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International organizations for standardization and product quality. International Organization for Standardization

International organization Standardization Organization (hereinafter referred to as ISO) was created in 1946 at a meeting of the UN Committee for the Coordination of Standards. That same year at a meeting General Assembly The ISO Charter was adopted, which determined the status of the organization, its structure, the functions of the main bodies and methods of work.

The ISO General Assembly, held on 14 October 1946, decided that the organization would officially begin its activities after the ratification of the Constitution and Rules of Procedure by 15 national standardization organizations. Since 1970, this date - October 14 - has been celebrated as World Standards Day. The fifteenth ratification came from Denmark on February 23, 1947 (International and regional organizations for standardization and product quality. - M.: Standards Publishing House, 1990). This date is considered the founding day of ISO. In 1997, the world community celebrated ISO's half-century anniversary.

Since the abbreviated name of the organization could form different abbreviations in different languages, it was decided to use the abbreviation ISO in all countries.

The USSR was one of the founders of ISO, actively participated in its work, and was a permanent member of ISO governing bodies. Twice (in 1961 - 1964 and in 1976 - 1979) a representative of the USSR State Standard was elected President of ISO. The legal successor of the USSR (after its collapse) in ISO is the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the Charter, the main objectives of ISO are:

promoting the development of standardization and related activities in the world (in order to facilitate the international exchange of goods and services);
development of cooperation in intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities.

To achieve these goals, ISO can:

take measures to facilitate worldwide harmonization of standards and related areas;
develop and publish international standards;
organize the exchange of information on the work of its member committees and technical committees;
cooperate with other international organizations interested in related issues.

Issues of information technology, microprocessor technology and others are the objects of joint development by ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). ISO pays a lot of attention to the standardization of quality systems.

When publishing MS, ISO takes into account the interests of interested parties: manufacturers of products (services), consumers, government circles, scientific, technical and public organizations.

ISO President Mr. Mario Gilberio Corpopassi (Brazil) in his message delivered at the inauguration ceremony (1 January 2001) noted:

“Significant sectors of the world economy, following the rapid development of world trade, have become “global”, and electronic commerce, in the pace of its spread, in no way deviates from the pace of development of information technology. Since these trends affect the trade balance, the standard of living and well-being of the population of a growing number of countries, the need for technical standards is greater than ever before, as they facilitate exchange for all who have chosen the global market with all its opportunities and challenges.The boundaries between trade, cultural and technical mutual exchanges are increasingly blurred, therefore, a country that is unable to use the universal language of international standards cannot count on future success.

Recognized quality at a competitive price has become the goal of the economy today. Suppliers of goods and services cannot enter new markets and attract and retain customers unless they view quality and performance as a strategic imperative. Standardization, metrology, testing, validation and product certification are among the key tools with which they can achieve their goals... Here too, the basis for internationally recognized compliance and certification procedures can truly serve international standards. The ultimate goal is, of course, the development of a single standard, a single procedure for confirming conformity and a single certification recognized by everyone. By working closely with other international organizations, including those participating in the Standards in a Global Market Forum (SGM Forum), ISO can play its role in the global marketplace and help make prosperity happen in all countries." (Message from the new ISO president. // Standards and quality. – 2001, No. 2).

Since 1970, as already noted, the world community annually celebrates World Standards Day on October 14. The motto of each such Day, proposed by ISO, is aimed at attracting the attention of the scientific and technical community and national authorities on standardization to global problems of the world community. These issues include environmental protection, occupational safety, the development of markets as sources of effective trade relations and improved living standards, information management, the use of standards by manufacturers and consumers, the development of services, the movement of goods, energy and information, and the removal of trade barriers in the free movement of goods, works and finance.

As of July 1, 2001, ISO has 140 member countries, of which 92 are permanent members, 37 corresponding members and 11 subscriber members.

ISO has 187 technical committees, 552 subcommittees, 2,100 working groups and 19 ad hoc advisory groups to study specific issues.

The permanent members of ISO are the national standardization bodies of the most economically developed countries. For this type of membership, a scale of annual contributions to the ISO budget has been established, which is compiled depending on specific gravity each individual country in world trade and industrial production. Permanent members have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the Council and participate with voting rights in meetings of the General Assembly. Russian Federation Gosstandart of Russia represents ISO as a permanent member.

Corresponding members, in exchange for a small contribution to the ISO budget, have the right to receive a set of all published international standards, as well as other information publications. Corresponding members are national standardization bodies that do not have member committees. Their representatives are sent to TC meetings only as observers.

ISO's funds come from contributions from member countries, sales of standards and other publications, and donations.

The organizational structure of ISO is shown in the figure.

Organizationally, ISO includes governing and working technical bodies.

ISO's governing bodies: General Assembly (supreme body), Council, Technical Steering Bureau, Central Secretariat.

ISO's officers are a president, two vice-presidents in charge of policy and technical management, a treasurer and a secretary general of the ISO Central Secretariat.

The right to vote at the ISO General Assembly is granted to ISO officials and representatives of national standardization organizations - permanent members of ISO. Each permanent member has the right to represent no more than three delegates. Representatives of corresponding member and subscriber member organizations attend the ISO General Assembly as observer delegates.

