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Mine-based poplar. Intercontinental missile system "Topol-M"

USSR Government Decree No. 173-45 of February 9, 1987 prescribed the creation of the Albatross combat missile system, capable of penetrating the promising multi-echelon US missile defense system, the creation of which was announced by the administration of President R. Reagan. Three options for basing this complex were envisaged: mobile ground, stationary mine and mobile railway.

The Albatross three-stage solid-propellant missile was supposed to be equipped with a gliding winged warhead with a nuclear charge, capable of approaching targets at a sufficiently low altitude and maneuvering around the target. All elements of the missile, as well as the launcher, had to have increased protection from PFYVs and weapons based on new physical principles (primarily laser), in order to ensure a guaranteed retaliatory strike in the event of any opposition from a potential enemy. The development of the Albatross RK was entrusted to NPO Mashinostroeniya (General Designer G. A. Efremov) with launch at the LCI at the end of 1991. The resolution noted the special national importance of implementing this development. This was not surprising, since the government and military circles of our country were seriously concerned about the problem of overcoming the American missile defense system and were looking for ways to guarantee its solution, since the implementation of US plans created a real threat to the security of the USSR, disturbing the established military-strategic balance. In this regard, fending off a potential threat from the United States and maintaining strategic stability became the most important strategic task for the USSR. As is known, in response to the “star wars” concept, the USSR stated that the measures it was taking would be “asymmetrical” in nature, meet the concepts of “reasonable sufficiency”, “equal security” and would be significantly more economical. It was supposed to carry out qualitative improvements in strategic weapons, increasing their invulnerability to new means of attack and interception by US space forces. The solution to this complex problem proceeded mainly in two directions:

creation of missiles capable of launching directly under conditions of nuclear impact in a positional area,
development of mobile-based missiles, the survivability of which would be ensured due to mobility and location uncertainty.

For the sake of historical justice, it should be noted that, while tirelessly declaring, primarily for political reasons, a set of “asymmetrical” measures, the leadership of our country did not forget about the set of “symmetrical” measures. Evidence of this was the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers “On the study of the possibility of creating weapons for combat operations in space and from space” of 1976. The basis of the Soviet “response” was to be a multi-echelon missile defense system, composed of three main elements - a combat space complex with laser weapons on board the 17F19 Skif, a combat space complex with missile weapons on board the 17F111 Cascade, and an orbital missile warning system. attack 71Х6 US-KMO (US-KMO was supposed to be supplemented by numerous ground-based early warning radars, as well as various means of monitoring outer space). The launch of all this equipment into space was planned using the latest launch vehicles - the heavy 11K25 Energia and the medium 11K77 Zenit. Servicing in orbit was supposed to be carried out using the 11F35 Buran reusable transport spacecraft, Soyuz-TM transport spacecraft and Progress-M automatic cargo spacecraft. True, due to technical and financial problems, the intensive consultative and contractual process with the United States and, finally, due to the collapse of the USSR after 1991, the project of the system as a whole “decided to live for a long time” and most of the programs (“Skif”, “Cascade” ", "Energia", "Buran" and a number of others) were closed.

The preliminary design of the Albatross RK, developed at the end of 1987, caused dissatisfaction with the Customer, since the implementation of a number of technical solutions included in the EP seemed quite problematic. However, work on the project continued throughout the next year. However, at the beginning of 1989, it became clear that the creation of this DBK, both in terms of technical indicators and the timing of its implementation, was in danger of being disrupted. In addition, powerful political factors came into play. Beginning in the second half of the 1980s, intensive negotiations were conducted between the USSR and the United States on the limitation and reduction of strategic weapons, which ended on July 31, 1991 with the signing of the Treaty on the Reduction of Offensive Arms in Moscow, known as START-1. The American side insisted not only on a quantitative reduction in Soviet heavy ICBMs, but also on a ban on their modernization and the creation of new types of such missiles for any type of deployment. With regard to new strategic developments, the START I Treaty allowed only the modernization of only one type of light-class solid-fuel missile (and within extremely strict size and weight limits), provided that it was equipped with only one warhead. In this regard, and long before the actual signing of the Treaty, the need arose to adjust the general direction of development.

On September 9, 1989, in development of the government decree of February 9, 1987, the Military-Industrial Complex Decision No. 323 was issued, which prescribed the creation of two new missile launchers instead of the Albatros missile launcher: a mobile ground missile and a stationary mine launcher with a three-stage solid-fuel rocket, universal for both complexes, created as a modernization of the ICBM of the Republic of Tajikistan -2RM (15Zh58). The new theme was called “Universal”, and the rocket was named RT-2PM2 (15Zh65). The development of a mobile ground launch vehicle with the RT-2PM2 missile was entrusted to MIT, and a stationary mine missile launcher was entrusted to the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. MIT was entrusted with the development of rocket units and connecting compartments of the second and third stages, an unguided warhead, a sealed instrument compartment, a platform for placing the warhead and missile defense control system, and interstage communications. Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was supposed to develop the first stage rocket unit, the missile defense control system, and the head aerodynamic fairing. The development of the missile control system was entrusted to NPO AP. Separate parts of the rocket were to be produced at the Southern Machine-Building Plant and the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. Order No. 222 of the Ministry of General Engineering on the creation of a ballistic missile system with the RT-2PM2 (15Zh65) missile was issued on September 22, 1989.

Due to the uncertainty in the construction of the American missile defense system, in order to increase the effectiveness of the means to overcome it, it was decided to develop two SP missile defense systems, built on different physical, design and technological principles. Since these complexes had different mass-dimensional characteristics and differed in the breeding conditions of their elements, it was necessary to develop two variants of platforms for armored vehicles and two different combat stages with remote control, differing in power. The SP missile defense variant being developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau required somewhat higher energy costs to build battle formations, so it was decided to develop a high-energy liquid-propellant rocket launcher using the promising PRONIT monopropellant. The MIT version made do with a less powerful solid fuel propulsion system. By analogy with the RT-2PM missile, it was accepted that the operation of the RT-2PM2 missile in both mobile and stationary versions will be carried out using a TPK, the launch of both options will be mortar. Due to different operating conditions of missiles of mobile and stationary versions, as well as different requirements for protection from nuclear weapons, complete unification of missiles and TPK could not be realized. It required the development of structurally different transport and launch containers and even means of ejecting the rocket from the TPK at launch. So, for example, for the silo version of the rocket at launch, a pallet was used to protect the first stage remote control from the increased pressure of the gases of the PAD (powder pressure accumulator), but for the moving soil complex, due to the lower pressure, the pallet was not needed. The TPK for the mine version was made of metal, for the moving ground version - plastic. The operation of the missile launcher assumed an unregulated scheme with preventive maintenance of combat equipment combined with launcher maintenance.

Unfortunately, due to the collapse of the USSR, all work on the RT-2PM2 rocket by the KBU-MIT cooperation within the framework of the “Universal” theme was stopped, although in 1991 the first 1L rocket was already manufactured, intended for flight tests at the Plesetsk test site. However, according to the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Missile Forces of the USSR, its dispatch to the training ground was delayed until the “clarification of the situation”, which dragged on... for three years!!! S. N. Konyukhov, who became the General Designer of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in 1991, addressed the President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin. By order of the President, a meeting was held at which S. N. Konyukhov made a proposal, sanctioned by the Government of Ukraine, for the further participation of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in the creation of the RT-2PM2 missile. However, a positive decision was not reached and already in April 1992. By the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS Armed Forces and the Ministry of Industry of Russia, the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and the YuMZ Production Association were relieved of their functions as the lead developer and manufacturer of the universal RT-2PM2 (15Zh65) missile with their transfer to the organization Russia. With Ukraine's acceptance of the status of a nuclear-free state, with the permission of the Ukrainian government, the first 1L flight rocket manufactured was transferred to the Russian Federation on January 14, 1995. It was the last strategic ICBM developed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau. But the history of the missile system did not end there...

In March 1992, a decision was made to develop a new, completely domestic missile, designed to become the basis of a promising group of strategic missile forces. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin on February 27, 1993 paved the way for full-scale development of the missile system. In order to reduce time and financial costs, the new missile system was created with maximum use of the developments obtained on the "Universal" topic. It was decided to make every possible effort to maximize the unification of the stationary silo and mobile ground-based types of missiles, while maintaining the combat effectiveness of both types of missile systems to the maximum extent possible. The problem of unification was solved, among other things, by abandoning two types of missile defense missile defense systems, platforms for warheads and combat stages, the creation of which was originally envisaged within the framework of the “Universal” theme. The development of the RT-2PM2 missile (15Zh65, indices “inherited” from the “Universal” theme), called “Topol-M,” was carried out by Russian cooperation of enterprises and design bureaus in difficult political and economic conditions. In order to generally reduce financial costs, and based on the principle of expediency, it was decided to test and put into service first the stationary silo version, and then the ground mobile version of the missile. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Yuri Solomonov. The developer of the control system is the Research and Production Association of Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin and Yuri Trunov. Solid fuel for the rocket was created at the Federal Center for Dual Technologies "Soyuz" under the leadership of Zinovy Pak and Yuri Milekhin. The thermonuclear warhead was developed at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center - the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of Yuri Faykov and Georgy Dmitriev. The organic materials used to create the DBK were developed at the Spetsmash Central Research Institute.

The Topol-M missile was created as a deep modernization of the RT-2PM Topol ICBM. The conditions for modernization are determined by the START-1 Treaty, according to which a missile is considered new if it differs from the existing one (analogue) in one of the following ways:

number of steps;
type of fuel of any stage;
starting weight by more than 10%;
the length of either the assembled rocket without the warhead, or the length of the first stage of the rocket by more than 10%;
the diameter of the first stage by more than 5%;
throw weight of more than 21% combined with a change in first stage length of 5% or more.

Thus, the mass-dimensional characteristics and some design features of the Topol-M ICBM are strictly limited.

