for system-wide training). 3.3. Managers, specialists and employees (RS) of power plants and networks who are not operational personnel, but are involved in the production of switching as intermediaries, and with operational and repair personnel, training is carried out each time after checking their knowledge of safety rules (or simultaneously with the check) . 3.4. At new facilities of energy enterprises, during the first two years of operation, the number of training sessions may be increased at the discretion of the enterprise management. 3.5. For shift personnel in which an accident or work failure occurred due to the fault of duty or operational repair personnel, additional training may be assigned by order of the chief engineer of the power plant or network, or the head of the dispatch service, taking into account the mistakes made.

Table 1

Frequency of group planned emergency training

Location	Type of training	Frequency
		for this type of training	for all types of emergency training conducted in this unit
Joint control centers	Intersystem	Once - twice a year	Four times a year with each shift. In addition, each dispatcher must take part in the preparation and conduct of at least one training session with the personnel directly subordinate to him
	Control room	Two to three times a year with each shift
Power system control rooms	System-wide	Once - twice a year	Four times a year with each shift. In addition, each dispatcher must take part in the preparation and conduct of at least one plant-wide or network-wide training together with the chief engineer of the power plant or network enterprise with on-site training
	Control room	Two - three times and a year with each shift
Power station			Four times a year (fire safety - at least twice a year) with each shift. In addition, each duty engineer (shift supervisor) of the station must take part in the preparation and conduct of at least one workshop training together with the head of the corresponding workshop
	Shop	Three times a year with each shift (fire-fighting workshops - 1 time a year with each shift)
		Four times a year with each shift (fire fighting at least twice a year with each shift)	Four times a year (fire safety - at least twice a year) with each shift
Network enterprises		Once a year with each shift	Four times a year (fire safety - at least twice a year) with each shift. In addition, each network enterprise (district) dispatcher must take part in preparing and conducting at least one training session with subordinate personnel
	Control room	Three to four times a year with each shift
		Three to four times a year (fire fighting - at least twice a year) with each shift

4. TRAINING PREPARATION EVENTS

4.1. Emergency training is prepared on the basis of a training schedule, a list of recommended topics, and training programs. 4.2. At each energy enterprise (as well as in the control rooms of power systems and control centers), an annual schedule (Appendix 1) must be drawn up for conducting emergency drills that are of a general nature for the entire enterprise. The annual schedule must be included in the annual personnel work plan and approved by management in accordance with Table. 2. Based on the training schedule of the enterprise (energy system), a training schedule for the structural unit must be drawn up, which additionally includes training that is not related to other units. This schedule is part of the work schedule for the personnel of your department. The division's schedule must be agreed upon with the training and production and technical training engineer, operational inspector engineer, safety engineer and approved by the enterprise management. Every month, for each structural unit of the enterprise (production energy association), as part of the overall monthly work plan of the unit, training schedules are developed taking into account the annual schedule and current production activities. Monthly schedules must be approved by the management of the structural unit. Monthly schedules should indicate: type of training; date of its holding; personnel shift involved; training leader. The training leader is responsible for its preparation and conduct. The person indicated in the table is appointed as the training leader. 2, and in case of absence - his deputy. When conducting systemic, network-wide, district and station-wide trainings from among the persons indicated in table. 2, training leaders at the sites are also appointed.

Types of emergency training and conditions for their implementation

table 2

Location	Type of training	Who approves the program	Supervisor	Method of implementation	Training participants
Joint Dispatch Directorate	Intersystem	Head of ODU		According to the scheme	Change of ODU dispatchers together with subordinate personnel
	Control room	Chief dispatcher of ODU	Chief dispatcher of the ODU or head of the dispatch service of the ODU	According to the scheme	Change of dispatchers
Power system dispatch control	System	Chief engineer of POEE	Chief engineer of POEE or head of dispatch service of POEE	According to the scheme	Change of power system dispatchers with subordinate personnel
	Control room	Head of dispatch service POEE	Head of the POEE dispatch service or his deputy	According to the scheme	Power system dispatcher diagram
Power station	General station or block (facility fire protection)		Chief engineer of the power plant and his deputy		Station or block shift personnel
	Shop	Foreman	Head of the workshop or his deputy	With conditional and oval actions of personnel	Shop shift staff
Power plant with shopless structure	General station (on-site fire protection)	Chief engineer of the power plant	Chief engineer of the power plant	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Station shift staff
Network enterprises	Network-wide or district (on-site fire protection)	Chief engineer of a network enterprise (district)	Chief engineer or head of the operational dispatch service of a network enterprise (district)	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Shift personnel of the enterprise networks (district), OVB and ORB
	Control room	Head of operational dispatch service	Head of the UDF	According to the scheme	Changing network managers (district)
	Precinct and substation (on-site fire protection)	Head of a section or substation	Heads of sections, substations	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Operating personnel of a network site or substation