At the Assembly, an annual report on the activities of the organization is heard, long-term strategic objectives are discussed, and an annual report on the financial activities of ISO is adopted.

The General Assembly meets once a year. At its sessions, the ISO president is elected.

During the General Assembly, a discussion is organized with the participation of leading industry experts the most important problems and trends in international standardization. In addition to regular sessions, the General Assembly may meet additionally by order of the President or at the request of nine members of the Council or one quarter of all permanent members of the ISO.

The Chairman of the General Assembly is the ISO President.

During the period between sessions of the General Assembly, ISO is governed by a Council, headed by the President or (in agreement with the President) the Vice President for Policy.

Advice consists of ISO's senior officials and 18 representatives of permanent members appointed or elected in accordance with ISO's Rules of Procedure.

The Council meets at least once a year. The Council decides on ISO activities, in particular, the structure of technical bodies and the publication of international standards. The Board appoints a Treasurer, twelve members of the Technical Steering Bureau, and chairs of advisory committees (or strategic development committees). Reviews the budget of the Central Secretariat. In 2001, the term of office of Gosstandart of Russia as a member of the ISO Council expires.

The General Assembly may create advisory committees called strategic development committees. They are open to all organizations collaborating with ISO.

There are three ISO advisory committees (strategic development committees) reporting to the Council:

CASCO – Committee on conformity assessment;
COPOLCO – Committee on consumer policy;
DEVCO – Committee on developing country matters;

CASCO is the Conformity Assessment Committee.

In 1970, the 8th session of the ISO General Assembly adopted a resolution to move to the development of international standards instead of recommendations. This contributed to a radical change in the attitude of ISO permanent members towards international standardization and the expansion of the application of international standards in national and foreign trade practice. At the same time, the session decided to create a Committee for Certification of Product Conformity to International Standards (SERTICO), since 1985 renamed the Committee for Conformity Assessment (CASCO). It was during this period that national certification systems and networks of independent testing laboratories (centers) were created. In order to develop a unified approach to solving certification issues so that differences in national certification systems do not become an obstacle to expanding trade between countries, it was decided to entrust this body with the development of international recommendations for countries on all aspects of certification. These aspects include: setting up test centers in countries; requirements for them; labeling of certification products; requirements for bodies managing certification systems, etc.

Representatives of 67 permanent members of ISO and 20 representatives of corresponding members take part in the work of the committee.

CASCO:

deals with issues of confirming the compliance of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards;
develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies;
promotes mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional systems certification (confirmation of conformity), as well as the use of MS in the field of testing and confirmation of conformity;
deals with the creation general requirements to auditors for accreditation of testing laboratories and assessment of the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and quality systems and others.

CASCO is working to create ISO guidelines in the field of harmonization of national certification systems for mutual recognition of test results on a bilateral and multilateral basis, creating a methodological basis for the development and accreditation of national certification systems.

CASCO Together with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), guidelines have been prepared on the main aspects of certification. These documents are widely accepted in ISO and IEC member countries. In a number of countries, they form the basis of national certification systems, and at the level of regional trade and economic cooperation they are used as a basis for developing agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products.

IN Lately ISO's conformity assessment activities are of particular importance.

Under the influence of the activities of the World trade organization Conformity assessment has gained greater importance and deserved recognition. This required CASCO to fundamentally provide for directions future activities. An important event For CASCO, the ISO General Assembly decided to grant this committee the right to issue international standards. Relying on new status, CASCO has intensified its activities.

KOPOLCO(Consumer Protection Committee)

created in 1978 with the aim of standardization in the field of consumer information, i.e. providing liaison between ISO and international consumer organizations and other international organizations dealing with issues of interest to consumers. 38 representatives of ISO permanent members and 38 representatives of corresponding members take part in the work of the committee.

To tasks KOPOLCO includes:

studying issues of assisting consumers in obtaining maximum effect from product standardization, as well as establishing the measures that need to be taken for greater consumer participation in the framework of national and international standardization;
development from the standpoint of standardization of recommendations aimed at providing consumers with information, protecting their interests, as well as developing programs for training consumers on standardization issues;
generalization of experience of consumer participation in standardization work, application of standards for consumer goods, and other issues of national and international standardization of interest to consumers;
maintaining relations with various ISO bodies whose activities affect the interests of consumers;
maintaining contacts with consumer affairs experts from other international and national organizations, especially Consumers International;
development of policies in the field of personal consumption;
determination of international standardization priorities in the interests of consumers.

KOPOLCO prepared a number of documents on issues of consumer goods, quality of goods for consumers, standard measurement methods performance characteristics consumer goods.

In connection with the creation of the General Agreement on Trade in the Services Sector of the WTO, standardization in the services sector has received particular relevance in COPOLCO.

One of the most important areas of COPOLCO's activities is the development of standards in the field of electronic commerce, since global trade requires global cooperation.

DEVCO(Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries)

created in 1961. Its goal is to organize and improve the activities of national standardization bodies. 71 representatives of ISO permanent members and 30 representatives of correspondent countries take part in the work of the committee.

