Characteristics of the economy of foreign Asia. Foreign Asia is the largest region in the world

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Repeating and generalizing multimedia lesson on geography in 11th grade. “Overseas Asia is the largest region in the world.” Vladimir Yurievich Katzendorn – geography teacher, Municipal Educational Institution – Ivanovo Secondary School, Bagansky District, Novosibirsk Region

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Lesson plan 1. Introduction to the goals and lesson plan 2. Viewing presentations and conversation 3. Test on Asia 4. Peer testing and summarizing Goals: Educational - summarize the material on Foreign Asia, test knowledge on the topic. Educational - show the diversity of cultures, religions, peoples; the need for a tolerant attitude towards other ethnic groups. Developmental – the ability to summarize a variety of material, draw conclusions and conclusions.

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Area - 27.7 million sq. km Population - 3.7 billion people The political map of Foreign Asia includes 38 sovereign states

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DIVERSITY OF ASIAN COUNTRIES By territory size Giant countries (more than 3 million sq. km) China, India Large countries (0.5 - 2.2 million km) Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey Medium-sized countries (0. 1-0.5 million sq. km) Vietnam, Iraq, Syria, Japan, Bangladesh, North Korea Small countries (less than 0.1 million sq. km) UAE, Sri Lanka, Cyprus, Kuwait, Lebanon

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DIVERSITY OF ASIAN COUNTRIES By population More than 100 million people China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan From 50 to 100 million people Vietnam, Philippines, Iran, Turkey, Thailand From 20 to 50 million people Myanmar, North Korea, Iraq , Saudi Arabia, Nepal Less than 20 million people Syria, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Oman, Yemen, Kuwait

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FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Japan Bhutan Jordan Nepal Cambodia Thailand Kuwait Bahrain Malaysia Brunei Qatar UAE Saudi Arabia Oman China India Pakistan Indonesia Republic of Korea Syria Israel Philippines Vietnam

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Questions 1. What is the population of Asia? 2. How many countries are there in Overseas Asia? 3. How many population groups are Asian countries divided into? 4. What are the forms of government in Asian countries? 5. Explain the concepts of “parliamentary monarchy”, “absolute monarchy”, “republic”, “federation”, “unitary state”.

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6. Which region of Overseas Asia is not indicated on this map? Name it and list the countries included in it. Working with a map (students ask questions to the person answering)

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History of Asia Religions of the countries of modern Asia Types of nutrition Natural resource potential Population Models of socio-economic development

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Asia Asia translated from Assyrian means east. Asia's past is quite complex, it was shaped by various civilizations. Asia's role in the world is unique. Ancient civilizations with a rich material and spiritual culture arose in its vast expanses. Of the four great “river” civilizations, three formed in Asia, in the valleys of the largest rivers in China, India and Mesopotamia. A special type of economy has developed here, which is characterized by high labor intensity and extensive development of irrigation.

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Religions In Asia, pockets of modern spiritual culture have developed on the basis of religious, moral and ethnic teachings. Usually in Asia there are three main “cultural worlds” - Indian, Chinese, Arab-Islamic. As can be seen from the table, the religions of Asian countries have a very complex structure. The most widespread religion is Islam.

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Types of food The diversity of the population, its cultural and everyday traditions is also indicated by the variety of types of food of the inhabitants of Asia. Of the 20 types that exist in the world, 11 are represented in Asia. The table shows that rice and wheat types of nutrition predominate in Asia.

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Natural resource potential The Asian region has a powerful resource base for industry and limited opportunities for the development of agricultural production. Asian mineral resources, primarily fuel and metal reserves, are of particular importance on a global scale. The region also has significant forest resources and fresh water resources. Natural opportunities for the development of agriculture are limited; the vast expanses of Asia are represented by mountainous, highly dissected terrain, as well as arid or waterlogged areas. Cultivated lands occupy only 1/6 of the region's territory, which corresponds to the world average, but two times lower than in Europe.

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Population Foreign Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of population. More than 60% of the world's population lives here. Asia is characterized by high absolute and relative rates of population growth. Population growth is particularly rapid in Southwest Asia. The countries that hold the record for population growth rates are also located here: the UAE, Qatar, Jordan. Foreign Asia is characterized by extreme uneven distribution of the population. The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants are concentrated in just a few areas, confined mainly to the valleys of large rivers and large plains. Asia is characterized by a very diverse ethnic composition. More than a thousand peoples live here, including some very small ones. There are few single-national countries in the region. These are mainly Arab countries of South-West Asia, as well as Japan, two Koreas, and Bangladesh.

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Asia is often called the global village because it has the smallest proportion of urban residents. Most rural residents are concentrated in the largest countries - China, India, Indonesia. One of the Asian paradoxes is that against the “rural background” a large number of large cities, including giants, have grown there. Half of the world's largest cities are located in Foreign Asia. A distinctive feature of Asian giant cities is overpopulation. The absolute record holder for the degree of population is Hong Kong (Hong Kong).

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Male region Foreign Asia is the most “male region” of the world, in which the stronger sex noticeably predominates. Centuries-old traditions and the associated unequal position of women in China and India determined the numerical superiority of men. A particularly sharp predominance of men is characteristic of the oil-producing countries of South-West Asia, which was the result of mass labor immigration (in Qatar, men make up 2/3 of the population.

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Strict government regulation of the economy. Export orientation of the economy. Attracting foreign capital. Creation of large national monopolies. Models of Socio-Economic Development Each socio-economic model in Asia combines traditional and modern elements. Japanese (East Asian) model. Socialist model. Chinese model (third way model). Oil export It is typical to use the principles of organizing a state socialist economy under “political pressure”. It is a symbiosis of a market economy with central planning and the old political superstructure. Countries belonging to this group form their economies based on the production and export of oil or its refined products.