When conducting a workshop or site emergency drill, combined with a fire drill, the head of the training is appointed fire extinguishing supervisor (FEM) from among the engineering and technical personnel: for a workshop training - the workshop shift supervisor, for a facility training - the station shift supervisor (dispatcher of the enterprise, network district, duty officer substations). 4.3. When compiling a list of recommended training topics, it is necessary to focus on the recommendations given in the “List of topics for emergency training of operating personnel” (M.: SPO Soyuztekhenergo, 1987) taking into account: accidents and cases of operational failures that occurred in power systems, power plants and networks; possible emergency situations on equipment specified in standard instructions and other policy documents on accident prevention; existing equipment defects or possible abnormal operating conditions of a given power plant, network area or energy system; seasonal phenomena that threaten the normal operation of equipment (thunderstorms, ice, transformations, floods, etc.); the possibility of fires in emergency conditions; commissioning of new, unexploited equipment, new electrical and thermal circuits and modes. 4.4. When preparing a training session, the choice of topic should be made by its leader, and the training director can entrust the preparation of the program to another person who has the necessary knowledge and work experience. The training topic should be real in its content and should not be based on schemes and regimes that include many conventions and overlapping accidents. If the training is carried out on a work bench, then it is recommended to take as the initial scheme and mode of operation of the equipment the scheme and mode that should be at the workplace by the time the training begins. In this case, the following should be additionally taken into account: forced changes in equipment operating patterns and modes caused by repair work; availability of staff on site; state of communication (its presence and quality) between objects; design features of the equipment. 4.5. For the selected training topic, a detailed program for its organization and conduct should be drawn up. The recommended form and example of the program are presented in Appendix 2. The program should indicate the following main indicators of the training: type of training and its topic; date, time, place of training; training method; last name, first name, patronymic, position of the training leader; last name, first name, patronymic, position of fire extinguishing leader (for training combined with fire fighting); list of training participants for each workplace (last name, first name, patronymic of each person); a list of intermediaries indicating the control area, last name, first name, patronymic and position (employees who are well aware of the layout and equipment of the area, as well as the instructions, rights and responsibilities of the persons serving the area, should be appointed as intermediaries, and the number of training participants controlled by one person is determined in each specific case when drawing up the program); the actions of the fire extinguishing leader are controlled by the training leader; the purpose (objective) of the training; conditional time of occurrence of the accident; diagram and mode of operation of the equipment before the accident occurred, indicating deviations from the normal schemes (modes) of operation of the equipment; condition of fire extinguishing equipment (for training combined with fire fighting equipment); causes of the accident, its development and consequences; the cause of the fire, a description of the development of the fire and the operation of automatic fire extinguishing equipment (for training combined with fire fighting); time-balanced description of the optimal sequence of actions of participants in emergency response training (possible options and their comparative characteristics); method of transmitting the introductory part of the training, conditioned signals and messages during the training; the procedure for using communications by training participants; procedure for using additional technical means; a list of required training posters and tags; activity map of each training participant. It is advisable to attach to the program a description of the most likely erroneous actions of training participants with recommendations for assessing the actions of trainees. During the development process, the training program should be discussed with the managers of the sites where the training will be carried out, with the involvement, if necessary, of highly qualified equipment maintenance specialists. The developed program must be signed by the training director. Depending on the type of training, the program is approved by the person indicated in the table. 2. In the absence of this person, his deputies can approve the program. Systemic, network-wide and district training programs must be agreed upon with the managers of participating enterprises. Station-wide training programs must be agreed upon with the heads of participating structural units. 4.6. When conducting emergency drills combined with fire drills, the RSS and work managers of higher organizations of the USSR Ministry of Energy, as well as the central apparatus of the fire safety department, paramilitary security and civil defense of the USSR Ministry of Energy, who are required to take part in the analysis of fire drills and give an assessment, may be present as intermediaries. actions of training participants. 4.7. If the training being prepared will not be carried out at the workplace, then before it begins, you should check the availability and serviceability of the special equipment that will be used during the training process, and the completeness of the necessary documentation. 4.8. When preparing a training session with conditional actions of personnel on equipment, you should check and, if necessary, replenish the previously prepared set of training posters and tags with appropriate inscriptions, through which the switching equipment, shut-off valves, instrument readings, protection devices, alarms, etc. are simulated. The material from which posters and tags are made must comply with safety regulations. They must differ in shape and color from those used in operation, have the inscription “training”, and also have devices for fastening in place (ears, rope loops, miniature magnets, etc.). Their size must be such that, when placed on equipment or control devices, they do not interfere with personnel’s work. Some types of recommended posters are given in Appendix 3. 4.9. If the training is carried out at the workplace, then changes in the operation of equipment using posters and tags should be displayed to an extent sufficient to unambiguously determine the cause of the emergency. At the same time, if the required number of posters and tags is so large that their location makes it difficult for the working personnel to act, provision should be made for the production of a special card. The specified card must be handed (presented) to the participant(s) of the training and contain the necessary information in a brief form. 4.10. If the training program for practicing negotiations involves the use of sound recording equipment, then its installation and check of serviceability must be carried out before the start of the training. 4.11. Before conducting the training, its leader must conduct a preliminary analysis of the program with the training leaders at the sites and with intermediaries, while the procedure for the participants’ actions is clarified and possible mistakes of the trainees are discussed. The topic and program of the training are not communicated to the operating personnel participating in it in advance.

5. TRAINING METHODOLOGY

5.1. General instructions

5.1.1. Group training should generally be conducted during off-duty hours. Individual training, with the permission of the head of the relevant department, can be carried out during duty, if this is not prevented by the trainee’s workload and the situation at the workplace. The time spent on emergency and fire safety training is included in the working hours of the trainees. 5.1.2. When conducting training, the topic may include issues related to working in special modes and fire drills, and in enterprises and equipment with an increased fire hazard, it is recommended to combine fire drills with emergency drills. 5.1.3. When conducting training, participants must strictly adhere to safety rules. 5.1.4. Immediately before the start of the training, the readiness of technical and training means should be checked, telephone and radio search communication between its participants should be organized, and the training methodology should be clarified in connection with possible changes in the technical means used in comparison with the program, taking into account the peculiarities of training according to schemes, with conditional actions of personnel , with control actions on idle equipment, using technical training tools and combined training. 5.1.5. All types of training begin with an introductory part and end with analysis and summing up.

5.2. Training according to schemes

5.2.1. The following trainings are carried out according to the schemes: inter-system and dispatching control rooms, general-system and dispatching power systems, dispatching electrical and heat networks. 5.2.2. Training according to the schemes can be carried out directly at the workplace or in places adapted for this and having the necessary equipment. To conduct training, trainees must have diagrams of the areas they serve, on which, before starting training, they mark with a pencil the position of switching equipment or shut-off valves, disconnected areas, areas that have deviations from normal operation, etc. at the time before the accident. The facilitator or training leader should have the same diagram. 5.2.3. If training according to the schemes is carried out at workplaces, then it is allowed to use all existing information display and communication means with the adoption of additional measures for non-interference in the technological process and the immediate termination of training at the request of those on duty if the security situation becomes more difficult. 5.2.4. Before the start of the training, the participants are informed of the introductory part, which indicates: the section of the technological diagram on which the emergency situation will be simulated; operating mode preceding the occurrence of an emergency; deviations from the normal pattern; procedure for using communication; time of occurrence of an emergency. If necessary, information about meteorological conditions and seasonal phenomena (flood, ice, thunderstorm, etc.) is provided. 5.2.5. The training begins with messages from intermediaries or training leaders about changes in the regime, equipment shutdowns, and readings from the mnemonic diagram and instruments at the trainees’ workplaces. 5.2.6. Training according to the schemes is carried out in the form of operational negotiations between trainees and with intermediaries, and the latter can negotiate on behalf of persons from the operational personnel serving the site, with the exception of personnel directly involved in the training. Negotiations should be conducted in the same way as they would be conducted in a real work environment, with the exception of on-the-job training where the word “training” is added before the message. 5.2.7. Trainees, receiving messages about changes that occurred as a result of the accident and the actions of personnel to eliminate it, reflect them on the diagram according to which the training is carried out. 5.2.8. Training with a shift of dispatchers consisting of several people is also carried out in the form of operational negotiations between each of the trainees and their intermediary. However, when conducting such training, it is recommended to place the training participants in one room and the facilitators in another. Each participant in the negotiation training must have a direct telephone connection with the person controlling his actions. With this method of conducting training, each of the training dispatchers is provided with information about the development of the accident and the progress of its elimination only for the section of the circuit he serves. A complete picture of the development of events during the training is obtained by summing up the information available to each participant. Such summation should be carried out on a general diagram, on which those participating in the training note all the changes that occur. 5.2.9. Intersystem and system-wide training can be conducted in one of the following ways: participants in the training are located outside their workplace in the same or different rooms. To conduct a training session, it is necessary to have a telephone connection between the persons participating in the training. Each of the trainees must have a diagram of their area, according to which all operations to eliminate a simulated accident are carried out. The introductory part must be communicated to each trainee, indicating all existing deviations from the normal regime. This information is reported by the training director for all participants at the same time, or it is transmitted by the person who controls the actions of the trainee at his site (in the case of placing training participants in the premises of his own departments). The beginning of the training can be a message from the training leader about a change that has occurred in any area; Those participating in the training are located at their workplaces. To conduct a training session, it is necessary to allocate one communication channel for each place, through which all negotiations related to the training should be conducted. Routine operation of the power system or association at this time must be carried out through other communication channels. If any power system facility (power plant, substation, network control center) has only one communication channel with the power system dispatcher, then it is not recommended to involve the personnel of this facility in conducting system-wide training. 5.2.10. In Fig. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of communication means and placement of intermediaries during a system-wide training involving a shift of energy system dispatchers of two people and subordinate personnel of ten objects.