B main functions DEVCO includes:

identifying needs and providing assistance to developing countries in standardization and related areas (eg metrology, certification);
creating conditions for broad discussion of all aspects of standardization and activities in related areas in developing countries and for the exchange of experiences between industrialized and developing countries. This work is carried out in close cooperation with specialized UN agencies and other international organizations.

Main areas of work DEVCO:

organizing a discussion of standardization issues in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries;
training of standardization specialists on the basis of training centers in developed countries;
Preparation educational literature on standardization for developing countries;
stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology.

The ISO Council oversees the work of two standing committees on financial and strategic issues.

The Standing Committee on Finance consists of the Treasurer and representatives of six permanent members appointed by the Council for a two-year term of office. The commission is headed by a chairman elected from among the committee members. Chairman of the State Standard of Russia G.P. Voronin has been a member of this committee since 2000.

The competence of the commission includes notifying the Secretary General and the Council about the financial activities of the organization and resolving issues related to assessing the cost of services provided by ISO.

The Standing Committee on Strategic Affairs is composed of representatives of the six permanent members and the chairmen of the advisory committees (strategic development committees) appointed by the Council for a two-year term of office. The commission is headed by the vice president for strategic development.

The commission's competence includes advising the Council on strategic development issues, reviewing long-term (three-year) strategic plans, and reporting to the Council on its activities once a year.

For solutions strategic issues ISO development The President, with the consent of the Council, may establish special advisory groups consisting, in particular, of representatives of standardization organizations interested in solving a particular problem. Members of such groups are invited by the ISO President, usually as individuals rather than as representatives of that organization. The recommendations of the special advisory groups are reported to the Council and are advisory in nature.

The ISO Central Secretariat acts as the de facto secretariat for the General Assembly, the Council, the strategic development advisory committees and their subsidiary bodies, the technical steering bureau and the Reference Design Committee (REMCO). The central secretariat consists of: the Secretary General, the Assistant Secretary General for Administrative and Financial Affairs, the Assistant Secretary General for Strategic Management, Heads of Standardization Services, ISO/IEC Information Centre, Head of the Program for Assistance to Developing Countries, Head of Information Processing (internal ISO Service), Head of Marketing and Services.

The Technical Steering Bureau is headed by ISO's Vice-President for Technical Policy and is represented by twelve representatives of ISO's permanent members.

The Technical Steering Bureau reports to the Council on matters relating to the organization, coordination and strategic planning of work; explores proposals for new areas of activity; deals with the organization or dissolution of technical committees and subcommittees, appoints their chairmen; controls the relationship between ISO and IEC, coordinates work with international and regional standardization organizations, etc.

Reports to the technical management bureau REMCO– Committee on reference materials (REMCO – Committee on reference materials).

In progress REMCO Representatives of 28 permanent members of ISO and 34 representatives of corresponding members take part.

The result of the work REMCO is the preparation of guidelines for ISO technical committees, which use reference material references in International Standards.

ISO/IEC Guide 6, References to reference standards in International Standards;
ISO/IEC Guide 30, Terms and definitions relating to reference materials;
ISO/IEC Guide 31, Contents of reference material certificates;
ISO/IEC Guide 35, Qualification of reference materials - General and statistical principles.

REMCO coordinates ISO activities on reference materials with other international organizations, including the OIML - International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML - International Organization of Legal Metrology, www.oiml.org).

To address issues of coordination, planning and the need to open new directions in core, sectoral and cross-sectoral activities, the Technical Steering Bureau creates technical advisory groups (TAG - Technical advisory groups). Currently these are: TAG 1 - new technologies in healthcare, TAG 4 - metrology, TAG 8 - construction.

ISO technical work is carried out within technical committees (TCs). The decision on the creation of each TC is made by the Technical Management Bureau. It establishes the area of activity of the TC and appoints its chairman. The work program within its competence is determined by the TC itself.

TCs can create subcommittees (SC), as well as working groups (WG) and special groups for specific areas of work and the study of specific problems.

The overall management of ISO technical committees and subcommittees is provided by the Technical Steering Bureau.

Each TC or PC has a secretariat assigned to one of the permanent members of ISO. The TC secretariat is appointed by the Technical Steering Bureau, and the SC secretariats and the heads of the WGs and special groups are appointed by the relevant technical committee.

In addition, interested permanent members can be active members of any TC (SC) and observers. In the first case, they have the status of a member "P" (participating - participating), and in the second case - the status of a member "O" (observer - observer). ISO has TCs that solve general technical and cross-industry problems (TC 12 “Units of Measurement”, TC 19 “Preferred Numbers”, TC 37 “Terminology” and others) and TC , working in specific areas of technology (TK 22 "Automobiles", TK 39 "Machine tools", etc.). TCs, whose activities cover an entire industry (chemistry, aviation and space technology, etc.), organize subcommittees (SC).

ISO international standards are the result of agreements between permanent members: if at least 75% of the voting permanent members approved the draft developed document sent to them for consideration, it is accepted for publication as an IS - international standard. Before being accepted for publication, a standard goes through several stages of development: working draft (WD), committee draft (CD), draft (DIS) and final draft international standard (FDIS). As of 31 December 2002, there were 13,700 international standards registered with ISO.

About 20% of MS include requirements for specific products.