Table 10 - Demographic, socio-economic indicators of the world, Foreign Asia

Indicators	The whole world	Zarub. Asia	China	India	Japan
Area, thousand km 2	132850	27710	9597	3288	372
Population in 1998, million people.	5930	3457,6	1255,1	975,8	125,9
Fertility, ‰	24	24	17	29	10
Mortality, ‰	9	8	7	10	7
Natural increase	15	16	10	19	3
Life expectancy, m/f	63/68	65/68	68/72	62/63	77/83
Age structure, under 16 / over 65	62/6	33/5	27/6	36/4	16/14
Proportion of urban population in 1995, %	45	35	30	27	78
GDP per capita in 1995, $	6050	3950	2920	1400	22110

General economic and geographical characteristics of Asia

Foreign Asia is the largest region of the world in terms of area and population, and it has maintained this primacy, essentially, throughout the entire existence of human civilization. The area of ​​Foreign Asia is 27 million km2, it includes more than 40 sovereign states. Many of them are among the oldest in the world. Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of humanity, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural values ​​and scientific achievements. The region mainly consists of developing countries.

Geographical position. general review

The region includes countries of different sizes: two of them are giant countries, the rest are mainly quite large countries. The boundaries between them follow well-defined natural boundaries. The EGP of Asian countries is determined by their neighboring position, the coastal position of most countries, and the inland position of some countries. The first two features have a beneficial effect on their economy, while the third complicates external economic relations. The political structure of the countries is very diverse: Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Jordan are constitutional monarchies, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, Brunei, Oman are absolute monarchies, the rest of the states are republics.

Natural conditions and resources

The region is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and relief: within its boundaries there is the greatest amplitude of heights on earth, both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result, Asia's mineral resources are very diverse. The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and non-metallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts, ores predominate. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the MGRT, is oil. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most countries of South-West Asia, but the main deposits are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran. The agroclimatic resources of Asia are heterogeneous. Vast tracts of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are little suitable for economic activity, with the exception of animal husbandry; The supply of arable land is small and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases).

Population

The population of Asia is 3.1 billion people. All countries in the region, with the exception of Japan, belong to the 2nd type of population reproduction, and now they are in a state of the so-called “demographic explosion”. Some countries are fighting this phenomenon by pursuing demographic policies (India, China), but most countries do not pursue such a policy; rapid population growth and rejuvenation continue. At the current rate of population growth, it could double in 30 years. Among Asian subregions, East Asia is the furthest away from the peak of its population explosion. The ethnic composition of the Asian population is also extremely complex: more than 1 thousand peoples live here - from small ethnic groups numbering several hundred people to the largest peoples in the world. The four peoples of the region (Chinese, Hindustani, Bengalis and Japanese) number more than 100 million each. The peoples of Asia belong to approximately 15 language families. Such linguistic diversity is not found in any other major region on the planet. The most ethnolinguistically complex countries are: India, Sri Lanka, Cyprus. In East and South-West Asia, with the exception of Iran and Afghanistan, a more homogeneous national composition is characteristic. The complex composition of the population in many parts of the region (India, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey, etc.) leads to acute ethnic conflicts. Foreign Asia is the birthplace of all major religions; all three world religions originated here: Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. Among other national religions, it is necessary to note Confucianism (China), Taoism, Shintoism. In many countries, interethnic contradictions are based precisely on religious grounds. The population of foreign Asia is unevenly distributed: population density ranges from 1 to 800 people. per 1 km 2. In some areas it reaches 2000 people. per 1 km 2 The growth rate of the region's urban population is so high (3.3%) that this growth has come to be called the “urban explosion.” But, despite this, in terms of urbanization level (34%), Foreign Asia is in penultimate place among the regions of the world. For rural settlement, the village form is most typical.

Farm

The role of foreign Asia as a whole in the world economy has increased significantly in recent decades. But differences in the levels of development and specialization of individual countries are more pronounced here than in foreign Europe.

There are 6 groups of countries:

1. Japan - occupies an isolated position, since it is the “number 2 power” of the Western world, the only member of the “Big Seven” in this region. In many important indicators it occupies a leading position among economically developed Western countries;

2. China and India have also made great strides in economic and social development in a short time. But in terms of per capita indicators, their success is still small;

3. the newly industrialized countries of Asia - the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, as well as Thailand and Malaysia, members of ASEAN. The combination of a profitable EGP and cheap labor resources made it possible, with the participation of Western TNCs, to carry out in the 70-80s. restructuring the economy along Japanese lines. But their economy is export-oriented;

4. oil-producing countries - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and other countries of the Persian Gulf, which, thanks to “petrodollars”, in a short period of time managed to go through a development path that would have taken them several centuries. Now not only oil production is developing here, but also petrochemistry, metallurgy and other industries;

5. countries with a predominance of mining or light industry in the industrial structure - Mongolia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Jordan.

Agriculture

In most Asian countries, the bulk of EAN is engaged in agriculture. In general, the region is characterized by a combination of commodity and consumer economy, landownership and peasant land use, and a sharp predominance of food crops in crops. The food problem in many countries has not yet been resolved; in South and Southeast Asia, tens of millions of people are on the verge of starvation. According to the distribution of agro-climatic resources, population and traditions, 3 major agricultural regions have developed: the rice growing region (covering the monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia) combined with tea cultivation in the higher parts; subtropical farming area (Mediterranean coast); the rest of the territory is dominated by the cultivation of wheat, millet, and pasture animal husbandry.