Rice. 2. Structural diagram of communication means and placement of intermediaries during system-wide training:

Training participant; - intermediary, - communication channel; - an intermediary who negotiates on behalf of persons not participating in this training

5.3. Training with conditional actions of personnel

5.3.1. According to the method with conditional actions of personnel, the following types of training are carried out: station-wide, block, workshop, network-wide or district, district and substation, combined. These trainings should be carried out directly at the workplace. 5.3.2. Participants in training must strictly comply with safety regulations during training. It is prohibited to perform any actual operations with the equipment, or to touch the mechanisms and controls of switching equipment and shut-off valves. 5.3.3. If a truly emergency situation occurs at any site or facility, the training must be stopped. 5.3.4. Before the start of training, all working personnel must be informed about this. 5.3.5. Before the start of the training, its participants must leave their workplaces, where the intermediaries (or other persons under their direction) simulate an emergency situation using training posters and tags posted on equipment, controls, devices, protection and alarm devices, which reflect the changes that occurred as a result of the accident. Posters and tags must be hung in such a way that they do not interfere with operating personnel performing operations and observing the readings of instruments and alarm devices. 5.3.6. After the posters and tags are placed, training participants are given an introduction. The introductory part is given by the mediator or the training leader at his site. The introductory part indicates: the operating mode preceding the occurrence of an emergency; deviations from the normal pattern; procedure for using communication; time of occurrence of the accident. 5.3.7. Training participants are allowed into their workplaces only after a signal has been given about its start. Such a signal could be: a message from the training leader to all sections simultaneously by telephone or radio: “Attention participants! The training has begun"; message from intermediaries or training leaders at their sites at the appointed time: “Training has begun!” 5.3.8. When the signal is given to start the training, the persons participating in it must begin to inspect the posters and tags posted on the equipment of their area, and to eliminate the simulated accident. Changing the state of switching equipment and shut-off valves, fixing the light signals of the display and lamps (acknowledgement), control keys must be done using conditional actions by removing and turning over posters and tags, verbally explaining their actions. For example, a trainee must turn on the switch of line A, on the control key of which a “Blinking” poster is posted on the mnemonic diagram with a luminous alarm (in reality, the switch is turned on, and its automatic shutdown according to training conditions is shown using this poster). He goes to the place where the switch control key is located and says: “I acknowledge the control key for line A switch,” and turns over the poster posted on the control key of this switch. The back of the poster should say “Disconnected.” Then the trainee continues: “I turn on the switch of line A,” and removes the “Disconnected” sign. If there are no posters on the control key, this means that the position of the switch under the training conditions coincides with its real state. To show that the switch has not turned on for some reason, the agent will post a “Flashing” sign on his control key. 5.3.9. Intermediaries are required to record all actions of personnel in the trainees' activity cards, interfering with the course of the training only if it is necessary to communicate something to its participants, hang up new posters or tags, remove or turn them over depending on the actions of the personnel. 5.3.10. When conducting emergency drills combined with fire drills, the fire extinguishing supervisor conducts the training according to the program and the instructions of the fire extinguishing supervisor are mandatory for each participant in the training. 5.3.11. During a training session covering several areas, emergency situations at each of them should be changed by mediators using posters, tags, etc., taking into account the actions of the training participants not only in their own area, but also in other areas. This can be achieved by coordinating the activities of the facilitators with the training leader. For this purpose, he must be at the workplace of the operational person in charge of the liquidation of the simulated accident, monitor changes in the situation based on negotiations between training participants and messages from intermediaries and, in turn, inform the latter about the progress of the training as a whole. At the same time, the consistency of the actions of those participating in the training will not be disrupted even in the event of possible mistakes by one of the trainees, which are almost impossible to predict by the program. If it is impossible to coordinate the actions of intermediaries for any reason, then changes in emergency situations in individual areas must be carried out by intermediaries in a sequence pre-established by the program. In this case, it is also necessary to foresee how long after the start of training at a particular workplace the situation needs to be changed. For example, local training is carried out in electrical networks. The personnel of the 110 kV substation “A” (Fig. 3) were given an introductory part about the operation of the differential protection of 110 kV buses, and the personnel of the dead-end substation “B”, powered by the substation “A”, were given an introductory part about the disappearance of voltage. During the training, the personnel of substation “A” inspects the 110 kV buses, separates the damaged section, takes voltage to the 110 kV buses and gives it to substation “B”. The input about the appearance of voltage to the personnel of substation “B” is given by an intermediary either after a message from the training leader located at substation “A”, or after a certain time after the start of the training, pre-provided by the program. In this case, when drawing up a program, it is necessary to determine the time that the personnel of substation “A” should spend on inspecting 110 kV busbars, separating the damaged section and applying voltage to substation “B”. At the same time, some inconsistency in emergency situations in individual areas is possible, caused by deviations from the program during the training process. 5.3.12. It is recommended that negotiations and explanations between trainees and mediators be minimized as much as possible. You should not allow any hints, leading questions, disapproving exclamations or anything that could distract those participating in the training from their direct task of identifying the cause of the accident and eliminating the emergency situation. 5.3.13. When using telephone and radio communications simultaneously for operational and training conversations, it is necessary to announce the start of a training conversation with the word “Training”.

Rice. 3. Diagram of a section of a 110 kV electrical network with two substations:

B - switch; T - transformer; OD - separator; Short circuit - short circuit

5.3.14. It is not recommended to use telemechanics devices on equipment in operation to display the switching state of equipment and shut-off valves, transmit signals to the signal board, or artificially change the readings of measuring instruments when conducting emergency training. 5.3.15. If a truly emergency situation occurs at any site or facility, emergency drills must be stopped. 5.3.16. At the end of training, all posters and tags must be removed from the equipment.

5.4. Training with control actions on valves and motor switches on idle equipment

5.4.1. It is recommended to conduct training on non-working equipment to practice individual emergency situations. The technological situation that allows such training to occur occurs if the equipment is under repair or in reserve. It is especially recommended to conduct such training when commissioning new equipment, in order to master it by operating personnel. 5.4.2. Training on non-working equipment must be organized in such a way that its conduct does not reduce the reliability of operation of equipment in neighboring areas. 5.4.3. When choosing a training topic, you should especially pay attention to the presence in it of such elements of personnel actions that they must be able to perform, but which they rarely encounter in their daily work. Such actions include, for example, manual synchronization of a generator in emergency conditions, taking a gas sample from a gas relay of an automatically switched off transformer, switching from operating equipment to standby equipment, usually performed automatically, eliminating minor faults in electrical and thermal mechanical equipment, etc. 5.4.4. The training leader or facilitator in the introductory part reports on the operating mode and condition of the equipment at the start of the training, as well as on automatic shutdowns that have occurred and other signs of malfunctions in the operation of the equipment. Based on the information received, the training participants must begin actions to eliminate the emergency situation. For example, turbogenerator No. 1 operates at full load. Condensate pumps 1-A, 1-B are operating, pump 1-B is in reserve, the vacuum in the condenser is 96%. Pump 1-B turned off, the automation did not turn on pump 1-B. The vacuum in the capacitor begins to decrease. After assessing the situation and what happened, the trainee begins to take action to restore the normal situation. In the process of eliminating a conditional emergency situation, he must perform real actions with the equipment (for example, start pump 1-B manually), which are provided for in the training topic. In this case, he should not tell the intermediary about the procedure for his actions, the operations being performed and is obliged to tell him only what in real conditions he would tell his supervisor on the shift or the personnel of adjacent areas.