The main part of the MS establishes product safety requirements for human life and health, the environment, requirements for interchangeability, technical compatibility, product testing methods, as well as other requirements.

The most important international ISO documents in the field of standardization are the developments of TC 176 “Total quality management and quality assurance” - international standards of the 9000 series. They were first published in 1987, revised in 1994 (second edition). The 9000 series standards are in constant development, and the first three standards in the third edition of the series were published in December 2000.

This series of standards has developed into an international benchmark for quality requirements for commercial activities and forms the basis of 350 thousand quality systems certified in public and private sector organizations in more than 150 countries.

More than 20 ISO technical committees develop standards related to nature and climate, namely: environmental management systems standards (ISO 14000 series), standards establishing water and air quality levels, exhaust gas levels, and methods of their analysis. The 14000 series of standards developed by ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, provides a model for certification of an environmental management system; inclusion of environmental aspects in product standards; environmental audit; environmental signs and declarations; assessment of environmental characteristics, etc.

The ISO 9000 and 14000 series of standards have been adopted as national standards in 102 countries.

Significant achievements of ISO are: the development of the International System of Units of Measurement, the adoption of the metric thread system, a system of standard sizes and the design of containers for the transport of goods by all modes of transport, and others.

More than 500 international organizations maintain working contacts with ISO. Among them are all specialized UN agencies working in the same areas. ISO's partner in the field of international standardization is IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission. The areas of activity of these organizations complement each other. ISO and IEC actively cooperate with the ITU - International Telecommunication Union (ITU - International Telecommunication Union) on standardization issues in the field of information technology and telecommunications.

ISO maintains business relationships with regional associations of standardization bodies. Members of such associations are also members of ISO, so it is common practice to use ISO standards as a basis for developing standards that meet the specific requirements of the region.

The official languages of ISO are English, French and Russian.

Gosstandart of Russia, as a permanent member of ISO, receives all newly published standards. The full array of these standards in the original language is stored in the Federal Standards Fund (All-Russian Research Institute of Classification, Terminology and Information on Standardization and Quality (VNIIKI) of the State Standard of Russia). Information on new releases of ISO standards is published in the information index " State standards. Information Index (IIS) ".

In order to coordinate and create channels for the movement of information on standardization, both at the international and national levels, a unified information system was created within ISO - ISONET.

ISONET includes 85 national standardization bodies and 7 international and regional organizations, incl. ISO/IEC Information Center, CEN – European Committee for Standardization, COPANT – Pan American Standards Commission and others.

Each ISONET member is responsible for the dissemination of information within its territory or within its competence, while simultaneously serving as a reference service for other ISONET members. Communications between ISONET information centers can be carried out using various means of communication (mail, telephone, etc.), data exchange on magnetic or optical media, and using international information transmission networks.

The practice of free exchange of catalogs and national standards between ISONET members is carried out. This made it possible to form in Russia a significant part of the Federal Fund of Standards with a total volume of 300 thousand foreign documents.

ISONET's great merit was the creation of the International Classification of Standards, which is aimed at achieving harmonization of information presentation. ICS - International Classification of Standards (ICS - International classification for standards) is intended for use in the construction of catalogues, indexes, selective lists, bibliographic materials, the formation of databases on international, regional and national standards and other regulatory documents on standardization, thus ensuring dissemination of these documents at the national, regional and international levels. The objects of the ISS classification are standards and other regulatory and technical documents on standardization.

As of 1999, 26 countries based their standards indexes on the basis of the ICS, and 28 countries used it in their standards indexes as an additional search tool. In Russia, based on the ISS, the All-Russian Classifier of Standards (ACS) was adopted in 1993.

One of ISO's largest projects was the creation International network standards services (WSSN - World Standards Services Network, www.wssn.net). WSSN is a Web server that virtually brings together informational resources national, regional and international standardization organizations, as well as related organizations.

The WSSN project was prepared and implemented by the ISO Committee on information systems and services – INFCO (INFCO – ISO Committee on information systems and services). INFCO, created in 1967, was engaged in submitting recommendations to the ISO Council on methods of collecting and disseminating information and forms of promoting standardization, as well as organizing the work of national standards funds (International and regional organizations for standardization and product quality. - M.: Standards Publishing House, 1990) . Since 2001, INFKO ceased its activities. Issues within the competence of INFCO are transferred to the ISO Central Secretariat.

WSSN currently integrates ISO information resources; IEC; ITU; national standardization organizations - members of ISO, IEC; regional standardization bodies collaborating with ISO, IEC and ITU; international and regional organizations collaborating in the field of standardization, a total of 134 organizations.

Deepening and expanding international cooperation in all areas human activity ensured the transfer of work on international standardization to a higher level. At the same time, a qualitatively new stage in the field of standardization on a multilateral basis is characterized by noticeable quantitative, structural and functional growth. Today, out of 4.5 thousand of all international organizations, more than 400 are involved in considering issues related to standardization.

The beginning of international cooperation in the field of standardization dates back to 1921. Official organizations in the international standardization system include:

ISO – International Organization for Standardization.

IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission.

ITU – International Telecommunications Union.