Ecology

As a result of poor farming practices, the negative anthropogenic impact in foreign Asia is reaching alarming proportions. As a result of intensive mining without environmental protection measures, extensive agriculture, and an increase in the number of inhabitants, air pollution, depletion of water resources, soil erosion, land alienation, deforestation, and depletion of natural biocenoses occur. Frequent conflicts and wars in the region only worsen the situation. For example, the war in the Persian Gulf led to acid rain, dust storms, massive soot and oil pollution of waters and soils, and caused irreparable damage to the fauna and flora of the region. Ecocide during the American aggression in Vietnam is no less notorious, when forests on an area of ​​about 0.5 million km 2 were deliberately destroyed over the course of several years.

China

Territory - 9.6 million km 2. Population - 1 billion 222 million people since 1995. Capital - Beijing.

The PRC is the third largest country in the world by territory and the first by population - located in central and eastern Asia. The state borders on 16 countries, 1/3 of the borders are in the CIS countries. The economic and geographical position of the PRC is very favorable, since being located along the Pacific coast (15 thousand km), the country has access to the sea from the most remote inland corners through the Yangtze River. The coastal location of the PRC contributes to the development of its economy and foreign economic relations. China is one of the oldest states in the world, which emerged in the 14th century BC, and has a very complex history. Due to the obvious benefits of its position, the wealth of natural and agro-climatic resources, throughout its existence China attracted the attention of various conquerors. Even in ancient times, the country protected itself with the partially preserved Great Wall of China. In the last century, China was a pro-colony of England, after defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895. The country was divided into spheres of influence between England, France, Germany, Japan and Russia. In 1912, the Republic of China was formed. In 1945, after the defeat of the Japanese invaders with the help of the USSR, the People's Revolution occurred. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed.

Natural conditions and resources

The country lies within the fractured Chinese Precambrian Platform and younger areas. As part of this, the eastern part is mainly lowland, and the reserved upland and mountainous part. Various mineral deposits are associated with various tectonic structures. In terms of its supply, China is one of the leading countries in the world; it stands out primarily for its reserves of coal, non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores, rare earth elements, and mining and chemical raw materials. In terms of oil and gas reserves, China is inferior to the leading oil countries of the world, but in terms of oil production the country has reached 5th place in the world. The main oil fields are located in Northern and Northeastern China, the basins of inland China. Among the ore deposits, the Anshan iron ore basin, located in coal-rich Northeast China, stands out. Non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated mainly in the central and southern provinces. The PRC is located in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones, with the climate in the west being sharply continental, and in the east being monsoonal, with high rainfall (in summer). Such climatic and soil differences create conditions for the development of agriculture: in the west, in the arid regions, livestock farming and irrigated agriculture are mainly developed, while in the east, on the especially fertile lands of the Great Chinese Plain, agriculture predominates. The water resources of the PRC are very large; the eastern, more populated and highly developed part of the country is most endowed with them. River waters are widely used for irrigation. In addition, China ranks first in the world in terms of theoretical hydropower resources, but their use is still very small. China's forest resources are generally quite large, concentrated mainly in the northeast (taiga coniferous forests) and the southeast (tropical and subtropical deciduous forests). They are intensively used on the farm.

Population

China is the first country in the world in terms of population (almost 1300 million people or 20% of all inhabitants of the Earth), and it has probably held the palm for many centuries. In the 70s, the country began to implement a demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate, because after the formation of the People's Republic of China (in the 50s), due to a decrease in mortality and an increase in living standards, the population growth rate increased very quickly. This policy has borne fruit and now natural growth in China is even below the world average. China is a young country (1/3 of the population is under 15 years of age). It differs in the intensity of labor migration, both within the country and abroad. The PRC is a multinational country (there are 56 nationalities), but with a sharp predominance of the Chinese - about 95% of the population. They live mainly in the eastern part of the country; in the west (most of the territory) live representatives of other nationalities (Gzhuans, Hui, Uighurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Koreans, Manjurs, etc.). Despite the fact that the PRC is a socialist country, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are practiced here (in general, the population is not very religious). The country is home to the world center of Buddhism - Tibet, occupied by China in 1951. Urbanization is developing rapidly in China.

Farm

The PRC is an industrial-agrarian socialist country that has recently been developing at a very rapid pace. Economic modernization is progressing at different rates in different regions of China. Special economic zones (SEZs) have been created in Eastern China to take advantage of their advantageous coastal location. This strip occupies 1/4 of the country's territory, 1/3 of the population lives here and 2/3 of the GNP is produced. The average income per inhabitant is 4 times higher than in the more backward inland provinces. The territorial structure of the country's economy is represented mainly by established large industrial hubs; agriculture plays a major role, in which the majority of the economically active population (EAP) is employed. In terms of GDP, China has taken 2nd place in the world, although in terms of GNP per capita it has not yet reached the world average (about $500 per year).

Energy

China occupies one of the leading places in the world in energy production and electricity generation. China's energy sector is coal (its share in the fuel balance is 75%), oil and gas (mostly artificial) are also used. Most of the electricity is produced at thermal power plants (3/4), mainly coal-fired. Hydroelectric power stations account for 1/4 of the electricity produced. There are two nuclear power plants, 10 tidal stations, and a geothermal station has been built in Lhasa.