5.5. Training using technical personnel training tools

5.5.1. Technical means of personnel training, with the use of which training can be carried out, include simulators, simulators, training complexes, training grounds, stands, etc. Conducting training using technical means of training personnel allows you to: bring the training activities of operational personnel as close as possible to real ones, without affecting the operating equipment; increase the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluating training participants. The use of technical training tools complements and increases the effectiveness of traditional training methods, while the benefits of their use increase as the characteristics of technical training tools approach the characteristics of the operating personnel’s workplaces. The greatest training effect is achieved on replica simulators, the control panels of which are similar to a workplace. 5.5.2. The completeness of solving training problems when using technical teaching aids should not depend on the limitations of their functionality. This requires targeting each topic and training program towards a complete emergency task. Equipment control operations that cannot be implemented using the applied technical training tools must be reproduced conditionally, for example, in the form of a report to the supervisor. 5.5.3. Before the start of the training, its participants are informed of the introductory part, which indicates: the features of the operational circuit of the technical means of training, the existing conventions and simplifications; general characteristics of the initial mode; deviations from the normal pattern; procedure for using communication; time of occurrence of the accident; a way to evaluate the actions of trainees. 5.5.4. The training begins with the training leader giving a signal. During the training process, the training leader or an intermediary from the training control panel enters disturbances, malfunctions, simulates machine stops, turns on alarms, disables automatic devices, transfers equipment to preset modes, etc., in accordance with the training program, taking into account the specific activities of participants training. 5.5.5. The end of the training is carried out at the command of the training leader. At the same time, recording information on monitoring and evaluation of training activities is collected and recorded.

5.6. Combined workouts

5.6.1. Combined training is based on the use of a program that takes into account combinations of various training methods and technical means. 5.6.2. The energy enterprise must develop a list of combined trainings, with various options for combining methods of conducting them, as well as layouts of programs for the implementation of such trainings. 5.6.3. In the introductory part of the combined training, along with the functional initial data, the distribution of watch personnel among training workplaces is indicated. 5.6.4. The methodology for conducting combined training is based on the specified methods, in accordance with the combination used. 5.6.5. Appendix 4 provides additional guidance for specific types of training.

6. TRAINING REVIEW

6.1. Analysis of training is carried out in order to determine the correctness of actions in eliminating an accident, provided for by the topic of the training, for each of those participating in it and to identify measures that help improve the reliability of equipment operation and the safety of operating personnel. 6.2. Analysis of training should be carried out, as a rule, immediately after its completion by training leaders with the involvement of intermediaries. If it is impossible to organize a review of the training immediately after its completion (for example, after intersystem-wide and network-wide training), then it should be carried out on the following days, but no later than five days later. 6.3. All personnel participating in it must be present at the analysis of block, workshop, substation, district, dispatch and combined trainings. In order to reduce time, during the analysis of inter-system, system-wide, network-wide and plant-wide training, we can limit ourselves to the presence of personnel who participated in the training in the most important areas covered by the simulated accident. For other participants, the analysis can be carried out at their workplaces by mediators. Analysis of inter-system, system-wide and network-wide training can be done over the phone. 6.4. During the analysis, it should be clarified in relation to each participant in the training: the correct understanding of what happened; correct action to eliminate the accident; mistakes made and their reasons; correct conduct of operational negotiations and use of communication means. 6.5. When debriefing a training session, the leader listens to reports from intermediaries about the actions of the training participants, analyzes the activity cards of the trainees, and, if necessary, listens to the participants themselves, points out mistakes made and approves individual and general assessments of the training results using a four-point system. When conducting a review of an emergency drill combined with a fire drill, in addition to the above, the fire extinguishing supervisor reports to the training supervisor about the current situation and the decisions he made to extinguish the fire, as well as to prevent the development of the accident, notes the correct actions of the personnel and the shortcomings identified in the process of extinguishing the fire. It is recommended to evaluate the actions of training participants to be guided by the following: if during the training the participant makes decisions that in a real situation, if carried out, would lead to the development of an accident or an accident, then he is given an “unsatisfactory” rating; if during the training a participant makes mistakes that do not aggravate the situation, but delay the process of eliminating the emergency situation, then he is given a rating of “good” or “satisfactory”, depending on the number and nature of the mistakes; If during the training the participant acts without a single mistake, then he is given an “excellent” rating. 6.6. Persons who receive an unsatisfactory assessment of their actions during control training are subject to an extraordinary qualification inspection. (New edition, Amendment No. 1). 6.7. If half or more of the training participants received unsatisfactory grades, then training on the same topic should be conducted a second time within no more than ten days (for object-based combined training, repeated training is carried out within two weeks), and repeated training is not taken into account as planned. 6.8. The results of the training must be entered into special tables presented in the application. When conducting combined training, in addition, the results are entered into the fire-fighting training log; the form of the first page of the fire-fighting log is given in Appendix 6.

7. DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES BASED ON TRAINING RESULTS

7.1. If in the process of preparing or conducting a training it becomes clear that it is necessary to carry out measures that promote accident-free operation, then they should be entered in the emergency training log. In this case, the training leader must familiarize the heads of the relevant departments with the activities recorded in the emergency training log. Management personnel are obliged to take measures to implement these activities. 7.2. The training program, as well as the log after each training session, are transferred to the workplace of the person in charge of the liquidation of the simulated accident for the personnel participating in the training to familiarize themselves with these documents. All staff suggestions must be communicated to the training director or the head of the workshop (section, service).

Annex 1

FORM OF ANNUAL EMERGENCY TRAINING SCHEDULE WITH AN EXAMPLE OF COMPLETION

Type of training

Training leader

Distribution of participants in training by month

September

General station

Chief engineer Ivanov A.A.

Shift A, block No. 2 - 4

Shift B, block No. 1 - 3

Shift B, block No. 3 - 4

Shift G, block No. 2 - 3

Block

Deputy Chief Engineer for Operations Petrov A.B.

Shift A, block No. 1

Shift B, block No. 4

Shift B, block No. 1 - 2

Smena G, block No. 1, 4

Workshop for electrical shop

Deputy Chief Sidorov V.G.