In 1946, under the auspices of the UN, it was created International Organization for Standardization (ISO – International Standards Organization). ISO is a non-governmental organization developing international standards and international cooperation in the field of standardization (headquarters in London). More than 120 countries participate in ISO's work. the main objective ISO is promoting the development of standardization on a global scale in order to simplify international trade and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities. ISO's terms of reference include:

Taking measures aimed at simplifying and improving methods for harmonizing standards in all areas of their application on a global scale;

Development, adoption of international standards, their information support;

Organization of internal information flows;

Establishing cooperation with other international organizations to jointly resolve related issues.

The highest body of ISO is the General Assembly. During the period between sessions of the General Assembly, the activities of the organization are governed by the Council, headed by the President of ISO. Permanent and temporary committees of the Council are responsible for considering and preparing decisions on specific issues. An additional bureau has been created under the Council, which manages ISO technical committees. Draft international standards are developed directly by working groups operating within technical committees.

Technical committees (TC) are divided into general technical committees and committees working in specific areas of technology. General technical technical complexes (there are 26 of them in ISO) solve general technical and intersectoral problems. These, for example, include TC 12 “Units of Measurement”, TC 19 “Preferred Numbers”, TC 37 “Terminology”. The remaining TCs (more than 200) operate in specific areas of technology (TC 22 “Automobiles”, TC 39 “Machine tools”, etc.). TCs, whose activities cover an entire industry (chemistry, aviation and space technology, etc.), organize subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG).

Depending on the degree of interest, each ISO member determines the status of their participation in the work of each TC. Membership can be active and as observers. A draft international standard is considered adopted if it is approved by a majority (75%) of the active members of the TC.

Recently, all developed countries have been concentrating efforts to develop and implement modern quality systems at enterprises. A number of countries in Western Europe and the USA have introduced national standards defining the parameters of these systems. In 1979, TC 176 “Quality Assurance Systems” was created, whose tasks include standardization and harmonization of the fundamental principles of quality assurance systems. In 1987, the first version of the four ISO 9000 series of standards was published, aimed at a uniform approach to addressing product quality issues in enterprises. ISO 9000 series standards have been adopted as national standards in various modifications in more than 100 countries around the world. For example, in the USA they are known as ANST/ASQC 090, in Japan – JIS 9000, in England – BS 5750, in Denmark – DS/EN 29000, in Germany – DIN/ISO 9000, in France – NF X50.121. In all cases, the content of the standards is almost the same, and they all include requirements for the company’s quality system as the main condition for achieving stable quality of products.

The other bodies of the ISO Council are the Technical Bureau and seven committees: STACO, PLACO, CASCO, DEVCO, COPOLCO and REMCO.

STAKO provides methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methodology for developing international standards. He studies the fundamental principles of standardization and prepares recommendations for achieving optimal results in this area. STAKO also deals with terminology and organizes seminars on the application of international standards for trade development.

PLACO prepares proposals for ISO work planning, organization and coordination of technical aspects of the work.

CASCO deals with issues of confirming the compliance of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment.

DEVCO studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area.

KOPOLCO is studying issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization, as well as providing them with the necessary information about international standards. The manuals he publishes play a big role in this: “Comparative testing of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc.

REMCO is developing guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular the International Organization of Legal Metrology.

The work of ISO is currently carried out within the framework of 185 TC, 636 PC, 1975 RG. ISO's strategic partner, with which it largely coordinates its activities, is the World Trade Organization (WTO).

In general, the representation of Russia in ISO working bodies is significantly smaller than Germany, Great Britain, the USA and France. This circumstance cannot but affect the country's leadership in the development of international standards. Unfortunately, in recent years there has been a sharp decline in the role of Russia in the activities of ISO and other international standardization organizations.

Another, no less authoritative organization is International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) – develops standards in the field of electrical engineering, radio electronics, and communications. It was created in 1906. The different times of formation and the different orientations of the IEC and ISO determined the fact parallel existence two large international organizations, taking into account the commonality of tasks of ISO and IEC, as well as the possibility of duplication of activities of individual technical bodies. An agreement has been concluded between these organizations to delimit and coordinate the scope of their activities.

Our country has been a member of the IEC since 1922. The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, in which all national committees are represented. The main coordinating body is the Action Committee, which has subordinate committees and advisory groups:

AKOS - advisory committee on electrical safety of household appliances, radio-electronic equipment, high-voltage equipment, etc.;

ASET - Advisory Committee on Electronics and Communications; deals with electrical safety issues, just like AKOS;

KGEMS – coordination group on electromagnetic compatibility;

KSIT – coordination group for information technology;

Size Coordination Working Group.

The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, is made up of contributions from member countries of this organization and revenues from the sale of international standards. The structure of IEC technical bodies is the same as ISO: technical committees, subcommittees and working groups. There are 80 technical committees operating in the IEC, some of which (as in ISO) develop MS of a general technical and intersectoral nature, and the other develop MS for specific types of products (household radio-electronic equipment, transformers, electronic products).

The IEC cooperates with ISO, jointly developing ISO/IEC guidelines and ISO/IEC directives on current issues of standardization, certification, accreditation of testing laboratories and methodological aspects. The Joint ISO/IEC Program Committee divides the responsibilities of the two organizations on issues related to related technical fields and plans work.