The 15P065 combat stationary silo missile system with the RT-2PM2 ICBM, located in the Tatishchev division, includes 10 15Zh65 missiles in silo launchers 15P765-35, one unified command post of the 15V222 type with high security (located on a suspension in the silo using special shock absorption). By placing a missile in the TPK in the silo and using the “mortar launch” method, it became possible to significantly increase the resistance of existing launchers to PFYAV by removing all the elements of the SC necessary for the gas-dynamic launch of 15A35 missiles, and filling the released volume with heavy reinforced concrete of special grades, as well as through the use of an improved shock-absorbing system. Some of the division's missiles are located in OS 15P765-60 silos, which previously housed the RT-23 UTTH ICBMs. Work on the conversion of silo launchers of ICBMs 15A35 and 15Zh60 to accommodate Topol-M missiles was carried out by the Vympel Experimental Design Bureau under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun. When deploying the ballistic missile system in the Uzhur division, TPKs with ICBMs will also be placed in modified silo launchers 15P765-18/18M of R-36M UTTH (15A18) / R-36M2 (15A18M) missiles. Each regiment will include 8 OS silos and one command post.

DBK 15P065 with a light-class solid-propellant ICBM 15Zh65, which has increased resistance to PFYV and delivers the warhead of the second level of resistance to the designated target, ensures the launch of a missile without delay for the normalization of the external situation during repeated nuclear impacts on neighboring DBK facilities and when the position area is blocked by high-altitude nuclear explosions , as well as with minimal delay during non-destructive nuclear impact directly on the launcher. The stability of the launcher and the mine command post to PFYV has been significantly increased; it is possible to launch from the constant combat readiness mode according to one of the planned target designations, as well as prompt retargeting and launch according to any unscheduled target designation transmitted from the highest level of management. The likelihood of launch commands being transmitted to the control panel and silos has been increased. 15Zh65 is the first strategic missile of the new, fifth generation, which has absorbed all the many years of experience in cooperation between enterprises in the creation of solid fuel missiles. State tests took place at the 1st State Test Cosmodrome "Plesetsk". Also, test launches as part of the program to create a missile system (primarily to test promising combat equipment) were carried out by other carriers and from the 4th State Central Test Site "Kapustin Yar".

The high characteristics of the 15Zh65 missile in ensuring a high level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion were achieved through the use of a set of measures that had proven themselves well during the creation of the R-36M2 (15A18M), RT-23UTTH (15Zh60) and RT-2PM (15Zh58) ICBMs:

the use of a newly developed protective coating applied to the outer surface of the rocket body and providing comprehensive protection against nuclear attack;
application of a control system developed on an element base with increased durability and reliability;
applying a special coating with a high content of rare earth elements to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, which housed the control system equipment;
the use of shielding and special methods for laying the onboard cable network of the rocket;
introducing a special program maneuver for a missile when passing through the cloud of a ground-based nuclear explosion, etc.

The missiles of the 15P065 stationary silo missile system are placed in single-launch silo launchers with high resistance to damaging factors of nuclear influence, converted in accordance with the START-2 treaty, in a metal transport and launch container. Mobile-based ICBMs have also been deployed - in a high-strength fiberglass TPK on an eight-axle cross-country chassis; The missile of the mobile mobile ground complex 15P165 also has a design index 15Zh65 and is structurally practically no different from the silo version 15Zh65 despite the peculiarities of the operation and combat use of complexes of various types of basing, which imposes different requirements for the necessary resistance to PFYV for missiles launched from mobile and silo launchers , and determines the need and feasibility of developing modifications of a single rocket with certain circuit design differences.

Type of warhead: detachable monoblock (higher power class) thermonuclear, second (upper) level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion with a high-speed warhead with a power (according to foreign experts) of the order of 0.8 - 1.0 Mt. Taking into account the accuracy of the new missile (according to various estimates, the COE is “about 150-200 m”), the warhead allows you to confidently hit any small, high-strength strategic targets. In the future, it is possible to equip a missile with a maneuvering warhead or a multiple warhead with a number of warheads from 3 to 6 (it is possible that promising warheads for MIRV IN will be unified with a low-power class warhead for a complex with the R-30 Bulava SLBM, the power of the thermonuclear warhead of a promising warhead - "about 150 kt"). The first test launch of a mobile version of the Topol-M ICBM, equipped with a MIRV with individually targeted warheads (officially the name of the new missile was announced as RS-24), took place on May 29, 2007 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome.

Complex of means for breaking through advanced missile defense: to overcome the advanced missile defense of a potential enemy, the RT-2PM2 missile is equipped with a complex of means for breaking through missile defense of a new development, created using elements of the complex of means for breaking through missile defense "Sura" (which, in turn, was created during work on the topic "Universal"), and consisting of passive and active decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. LCs are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar), they allow simulating the characteristics of warheads in almost all selection characteristics in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight path of missile warheads, and are resistant to damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and radiation from a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser, etc. For the first time, LCs capable of withstanding super-resolution radars have been designed. Means for distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing (combined with heat-shielding) coating of the warhead, active radio interference generators, aerosol sources of infrared radiation, etc. The missile defense system is designed to significantly increase the time required for a potential enemy's advanced missile defense system to detect a warhead among many false targets and interference, thus significantly reducing the likelihood of interception of a warhead. According to some data, the mass of the Topol-M ICBM missile defense system exceeds the mass of the American Peacekeeper ICBM missile defense system. In the future, when a missile is equipped with a maneuvering warhead (or a multiple warhead with individually targeted warheads), the missile defense capabilities of a potential enemy to intercept warheads will, according to Russian experts, be reduced to almost zero.

In addition, in the process of creating ICBMs, technical solutions (special grades of fuel, structural materials, multifunctional coatings, special circuit-algorithmic protection of equipment) were incorporated into the design of the hull components, propulsion system, control system and warhead, providing the missile with high energy characteristics and the required resistance to damaging factors of both nuclear influence and advanced weapons based on new physical principles. It should be noted that the warhead and warhead of the new ICBM were created with maximum use of developments and technologies obtained earlier during the creation of warheads for ICBMs that entered service in the second half of the 1980s, which made it possible to reduce development time and reduce cost, which was important in new complex political and economic conditions. Despite this, the new warheads and warheads are much more resistant to PFYVs and the effects of weapons based on new physical principles than their predecessors, have a lower specific gravity, and have improved safety mechanisms during storage, transportation and being on combat duty. The new warhead has an increased efficiency of fissile materials compared to prototypes and is historically the first domestic warhead for ICBMs, the creation of which took place without testing parts and assemblies during full-scale nuclear explosions, although some developments “for the future” may have been made even before the USSR stopped nuclear testing in September 1989, followed by the announcement of a moratorium in October 1991 (it should be noted that the “nuclear” countries included in the NATO bloc were less scrupulous in this regard: the last nuclear test of Great Britain - November 1991 ., USA - September 1992, France - January 1996).

Successful measures were taken to reduce the flight duration and reduce the altitude of the end point of the active part of the rocket's flight path. The ICBM also received the possibility of limited maneuver on the active part of the trajectory (according to some data, due to the operation of auxiliary maneuvering engines, instruments and control mechanisms, and high-strength hull components), which can significantly reduce the likelihood of its destruction in the most vulnerable, initial phase of the flight. According to the developers, the active flight phase (launch, operation of the sustainer stages, disengagement of combat equipment) of the Topol-M ICBM is reduced by “3-4 times” compared to liquid-fueled ICBMs, for which it is approximately 10 minutes.

The 15P065 complex was put on experimental combat duty (2 missiles) in the 60th Missile Division of the Strategic Missile Forces of the 27th Guards Missile Army (Tatishchevo, Saratov Region, Svetly garrison) in December 1997. The first regiment (10 missiles) in full force went on combat duty on December 30, 1998, the second - in 1999. The State Commission approved the act on the adoption of an intercontinental ballistic missile based in the silo launcher OS "Topol-M" into service with the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2000. The adoption of the DBK with the Topol-M ICBM based in the silo took place on July 13, 2000 with the signing of the corresponding Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin No. 13-14. The third, fourth and fifth regiments with the DBK entered full combat duty in 2000, 2003 and 2005, respectively. It was planned that the sixth and last regiment of the Tatishchev division, re-equipped with the new ballistic missile system, would go on combat duty by the end of 2008, but this event occurred only in December 2010, when the regiment command post and 2 OS silos with ICBMs went on combat duty (it is planned that the entire regiment will be on combat duty by the end of 2012). The total number of Topol-M ICBMs based in OS silos by January 2011 reached, according to some estimates, 52 units. According to the announced plans of the Ministry of Defense, by the end of 2012, the sixth regiment will be deployed in its entirety of 10 missiles in the Tatishchevo garrison, thus bringing the total number of ICBMs of this type in Tatishchevo to 60 units. After the completion of the deployment of the sixth regiment in Tatishchevo, the deployment of Topol-M silo missiles is planned to continue in other divisions - the 62nd Missile Division (Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Solnechny garrison) and the 28th Guards Missile Division ( Kozelsk, Kaluga region). According to statements by responsible officials from the Ministry of Defense, OS silo divisions will continue to be equipped with Topol-M monoblock ICBMs.

During 1994 - 2001 From the Plesetsk cosmodrome, 10 launches of the silo version of the Topol-M ICBM were carried out under the flight test program (of which one launch in 1998 was unsuccessful), and two combat training launches.

After the creation and testing of a stationary silo version of the rocket, development of a mobile ground-based missile system began, which received the index 15P165. When creating systems and units of the mobile launcher of the Topol-M complex, fundamentally new technical solutions were used in comparison with the Topol BGRK. Thus, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, which increases its survivability. "Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the positional area, and also has improved means of camouflage against both optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the complex's unmasking field, as well as the use of special coatings that somewhat reduce radar signature of the complex). The re-equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces units is carried out using existing infrastructure. Mobile (as well as stationary) versions of the missile system are fully compatible with the existing combat control and communications system. The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system can significantly increase the readiness of the Strategic Missile Forces to carry out assigned combat missions in any conditions, ensure maneuverability, secrecy of actions and survivability of units, subunits and individual launchers, as well as reliability of control and autonomous operation for a long time (without replenishment inventories of materials). The aiming accuracy has been almost doubled, the accuracy of determining geodetic data has been increased by one and a half times, and the preparation time for launch has been halved. The launcher of the mobile complex (placed on an eight-wheeled chassis MZKT-79221 produced by the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant) was developed at the Titan Central Design Bureau under the leadership of Viktor Shurygin. Serial production of launchers for the mobile complex is carried out by the Volgograd Production Association "Barricades". The rocket for the BGRK entered flight tests in 2000. During 2000 - 2004 4 launches were carried out under the flight test program, all launches were successful. In 2006, it was decided to begin deploying the BGRK with the Topol-M ICBM, and at the end of that year the first 3 ICBMs (one division) went on combat duty. By December 2009, the number of Topol-M ICBMs in the mobile ground version in service with the 54th Guards Missile Division (Teykovo, Ivanovo Region, Krasnye Sosenki garrison) of the 27th Guards Missile Army reached 18, i.e. 2 missile regiments. In 2010, the Ministry of Defense announced that there would be no further deployment of the Topol-M ICBM in a mobile version: then only a deep modification of this missile - the RS-24 ICBM with a MIRV (according to some data, this missile has proper name "Yars" and NATO designation SS-X-29). According to MIT representatives, there are no plans to create a railway version of the RS-24 ICBM.