Chief engineer signature

Appendix 2

____________________ ____________________ (energy enterprise) (approval stamp)

EXAMPLE OF A PROGRAM FOR ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING UNIT EMERGENCY TRAINING, COMBINED WITH FIRE FIGHTING, ON THE TOPIC: “COMBUSTION OF SOOO DEPOSITS IN RVP-A (EMERGENCY UNIT EMERGENCY STOP)”

1. Date, time and place of conduct: 09.22.1987, 16 o'clock, control room No. 3. 2. Conditional time of occurrence of the accident: 16 o'clock. 3. Method of training: with conditional actions of personnel on operating equipment. 4. Training leader: Petrov I.G., deputy head of the CTC. 5. Training participants and facilitators. 6. Head of fire extinguishing: Afanasyev I.P., senior unit driver. 7. The procedure for using communication by training participants: verbally, by radio search telephone with a set-top box at the beginning of the conversation of the “training” signal. 8. The placement of intermediaries and checking the readiness of fire extinguishing equipment are carried out before the start of the training: the start of the training is announced via radio search communication, introductions are given orally or using training posters (the list of training posters is presented below). The fire brigade is called by telephone, and the fire brigade is met by a person appointed by the training leader. 9. Purpose (objective) of the training: monitoring and practicing the activities of operational personnel during a fire in RVP-A. 10. Operating mode of the unit equipment before the accident occurred: the unit operates in a mode close to the nominal one, fuel oil. Protections have been introduced: protection valid for emergency unloading of the unit up to 50% N eno with the permission of the chief engineer, brought out to eliminate a defect in the work, automatic regulators are included in the work. 11. Condition of fire extinguishing equipment: normal. 12. The cause of the accident, its development and consequences: due to the collapse of part of the packing, the RVP-A jams and shuts down. The block operator begins to unload the block to 50% N uh no. The blocking that acts to close the valves on the gas pipelines before and after RVP-A does not work. Locally it is possible to close the gate on the gas pipeline after RVP-A. The gate on the gas pipeline in front of RVP-A does not close due to jamming. As a result of the entry of hot gases into the stopped RVP-A, soot deposits ignite in it. The block stops abnormally. Measures are being taken to extinguish the fire in RVP-A. After the fire has been extinguished, the equipment is taken out for repair. 13. Cause of fire ignition and its development: ignition of soot deposits in RVP-A occurs as a result of heating when the valves on the gas pipelines are not closed when the mechanism is stopped. 14. Introductory training for participants:

Introductory time	Workplace	Introductory (in the form of a poster or orally)
16 h 08 min		Poster 1. Poster 2. Test time 2 min.
16 h 10 min		Poster 3
16 h 15 min		RVP-A jammed due to the collapse of part of the cable
16 h 30 min		Poster 4. Test time 2 min.
16 h 13 min		Poster 5
16 h 20 min		Poster 5 is removed
16 h 18 min		Poster 6. Test time 2 min
16 h 20 min		Poster 7
		The gate on the gas pipeline in front of RVP-A does not close - it is jammed
16 h 20 min		Name the signs of a sunburn in a RVP. Control time 1 min
16 h 22 min		Fire in the RVP
		Unit emergency stop control
16 hours 27 minutes		The fire in the RVP has been extinguished
16 h 34 min	MB, SMB, IOC, ILO	End of training

15. Detection, development and elimination of fire. The unit driver, having discovered the RVP-A shutdown (reports to the senior unit driver), begins unloading up to 50% N he demands that the boiler operator inspect the mechanism and find out the reason for its shutdown. While monitoring the operation of the interlocks to turn off the RVP, he notices that the valves on the gas side do not close. Attempts to duplicate the action of locks - unsuccessfully. Requires the boiler operator to close the valve in place, the duty instrumentation and A operator to find out the reason for the blocking failure, and the EC shift supervisor to check the serviceability of the RVP-A engine. Receives a report from the boiler operator about mechanical jamming of RVP-A due to the collapse of part of the packing, a message about jamming of the gate on the gas pipeline to RVP-A (the gate behind RVP-A is closed manually). The unit operator requires the boiler operator to strengthen control over RVP-A. The driver-inspector reports to the ground that there are signs of fire in RVP-A. The unit driver makes a decision to emergency stop the unit and reports the decision to the senior unit driver. The senior unit driver gives instructions to the unit driver on fire-fighting actions, reports to the station shift manager about the emergency situation and fire. The training leader, together with the senior unit driver, organizes a fire extinguishing operations center in the event of a fire spreading outside the unit. The unit operator controls the correct operation of the protection that stops the unit. Turns on the fire extinguishing system in RVP-A. Performs emergency stop operations of the unit that are not included in the scope of operations performed by the protection. Requires the turbine operator to check the operation of the protections locally. Performs the necessary coordination with the shift supervisor of the electrical center; the boiler operator on site monitors the activation of the fire extinguishing system. Controls drainage from the box. After the fire has been eliminated, he reports to the unit operator, follows his instructions to close the manual valves of the boiler in place, and blows out the injections in reverse. The turbine operator monitors locally the correct operation of the protection and listens to the turbine during run-down. After the fire has been eliminated, the unit's senior driver announces the all-clear for the combined training. 16. Evaluation of the participants’ actions and training in general. The unit driver's actions are assessed in accordance with the protocol. The assessment of the actions of the boiler operator is carried out in accordance with the protocol. The assessment of the actions of the senior unit driver, boiler operator, ILO, due to the insignificant workload during the training, is carried out without a protocol, directly by intermediaries. When analyzing the training, evaluate the results of the training participants’ activities using activity cards indicating the joint actions of the training participants, the presence of armbands, and the competence of training posters. The main criterion for assessing training as a whole is the correctness of the participants’ actions, assessed by the protocol method. The training program was compiled by (last name, first name, patronymic, position). The program has been agreed upon (last name, first name, patronymic, position). I checked the training program (last name, first name, patronymic, position). We got acquainted with the training program. Results of the training: MB assessment - IOC assessment - SMB assessment - ILO assessment - Assessment of the training as a whole -

Activities based on the results of the training:

List of training posters:

POSTER 1. “Assess the operating mode of the equipment. Give a brief description" POSTER 2. "4PZ is out" POSTER 3. Display "No rotation of RVP-A" POSTER 4. "Name the signs of shutdown of RVP-A" POSTER 5. "The fittings on the flue gas side of RVP-A do not open" POSTER 6 "Characterize the state of the gas-air path after turning off the draft mechanisms one line at a time" POSTER 7. "The gate on the gas pipeline in front of RVP-A does not close."

Activity map of the unit driver during training

	Reference activity and expected trainee responses	Control time for task completion	Mediator's comments	Gross mistakes of the trainee
Assess the operating mode of the equipment. Give a brief description	The unit carries a load close to the rated one, protection has been introduced to reduce the load of the unit, automatic regulators are in operation
Name the signs of RVP-A shutdown	The green RVP-A light on the mnemonic symbol is flashing. Zero readings of the ammeter of the RVP-A electric motor. The “No rotation RVP-A” display is flashing. The alarm panel “Disconnection of one RVP” is on. Parameters: = 40 (± 5) ° C;
Controls the boiler unit: closing of the fuel oil valve, fuel oil shut-off valve, valves on the fuel oil supply to the burners, on the fuel oil recirculation line; turning off blower fans, gas recirculation exhaust fans; turning off the regulator and closing the guide vanes of the blower fans; closing dampers on air and gas pipelines before and after RVP-B, dampers after and before gas recirculation smoke exhausters; closing of control supply valves, shut-off valves on the water supply for injection. Controls the turbine unit: closing of the main steam valves, seating of stop valves, closing of check valves (KOS) of extractions; turning off the PTN and not turning on the PEN via AVR; opening of the BVK, PSBU, valves for injection into the desuperheaters of discharges into the condenser; transfer of the D-7ATA deaerator to power supply with steam from the CH manifold; closing the valves on the steam pipeline from the third extraction to the STP and on the pressure of the STP Additional actions:
		Requires the IOC and ILO to check the implementation of the protection action in place. Controls: the absence of combustion in the firebox; disconnecting the generator from the network when N e = 0; P r.st = 0; closing the valves on the steam supply line to an external source; closing the valve at the PTN exhaust; transfer of seals to MV steam supply; shutdown of one BPN, KN-1 and KN-P, NRT; closing the water supply to the gas coolers in agreement with the shift manager of the electrical center, turning off the NTO; levels in D-7ATA, condenser, steam outlet temperatures			Disconnecting the generator from the network before closing the main steam valves, stop valve and WWTP valve
		Do you require the ILO to listen to the turbine during run-down, rotation of the turbine using a shaft turning device?	Total time 25 min
Mediator _________________ (signature) The assessment of training actions has been reviewed by: __________________ (signature)