Ferrous metallurgy- is based on its own iron ore, coking coal and alloying metals. China ranks 1st in the world in iron ore mining and 2nd in steel production. The technical level of the industry is low. The largest factories in the country are those in Anshan, Shanghai, Broshen, as well as in Benxi, Beijing, Wuhan, Taiyuan, and Chongqing.

Non-ferrous metallurgy . The country has large reserves of raw materials (1/2 of the produced tin, antimony, and mercury are exported), but aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc are imported. Mining and processing plants are represented in the north, south and west of China, and the final stages of production are in the east. The main centers of non-ferrous metallurgy are located in the provinces of Liaoning, Yunnan, Hunan, and Gansu.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking- occupies 35% in the industry structure. The share of production of equipment for the textile industry remains high, while electronics, electrical engineering, and the automotive industry are rapidly developing. The structure of production enterprises is diverse: along with modern high-tech enterprises, handicraft factories are widespread. The leading sub-sectors are heavy engineering, machine tool building, and transport engineering. The automotive industry (6-7th place in the world), electronics and instrument making are developing rapidly. The predominant part of China's engineering products is produced in the coastal zone (over 60%), and mainly in large cities (the main centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, etc.).

Chemical industry. Relies on coke and petrochemical products, mining chemicals and plant raw materials. There are two groups of production: mineral fertilizers, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Light industry- traditional and one of the main industries, uses its own, mainly natural (2/3) raw materials. The leading sub-sector is textile, providing the country with a leading position in the production and export of fabrics (cotton, silk and others). The sewing, knitting, leather and footwear sub-sectors are also developed.

Food industry- for a country with such a large population, it is extremely important; the processing of grain and oilseeds is in the lead; the production and processing of pork (2/3 of the volume of the meat industry), tea, tobacco and other food products is developed. As before, the country has developed production of traditional sub-sectors: textiles and clothing.

Agriculture- provides food to the population, supplies raw materials for the food and light industries. The leading sub-sector of agriculture is crop production (rice is the basis of the Chinese diet). Wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, barley, peanuts, potatoes, yam, taro, and cassava are also grown; industrial crops - cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beets, tobacco, and other vegetables. Livestock farming remains the least developed sector of agriculture. The basis of livestock farming is pig breeding. Vegetable growing, poultry farming, beekeeping, and sericulture are also developed. Fisheries play a significant role.

Transport- provides mainly communication between seaports and inland areas. 3/4 of all cargo transportation is provided by rail transport. Along with the recently increased importance of sea, road and aviation, the use of traditional modes of transport remains: horse-drawn, pack, transport carts, bicycle and especially river.

Internal differences. In the early 1980s, in order to improve planning, China created three economic zones: Eastern, Central and Western. The eastern region is the most developed, with the largest industrial centers and agricultural areas located here. The center is dominated by the production of fuel and energy, chemical products, raw materials and semi-finished products. The western zone is the least developed (livestock farming, mineral processing).

Foreign economic relations. Foreign economic relations have been developing especially widely since the 80-90s, which is associated with the formation of an open economy in the country. The volume of foreign trade is 30% of China's GDP. The leading place in exports is occupied by labor-intensive products (clothing, toys, shoes, sporting goods, machinery and equipment). Imports are dominated by mechanical engineering products and vehicles.

India

Territory - 3.28 million km 2. Population - 935.5 million people. The capital is Delhi.

The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. It also includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India borders Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India is from north to south - 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km. India's EGP is conducive to economic development: India is located on maritime trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Middle and Far East. Indian civilization arose in the third millennium BC. e. For almost two centuries, India was a colony of England. India gained independence in 1947, and in 1950 it was declared a republic within the British Commonwealth. India is a federal republic consisting of 25 states. Each of them has its own legislative assembly and government, but while maintaining a strong central government.

Natural conditions and resources

The main part of the territory is located within the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Deccan Plateau. India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. Here are the largest iron ore, coal basins, and manganese ore deposits; this creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industry. The mineral resources of South India are diverse - bauxite, chromite, magnesite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands, ferrous metal ores, coal; in Gujarat and on the continental shelf - oil. The climate of the country is mainly monsoonal subtropical and tropical, in the south it is equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25°C, only in winter in the mountains does it drop below 0°. The distribution of precipitation over the seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of it occurs in the summer, the eastern and mountainous regions receive the largest amount, and the northwest receives the smallest. Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since a significant part of the soil has high fertility. Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs. Indian rivers have great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation.

Population

India is the second most populous country in the world (after China). The country has a very high population reproduction rate. And although the peak of the “demographic explosion” has generally passed, the demographic problem has not yet lost its urgency. India is the most multinational country in the world. It is home to representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups, at different stages of socio-economic development and speaking different languages. They belong to the Caucasoid, Negroid, Australoid races and the Dravidian group. The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate: Hindustani, Marathi, Bengalis, Biharis, etc. The official languages ​​in the country are Hindi and English. More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. The complex ethnic and religious composition of the population often leads to conflicts and increased tension. The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since for a long time the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of rivers and on the sea coasts were primarily populated. Average population density is 260 people. per 1 km 2. Despite this high figure, sparsely populated and even deserted territories still exist. The level of urbanization is quite low - 27%, but the number of large cities and “millionaire” cities is constantly increasing; In terms of the absolute number of city residents (220 million people), India ranks 2nd in the world. But, nevertheless, most of the Indian population lives in crowded villages.

Industry, energy

India is a developing agro-industrial country with enormous resources and human potential. Along with India's traditional industries (agriculture, light industry), the mining and manufacturing industries are developing. Currently, 29% of GDP comes from industry, 32% from agriculture, 30% from the service sector.