Currently, Russia’s main efforts in the situation emerging after the deployment of advanced missile defense work in the United States are aimed at completing the long-term work already underway to qualitatively improve the combat equipment of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as methods and means of countering promising missile defense in the United States and other regions. This work is being carried out in the context of the implementation of accepted restrictions on various international obligations and the active reduction of domestic strategic nuclear forces. A significant number of enterprises and scientific and production organizations of industry, higher education and research institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation have been involved in the implementation of this work. The scientific and technical foundations created during the years of opposition to the American “Strategic Defense Initiative” are being updated. In addition, new technologies are being created based on the modern capabilities of Russian cooperation enterprises. One of the essential parts of the new program is the creation of significantly modified missile launchers with ICBMs on the basis of significant unification with both existing missile launchers of various bases and those just being created. An example is the program to create an improved mobile ground-based ICBM, called RS-24 (see the proposed diagram). In May 2007, this rocket entered flight tests. It is assumed that the RS-24 is a deep modification of the Topol-M mobile ground-based ICBM (according to General Designer Yu. Solomonov, “50% of the missile design is new”). Experts express the opinion (confirmed by statements from representatives of the MIT and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) that in a number of fundamental structural components and assemblies the RS-24 is also significantly unified with the promising R-30 Bulava SLBM (3M30, R-30, RSM-56, SS- NX-30 Mace), created by almost the same cooperation of manufacturers and currently undergoing testing. The deployment of the modified ICBM began after the completion of one of the stages of flight tests (flight tests have not yet been fully completed; previously it was assumed that the tests would take at least three years, carrying out at least 4 test launches, including three launches successfully carried out in May and December 2007 year, as well as in November 2008 - now it has been announced that three more test launches will be carried out during 2011). Initially, it was announced that the deployment of the new complex would begin no earlier than the end of 2010 - beginning of 2011. , however, already in July 2010, First Deputy Minister of Defense V. Popovkin announced that in the Teikovsky division 3 complexes (division) had already been deployed by the end of 2009, having gone on experimental combat duty. Another division of 3 complexes was deployed by the end of 2010, thus bringing the number of deployed RS-24 ICBMs to 6 units. The number of RS-24 missiles intended for deployment in 2011 has not been announced, but based on the experience of past years, it can be assumed that at least 3 more missiles will be deployed before the end of the year, which will make it possible to form the first regiment in the army fully equipped with this ICBM. According to various sources, the MIRV IN of the new missile is equipped with “no less than 4 new middle-class warheads and a modern missile defense control system.” According to analysts' forecasts, in this case it is assumed that the "middle-class warheads" are high-speed warheads of a new generation with a power of about 300-500 kt, with reduced visibility in various ranges of electromagnetic radiation and high accuracy. According to some publications in open sources, the increase in the throwable mass of the new ICBM, despite the possible increase in the energy potential of the missile itself during the creation process, had to be paid for by some reduction in the missile's firing range - to approximately 10,000 km compared to 11,000 km for the Topol-M ICBM. . A number of experts also express surprise at the relatively small volume of flight tests of the new ICBM before transferring the complex to the troops, compared to what was accepted in the Soviet years (only 3 launches in 2007-2008, all carried out successfully). The leadership of MIT and the Ministry of Defense in response to this indicate that a different testing methodology has now been adopted for the latest ICBMs and SLBMs - with much more intensive and productive computer modeling and a much larger volume of ground-based experimental testing than before. This approach, now considered more economical, during the USSR period was used primarily in the creation of the most complex and heavy new missiles (for example, RN 11K77 Zenit and especially 11K25 Energia), which made it possible to get by with a minimum number of extremely expensive heavy missiles destroyed during test launches. carriers and their payload. however, after the collapse of the USSR, due to a sharp reduction in funding for defense tasks, it was decided to fully use this approach when creating light-class missiles, primarily ICBMs and SLBMs. As for the new RS-24 missile, the amount of flight testing required for it is relatively small and, apparently, due to the significant unification of the new missile with its predecessor - the 15Zh65 Topol-M ICBM. It was stated that the Topol-M rocket (as a carrier) was initially designed (back in the late 1980s as part of the Universal theme) for several types of warheads, including MIRVs. The fact that the missile was initially put into service with a light-class monoblock warhead is nothing more than a tribute to the negotiating politicking of the authorities of our country at that time. In addition, information was voiced that a number of systems of the new RS-24 missile, primarily the control system, AP and missile defense control system, have already been tested during launches using other types of launch vehicles and ICBMs (UR-100N UTTH, “Topol”, K65M-R, etc.). There were also references to the experience of testing the Topol-M ICBM - the complex was transferred to the troops for experimental combat duty after 4 successful launches.

In addition, priority measures based on the completion of the implementation of achieved technologies in the field of creating maneuvering hypersonic warheads, advanced MIRVs, as well as a significant reduction in the radio and optical signature of both standard and advanced ICBM and SLBM warheads in all segments of their flight to targets. At the same time, improvement of these characteristics is planned in combination with the use of qualitatively new small-sized atmospheric decoys.

Achieved technologies and created domestic radar-absorbing materials make it possible to reduce the radar signature of warheads in the extra-atmospheric part of the trajectory by several orders of magnitude. This is achieved by implementing a whole set of measures: optimizing the shape of the warhead body - a sharp, elongated cone with a rounded bottom; the rational direction for separating the block from the breeding stage is in the direction of the toe towards the radar station; the use of light and effective materials for radio-absorbing coatings applied to the body of the unit - their mass is 0.05-0.2 kg per m2 of surface, and the reflection coefficient in the centimeter frequency range 0.3-10cm is no more than -23...- 10dB or better. There are materials with screen attenuation coefficients in the frequency range from 0.1 to 30 MHz: for the magnetic component - 2...40 dB; in terms of the electrical component - less than 80 dB. In this case, the effective reflective surface of the warhead can be less than 10-4 m2, and the detection range can be no more than 100...200 km, which will not allow the unit to be intercepted by long-range anti-missiles and significantly complicates the operation of medium-range anti-missiles.

Taking into account the fact that a significant share of future missile defense information systems will be detection means in the visible and infrared ranges, efforts have been made and are being implemented to significantly reduce the optical signature of warheads, both in the extra-atmospheric section and during their descent into the atmosphere. In the first case, a radical solution is to cool the surface of the block to such temperature levels when its thermal radiation will amount to fractions of a watt per steradian and such a block will be “invisible” for optical information and reconnaissance equipment such as STSS. In the atmosphere, the luminosity of its wake has a decisive influence on the optical visibility of a block. The achieved results and implemented developments make it possible, on the one hand, to optimize the composition of the heat-protective coating of the block, removing from it the materials that most contribute to the formation of marks. On the other hand, special liquid products are forcibly injected into the trace area in order to reduce the radiation intensity. The listed measures make it possible to ensure the probability of overcoming the extra- and high-atmospheric boundaries of the missile defense system with a probability of 0.99.

However, in the lower layers of the atmosphere, the considered measures to reduce visibility no longer play a significant role, since, on the one hand, the distances from the warhead to the missile defense information equipment are quite small, and on the other, the intensity of the unit’s braking in the atmosphere is such that it is no longer possible to compensate for it . In this regard, another method and its corresponding countermeasures come to the fore - small-sized atmospheric decoys with an operational altitude of 2-5 km and a relative mass of 5-7% of the mass of the warhead. The implementation of this method becomes possible as a result of solving a dual problem - a significant reduction in the visibility of the warhead and the development of qualitatively new atmospheric decoys of the "waveship" class, with a corresponding reduction in their mass and dimensions. This will make it possible to replace one warhead from a multi-charge missile warhead with up to 15...20 effective atmospheric decoys, which will increase the probability of overcoming the atmospheric missile defense line to a level of 0.93-0.95. Thus, the overall probability of Russian ICBMs and, above all, modified (through the use of improved electronics and CSP missile defense, MIRVs and maneuvering warheads with new generation warheads) Topol-M ICBMs overcoming 3 frontiers of a promising missile defense system, according to experts , will be 0.93-0.94. Thus, the Topol-M missile can hit well-protected strategic targets in the conditions of a counter, counter-counter and retaliatory nuclear strike, if the enemy has a multi-echelon missile defense system with space-based elements.

Conclusion

Assessing the Topol-M ballistic missile system as a whole, it can be noted that the designers managed to solve almost all the problems that faced them back in the framework of the “Universal” theme - a lightweight monoblock, PFYV-resistant, high-precision solid-propellant ICBM of a new generation was created for two deployment options , with high flight performance and potential for further modernization (primarily due to the replacement of a monoblock warhead with a MIRV IN with the number of warheads from 3 to 7 depending on the class of warhead, - medium or small class, respectively, - or with a maneuvering monoblock warhead; in addition, it is possible to improve the characteristics of the electronic “filling” of the complex and use a more advanced new-generation missile defense system). It is worth saying that the creation of the complex was carried out in a fairly short time, during a difficult period of political and economic upheavals for the country and society, such as the collapse of the USSR, the destruction of the usual long-term cooperation of producers, a number of whom remained “abroad,” and financial difficulties.