1. Poster for hanging on control keys of switches and symbols of switches of telemechanized control panels

POSTER No. 1	POSTER No. 2

Posters No. 1 and 2 are used to show the positions of the switches. To show the off position of an automatically turned off switch, poster No. 1 is hung with the inscription “Flashing”, and to show the automatically turned on switch, poster No. 2 with the same inscription is hung up. Acknowledgment of the control key (matching the position of the control key and the switch) should be done by turning over the posters. In this case, on the key or symbol of the switch that has turned off, there will be a poster with the inscription “Off”, and on the key of the switch that has turned on, there will be a sign with the inscription “On”. If, during the training, a participant needs to turn on the switch, on the control key of which there is a poster with the inscription “Disabled,” he says: “I turn on the switch,” and removes the poster from the control key. When this switch is disconnected from the protection, the person in control must again display poster No. 1 with the inscription “Flashing”, as well as the poster “Siren” (see below). If the switch is not turned on by the control key, then poster No. 1 is posted with the inscription “Flashing”. Similar actions with posters are performed when the switch is turned off. 2. Poster for hanging on voltmeters

No voltage

It is hung to show the disappearance of voltage on live parts. 3. Tags for hanging on alarm devices

Posted to show how the protection works. 4. Tag for hanging on the alarm board. A narrow colored strip is attached to the window of the board (on the edge).

5. Poster for sound signal

1. When conducting network-wide training, operational field and operational repair teams should be involved in participation in them, traveling to the site as directed by the superior operational personnel participating in the training. In this case, the time required to assemble the team and repair equipment, the time spent on the trip, and the equipment of the vehicle should be checked. At the same time, the condition of the communications equipment is checked. 2. On block boards of power units and other boards with a large number of instruments, symbols of equipment and shut-off valves, alarms, etc., where hanging posters and tags in the required quantity is impossible, it is recommended to provide information about the emergency situation in the form of a card, for example: Mnemonic diagram shows: valves No. 3, 7, 10, 11 are closed, valves No. 4, 8 are open. The alarm board lit up: increase in steam temperature, decrease in feed water pressure. This card is issued during the training process to its participants to familiarize themselves with the situation and is then returned to the supervisor, who reflects on it all changes during the training and is issued to the trainee upon request. It should be noted that such a card should not contain information about the readings of measuring instruments. The supervisor must provide information about their readings at the request of the training participants, and it is necessary to report only the readings of the instruments pointed to by the trainee. 3. All types of training should be carried out in conditions as close as possible to the real ones that may arise for personnel in such an accident. For example, when conducting training in a situation where there is a loss of power to the SI in the premises where the training is taking place, the working lighting can be turned off; when conducting training in a situation where there is no power to consumers, the actions of personnel can be hampered by calls from subscribers or other distractions (messages about fires, accidents, etc.). The degree of difficulty of training using distractions should be varied depending on the experience of the participants. 4. When conducting plant-wide, network-wide, dispatch, system-wide and intersystem training, conversations of the person in charge of the liquidation of a simulated accident should be recorded on a tape recorder. This will teach operational personnel to conduct negotiations more clearly, reduce the number of misunderstandings that arise during training reviews, and make it possible to use training recordings when conducting briefings, etc. 5. When conducting training at power plants, when a lot of people accumulate at certain workplaces and there is a danger of disorientation of the personnel of the working shift, special insignia should be used for persons participating in the training. Such signs can be armbands of different colors for trainees and supervisors.

Appendix 5

JOURNAL FORM FOR ACCOUNTING EMERGENCY TRAININGS

Accounting for emergency training

Training date	Last name of the training participant and position held by him	Topic and location of the training	Rating, comments and suggestions	Signature of training participants
	Ivanov P.I. - duty engineer	Short circuit on 220 kV buses of substation No. 1	Ivanov P.I. - "Fine"
	Petrov A.A. - senior duty electrician		Petrov - “satisfactory.” Work through instructions for maintaining differential protection of busbars and breaker failure protection 220 kV

Signatures of the training director and supervisors indicating the position

Appendix 6

ACCOUNTING JOURNAL FORM______________________________ (shop, facility and joint) FIRE TRAINING
Training date	Topic and location of fire training (facility, training ground)	Participant information			Notes and suggestions for training	Note on the implementation of proposals and elimination of comments
		Full Name	Job title	Trainer's signature
The training leader gives an overall assessment of the fire drill. Signatures: Training leader _________________________ Intermediaries (if appointed) _________________________ Supervisors (if present at the training) _________________________

1. General Provisions. 1 2. Classification of training. 2 3. Frequency of training. 4 4. Training preparation activities. 4 5. Methodology of training. 7 5.1. General instructions. 7 5.2. Training according to schemes.. 7 5.3. Training with conditional actions of personnel. 8 5.4. Training with control actions on valves and motor switches on idle equipment. 10 5.5. Training using technical personnel training tools. 10 5.6. Combined training. 11 6. Analysis of training. 11 7. Development of measures based on the results of training. 11 Appendix 1 Form of the annual emergency training schedule with an example of completion. 13 Appendix 2 An example of a program for organizing and conducting block emergency preparedness training, combined with fire safety, on the topic: “Ignition of soot deposits in RVP-A (Emergency shutdown of the unit).” 14 Appendix 3 Some types of recommended posters and their application. 16 Appendix 4 Additional recommendations for individual training sessions. 17 Appendix 5 Logbook form for recording emergency drills. 17 Appendix 6 Logbook form for recording fire drills. 17

AGREED BY the Department of Technical Supervision and the Department for Supervision in the Electric Power Industry of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision

APPROVED by order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia dated December 14, 2004 N 167


Methodological recommendations for the preparation and conduct of emergency training of personnel are drawn up in accordance with the Rules for working with personnel in electric power organizations, Peculiarities of working with personnel of energy organizations of the housing and communal services system, Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks, Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants, as well as taking into account the Regulations on assessing the readiness of electricity and heat supply organizations to operate in the autumn-winter period, approved by the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia on August 25, 2004.

The methodological recommendations are intended for managers and specialists of electric power and heat power organizations preparing and conducting emergency drills.

The recommendations contain a classification of training, its frequency, preparation measures and training methods.

I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. Methodological recommendations for the preparation and conduct of emergency training for personnel of heat and power organizations of housing and communal services were developed with the aim of providing methodological assistance to organizations of the housing and communal services system engaged in the production and (or) transmission and distribution of thermal energy and operating heat sources, heating networks and structures on them as part of centralized energy supply systems.