Energy. The creation of the energy base in the country began with the creation of hydroelectric power stations, but among the newly built power plants in recent years, thermal power plants predominate. The main source of energy is coal. Nuclear energy is also developing in India - 3 nuclear power plants are operating. Electricity production per capita is still very low.

Ferrous metallurgy. This is a growing industry. The current level is 16 million tons of steel (1993). The industry is represented by enterprises located mainly in the east of the country (Calcutta-Damodara industrial belt), as well as in the states of Bihar, Adhra Pradesh, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy also developed in the east. The aluminum industry, based on local bauxite, stands out.

Mechanical engineering. India produces a variety of machine tool and transport engineering products (TVs, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters). The industry is developing rapidly. The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore. In terms of production volume of the radio-electronic industry, India has taken second place in foreign Asia. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, and communications equipment.

Chemical industry. In a country with such a role for agriculture, the production of mineral fertilizers is of exceptional importance. The importance of petrochemicals is also growing.

Light industry- a traditional branch of the economy, the main directions are cotton and jute, as well as clothing. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. 25% of India's exports are made up of textile and clothing products.

Food industry- also traditional, produces products for the domestic and foreign markets. Indian tea is the most widely known in the world.

Transport. Among other developing countries, India's transport is quite developed. In first place in importance are railway transport in internal transportation and sea transport in external transportation.

Services sector. The largest film producer. Second only to the USA. In recent years, the creation of software products for the largest US corporations (1st place in the world) has developed.

Agriculture

India is a country of ancient agricultural culture, one of the most important agricultural regions in the world. Agriculture employs 3/5 of India's agricultural sector, but the use of mechanization is still insufficient. 4/5 of the value of agricultural products comes from crop production; agriculture requires irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated). The main part of the arable land is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, barley, millet, legumes, potatoes. The main industrial crops of India are cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and oilseeds. There are two main agricultural seasons in India - summer and winter. The sowing of the most important crops (rice, cotton, jute) is carried out in the summer, during the summer monsoon rains; in winter, wheat, barley, etc. are sown. As a result of several factors, including the “green revolution,” India is completely self-sufficient in grain. Livestock farming is much inferior to crop production, although India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock numbers. Only milk and animal skins are used; meat is practically not consumed, since Indians are mostly vegetarians. In coastal areas, fishing is of considerable importance.

Foreign economic relations

India is still poorly involved in the MGRT, although foreign trade is of considerable importance to its economy. The main export items are light industry products, jewelry, agricultural goods, medicines, fuel resources; the share of machinery and equipment is growing. The largest trading partners are the USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Hong Kong.

Japan

Territory - 377.8 thousand square meters. km. Population - 125.2 million people. (1995). The capital is Tokyo.

Geographical location, general information

Japan is an archipelago country located on four large and almost four thousand small islands, stretching in an arc of 3.5 thousand km from northeast to southwest along the eastern coast of Asia. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are heavily indented and form many bays and bays. The seas and oceans surrounding Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources. The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined, first of all, by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes to the country's active participation in the international geographical division of labor. During the feudal period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After the incomplete bourgeois revolution of 1867-1868, it embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. At the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, it became one of the imperialist powers. In the 20th century, Japan entered and participated in three major wars (Russian-Japanese and two world wars). After the end of World War II, the armed forces were disbanded and reforms were introduced. In 1947, the emperor lost his powers (according to the constitution); Japan is now a constitutional monarchy. The highest body of state power and the only legislative body is parliament.

Natural conditions and resources

The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with highly dissected relief with an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 active, including the highest peak - Mount Fuji (3,776 m). Frequent volcanoes also have a significant impact on the Japanese economy. earthquakes and tsunamis. The country is poor in mineral resources, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur, and limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials. Despite the small area, the length of the country in the meridional direction has determined the existence on its territory of a unique set of natural conditions: the island of Hokkaido and the north of Honshu are located in the temperate maritime climate zone, the rest of Honshu, the islands of Shikoku and Yushu are in the humid subtropical climate, and the Ryukyu Island is in the humid subtropical climate. tropical climate. Japan is located in an active monsoon zone. The average annual precipitation ranges from 2 - 4 thousand mm. The soils of Japan are mainly slightly podzolic and peaty, as well as brown forest and red soils. Approximately 2/3 of the territory, mainly mountainous areas, is covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations). Coniferous forests predominate in northern Hokkaido, mixed forests in central Honshu and southern Hokkaido, and subtropical monsoon forests in the south. Japan has many rivers, deep, fast and rapids, unsuitable for navigation, but a source for hydropower and irrigation. The abundance of rivers, lakes and groundwater have a beneficial effect on the development of industry and agriculture. In the post-war period, environmental problems worsened on the Japanese islands. The adoption and implementation of a number of environmental protection laws reduces the level of environmental pollution.

Population

Japan is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to move from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, the death rate is 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women). The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Of other nationalities, the Koreans and Chinese are significant in number. The most common religions are Shintoism and Buddhism. The population is distributed unevenly across the area. The average density is 330 people per km 2, but the coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean are among the most densely populated in the world. About 80% of the population lives in cities. 11 cities have millionaires. Keihin's largest urban agglomerations. Hanshin and Chuke merge into the Tokyo metropolis (Takaido) with a population of more than 60 million people.

Farm

The growth rate of the Japanese economy was one of the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is at a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by highly developed industry, but the most growing area is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance, R&D). Although Japan is poor in natural resources and imports raw materials for most industries, it ranks 1-2 in the world in the output of many industries. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.