However, the very high hopes placed on the Topol-M ballistic missile system by the leadership of our country in the 90s generally did not come true - this missile has not become the “main missile” for the Strategic Missile Forces until today. In the period from December 1997 to December 2010 inclusive, a total of 76 ICBMs were put on combat duty - 52 in stationary silo-based and 24 in mobile ground-based (6 of them in the RS-24 modification) deployment options. As of July 2009, for example, Topol-M ICBMs quantitatively accounted for 17.4% of the total number of ICBMs of the Strategic Missile Forces, and their warheads accounted for 5.1% of the total number of warheads on Strategic Missile Forces missiles. For comparison, as of January 2008, Topol-M ICBMs quantitatively accounted for about 12% of the total number of ICBMs of the Strategic Missile Forces, and their warheads accounted for slightly more than 3% of the total number of warheads on Strategic Missile Forces missiles. Moreover, the gradual increase in the relative contribution of the Topol-M ICBMs to the overall picture is also noticeable due to the gradual and obvious reduction in the number of old ICBMs that have served their term (the number of deployed ICBMs as of July 2009 is given in parentheses): R-36M2 "Voevoda" / R-36M UTTH (59 pieces), UR-100N UTTH (70 pieces), RT-2PM "Topol" (174 pieces). In general, the general trend is disappointing - the vast majority of currently available ICBMs were deployed under the USSR and, therefore, are physically outdated, having now had a many times extended warranty period - from 23 (RT-2PM "Topol"; the original warranty period - 10 years) up to 33 (UR-100N UTTH; initial warranty period - 10 years) years. As of the beginning of 2011, the total share of Topol-M and RS-24 missiles in the troops will undoubtedly continue to increase, exceeding, according to estimates of foreign observers, by the end of 2010 the milestone of 20% of the number of all missiles in the Strategic Missile Forces - as due to a slight increase in the number of new missiles themselves, and due to a reduction in old ones.

The reasons for such a slow rearmament of the Strategic Missile Forces with modern missiles are said to be: chronic underfunding, the loss by the state of a number of effective levers of influence on military-industrial complex enterprises, the loss of some critical technologies (scandals arose repeatedly, during which information surfaced that a number of parts, primarily electronic, for these ICBMs are produced abroad, including in countries (former republics of the USSR) that are new members of the North Atlantic Alliance or friendly to it), a personnel pit. Despite a certain “renaissance” of the domestic military-industrial complex in recent years, it becomes clear that there will be no sharp and large-scale increase in the number of Topol-M ICBMs in the coming years - according to the State Program for the rearmament of the RF Armed Forces adopted in 2006, until 2015 in the Strategic Missile Forces About 70 Topol-M ICBMs will be put on combat duty, thus bringing the total number of such missiles to approximately 120. However, their “specific gravity” is planned to be somewhat increased by re-equipping the missiles with MIRVs, most likely after 2010.

However, taking into account the likely and planned reduction in the future after 2012, the number of warheads deployed on all Russian carriers (ICBMs, SLBMs and heavy tanks) to a “ceiling” of 1700-2200 pieces, which is consistent with bilateral Russian-American agreements, taking into account the mass removal by 2015, the vast majority of Soviet-made ICBMs will no longer be on duty (due to their “advanced age”; after that, until 2020 and somewhat further, a total of no more than 60-70 ICBMs R-36M2 “Voevoda” and UR- 100N UTTH), and also taking into account the planned equipping of the Topol-M MIRV ICBM (in the RS-24 version), it is quite possible that by the middle of the coming decade this ICBM will nevertheless become the basis of ground-based missile strategic nuclear forces, but this time it will be forced. It is planned that with a guaranteed service life of 15 years with the prospect of its extension to 20-25 years (example: the initial warranty service life of the RT-2PM Topol ICBM was 10 years, as a result of R&D, this period has now been extended to 23 years with the prospect of a further extension to 24 years) the Topol-M ICBMs will remain on combat duty until 2040.

	Mobile ground-based missile system 15P158 “Topol” with intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58.
	Customer index: complex	15P158
	Customer index: rockets	15Zh58
	INF Treaty designation	RS-12M
	Designation DIA	SS-25
	NATO designation	Sickle
	Rocket manufacturer:	Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant
	Complex developer:	MIT, OKB A.D. Nadiradze.
	Launcher manufacturer:	Factory "Barricades", Volgograd, RSFSR.

The RS-12M is designed to destroy strategic targets at intercontinental ranges.

The RS-12M is a mobile ground-based intercontinental strategic missile, which significantly increases its survivability in combat conditions.

One of the most successful modern Russian complexes was considered to be the Topol mobile ground-based missile system (SS-25 “Sickle” according to NATO classification) with the RS-12M missile. It became the first mobile complex equipped with an intercontinental-range missile, put into service after almost two decades of unsuccessful attempts made by various design organizations.

Development

Development of a strategic mobile complex " Poplar»( RS-12M) with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on ICBMs 15Zh58 on solid mixed fuel weighing 45 tons with a monoblock nuclear warhead weighing 1 ton) was launched July 19, 1977 year at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of the chief designer Alexandra Nadiradze V 1975 year. After death A. Nadiradze(was director and chief designer of MIT 1961-1987 gg., died in 1987 year), work continued under the leadership Boris Lagutin(general designer of MIT 1987-1993 gg.). The mobile launcher on a wheeled chassis was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau at the Volgograd Barikady plant.

3 - 8. Self-propelled launcher (15U168)

9. Self-propelled launcher (15U128.1)

RT-2PM missile

Rocket 15Zh58 made according to a scheme with three marching steps. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new, more advanced mixed fuel of increased density, with a specific impulse increased by several units compared to the fillers of previously created engines, was used in all sustainer stages.

10.

11.

Installed on all three stages Solid propellant rocket engine with one fixed nozzle. On the outer surface of the tail section of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pieces), used for flight control together with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main stage Solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.

12. First stage

13. Second stage

14. Third stage

15. Tail compartment

16. Combat stage of the RS-12M rocket

The bodies of the upper stages were made for the first time using the method of continuous winding of organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. Controlling the firing range was a very complex technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and “windows” cut through DUZ ami ( DUZ– detonating elongated charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the body. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage body.

An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the guidance of the chief designer of the Kyiv plant "Arsenal" Serafima Parnyakova. The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations, as well as preparatory and routine work, are fully automated.

The head part is monoblock, nuclear, weighing about 1 ton. The head part includes a propulsion system and a control system that provides a circular probable deflection ( KVO) 400 m (this is what our sources say; in the West, the accuracy is estimated at 150-200 m). " Poplar» equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of the chief designer Samvel Kocharyants. According to Western sources, the missile was tested at least once with four individually targetable warheads, but this option was not further developed.

The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Just like the previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Rocket 15Zh58 produced in Votkinsk.

The entire life of the rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) carried out in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.

Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.

Launcher and equipment

17..

During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator ( PAD), placed in a transport and launch container ( TPK).

The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the direction of Valerian Soboleva And Victor Shurygin.

A seven-axle vehicle was used as the chassis of the mobile complex launcher. MAZ-7912 (15U128.1), later – MAZ-7917 (15U168) wheel formula 14x12 (Barricades plant in Volgograd). This car from the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket ship Vladimir Tsvyalev. The vehicle contained a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the missile was about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex Poplar"had good mobility and cross-country ability.

Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukova(later the association was headed by Zinovy Pack). Composite materials and container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Mechanical Engineering under the leadership of Victor Protasova. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics.

Some sources reported that the launch could have been carried out from any point on the patrol route, but according to more precise information: “ Upon receipt of the order to launch ASBU, calculation APU is obliged to occupy the nearest route point suitable for launch and deploy APU» .

note– the closest suitable one, which means predetermined and having certain coordinates, plus previously prepared in engineering and plotted on the route map. For this purpose, periodically in accordance with plans NS And ZBU Reconnaissance of field positions and patrol routes is carried out, during which a list of works is determined, where what should be cut down, leveled, added or strengthened. This is practically what is called from any point. [Ed.]

In the field (i.e. on the field BSP And IBP shelves " Poplars"are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer).

Start RS-12M could have been produced directly from a special unit 15U135 « Crown" in which " Poplars» are on combat duty on stationary BSP. For this purpose, the hangar roof is made retractable.

Initially the roof was retractable, andon the locking device, which did not allow cables with loads -concrete counterweights -at the end (like a weight on a chain on a walker) the fall was installedsquibs.At the start command (in the mode cyclogram« Start"), a command was issued to activate the squibs, and then the loads pulled the cables with their weight and the roof moved apart.

In harsh winter conditions, such a scheme proved to be negative (it was impossible to determine the exact mass of the counterweight due to snowfall; the average reading led to either jamming or falling off the guides; in addition, without shooting it is not possible to determine the condition of the squib). Therefore, the squibs were replaced with older and more reliable ones (compared to Pioneer electromechanical drives have been improved. [Ed.]

Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.

To enable starting PU hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The container with the rocket is then raised to a vertical position. To do this, in the “Start” mode, the powder pressure accumulator is activated ( PAD), located on the very APU. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to work for lifting the boom from TPK to the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e. the hydraulic pump engine was running) driven by the travel motor ( HD) chassis, which led to the need to have a system to maintain HD in a “hot state”, duplicate the starting system HD air cylinders, etc. But such a scheme somewhat reduced reliability.

Launch type – artillery: after installation TPK into a vertical position and shooting off its upper protective cap, the first one is triggered first PAD TPK– for extending the movable bottom TPK to “rest” against the ground for greater stability, and then a second PAD already pushes the rocket to a height of several meters, after which the first stage propulsion engine is launched.

Control APU carried out PKP « Zenith"(divisional link) and " Granite"(regimental unit).

For the Topol complex, a mobile command post of the regiment was developed ( PKP RP). Aggregates PKP RP placed on the chassis MAZ-543. Compound PKP RP:

Unit 15В168- combat control vehicle

Unit 15В179– communication machine 1

Unit 15B75– communication machine 2

Each of these units was accompanied by a unit MOBD(combat support vehicle), also on a chassis MAZ-543. At first it was a unit 15В148, then (with 1989 d.) unit 15В231.

One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the complex Pioneer: MDES, canteen, dormitory, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, a utility compartment, BPU.

APU RK « Poplar» were equipped with a modernized system RBU, which made it possible to receive launch commands using the “ Perimeter» across 3 ranges.

18.		19.
20.		21.
22.		23.
24.		25. SPU takes the field combat training starting position (PUBSP)
26. Loading equipment onto platforms to send av arsenal.		27. SPU exit from the structure 15U135 (Krona).
28. Missile division on the march.		29. SPU at the field position.
32. Example of the location of structures at the starting position		31.
30.		32. 1. Starting position Novosibirsk-2
32. 2. Starting position Novosibirsk-2		32. 3. Starting position Novosibirsk-2

Testing and deployment

33.