The results of cooperation between the two largest international organizations are aimed at increasing the effectiveness and practical significance of international standards, accelerating their adoption as national standards, increasing the interest of all participants in the international exchange of goods and services in standardization as a way to promote trade development and eliminate non-tariff barriers. One of the most significant results is the IEC system for testing electrical equipment for compliance with safety standards, designed to facilitate international trade in electrical equipment for final consumption, namely household electrical equipment, electronic computing equipment, lighting products, etc.

With common interests in standardization, ISO and IEC agreed to join forces, creating a single body in 1987, Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1), designed to formulate a comprehensive system of basic information technology standards and their extensions for specific areas of activity . This committee works closely with International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

ITU, classified as an official international organization, is an intergovernmental organization specializing in the field of telecommunication standardization. It unites more than 500 governmental and non-governmental organizations. The main task of the ITU is to coordinate the development of internationally harmonized rules and recommendations for the construction and use of global television networks and their services.

The ITU structure includes three sectors:

Radiocommunications - a sector that includes the general functions of the radiocommunications committee, as well as the tasks performed by the frequency registration board;

Telecommunications standardization is a sector that has taken over the functions of the telegraph and telephony committee, as well as the functions of the radio communication committee related to the release of radio communications to networks common use;

Telecommunications development is a sector that determines issues of strategy and policy for the development of telecommunication systems.

The highest level of organizational management of ITU is the General Conference, which determines strategic decisions related to the areas of activity and structure of the organization, and also forms the executive body - the Council, which carries out the tasks outlined by the conference. The highest governing body of each sector is the world conference of the appropriate (for this sector) thematic focus.

The following five classes of membership are defined for organizations:

Class A – national ministries and communications departments;

Class B – large private corporations operating in the field of telecommunications;

Class C – scientific organizations and enterprises producing communications equipment;

Class D – international organizations, including the ISO organization;

Class E – organizations from other fields of activity, but interested in working in this sector.

Much of the standard development work is carried out by research groups, each with its own focus. The composition of the research groups is quite stable. It was selected on a thematic basis in such a way as to ensure complete coverage of all current areas of Telecommunication Technologies.

A significant result of this cooperation is the agreement on a common text for ISO/IEC standards. In other cases, this cooperation manifests itself in the adoption by one organization of the text of a standard developed by another organization. Another form of cooperation is the joint development of standards.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) is a multilateral agreement containing principles legal norms and the rules that guide the participating countries in mutual trade relations. This is an international economic organization, the predecessor of the WTO, which regulated the rules of international trade according to the principle of liberalism. GATT remained the only instrument for regulating international trade until the moment when a specialized world Trade organisation in 1995

The WTO, as the successor to the GATT, is designed to regulate the trade and political relations of the organization's participants in the field of international trade on the basis of a package of agreements. The agreement establishing the WTO provides for the creation of a permanent forum of member states to resolve problems affecting their multilateral trade relations, as well as to monitor the implementation of agreements and agreements. The WTO functions in much the same way as the GATT, but oversees a wider range of trade agreements and has much more power. The main task The WTO is the liberalization of world trade through its regulation primarily by tariff methods with a consistent reduction in the level of import duties, as well as the elimination of various non-tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions and other obstacles in the international exchange of goods and services.

All WTO member countries are committed to implementing key agreements and legal instruments, i.e. multilateral trade agreements, based on the rules and regulations of which over 90% of global trade in goods and services are regulated.

The highest body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which brings together representatives of all participants in the organization. Conference sessions meet to discuss and make decisions on fundamental issues. The WTO Ministerial Conference establishes the Committee on Trade and Development, the Committee on Balance of Payments Restrictions, the Committee on Budget, Finance and Administration, and the Committee on Trade and Environment.

WTO participants are represented by three groups:

Full participants;

Observers;

International organizations.

Russia is conducting active negotiations on joining the WTO. The need for this is due to the tasks of international integration, conditions for access to world markets, attracting foreign investment in Russian economy. What complicates this process is that Russia intends to obtain the status of a market economy country, which imposes special conditions on the accession procedure.

CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF METROLOGY

Metrology (from the Greek “metro” - measure, “logos” - study) is the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy.

In modern society, metrology as a science and field of practical activity plays an important role. This is due to the fact that there is practically no sphere of human activity where measurement results are not used.

Measurements are an integral part of most work processes. The costs of providing and carrying out measurements account for about 20% of the total costs of production.

Based on measurements, information is obtained about the state of production, economic and social processes. Measurement information serves as the basis for making decisions about product quality when implementing quality systems, in scientific experiments, etc. And only the reliability and corresponding accuracy of measurement results ensure the correctness of decisions made at all levels of management. Receiving unreliable information leads to incorrect decisions, decreased product quality, and possible accidents.

Effective cooperation with other countries, joint development of scientific and technical programs, further development of trade relations require growing mutual trust in measurement information, which is essentially the main object of exchange in the joint solution of scientific and technical problems, the basis for mutual settlements in trade transactions, and the conclusion of supply contracts materials, products, equipment. The creation of a unified approach to measurements guarantees mutual understanding, the possibility of unification and standardization of measurement methods and instruments, mutual recognition of measurement results and product testing in the international trade system.