2. These Recommendations have been developed taking into account the requirements approved by order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia on March 24, 2003 N 115 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on April 2, 2003 reg. N 4358), approved by order of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Russia on 02.19.2000 N 49 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 03.16.2000 reg. N 2150), Peculiarities of working with the personnel of energy organizations of the housing and communal services system of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the State Construction Committee of Russia on June 21, 2000 N 141 and the Regulations on assessing the readiness of electricity and heat supply organizations to work in the autumn-winter period, approved by the Minister of Industry and Energy Russian Federation 08/25/2004.

4. Emergency training is carried out with the aim of acquiring practical skills and the ability of personnel to act independently, quickly and technically competently in the event of technological violations, applying technical operation and safety rules, operating instructions and labor protection instructions.

5. Operational managers, operational and operational maintenance personnel should take part in emergency training.

By decision of the head of the organization and structural unit, other employees may be involved in conducting and participating in emergency training.

Maintenance personnel are involved in emergency drills; during the training, his readiness to go to the site of a simulated accident and his ability to quickly eliminate it are checked.

6. Fire drills can be combined with emergency drills. Operational managers, operational, operational and repair personnel, maintenance personnel, personnel of permanent sections of repair units servicing thermal power plants take part in fire drills.

7. Emergency training is one of the mandatory forms of working with personnel.

Conducting training involves solving the following tasks:

checking the ability of personnel to correctly perceive and analyze information about a technological violation, based on this information, make the optimal decision to eliminate it through a certain action or issuing specific orders;

ensuring the formation of clear skills for making operational decisions in any situation and in the shortest possible time;

development of organizational and technical measures aimed at increasing the level of professional training of personnel and the reliability of operation of power plants.

8. Training is carried out with the reproduction of conditional violations in the operation of power plants, imitation of operational actions in the workplace to eliminate accidents and incidents, performing equipment control operations on simulators, assessing the activities of participants and issuing work permits and switching forms.

9. The main actors during training are the training leader, training participants and intermediaries performing supervisory functions.

10. The effectiveness of the training depends on the relevance of the topic, the quality of program development, the preparation of the participants and the necessary means for conducting the training, the degree of proximity of the simulated accident to the real one, the correct and objective assessment of the participants’ actions and the analysis of the training.

11. In order to reduce the conventionality of training activities and increase objectivity in assessing results, new technical training tools (automated training systems, training grounds, simulators) should be used in training.

To master the main and auxiliary equipment of power facilities and practice techniques for maintaining stationary and non-stationary modes, it is recommended to use automated training systems (hereinafter referred to as ATS) and so-called full-scale simulators.

AOS are software tools for professional training of personnel, consisting of automated training courses and specialized local simulators that allow the formation of professional skills and abilities to make and implement decisions on the management of power plants. In particular, AOS for operating personnel of substations and distribution networks allows them to be used for training in the following modes:

training and training on complex operational switchings carried out when power plants undergo repairs and when they are put into operation;

conducting emergency training that increases the level of personnel readiness to perform operations in an emergency at the substation and in the distribution network.

The most successful training of operating personnel can be ensured by conducting training on full-scale simulators that accurately simulate the operator’s workplace, using which the methods of perceiving information and error-free operation of power plant controls are brought to automaticity.

The use of computer simulators for emergency training can be additional in nature and should not replace on-the-job training, since by controlling the operation of a computer, the training participant does not acquire the skills to control a real power plant to the required extent. The use of computer simulators is advisable at power facilities equipped with such automated control systems, when all facility control is carried out using a computer network.

Many years of experience of municipal energy enterprises have shown the effectiveness of conducting network-wide emergency response training at training sites. A diagram of the training ground for conducting classes with simulating emergency situations in heating networks is given in Appendix 1.

II. CLASSIFICATION OF TRAININGS

12. The following emergency drills are carried out at energy enterprises of the housing and communal services system:

in heating network enterprises - network-wide, dispatch, district (precinct), individual (for a given workplace);

in boiler rooms - general boiler rooms and individual ones (for a given workplace).

Network-wide training is considered to be a training in which an emergency situation covers the equipment of a section of the main heating network with pumping stations and other facilities, and in which the operating personnel of thermal power plants of several districts participate together with the network dispatcher.

Dispatcher training is considered to be training that involves participation in the elimination of technological violations by dispatchers with subordinate shift personnel.

A district training is considered to be one in which an emergency situation covers power plants in one district and in which operational and maintenance personnel of the district participate.

A general boiler room is considered to be a training in which an emergency situation covers power plants connected by a single technological process for the production of thermal energy and in which all operational and maintenance personnel of the boiler room shift participate.

An individual training is considered to be one in which one operational worker servicing power plants participates.

Individual training can be carried out with individual employees who, for whatever reason, did not participate in the planned training (vacation, illness, etc.).

13. Emergency training is divided into planned and extraordinary.

A planned training is considered to be a training that is carried out according to the approved annual plan for working with personnel.

Extraordinary training is considered to be training that is carried out by order of the enterprise management in addition to the annual plan in the following cases:

if an accident or incident occurs due to the fault of personnel;

upon receipt of unsatisfactory grades based on the results of a planned training session.

Extraordinary training is also carried out for employees who were absent during scheduled training for various reasons (illness, vacation, business trip, etc.). Extraordinary training is carried out individually within 3 weeks after returning to work.

14. Depending on the number of participants, training is divided into group and individual.

Group training is considered to be a training session conducted with several participants.

Individual training is carried out in the following cases:

with personnel who are allowed to work independently for the first time after duplication at the workplace;

in case of errors made by operating personnel during switching, switching on and off of power plants, mechanisms, etc.;

after accidents that occurred during startup, shutdown or equipment failures;

with unsatisfactory grades obtained as a result of individual control in group training.

15. According to the method of conducting training, they are divided into:

training according to schemes;

training with conditional actions of personnel;

training with impacts on fittings, switching equipment and elements of relay protection and automation, control equipment and electric motor switches on non-working equipment (under repair or put into reserve);

training using technical personnel training tools;

combined training.

16. Training according to schemes is carried out using technological schemes without indicating actions at workplaces and equipment, without limiting the time for performing exercises. In such training, staff develop the skills to quickly make the right decisions and issue the necessary orders. Using this method, training should be conducted with senior operating personnel to ensure that they understand the features of the scheme, its flexibility and possibilities for use in emergency response.

Scheme training allows us to identify the level of knowledge of the scheme, its features and capabilities, as well as determine the coordination of shift personnel when receiving information and issuing orders.

17. Training with conditional actions of personnel is carried out in real time and with mandatory access of participants to the places of operations. Using this method, training is conducted with operational and operational-repair personnel directly servicing thermal power plants.

18. Training with control actions on switching devices, fittings and switches of electric motors on non-working equipment (under repair or put into reserve) is carried out with the aim of practicing and consolidating professional skills among personnel. For example, opening and closing shut-off valves, drainage, bleed and purge valves, short-term starting of electric motors.