34.

35.

36.

On October 27, 1982, as part of the first stage of LKI-1, the first and only launch of the 15Zh58 rocket took place from the Kapustin Yar test site.

IN February 1983 year PGRK " Poplar» entered flight tests. The first flight test of the rocket at the 53rd NIIP MO (now the 1st GIK MO) Plesetsk was carried out February 8, 1983(here it should be clarified - according to other sources, this launch took place 18th of Febuary) This and two subsequent launches were made from converted stationary missile silos RT-2P. One of the launches was unsuccessful. The series of tests continued until December 23, 1987 In total, more than 70 launches of this rocket were carried out.

IN 1984 year, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for mobile missile systems began. Poplar» in positional areas removed from duty ICBM RT-2P And UR-100 located in silo OS. Later, the arrangement of position areas removed from service under the treaty was carried out RIAC medium-range complexes.

The development of the elements of the complex proceeded in stages, and apparently the greatest difficulties were associated with the combat control system.

The first series of tests was successfully completed by the middle 1985 (during April 1985 15 test launches took place).

It was decided in order to gain operating experience of the new complex RT-2PM (15P158) in military units, deploy it in one of the units.This was done and July 23, 1985 G. in the area of Yoshkar-Ola, a complex consisting of 9 launchers was first put on combat duty in the 779th missile regiment of the PGRK (commander - Lieutenant Colonel V.V. Dremov). And in November 1985, the regiment went out for combat duty to field positions for the first time.

At the same time, the development of the combat control system obviously continued.

WITH 1985 In 2009, serial production of missiles was located at the plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and the mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd plant "Barricades".

In parallel, in 1985 based on the second and third stages of the rocket 15Zh58 a medium-range mobile soil complex was developed " Speed" The first and only launch of the 15Zh66 rocket of the Speed complex took place on March 1, 1985. The maximum firing range of this complex was greater than that of the Temp-S front-line complex and shorter than that of the Pioneer complex. Such a range, with powerful combat equipment, made it possible to squeeze into the launch weight of the missile, which ensured acceptable total weight and dimensions of the self-propelled launcher. Acceptable for “riding” around the territory of Eastern European countries. Thus, the question of flight time for London, Rome, Bonn was removed. For political reasons, the adoption of this complex for service did not take place.

The first regiment, equipped with a mobile regimental command post (PKP "Barrier"), was put on combat duty only April 28, 1987(near Nizhny Tagil).

Part of PGRK " Poplar"was deployed in newly created position areas. After signing in 1987 of the INF Treaty, for basing the complexes " Poplar"Some positional areas of the dismantled medium-range PGRK began to be re-equipped" Pioneer».

Test launches of missiles, as previously mentioned, have been completed December 23, 1987 g., however, the complete testing of the mobile complex, and not just the missile, ended only in December 1988 g., therefore the final decision on the adoption of the Topol complex for service dates back to December 1, 1988 g., i.e. more than three years after the start of trial operation.

May 27, 1988 The first missile regiment with a modernized mobile regimental command post (PKP Granit, near Irkutsk) was put on combat duty.

At the time of signing the Agreement START-1 V 1991 The city of the USSR had 288 missile systems " Poplar" After signing START-1 the deployment of these complexes continued.

Missile divisions " Poplars"were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy.

As of the end 1996 the city of the Strategic Missile Forces had 360 PGRK " Poplar».

One missile test launch is carried out annually " Poplar» from the Plesetsk training ground. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.

November 29, 2005 a combat training launch of an ICBM was carried out RS-12M « Poplar» mobile based from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in the direction of the Kura training ground in Kamchatka. A training missile warhead hit a simulated target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula with specified accuracy. The main purpose of the launch is to check the reliability of the equipment. The missile remained on combat duty for 20 years. This is the first time in the practice of not only domestic, but also global rocket science - a solid-fuel rocket that has been in operation for so many years has been successfully launched.

Reduction

According to the agreement on START-2(signed in January 1993 by George Bush and Boris Yeltsin) 360 units of the missile system " Poplar" before 2007 years were shortened. This was not prevented by the delay in ratification and the subsequent virtual abandonment of the treaty.

After the collapse of the USSR, part of " Poplars"remained on the territory of Belarus. August 13, 1993 year, the withdrawal of the Strategic Missile Forces group began Poplar" from Belarus, November 27, 1996 year it was completed.

As of July 2006 years, 243 missile systems were still on combat duty " Poplar» (Teykovo, Yoshkar-Ola, Yurya, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Vypolzovo.

An interesting fact is that the complex " Poplar“- the first Soviet strategic missile system, the name of which was declassified in the Soviet press, in an article refuting the American side’s accusations that Russia was allegedly testing a new missile system in violation of the existing arms reduction treaty.

In order to use the released missiles of the complex " Poplar"To launch satellites, a launch complex for a space launch vehicle was developed" Start" From 1993 to 2006 Only 7 launches took place. There were two versions of launch vehicles:

« Start» – four stages (launch and three propulsion) + RB-4 upper stage (high-altitude stage). Moreover, the first stage (launch) of the complex is similar to the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket. The second and third (flight) are the second stage of the 15Zh58. The fourth (flight) is the third stage of 15Zh58.

« Start-1» – three stages + accelerating block.

The space complex did not receive development and the program was frozen...

Still at the end 1980s years, on a competitive basis, the development of a universal ICBM dual-based - mine and mobile installation. At MIT, which traditionally dealt with soil complexes, they began to develop a mobile complex, and at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Ukraine (Dnepropetrovsk) - a mine complex. But in 1991 year, all work was completely transferred to the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering. Headed the design Boris Lagutin, and after his retirement 1997 year - academician Yuri Solomonov, appointed general designer of MIT.

But that is another story...

Composition of the complex

PGRK 15P158.1 “Topol”– APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, in this configuration the Topol complex was deployed as part of the Strategic Missile Forces at the initial stage.

PGRK 15P158 “Topol”– APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis, standard equipment of the Topol complex.

The complex also includes:

– 15В148 / 15В231 combat duty support vehicles (MOBD) of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis for resting personnel on combat duty;

– 15B78 tropospheric radio communication station from the support equipment of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis;

– combat control vehicle (MCV);

– 15U135 unit “Krona” - a hangar with a sliding roof for carrying out combat duty PGRK in a stationary equipped position;

– a driver training vehicle on the MAZ-7917 chassis.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Topol complex


Time to prepare for launch, min	2
Thermonuclear charge power, Mt	0,55
Firing accuracy (FA), m	900/200*
Area of the combat patrol area, km 2	125000
Launcher	7-axle chassis MAZ-7310
Guaranteed shelf life of the missile in the TPK, years	10 (extended to 15)
Launcher type	mobile, group launcher with mortar launch
Intercontinental ballistic missile 15Zh58 (RT-2PM)
Firing range, km	10500
Number of steps	3 + dilution stage combat blocks.
Engine	Solid propellant rocket engine
Start type	ground from TPK due to PAD
Length:
– full, m	21,5
– without HS, m	18,5
– first stage, m	8,1
– second stage, m	4,6
– third stage, m	3,9
– head part, m	2,1
Diameter:
– first stage housings, m	1,8
– second stage housings, m	1,55
– third stage housings, m	1,34
– TPK (transport and launch container), m	2,0
Starting weight, T	45,1
Weight of the loaded first stage of the rocket, T	27,8
Head part	monobloc detachable
Weight of the head part, kg	1000
Control system	autonomous, inertial with on-board computer
Autonomous launcher (APU)
Number of missiles on launcher	1
Base – wheeled	MAZ-7912, MAZ-7917
Wheel formula	14x12
Weight:
– launcher without TPK, T	52,94
Overall dimensions (without TPK/with TPK):
- length, m	19,520/22,303
- width, m	3,850/4,5
- height, m	3,0/4,5
Engine	diesel V-58-7 (12V)
Power, hp	710
Fuel reserve, l	825
Speed, km/h	40
Power reserve, km	400
Time to transfer to combat position, minutes	2
Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD)
Weight, kg	43500
dimensions:
- length, m	15,935
- width, m	3,23
- height, m	4,415
Power, hp	525
Power reserve, km	850
Speed, km/h	40
Combat escort vehicle (BMS)
Weight, kg	103800
dimensions:
- length, m	23,03
- width, m	3,385
- height, m	4,35
Power, hp	710
Power reserve, km	400
Speed, km/h	40
Permanent structure for ground mobile launchers
Type	garage with sliding roof
Purpose	for storing one SPU
Built, units	408
Dimensions:
- length, m	30,4
- width, m	8,1
- height, m	7,2
Composition of connections and parts
Missile division	3-5 missile regiments (CP and 9 SPU in each).
Regimental command post	stationary and mobile "Barrier" or "Granite" (based on MAZ-543M).
Division composition:
– preparation and launch group, PC.	3
– combat control and communications group

* – according to Russian/foreign sources

List of launches

Most of the launches were carried out in the Kura test site area.