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International Organization for Standardization, ISO

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international organization that produces standards.

The international organization ISO began to function on February 23, 1947 as a voluntary, non-governmental organization. It was established on the basis of an agreement reached at a meeting in London in 1946 between representatives of 25 industrialized countries to create an organization with the authority to coordinate at the international level the development of various industrial standards and to carry out the procedure for their adoption as international standards.

When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this, it was decided to use the Greek word isos - equal, which is why in all languages of the world the International Organization for Standardization has the short name ISO (ISO).

The scope of ISO concerns standardization in all fields except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO also deals with certification issues.

ISO's purpose -- promoting the development of standardization on a global scale to facilitate international trade exchange and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities.

ISO defines its tasks as follows: promoting the development of standardization and related activities in the world in order to ensure the international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

Main objects of standardization and the number of standards (as a percentage of the total) characterize the wide range of interests of the organization:

In recent years, ISO has paid much attention to the standardization of quality assurance systems. The practical result of efforts in these areas is the development and publication of international standards. When developing them, ISO takes into account the expectations of all interested parties - manufacturers of products (services), consumers, government circles, scientific, technical and public organizations.

Today, ISO includes 120 countries with their national standards organizations. Russia is represented by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation as a committee - a member of ISO. In total, ISO has more than 80 member committees. In addition to member committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members, which are standardization organizations of developing countries. The subscriber category has been introduced for developing countries. Member committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the ISO Council and be represented at meetings of the General Assembly. Corresponding members (22 of them) are not active in ISO, but have the right to receive information about standards being developed. Subscriber members pay reduced fees and have the opportunity to keep abreast of international standardization.

Strong national organizations in ISO member countries are the basis for its functioning. Therefore, only those organizations that are recognized as member committees the best way reflect the position of their country in the field of standardization and have significant experience and competence required for effective international standardization activities.

National organizations are the conductors of all ISO achievements in their countries, as well as exponents of the national point of view in the relevant technical committees of the organization.

Organizational structure. Organizationally, the ISO includes governing and working bodies (Fig. 11.1). Governing bodies: General Assembly (supreme body), Council, Technical Management Bureau. Working bodies - technical committees (TC), subcommittees, technical advisory groups (TAG).

General Assembly -- it is a meeting of officers and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers.

Advice directs the work of ISO during breaks between sessions of the General Assembly. The Council has the right, without convening the General Assembly, to refer issues to the member committees for consultation or to entrust the member committees with their decision. At meetings of the Council, decisions are made by a majority vote of the committee members of the Council present at the meeting. Between meetings and if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

There are seven committees subordinate to the ISO Council: PLACO (Technical Bureau), STACO (Committee for the Study of Scientific Principles of Standardization); CASCO (conformity assessment committee); INFKO (committee on scientific and technical information); DEVCO (Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries); KOPOLCO (committee for the protection of consumer interests); REMCO (standard samples committee).

PLACO prepares proposals for planning ISO work, organizing and coordinating the technical aspects of the work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the area of standardization that the committees should deal with.

STAKO is obliged to provide methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methods of developing international standards. The committee studies the fundamental principles of standardization and prepares recommendations for achieving optimal results in this area. STAKO also deals with terminology and organizes seminars on the application of international standards for trade development.

CASCO deals with issues of confirming the compliance of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studying the practice of these activities and analyzing information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment. CASCO, together with the IEC, has prepared a number of guidelines on various aspects of certification, which are widely used in the member countries of ISO and IEC: the principles set out in these documents are taken into account in national certification systems, and also serve as the basis for agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products in trade and economic relations between countries in different regions. CASCO also deals with the creation of general requirements for auditors for the accreditation of testing laboratories and assessing the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and quality systems, etc.

About the work of INFCO - see chap. 3 "Information support for standardization work."

DEVCO studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. Main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a wide scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; Preparation teaching aids on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology. DEVCO cooperates with the UN in these areas. One of the results of joint efforts was the creation and operation international centers training.

KOPOLCO is studying issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization; summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs to train consumers in the field of standardization and provide them with the necessary information about international standards. This is facilitated by the periodic publication of the List of international and national standards, as well as guides useful for consumers: “Comparative tests of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc. KOPOLCO participated in the development of the guide ISO/IEC on the preparation of safety standards.

REMCO provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing appropriate guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). Thus, a reference book on reference materials and several manuals have been prepared: “Reference to reference materials in international standards”, “Certification of reference materials. General and statistical principles”, etc. In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations , in particular, with the OIML - the International Organization of Legal Metrology.

The procedure for developing international standards. Direct work on the creation of international standards is carried out by technical committees (TC); subcommittees (SCs, which can establish TCs) and working groups (WGs) for specific areas of activity.

According to data for 1996, international standardization within the ISO is carried out by 2832 working bodies, including 185 TCs, 636 PCs, 1975 RGs and 36 task groups.

All secretariats of the TC and PC are maintained by 35 member committees, including 10 TC, 31 PC and 10 RG assigned to Russia.