Electric power industry. Mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the raw material base, oil leads, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing. In the electric power industry, 60% of the power comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants, including Fukushima - the most powerful in the world. Hydroelectric power stations are located in cascades on mountain rivers. Japan ranks fifth in the world in terms of hydroelectric power generation. In resource-poor Japan, alternative energy sources are being actively developed.

Ferrous metallurgy. The country ranks 2nd in the world in terms of steel production. Japan's share in the global ferrous metallurgy market is 23%. The largest centers, now operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel, are located near Osaka, Tokyo, and Fuji.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. Due to the harmful impact on the environment, primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is being reduced. Conversion plants are located in all major industrial centers.

Mechanical engineering. Provides 40% of industrial production. The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering. Japan firmly ranks first in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-tonnage tankers and dry cargo ships. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe). In terms of car production (13 million units per year), Japan also ranks first in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima. The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool building and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment - in the Osaka region, machine tool building - in the Nagai region. The country's share in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industries is exceptionally large. Japan ranks one of the first in the world in terms of development of the chemical industry. Japan also has developed pulp and paper, light and food industries.

Agriculture Japan remains an important industry, although it contributes about 2% of GNP; the industry employs 6.5% of EAN. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its needs for food itself). 13% of the territory is cultivated in the structure of crop production (provides 70% of agricultural products). The leading role is played by the cultivation of rice and vegetables, and gardening is developed. Livestock farming (cattle breeding, pig farming, poultry farming) is developing intensively. Due to the exceptional place of fish and seafood in the Japanese diet, the country fishes in all areas of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).

Transport. All types of transport are developed in Japan with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of cargo transportation volume, the first place belongs to road transport (60%), the second place belongs to sea transport. The role of rail transport is declining, while air transportation is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.

Territorial structure of the economy

The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by a combination of two completely different parts. The Pacific belt is the socio-economic core of the country (the “front part”). Here are the main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed agriculture. The peripheral zone ("back part") includes areas where timber harvesting, livestock raising, mining, hydropower, tourism and recreation are most developed. Despite the implementation of regional policy, the smoothing out of territorial imbalances is proceeding rather slowly.

Foreign economic relations of Japan.

Japan actively participates in the MRT, foreign trade occupies a leading place, and the export of capital, production, scientific, technical and other ties are also developed. Japan's share in world imports is about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported. The country's share in world exports is also more than 1/10. Industrial goods account for 98% of exports.

Foreign Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of population and area, and has retained its primacy since the ancient times of the birth of the first civilizations. The total area of ​​Foreign Asia reaches 27.5 million km2. The region includes 40 sovereign states, many of which belong to the group of developing countries.

All countries of Foreign Asia are quite large in area, two of them, China and India, have the status of giant countries. The borders that separate the states of Foreign Asia are established according to natural and historical boundaries.

The political structure of states is very diverse: in Japan, Thailand, Bhutan, Nepal, Malaysia, Jordan there are constitutional monarchies, in the UAE, Kuwait, Oman absolute monarchical regimes have been preserved, all other states have a republican form of government.

Natural conditions and resources

Foreign Asia has a fairly uniform tectonic structure and topography. The region has the largest range of altitudes on the planet: mountain ensembles are combined with vast plains. The territory of Asia is located on the Precambrian platform, some areas on the Cenozoic folding.

Due to this geographical location, the states of Foreign Asia have many natural mineral resources. Rich reserves of coal, manganese and iron ores and other minerals are concentrated within the Hindustan and Chinese platforms.

The main wealth of the region is the gas and oil basins, which are located in most states of South-West Asia. The agroclimatic characteristics of Asia hinder the establishment of agricultural activities.

Population

The population of Foreign Asia is more than 3 billion people. Many states are experiencing a process of so-called “demographic explosion”. Government policy in many countries is aimed at reducing the birth rate; in China and Japan, large families are forced to pay special taxes.

The ethnic composition of Foreign Asia is diverse: representatives of more than 1 thousand ethnic groups and nationalities live here, the most numerous peoples being the Chinese, Bengalis, Hindustanis and Japanese. Only Iran and Afghanistan are among the mononational countries.

The peoples of Asia belong to 15 language families; such linguistic diversity is not found in any region of the world. Foreign Asia is the cradle of all world religions; Christianity, Islam and Buddhism were born here. Shintoism, Confucianism and Taoism also occupy a leading place in the region.

Economy of Foreign Asia

In the last decade, the role of the countries of Foreign Asia in the world economy has increased significantly. The level of economic development here is more contrasting than in any other region of the world. Absolute leadership in industrial development belongs to Japan.

This is the only state in Foreign Asia that is part of the G7. Other industrialized countries include China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. The economy of the Gulf states is focused primarily on the oil industry.

Mining and metallurgy are well developed in Mongolia, Jordan, Vietnam and Afghanistan. In most countries, the main share of EAN is engaged in agricultural production. The most popular plant crops are rice, tea, wheat and millet.

Class: 11

Lesson objectives:

1. Summarize and consolidate students’ theoretical knowledge on the topic covered, be able to draw conclusions and conclusions.
2. To teach through the game a collective search for answers to questions.
3. To develop the ability to work in groups, cooperation and communication skills in solving problem situations and general educational tasks.
4. Develop practical skills in working with a geographic map and other sources of information.
5. Develop memory, the ability to systematize studied material, the ability to make independent choices from the proposed options.
6. To develop students’ cognitive interest and horizons in geography.
7. To promote the moral education of students through familiarization with the culture of other peoples.
8. Be able to analyze and evaluate students’ own activities and argue their point of view.