date	Rocket	Polygon	Note
29.09.1981	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
30.10.1981	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
25.08.1982	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Throw tests
27.10.1982	15Zh58	Kapustin Yar	LKI-1(stage 1) – First and only launch 15Zh58 from the Kapustin Yar training ground
18.02.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-1(stage 2)
05.05.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-2
31.05.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-3
10.08.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-4
25.10.1983	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-5
20.02.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-6
27.03.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-7
23.04.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-8
23.05.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-9
26.07.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-10
10.09.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-11
02.10.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-12
20.11.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
06.12.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-13
06.12.1984	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-14
29.01.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-15
21.02.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
22.04.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 79th rp (military unit 19970)
14.06.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 107th rp
06.08.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
28.08.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
04.10.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 308th rp (military unit 29438)
25.10.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
06.12.1985	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
18.04.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.09.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
29.11.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
25.12.1986	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
11.02.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
26.05.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
30.06.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
14.07.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
31.07.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.12.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.12.1987	15Zh58	Plesetsk	LKI-16 – End of LCI
29.04.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.08.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
14.09.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.10.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.12.1988	–	–	PGRK 15P158 “Topol” adopted
09.12.1988	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
07.02.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
21.03.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
15.06.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
20.09.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
26.10.1989	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
29.03.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
21.05.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
24.05.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
31.07.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
16.08.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
01.11.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
25.12.1990	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
07.02.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.04.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
25.06.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 189 rp (military unit 11466)
20.08.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 479 rp 35 rd
02.10.1991	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – 346 rp 32 rd
25.02.1993	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
23.07.1993	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control – Command post exercise
22.06.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
23.09.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Control
10.11.1994	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
14.04.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.10.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.11.1995	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
17.04.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
05.11.1996	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.1997	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
16.09.1998	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.10.1999	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
11.10.2000	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
16.02.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.10.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.11.2001	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
12.10.2002	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
27.03.2003	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – 235th rp (military unit 12465)
18.02.2004	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – 307th rp (military unit 29532) Exercise "Safety-2004"
02.11.2004	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
01.11.2005	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground. First launch of 15Zh58E with testing ground "Kapustin Yar"
29.11.2005	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.08.2006	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
18.10.2007	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
08.12.2007	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment.
28.08.2008	15Zh58E	Plesetsk	Testing a promising combat equipment. First launch of 15Zh58E from Plesetsk
12.10.2008	15Zh58E	Plesetsk	Testing a promising combat equipment. Exercise "Stability-2008"
10.04.2009	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.12.2009	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
28.10.2010	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – extension of service life complex up to 23 years
05.12.2010	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
03.09.2011	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
03.11.2011	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
07.06.2012	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
19.10.2012	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
10.10.2013	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
30.10.2013	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
27.12.2013	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
04.03.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
08.05.2014	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch – Command post exercise
20.05.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
11.11.2014	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment.
22.08.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment. The goal is the Sary-Shagan training ground.
30.10.2015	15Zh58	Plesetsk	Combat training launch
17.11.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment
24.12.2015	15Zh58E	Kapustin Yar	Testing a promising combat equipment

* – unsuccessful launches are marked in red.

Rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM)

10.

11.

12. First stage	13. Second stage	14. Third stage
15. Tail compartment		16. Combat stage of the RS-12M rocket

The bodies of the upper stages were made for the first time using the method of continuous winding of organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. Controlling the firing range was a very complex technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and “windows” cut through DUZ ami ( DUZ- detonating elongated charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the body. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage body.

The entire life of the rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) carried out in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.

Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.

Launcher and equipment

The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the direction of Valerian Soboleva And Victor Shurygin.

A seven-axle vehicle was used as the chassis of the mobile complex launcher. MAZ-7912 (15U128.1) , later - MAZ-7917 (15U168) wheel formula 14x12 (Barricades plant in Volgograd). This car from the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket ship Vladimir Tsvyalev. The vehicle contained a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the missile was about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex « Poplar"had good mobility and cross-country ability.

32. An example of the location of structures at the starting position

32.1. Starting position Novosibirsk-2

32.2. Starting position Novosibirsk-2

32.3. Starting position Novosibirsk-2

In the field (i.e. on the field BSP And IBP shelves " Poplars"are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer).

Start RS-12M could have been produced directly from a special unit 15U135 « Crown" in which " Poplars» are on combat duty on stationary BSP . For this purpose, the hangar roof is made retractable.

Initially the roof was retractable, and on the locking device, which did not allow cables with loads - concrete counterweights - at the end (like a weight on a chain on a walker) the fall was installed squibs.At the start command (in the mode cyclogram« Start"), a command was issued to activate the squibs, and then the loads pulled the cables with their weight and the roof moved apart.

Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.

To enable starting PU hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The container with the rocket is then raised to a vertical position. For this in the “Start” mode, the powder pressure accumulator is activated ( PAD), located on the very APU. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to work for lifting the boom from TPK to the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e. the hydraulic pump engine was running) driven by the travel motor ( HD) chassis, which led to the need to have a system to maintain HD in a “hot state”, duplicate the starting system HD air cylinders, etc. But such a scheme somewhat reduced reliability.

Launch type - artillery: after installation TPK into a vertical position and shooting off its upper protective cap, the first one is triggered first PAD TPK– for extending the movable bottom TPK to “rest” against the ground for greater stability, and then a second PAD already pushes the rocket to a height of several meters, after which the first stage propulsion engine is launched.

Control APU carried out PKP « Zenith"(divisional link) and " Granite"(regimental unit).

A mobile command post of the regiment was developed for the Topol complex ( PKP RP). Aggregates PKP RP placed on the chassis MAZ-543. Compound PKP RP:

Unit 15В168- combat control vehicle

Unit 15В179– communication machine 1

Unit 15B75– communication machine 2

Each of these units was accompanied by a unit MOBD(combat support vehicle), also on a chassis MAZ-543. At first it was a unit 15В148, then (with 1989 d.) unit 15В231.

One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the complex Pioneer: MDES, canteen, dormitory, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, a utility compartment, BPU.

APU RK « Poplar» were equipped with a modernized system RBU, which made it possible to receive launch commands using the “ Perimeter» across 3 ranges.

At the end of 1993, Russia announced the development of the first domestic missile, designed to become the basis of a promising group of ICBMs. The development of the Topol-M rocket is carried out by a Russian cooperation of enterprises and design bureaus. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of General Designer B.N. Lagutin and Yuri Solomonov.

The Topol-M missile is being created as a modernization of the RS-12M ICBM. The conditions for modernization are determined by the START-1 Treaty, according to which a missile that differs from the existing one (analogue) in one of the following ways will be considered new:
number of steps;
type of fuel of any stage;
starting weight by more than 10%;
the length of either the assembled rocket without the warhead, or the length of the first stage of the rocket by more than 10%;
the diameter of the first stage by more than 5%;
throw weight of more than 21% combined with a change in first stage length of 5% or more.

Thus, the mass-dimensional characteristics and some design options of the Topol-M ICBM are strictly limited.

The stage of state flight tests of the Topol-M missile system took place at 1-GIK MO. In December 1994, the first launch took place from a silo launcher.

During combat duty, the Topol-M missile will be located in a transport and launch container. It is assumed that it will be operated as part of both stationary (in silo launchers) and mobile complexes. In this case, in a stationary version, it is advisable to use silo launchers of missiles that are removed from service or destroyed in accordance with the START-2 Treaty, for example, appropriately equipped silo launchers of RS-20 missiles (modernized by designer D.K. Dragun). This modification should ensure that it is impossible to install a “heavy” ICBM in the launcher of the Topol-M missile and includes pouring concrete at the bottom of the shaft and installing a restrictive ring at the top of the launcher. Placing Topol-M missiles in existing silos modified in this way will significantly reduce the costs of developing and deploying the complex.

The missiles are equipped with monoblock warheads, but, unlike all other strategic missiles, they can be quickly re-equipped with multiple warheads capable of carrying up to three charges. This makes them unattainable for all existing missile defense systems. “Moreover, Solomonov promised that, if necessary, several warheads with individually targetable multiple warheads (MIRVs) could be installed on this monoblock missile. “If the restrictions under the treaty (START-2) are lifted, and appropriate financial resources are allocated and the appropriate time, "Topol-M" can certainly be turned into a missile with MIRVs"

On April 28, 2000, the State Commission approved an act on the adoption of the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile into service by the Strategic Missile Forces.

a brief description of

Design Bureau Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering
General designer Lagutin Boris Nikolaevich
Missile type intercontinental
The launch method is active-reactive (“mortar”)
Location method: stationary, mine launcher, and mobile
Start of development 1994
Start of flight tests December 1994

Basic performance characteristics

Maximum firing range, km 10000
Number of stages 3
Launch weight, tons 47.1
Throwing weight, tons 1.2
Rocket length without warhead, m 17.5 (17.9)
Maximum diameter, m 1.86
The warhead type is monoblock, nuclear, and has an inertial autonomous guidance system.
Number of MS 1
Solid fuel, mixed
Type of control system: autonomous, inertial based on on-line control system.
The warhead equivalent is 0.55 megatons of trinitrotoluene.
Deviation from the target - 0.9 km.

Tatishchevo, April 1999

The manufacturer of Topol-M missiles is the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant State Enterprise. The nuclear warhead was created under the leadership of Georgy Dmitriev at Arzamas-16.

The deployment of units is a regiment in Tatishchevo (Saratov region) (since November 12, 1998), military unit in Altai (near the village of Sibirsky, Pervomaisky district, Atai Territory). The first two Topol-M /RS-12M2/ missiles were put on experimental combat duty in Tatishchevo in December 1997 after four test launches, and on December 30, 1998, the first regiment of 10 missiles of this type began combat duty.

Tatishchevo, April 1999

DATA FOR 2019 (standard update, v.2)

R&D "Universal" / R&D "Topol-M", rocket 15Zh55 / 15Zh65 - SS-X-27 SICKLE-B
Complex RS-12M1 "Topol-M" / 15P155 (PGRK), missile RT-2PM1 / 15Zh55 - SS-27 SICKLE-B / STALIN
Complex RS-12M2 "Topol-M" / 15P165 (silo), missile RT-2PM2 / 15Zh65 - SS-27 SICKLE-B / STALIN

Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) / mobile ground-based missile system (MGRS). The complex and the rocket were developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT), the main designers were Boris Nikolaevich Lagutin and Yuri Semenovich Solomonov (in different years).

In 1987, simultaneously at the NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov, project ""), at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk) and at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, work began on the development of promising ICBMs with the ability to overcome the multi-echelon missile defense system of the alleged enemy with a universal basing - with launch options from silos and in the form of a PGRK ( ).