In addition to maintaining secretariats, interested member committees can be active members of any TC or PC, as well as observers. For the first case, the ISO has the status of member P, and for the second, the status of member O. Russia is an active member in 145 TC, and an observer in 16 TC.

The official languages of ISO are English, French, Russian. About 70% of the entire body of ISO international standards has been translated into Russian.

The process for developing an international standard is as follows: an interested party, represented by a member committee, a technical committee, a committee of the General Assembly (or an organization that is not a member of ISO), submits an application to ISO for the development of a standard. The Secretary General, in agreement with the member committees, submits a proposal to the Technical Management Bureau for the creation of the appropriate TC. The latter will be created under the following conditions: if the majority of member committees vote in favor and at least five of them intend to become members? in this TC, and the Technical Directive Bureau is convinced of the international significance of the future standard. All issues in the work process are usually resolved on the basis of consensus of member committees actively participating in the activities of the TC.

After reaching consensus on the draft standard, the TC submits it to the Central Secretariat for registration and distribution to all member committees for voting. If the project is approved by 75% of voters, it is published as an international standard.

IN technical work ISO is attended by over 30 thousand experts from different countries peace. ISO is globally respected as a fair and impartial organization and has a high status among major international organizations.

ISO standards-- the most widely used all over the world, there are more than 10 thousand of them, and 500-600 standards are revised and adopted annually. ISO standards are a carefully developed version of technical requirements for products (services), which greatly facilitates the exchange of goods, services and ideas between all countries of the world. This is largely due to the responsible attitude of technical committees to achieving consensus on technical issues, for which the chairmen of the TC are personally responsible. In addition to the principle of consensus when voting on a draft international standard, ISO also intends to ensure mandatory transparency of the rules for developing standards that are understandable to all interested parties.

ISO's business contacts are very wide: about 500 international organizations maintain contact with it, including all specialized UN agencies working in related areas.

ISO maintains ongoing working relationships with regional standards organizations. In practice, members of such organizations are simultaneously members of ISO. Therefore, when developing regional standards, the ISO standard is often taken as a basis even at the project stage. The closest cooperation is between ISO and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).

ISO's largest partner is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In general, these three organizations cover all areas of technology with international standardization. In addition, they consistently interact in the field of information technology and telecommunications.

ISO international standards do not have the status of mandatory for all participating countries. Any country in the world has the right to apply or not apply them. The decision on the application of the international ISO standard is mainly related to the degree of participation of the country in the international division of labor and the state of its foreign trade. The ISO standard, if used, is introduced into the national standardization system in the forms described above, and can also be used in bilateral and multilateral trade relations. About half of the international ISO standards have found application in the Russian standardization system.

The development of a draft standard in ISO technical bodies is always associated with the need to overcome a certain pressure from representatives of individual countries (often the largest manufacturers and exporters of goods) regarding technical requirements and standards that should be included in the content of the future international standard. The highest achievement for a national member committee is the adoption of a national standard as an international one. However, it should be taken into account that when planning work in ISO for inclusion in the standardization program, the following criteria are taken into account: the impact of the standard on the expansion of international trade, ensuring the safety of people, and protecting the environment. A strong justification for the proposal must be provided based on these provisions.

ISO standards differ in their content in that only about 20% of them include requirements for specific products. The bulk of regulatory documents concern safety requirements, interchangeability, technical compatibility, product testing methods, as well as other general and methodological issues. Thus, the use of most international ISO standards assumes that specific technical requirements for a product are established in contractual relations.

Perspective tasks of ISO. ISO has defined its tasks until the end of the century, highlighting the most relevant strategic areas of work:

* establishing closer connections between the organization’s activities and the market, which should primarily be reflected in the choice of priority developments;

* reduction of general and time costs as a result of increased efficiency of the administrative apparatus, best use human resources, workflow optimization, development of information technology and telecommunications;

* providing effective assistance to the World Trade Organization by introducing a program focused on the gradual processing of technical conditions for the supply of goods to ISO standards;

* stimulating the “self-supporting” elements of the above program: encouraging the creation of new standards for industry, developing relationships with the WTO on the terms of providing the necessary technical assistance. In particular, it is expected to promote in every possible way the inclusion of requirements for supplied products by states into international ISO standards, which should have a positive impact on the recognition of conformity assessment;

* concern for improving the quality of national standardization activities in developing countries, where the main focus is on equalizing the levels of standardization.

In the future, ISO plans to expand the scope of technical services provided. It identifies three priority opportunities: promoting the adoption of widely used industrial standards developed outside ISO as international normative documents; identifying priority standardization needs in specific areas; increasing flexibility in planning work to create standards in response to changing market conditions and countries.

In addition, services continue to be a fairly rapidly growing area of international standardization, where ISO 9000 series standards will be increasingly used.

Several governments large countries transfer responsibility for developing and implementing standards used for government procurement (especially defense agencies) to the private sector. In this regard, ISO is exploring opportunities for international standardization in the non-governmental sector.

In the future, collaboration between ISO, IEC and CEN will become increasingly important, complementing the activities of these organizations and facilitating the implementation of effective programs standardization in the field of information technology and telecommunications. Consumers view this collaboration as positive and conducive to efficient work three major international standardization organizations well into the next century.

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