Lesson type: lesson - generalization in the form of a game.

Equipment: wall map “Foreign Asia”, images of state flags, paper, pencils, pens, technical means, slides.

Lesson Plan

1. Organizing time.
2. A game.
3. Summarizing.

During the classes

One of the Indian historians said: “Take Asia away from the people and they will be deprived of their past, present and future.” Undoubtedly, the role of Asia in the modern world is unique. We can say that the sun of economics, politics and even culture is rising again in the East. In this lesson we will remember the countries of the Asian region, talk about their characteristic features, repeat and generalize our knowledge gained in previous lessons.
Students in the class are pre-divided into teams. Each team sits at its own table; There are clean sheets of paper and pens on the tables.

Task 1. Blitz tournament “Asian Countries”

Each team is asked questions in turn. If a team answers correctly, one point is awarded; if the answer is incorrect, the right to answer goes to the other team.

1. An inland state located north of China. (Mongolia)
2. Which country is the birthplace of tea? (China)
3. One of the most densely populated countries in the world, where most of the population lives in the capital. (Singapore)
4. A country that ranks first in the world in terms of cattle numbers, and one of the last in meat procurement.(India)
5. This country gave the world such inventions as: umbrellas, fans, porcelain, silk, kites, gunpowder, paper. (China)
6. Which country gave the world Arabic numerals, the decimal system, Pi, quadratic equations, as well as chess, dominoes, cards and buttons? (India)
7. In which country was the martial art of taekwondo born? (In South Korea)
8. In which country were the martial arts of judo and sumo born? (In Japan)
9. An island state in the Indian Ocean, the birthplace of Ceylon tea. (Sri Lanka)
10. Central Asian country where the Baikonur cosmodrome is located (Kazakhstan)
11. The state is in the Himalayas, bordering India and China. (Nepal)
12. Homeland of Siamese cats (Thailand)
13. Women from which country wear saris? (India)
14. Women from which country wear kimonos? (Japan)
15. One of the most developed countries in South-West Asia, the majority of the population is Jewish. (Israel)

Task 2. Fill in the missing countries and capitals

Two people from each team are called. They perform this task at separate tables. Correctness of work and time are taken into account.

A country	Capital
1. Philippines
2. Kazakhstan
	Ulaanbaatar
5. Indonesia
10. Thailand
	Kuala Lumpur
12. Republic of Korea
15. Saudi Arabia

Task 3. My statements

Cards are hung on the board one by one, with three countries in each.

1. Singapore, Taiwan, DPRK
2. Thailand, Vietnam, China
3. China, Mongolia, India
4. Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka
5. Tajikistan, Japan, Republic of Korea
6. India, Pakistan, Japan
7. Iran, Thailand, Uzbekistan

After listening to the statement, name a country that does not apply to it.

1. I argue that these three countries belong to the NIS.
2. All three countries are located on the Indochina Peninsula.
3. All three countries are among the top five countries with high populations.
4. These countries are archipelagos.
5. All three countries are maritime powers.
6. These are federal republics.
7. The capitals of three countries begin with the letter "T".

Task 4. Determine the principle of combining countries into groups

1. Saudi Arabia, Israel, Syria, Jordan
2. Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Iraq
3. Mongolia, Japan, Bangladesh
4. Pakistan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
5. UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia
6. Japan, Malaysia, Bahrain
7. China, India, Sri Lanka
8. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos

1. Countries of South-West Asia
2. Landlocked countries
3. Mononational countries
4. Countries where the main religion is Islam
5. Oil producing and oil exporting countries
6. Countries with a constitutional monarchy
7. Tea exporting countries
8. ASEAN member countries

Task 5. Find out the country by description

1. This country is called “the country in reverse”, because the coat is given by a woman, the steering wheel in the car is on the right side, they write from top to bottom, eat with chopsticks, sleep on the floor, cats are tailless, and white is a mourning color. We know it as “the land of the rising sun.” (Japan)

2. This highest mountainous country in the world attracts foreign tourists with its unusual natural landscapes and national parks, most of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The state is located between the two most populated countries in the world. The main branch of the economy is agriculture, where rice, corn, sugar cane, jute, and root crops are grown. The main source of income is tourism. (Nepal)

4. The country is rich in mineral resources, produces diesel locomotives, machine tools, televisions, computers, world-class medicines, carries out a space program, and ranks second in the world in the number of scientific and technical specialists. At the same time, the national income per capita is low, and most villages do not have electricity. A developing agro-industrial, most multinational country in the world. (India)

4. The shape of the territory of this country on the map resembles the Latin letter “S”. It stretches from north to south along the coast of the South China Sea. This is a parliamentary republic. The subtropical monsoon climate allows the cultivation of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, pepper, bananas, sugar cane, and nuts. The country has become one of the first places in the world in the production of coffee beans. (Vietnam)

5. This is an ancient state in Central Asia with a small population density. Due to the harsh continental climate, agriculture is vulnerable to natural disasters such as severe drought or cold. The country has little arable land, but many pastures where sheep, goats, cattle, horses and camels graze. Homeland of Genghis Khan. (Mongolia)

6. An industrial country with a dynamically developed economy. It supplies manufacturing and agricultural products to the world market. Tourism, especially pilgrimage, is an important source of income for the country. Thanks to the hot climate and attractions, tourists are attracted by the forests of the Galilee, the Jordan Valley, and the Judean and Samaria hills. Advances in various branches of medicine contribute to the high development of the healthcare system. (Israel)