Work at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was carried out under the Universal research project - a solid-fuel ICBM was being developed in the PGRK and silo versions. At MIT, work was carried out on the Topol-M research project - the development of ICBMs to replace the Topol ICBMs with two types of deployment - PGRK and silos. In August 1988, Yu.S. Solomonov (MIT) held negotiations with the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, as a result of which, by the end of 1988, the two design bureaus jointly developed a technical proposal for a single rocket within the framework of the Universal research project ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

Full-scale development of the RT-2PM2 / 15Zh65 missile was started jointly by MIT and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau by decision of the USSR Military-Industrial Complex No. 323 of 09.09.1989 on the topic of the Universal research project. The design was planned to be completed by the end of 1991 in two versions - a missile with a platform for breeding unguided warheads with a solid propellant rocket engine and without a complex of means of overcoming (KSP) missile defense - developed by MIT (mobile missile system, PGRK), a similar missile with a platform for breeding warheads with a monopropellant liquid engine and with a missile defense system - developer - Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk, silo missile system 15P065). Due to a number of production reasons, the missiles differed in the design of the TPK and therefore had some differences and received different indices - 15Zh55 for the PGRK and 15Zh65 for the silos ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The development of the 1st stage, a version of the AP launch platform and the rocket's head fairing was led by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau, the development of the 2nd and 3rd stages, the instrument compartment, its version of the AP launch platform and the unguided warhead was led by MIT. The 1st stage engine, nose fairing and the second version of the launch platform with a monopropellant engine were developed by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau ( ist. - Rockets and spacecraft, Strategic missiles). At the end of 1989, a joint preliminary design of the rocket and the silo version of the missile system was released. In the first half of 1990, a preliminary design of the PGRK was released ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The first flight sample of the 1L version of the missile from the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau was assembled and prepared for testing at the test site in Plesetsk in December 1991. The dispatch of the missile from the factory to the test site was canceled by the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In 1991, MIT began forming adjusted developer cooperation with an emphasis on Russian enterprises ( ist. - Strategic missiles). In 1992, after the general designer of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau S.N. Konyukhov addressed the President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, a meeting was convened to discuss the continuation of the joint development of ICBMs. No decision was made, and in April 1992, Yuzhnoye Design Bureau’s participation in the development of the rocket was terminated ( ). In 1992, an addition to the preliminary design of the Topol-M ICBM was released, taking into account changes in the cooperation of developers - the engine of the 1st stage of the rocket was now being developed by NPO Iskra (Perm). The main option for basing the silo version was the option using the launch position and silo launchers of the UR-100NUTHKh complexes with 15A35 missiles after modernization of the launch equipment (developed by the Vympel Design Bureau, Moscow). Also, an addition to the preliminary design provided for the use of silo launchers for R-36MUTTH and R-36M2 missiles in the event of a complete reduction of these missiles under the START-2 treaty, which could occur ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

By decree of Boris Yeltsin of February 27, 1993, MIT became the lead enterprise for the development of Topol-M. It was decided to develop a unified missile with only one variant of combat equipment - with a solid fuel combat stage propulsion system. After that, developments on the RT-2PM2 variant with a missile defense system and a monopropellant engine of the breeding platform were transferred from the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau to the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. A sample of the 1L rocket was transferred to Russia on January 15, 1995 ( ist. - Rockets and spacecraft...).

Tests. To test the stationary version of the RT-2PM2 missile of the Topol-M complex, in 1992 the re-equipment of silo launchers began at sites 163/1, 172 and Yuzhnaya of the Plesetsk test site. Tests of the RT-2PM2 took place from December 20, 1994 (first launch) to February 2000 (ten launches).

APU 15U175 of the RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

Launches of the RS-12M1 / RS-12M2 Topol-M ICBM:

№pp	date	Polygon	PU type	Rocket	Description
01	12/20/1994 (12:50)	Plesetsk	silo	2L? 15Zh65	Successful first launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). A silo was used converted from a silo launcher for the UT-100NUTTKh ICBM ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
02	09/05/1995 (11:50)	Plesetsk	silo	1L? 15Zh65
03	07/25/1996	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
04	07/08/1997 (16:25)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
05	10/22/1998 (15:53)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Unsuccessful launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile veered off course and was destroyed.
06	08.12.1998 (14:25)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
07	01/03/1999 (18:20)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
08	09/03/1999 (15:44)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
09	12/14/1999 (12:05)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka)
10	02/09/2000 (13:59)	Plesetsk	silo	15Zh65	Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The first launch on command from the Strategic Missile Forces control center. Launch from silo 15P765-18 with silo elements of missile 15A18M ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The last launch of the test program for the silo version of the Topol-M ICBM.
11	09.26.2000 (15:00)	Plesetsk	silo		Successful launch from a silo at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka).
12	09.27.2000 (13:50)	Plesetsk	PGRK	15Zh55	Successful first launch from the PGRK (according to other data, the first launch of the PGRK was 20.09). 1st launch of the PGRK test program.
13	06.06.2002 (15:20)	Plesetsk	PGRK	15Zh55	Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). 2nd launch of the PGRK test program.
14	04/20/2004 (21:30)	Plesetsk	PGRK	15Zh55	Successful launch to maximum range in the Pacific Ocean. 3rd launch of the PGRK test program.
15	12/24/2004 (12:39)	Plesetsk	PGRK	15Zh55	Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). The last - fourth - launch within the framework of the PGRK test program.
16	01.11.2014 (09:20)	Plesetsk	silo
17	01/16/2017	Plesetsk	silo		Successful test launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka).
18	17.10.2018	Plesetsk	silo		According to Western data, an emergency launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). () - no launch confirmation from other sources
19	30.09.2019	Plesetsk	silo		Successful test launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka).

Launch of a 15Zh65 "Topol-M" missile from a silo, Plesetsk training ground, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Launch of the Topol-M rocket, Plesetsk (http://militaryphotos.net).

The fourth launch within the framework of the Topol-M PGRK test program, Plesetsk, December 24, 2004 (photo - Alexander Babenko, http://itar-tass.com).

Serial production of RT-2PM2 missiles began at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in 1997 after the first four successful launches - simultaneously with the placement of the complex on experimental combat duty ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The deployment of the 15Zh65 ICBM with the 15P165 complex in a silo version in experimental combat duty mode began with the deployment of the first two missiles in the 104th missile regiment of the 60th division of the Strategic Missile Forces in Tatishchevo on December 24, 1997. However, at the beginning of 1998 in the analytical The note “The state of the defense industry and ways to overcome the crisis” () reported that the Topol-M priority program was being implemented with a delay of several years. the first regiment with Topol-M missiles in silos (10 missiles) went on combat duty on December 30, 1998 ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The stationary-based 15Zh65 ICBM was adopted by the Russian Strategic Missile Forces after the signing of the Act on Adoption for Armament on April 28, 2000 by Decree of the President of Russia, which was signed on July 13, 2000.

In 2011, a decision was made to stop purchasing 15Zh65 ICBMs for the Strategic Missile Forces. The deployment of Topol-M missiles in silos was completed in 2012. A total of 60 silos were deployed - 10 regiments as part of the 60th division of the Strategic Missile Forces in Tatishchevo.

Testing and acceptance into service of the version with PGRK. To test the mobile version of the RT-2PM1 missile of the Topol-M complex, sites 167 and 169 of the Plesetsk test site were used. A total of four launches were carried out during flight tests from September 2000 to December 2004. Testing of the 15Zh55 ICBM with the 15P155 PGRK began in Plesetsk with a launch on September 27, 2000.

On November 21, 2005, two missile divisions and a mobile command post of the 321st missile regiment of the 54th missile division (Teykovo) were decommissioned. In November 2006, one missile division of the 321st missile regiment was equipped with 3 automatic launchers and a mobile command post of the Topol-M complex, and on December 10, 2006, this division of the 321st regiment of the Teikov missile division took up combat duty.

The PGKR with the Topol-M ICBM was put into service in December 2006.(). The deployment of the Topol-M missiles as part of the PGRK was completed in 2009 - at the same time it was announced that the production of the Topol-M PGRK would be discontinued in favor of the PGRK with ICBMs. A total of 18 PGRKs have been deployed.

Starting equipment:
The launch of the rocket according to the 1989 project was initially planned from the TPK. For the PGRK it was planned to use a TPK made of fiberglass (MIT project). For the variant of the complex with launch from a silo (version of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau), it was planned to manufacture a TPK from metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. For this reason, the missiles differed slightly and received different indices during development ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

Silo 15P765 type OS- complex 15P065 / 15P165 - the first two installations on experimental combat duty - complex 15P065-35 (converted ICBM silos UR-100NUTTH / 15A35). The silo launchers of the complex are combined into regimental sets of 10 silo launchers with a command post 15B222. In the silo version, the missile can use modified silo launchers from the UR-100NUTTH and R-36M missiles ().

Several types of silos are known:
- silo 15P765-35 - silo using the MBR 15A35 shaft
- silo 15P765-18 - silo using the MBR 15A18M shaft;
- silo 15P765-60 - silo using the MBR shaft 15Zh60;

Work on converting silo launchers of old missiles into silo launchers 15P765 was carried out by the Vympel Experimental Design Bureau under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun. The re-equipment was carried out by removing elements of the 15P735 launcher necessary for the gas-dynamic launch of 15A35 missiles, using an improved shock-absorbing system and filling the freed volume with special grades of heavy reinforced concrete ().

It was decided to convert one of the two silos for the 15A35 ICBM at the Plesetsk test site, which were previously used for testing the RT-23 ICBM, using a silo head and a protective device for the 15A18M ICBM silo. components for the conversion were delivered from the Orenburg Rocket Army. This is how the 15P765-18 silo was equipped and the 15Zh65 missile was launched from it in 2000.

Launch of the 15Zh65 ICBM from the OS 15P765-18 PU prototype, Plesetsk training ground, 02/09/2000 (photo retouched in the source, Ground-Based Strategic Missile Systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Launch of the 15Zh65 ICBM from the OS 15P765-18 PU prototype, Plesetsk test site, probably 02/09/2000 (without retouching).

Silo launcher type 15P765-35 for the Topol-M ICBM, Plesetsk test site, 1990-2000. (http://www.arms-expo.ru).

The head of a silo launcher type 15P765 / 15P765M at the Plesetsk training ground, footage of the launch of the Topol-M ICBM on November 1, 2014 (Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Armed Forces).

PGKR 15P155- autonomous launcher 15U175 on an eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221 with a 15Zh55 missile in a fiberglass TPK.

APU 15U175 ICBM "Topol-M" with TPK ICBM "Yars" at one of the rehearsals of the parade on Red Square, April 2011 (http://russianarms.mybb.ru).