19. Training using technical means of personnel training is carried out using automated training systems, simulators, and training grounds. In such trainings, personnel develop skills in identifying the causes of deviations in modes and technological violations, developing measures to eliminate deviations and violations, and developing professional work practices. The advantages of this method include bringing personnel actions closer to a real situation, practicing reactions to changes in equipment operating modes in real time, and forming assessments of the quality of training tasks.

20. Combined training allows you to take advantage of each of the listed methods. For example, it is possible to combine training on a simulator and conditional actions of personnel at the workplace, training according to schemes with the actions of personnel at the training ground, etc. The effectiveness of such a combination of different types of training depends on the technical capabilities for conducting training.

21. Based on the nature of the relationship with fire drills, emergency drills are divided into combined and separate.

III. FREQUENCY OF TRAININGS

22. In accordance with the requirements of the Rules for Work with Personnel in Electric Power Organizations of the Russian Federation and the Rules for the Technical Operation of Thermal Power Installations, employees from operational, operational and repair managers and operational managers participate in emergency training once every three months.

Workers from among operational, maintenance and repair personnel, operational managers of the organization, personnel of permanent sections of repair units servicing power plants participate in one fire training once every six months.

23. At newly commissioned power plants, as well as at existing power plants, by decision of the head of the organization, the number of training sessions can be increased depending on the level of professional training and skills of personnel in preventing and eliminating accidents.

24. For shift personnel in which an accident or incident occurred due to the fault of operational or operational maintenance personnel, additional training may be assigned by order of the chief engineer of the enterprise, taking into account the mistakes made.

25. Each dispatcher of an enterprise (district) must take part in the preparation and conduct of at least one training session with subordinate personnel during the year.

IV. TRAINING PREPARATION EVENTS

26. Preparation of emergency training is carried out in accordance with the annual training schedule, taking into account the list of recommended topics and training programs.

27. Each thermal power enterprise draws up an annual schedule for emergency drills in the form in accordance with Appendix 2 to these Recommendations. The schedule must be included in the personnel plan and approved by the management of the enterprise. Based on this schedule, a training schedule for the structural unit is drawn up. Accounting for the completion of emergency training by personnel is carried out in a log. The recommended form of the journal is given in Appendix 3 to these Recommendations.

28. Monthly training schedules in a structural unit are approved by the head of the structural unit. The monthly schedule indicates:

type of training;

date of its holding;

participating shift;

training leader.

29. The training leader is responsible for its preparation and conduct.

Emergency drills are led by:

network-wide - the chief engineer (his deputy) or the head of the emergency dispatch service (hereinafter referred to as ADS);

control rooms - the head of the ADS (senior dispatcher);

general boiler rooms - the head of the boiler room or the person responsible for the good condition and safe operation of the boilers;

district (precinct) - chief (deputy chief) of the district;

individual - specialists appointed by the chief engineer (head of a structural unit).

Emergency training related to the complete shutdown of energy sources and massive disruption of energy supply should be carried out under the leadership of the first managers of energy supply organizations.

When conducting an emergency drill combined with a fire drill, the fire extinguishing manager from among the engineering and technical personnel is appointed as the training leader - the boiler room shift manager, the enterprise shift manager, the network district manager.

The types of emergency training and the conditions for their implementation are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Location	Type of training	Who approves the program	Supervisor	Method of implementation	Training participants
Network enterprises	Network-wide	Chief engineer of the enterprise	Chief engineer or head of the enterprise's emergency dispatch service		Personnel of the dispatch service, network areas, operational field teams, operational repair teams
Boiler room	General boiler room	Chief engineer of the enterprise	The head of the boiler house, his deputy or the person responsible for the safe condition and operation of boilers
Dispatching service	Control room	Head of ADF	Head of ADF	According to the scheme	Change of ADS
Network district	District	Head of the district	Head of the district or his deputy	With conditional and real actions of personnel	Operational and maintenance personnel of the district

30. The list of planned training topics is compiled taking into account:

accidents and incidents that occurred in heat sources, heating networks and pumping stations, as well as technological violations given in information and directive materials;

existing equipment defects, as well as technological violations or abnormal operating modes of power plants and networks;

seasonal phenomena that threaten the normal operation of equipment and structures (thunderstorm, ice, floods, etc.);

commissioning of new equipment, circuits and modes;

the possibility of a fire in emergency conditions.

Training topics are not announced to participating personnel in advance.

31. When preparing a training session, its leader develops a training program.

The topic of the training should be realistic and close to the operation of the organization’s specific equipment.

When conducting training at the workplace, the initial scheme and mode of operation of the equipment should be taken as the scheme and mode that were in the workplace at the time of the training. In this case, it is necessary to take into account:

forced change in equipment operating patterns and modes caused by repair work;

availability of staff on site;

state of connection between objects;

design features of the equipment.

32. When developing a training program, it is necessary to provide for the solution of the following tasks when eliminating conditional technological violations:

preventing the development of violations, preventing injury to personnel and damage to equipment not affected by the technological violation;

clarification of the state of switched off and disconnected equipment, rapid elimination of technological violations is possible;

rapid restoration of normal operation of power plants, power supply to consumers and normal parameters of thermal energy supplied to consumers.

33. The training program indicates:

type of training and its topic;

date, time and place of the event;

training method;

last name, first name, patronymic of the training leader;

last name, first name, patronymic, position of fire extinguishing leader (for combined training);

list of training participants for each workplace;

a list of intermediaries indicating the control area (workers who are well aware of the scheme and equipment, as well as the instructions, rights and responsibilities of the persons serving the area, are appointed as intermediaries, and the number of training participants controlled by one person is determined in each specific case when drawing up the program; actions fire extinguishing supervisors are controlled by the training supervisor);

purpose of the training;

time of occurrence of the accident;

diagrams and mode of operation of the equipment before the accident occurred, indicating deviations from the diagrams and modes;

condition of fire extinguishing equipment (for combined training);

causes of the accident, its development and consequences;

the cause of the fire, a description of the development of the fire and the operation of automatic fire extinguishing equipment;

description of the sequence of actions of training participants, possible options for action;

procedure for using technical means;

a list of required posters and tags;

technological map of the activities of each training participant.

During the development process, the program should be discussed with the heads of the structural units in which the training will be carried out, with the involvement of qualified specialists, if necessary.

The program is signed by the training director and approved by the person indicated in Table 1 or his deputy.

Network training programs are coordinated with the heads of structural divisions.

When conducting training and developing a program, it should be borne in mind that in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents (NTD), the elimination of technological violations in boiler rooms should be led by the boiler room shift manager, and in heating networks - by the ADS dispatcher. The dispatcher's instructions are mandatory for operational and maintenance personnel of thermal power plants.

An example of an emergency training program is given in Appendix 4 to these Recommendations.

34. When conducting emergency drills combined with fire drills, representatives of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, who take part in the analysis of fire drills and evaluate the actions of the participants, can be involved as intermediaries by agreement.

35. When preparing a training session with conditional actions of personnel on equipment, you should check the completeness of the necessary documentation, add to the set of training posters and tags with inscriptions that simulate the switching on and off of valves, switching devices, devices, protection devices, pumps, etc. They must differ in shape and color from those used in operation, have the inscription “training”, and also have devices for securing them in place. The size of posters and tags is chosen arbitrarily so that they do not interfere with staff’s work. After training, all training posters must be removed and put away.
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