7. The largest country in South-West Asia. It is often called the "Land of Two Mosques", referring to the two main cities of Islam. The country ranks first in the world in oil reserves and production. (Saudi Arabia)

8. Island state in southeast Asia. Almost the entire population lives in the capital of the country. Today it is an international center of global importance, a center of high technology. A special place is occupied by the production of computers, lasers, optics and various types of weapons, as well as oil refining. Major banks and the second largest port in the world by cargo turnover are located here. (Singapore)

9. An agrarian-industrial country in Southeast Asia, which includes more than 18 thousand islands. About 300 people live, 88% of the population professes Islam. The territory is rich in various mineral resources; oil, gas, iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores are mined. (Indonesia)

10. One of the oldest states, which gave the world many outstanding discoveries and inventions: compass, matches, crossbow, dumplings, ice cream, suspension bridge, toothbrush, toilet paper, fish hook and others. The country with the largest population in the world and a developed economy. The birthplace of Confucianism. (China)

Task 6. Determine the name of the country by the flag

The slides show the flags of the countries of Foreign Asia. Determine the names of the countries.<Приложение1 >

1. China
2. Vietnam
3. Israel
4. Japan
5. India
6. Kazakhstan
7. Lebanon
8. Saudi Arabia
9. Indonesia
10. Sri Lanka
11. Nepal
12. Pakistan
13. Türkiye
14. The Republic of Korea

Task 7. Identify the country

Separate slides present sights, cultural and artistic monuments of foreign Asian countries.<Приложение2 >

1. India
2. Japan
3. Vietnam
4. Israel
5. Jordan
6. Nepal
7. Singapore
8. Hong Kong
9. Malaysia

Summarizing

Team captains rate the level of participation of their players on a separate sheet. Summing up the game.
Reflection. Let's share our impressions of our lesson.

Foreign Asia is a region that leads the world not only in area, but also in population. Moreover, he has held this championship for more than one millennium. The countries of foreign Asia, despite their many differences, also have a number of common features. They will be discussed in this article.

General characteristics of foreign Asian countries

Foreign Asia is the cradle of many civilizations and the birthplace of agriculture. The world's first cities were built here and a number of great scientific discoveries were made.

All countries of foreign Asia (and there are 48 of them in total) occupy an area of ​​32 million square kilometers. Large states predominate among them. There are also giant countries, the area of ​​each of which exceeds 3 million km2 (India, China).

Experts classify most states in this region as developing. Only four countries out of 48 can be called economically developed. These are Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Israel.

There are 13 monarchies on the political map of foreign Asia (and half of them are located in the Middle East). The remaining countries in the region are republics.

According to the characteristics of their geographical location, all countries of foreign Asia are divided into:

• island (Japan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc.);
• coastal (India, South Korea, Israel, etc.);
• inland (Nepal, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, etc.).

It is obvious that countries from the latter group are experiencing great difficulties in terms of introducing their goods to world markets.

Regions and countries of foreign Asia

Geographers divide overseas Asia into five subregions:

• South-West Asia - includes all countries on the territory of the Arabian Peninsula, the Transcaucasian republics, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran and Afghanistan (20 states in total);
• South Asia - includes 7 states, the largest of which are India and Pakistan;
• Southeast Asia is made up of 11 countries, ten of which are developing (all except Singapore);
• East Asia - includes only five powers (China, Mongolia, Japan, South Korea and North Korea);
• Central Asia consists of five post-Soviet republics (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan).

How do the countries of foreign Asia border? The map below will help you navigate this issue.

Population and natural resources

This region, due to its tectonic structure, is distinguished by its enormous diversity. Thus, India and China can boast of significant reserves of coal, iron and iron. However, the most important wealth here is black gold. The largest oil fields are concentrated in Saudi Arabia, Iran and Kuwait.

As for the conditions for the development of agriculture, in this regard, some states are more fortunate, others much less fortunate. Many of the countries in South and Southeast Asia have excellent conditions. But states such as Syria or Mongolia are an almost continuous lifeless desert, where only certain branches of livestock farming can be developed.

According to various estimates, from 3.5 to 3.8 billion people live within the region. This is more than half of the entire population of the Earth. Almost all countries of Foreign Asia are characterized by high birth rates (the so-called second type of reproduction). Many states in the region are experiencing today, which entails food and other problems.

The ethnic structure of the population in this region is also very complex. At least a thousand different nationalities live here, the most numerous of which are the Chinese, Japanese and Bengalis. In terms of linguistic diversity, this region also has no equal on the entire planet.

Most of the population of foreign Asia (about 66%) lives in rural areas. Nevertheless, the pace and nature of urbanization processes in this region are so great that the situation has already begun to be called an “urban explosion.”

Foreign Asia: economic features

What is the role of modern countries in the region in the global economy? All states of foreign Asia can be collected into several groups. There are so-called ones (Singapore, Korea, Taiwan and others) who, in a short period of time, were able to rebuild their national economy and achieve certain successes in development. A separate group in the region are oil-producing countries (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE, etc.), whose economies are entirely based on this natural wealth.

Japan (the most developed country in Asia), China and India cannot be classified into any of these categories. All other states remain underdeveloped, and in some of them there is no industry at all.

Conclusion

Foreign Asia is the largest historical and geographical region of the planet, within which more than one civilization arose. Today there are 48 independent states. They differ in size, population, and government structure, but they also have several common features.

Most of the countries of Foreign Asia are developing countries with rather backward economies. Only four of them can be classified as economically developed powers.