TTX APU 15U175 "Topol-M" on the MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) chassis:
Launch type - mortar using PAD
The wheel formula is 16 x 16, the first three and last three axles are steered.
Engine - diesel YaMZ-847.10 with a power of 800 hp, 4-stroke, 12-cylinder, turbocharged
Length - approx. 22.7 m
Width - approx. 3.4 m
Height - approx. 3.3 m
Ground clearance - 475 mm
Turning radius - 18 m
Brod - 1.1 m
Tires with adjustable pressure 1600x600-685 model VI-178A / AU
Curb weight - 40000 kg
Load capacity - 80000 kg
Tank volume - 825 l
Maximum speed - 45 km/h
Power reserve - 500 km

Photo report from the MZKT assembly line. Chassis MZKT-79221 for the Russian Strategic Missile Forces. Minsk, Belarus, 2010 ().

Chassis MZKT-79221 before the parade in honor of the Independence Day of the Republic of Belarus in Minsk, publication 07/01/2013 (http://www.vpk.gov.by via http://autocatalogue.livejournal.com).

APU 15U175 of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

APU of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with an ICBM TPK during a parade rehearsal in Moscow, 05/03/2011 (photo - Andrey Kryuchenko, http://a-andreich.livejournal.com).

PGRK "Topol-M" uses and can be used from the 15U182 "Krona" combat duty unit - a protected box with a tearable roof to house the 15U175 APU. Serially produced by JSC "85 Repair Plant" ().

Combat duty unit 15U182 "Krona" (http://russianarms.mybb.ru).

APU PGRK "Topol-M" with a raised TPK after the launch of an ICBM 15Zh55 from a "Krona" type shelter, launch 09/27/2000, Plesetsk (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Rocket RT-2PM1/15Zh55 and RT-2PM2/15Zh65:

Design three-stage with sequential connection of stages. The storage and use of ICBMs is carried out using TPK. The design of the rocket was developed taking into account the possibility of overcoming dust and soil formations after a nuclear explosion - clouds of crushed stone and suspensions at an altitude of 10-20 km. The rocket body is made without protruding parts with a durable head fairing. The design design also makes the high-energy third stage of the rocket as light as possible ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

Launch of the Topol-M complex rocket (http://ok.ya1.ru).

Launch of a 15Zh65 rocket from a silo, Plesetsk test site, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Rocket composition:
- PAD
- 1st stage
- 2nd stage
- 3rd stage
- the stage of launching the warhead - in the original design of the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau - a monopropellant liquid engine using Pronit fuel.
- a combat unit with means to overcome missile defense (up to 20 decoys - - not confirmed).

The rocket stages are made by winding fiberglass of the “cocoon” type. The missile is not equipped with aerodynamic control and stabilization aids.

The missile has maximum resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion (PFYA) due to ():
- the use of a newly developed protective coating applied to the outer surface of the rocket body and providing comprehensive protection against nuclear attack;
- application of a control system developed on an element base with increased durability and reliability;
- applying a special coating with a high content of rare earth elements to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, which housed the control system equipment;
- the use of shielding and special methods for laying the onboard cable network of the rocket;
- introduction of a special program maneuver for a missile when passing through a cloud of a ground-based nuclear explosion, etc.

Control system and guidance- autonomous inertial control system using an on-board computer. The developer of the control system is the Scientific and Production Center for Automation and Instrumentation named after Academician N.A. Pilyugin (Moscow), the chief designers are V. Lapygin and Yu. Trunov. The active part of the trajectory has been shortened. To reduce the speed spread at the end of the 3rd stage, a maneuver is probably used to turn the rocket in the direction of zero range increment until the 3rd stage fuel is completely exhausted. The rocket's instrument compartment is sealed. The missile can perform a program maneuver at launch to pass through the nuclear explosion cloud of attacking ballistic missiles.

Automatic gyrocompass (AGK) of the APU 15U175 aiming system of the RT-2PM2 / RS-12M2 "Topol-M" complex with the Yars ICBM TPK during the parade in Moscow, 05/09/2012 (photo from the Boaz Guttman archive, http:// www.flickr.com).

Engines:

Stage 1 - solid propellant rocket engine using mixed fuel. Engine development - NPO "Iskra" (Perm), chief designer of the nozzle block - Sokolovsky M.I. Possibly fuel type T-9BK-8E or similar developed by NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk). The 15S51 fiberglass body is an integral part of the propulsion system of the first stage of the rocket and, as of 2011, is mass-produced by Avangard OJSC (Safronovo,). Engine nozzle - controlled ( ist. - Strategic missiles).
Nozzle - rotary controlled (NPO "Iskra", Perm)
Engine thrust - approx. 100 t / 90780 kg (according to other data)
Engine operating time - 60 sec

Stage 2 - solid propellant rocket engine, probably with a sliding nozzle. Probably developed by MIT. Possibly Start type fuel or similar NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk).
Engine thrust - approx. 50 t
Engine operating time - 64 sec

Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with mixed fuel, probably with a sliding nozzle. Probably developed by MIT. Possibly AP-65 fuel or similar fuel from NPO Soyuz (Dzerzhinsk).
Nozzle - rotating, controlled, partially recessed with folding nozzle tip
Engine thrust - approx. 25 t
Engine operating time - 56 sec

The nozzle blocks of all stages are made of carbon-carbon material, the nozzle liners are based on a three-dimensionally reinforced oriented carbon-carbon matrix ().

There is a possibility that in order to reduce the time of the active part of the trajectory (AUT), the expansion of the nozzle nozzles of the 2nd and 3rd stages occurs in a “hot” mode by the products of the operation of the stage engines. A similar technology was developed in the 1980s by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk) for the Krechet aviation missile system and other systems.

Warhead breeding platform:
MIT version - with solid propellant rocket engine. There was information in the media about the use of a “unique engine with variable thrust.” Development of a fuel charge - NPO "Soyuz" (Dzerzhinsk).

Option of Yuzhnoye Design Bureau rocket 15Zh65 - monopropellant engine or solid propellant rocket engine or several low-thrust liquid rocket engines.

Such a remote control provides two modes of operation of the main engine of the stage with deep throttling (30 times) of the high-thrust engine chamber, which reduces the gas-dynamic effect on the detachable warheads. The formation of orders of warheads is carried out by a low-thrust engine according to a “pulling” scheme.
Fuel type - PRONIT
High thrust engine thrust - 300 kg (empty)
Thrust of the thruster - 3/6 kg (empty)

Performance characteristics of the missile:
Length - 22.55 m ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 22.7 m (according to other data)
Length of the 1st stage - 8.04 m
Length of the 2nd stage - 6 m
Length of the 3rd stage - 3.1 m
Length without warhead - 17.5 m
Diameter of the 1st stage - 1.81 m ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 1.86 m ()
Diameter of the 2nd stage - 1.61 m ()
Diameter of the 3rd stage - 1.58 m ()
TPK diameter without protruding parts:
- 15P065 - 1.95 m
- 15P165 - 2.05 m

Launch weight - 46.5 t ( ist. - Strategic missiles) / 47.1 t / 47.2 t ()
Weight of the 1st stage - 26 t / 28.6 t (according to other data)
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 3 t
Weight of the 2nd stage - 13 t
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 1.5 t
Weight of the 3rd stage - 6 t
Weight of the 1st stage structure - 1 t
Head mass - 1200 kg ()

Range:
- maximum:
- more than 11000 km
- 11500 km ()
KVO - 350 m / 200 m ()

Warranty period - 15-20 years (according to various sources)

Warhead types- monoblock thermonuclear warhead with a power of up to 1 Mt - developer - VNIIEF (Sarov), chief designer - G. Dmitriev.

The warhead is high-speed with a high level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion ().

The missile is equipped with a complex of means for overcoming missile defense (KSP ABM). According to unconfirmed data, the missile defense system includes active and passive decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead ().

Installation of the warhead on the 15Zh65 "Topol-M" missile, Plesetsk training ground, 2000 or earlier (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

Modifications:
- R&D complex "Universal" - a rocket project developed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk).

The Topol-M complex is a rocket project developed by MIT.

The "Universal" complex, missiles 15Zh55 (PGRK) and 15Zh65 (ShPU 15P065) - a preliminary design of joint development by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and MIT.

Complex RS-12M1 "Topol-M" 15P165 (silo launcher), missile RT-2PM1 / 15Zh65 - SS-27 SICKLE-B - a variant of the ICBM complex with silo launcher developed by MIT.
- option 15P765-35 - with silos using 15A35 ICBM silos
- option 15P765-18 - with silos using 15A18M ICBM silos
- option 15P765-60 - with silos using 15Zh60 ICBM shafts

Complex RS-12M2 "Topol-M" 15P155 (PGRK), missile RT-2PM2 / 15Zh55 - SS-27 SICKLE-B - a variant of the ICBM complex with PGRK developed by MIT.

The complex is a variant of the silo-based and mobile ground-based ICBM complex with MIRVs.

Status: Russia

1997 December 24 - in the 60th Taman Missile Division (Tatishchevo) in the 104th Missile Regiment, the first Topol-M missile was installed in a silo that had been modified after the release of the UR-100N missile, which had served its useful life, to continue testing. The missile is installed without a nuclear warhead. The first missile regiment armed with 15Zh65 missiles began testing combat duty only a year later (10 silos).

1998 December 30 - The 104th Missile Regiment of the 60th Missile Division, consisting of 10 silos of 15Zh65 missiles, began experimental combat duty as part of the Russian Strategic Missile Forces.

1999 December 10 - the second missile regiment of the 60th missile division took up combat duty with Topol-M missiles.

December 26, 2000 - the third missile regiment of the 60th missile division took up combat duty with Topol-M missiles - the regiment was re-equipped with the 15P060 complex.

December 21, 2003 - the fourth missile regiment of the 60th missile division began combat duty with Topol-M missiles.

December 9, 2005 - the fifth missile regiment of the 60th missile division began combat duty with Topol-M missiles.

Number of RS-12M2 "Topol-M" ICBMs in the RSVN:

Sources:
Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Website http://ru.wikipedia.org, 2013
Milekhin Yu.M. Contribution of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise FCDT "Soyuz" to the creation of solid-fuel missile systems. // National defense. No. 6 / 2011
JSC NPO Iskra. Website http://www.npoiskra.ru/, 2010.
Pashnev M.A. "Topol-M": history of creation and prospects. http://rbase.new-factoria.ru, 05/11/2010
Rocket and space technology developed by NPO Iskra. Presentation. 2008
Rockets and spacecraft of the Yuzhnoye design bureau. Dnepropetrovsk, State Clinical Hospital "Yuzhnoye", 2000
Ground-based strategic missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007

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