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Translator of Russian words into phonetic transcription. Phonetic transcription

In a word online:
1. 2 syllables (o-nlaine, on-laine);
2. stress falls on the 2nd syllable: online

1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word “online”: [ʌnla j❜н].

LETTER/ [SOUND]				SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
O	-	[ʌ]	-	vowel, unstressed; see below § 32.
n	-	[n]	-	acc., hard (boys) , The sound [n] is pronounced softly only before soft [t❜], [d❜], [n❜], [ch❜], [sh ❜].
l	-	[l]	-	acc., hard (boys) , ringing (unpaired), sonorant. The sound [l] is an unpaired voiced sound, so it is pronounced the same way as it is written.Before letters A, O, at, uh, s syllables paired in terms of hardness and softness are always pronounced firmly.
A	-	[A ]	-	vowel, percussion; see below § 15.
th	-		-	acc., soft (unpaired), ringing (unpaired), sonorant. Deaf people do not voice before sonorants (see V.N. Musatov, p. 73). Below see § 69.
n	-	[n]	-	acc., hard (boys) , ringing (unpaired), sonorant. At the end of a word, sound replacement occurs only in voiced pairs.At the end of the word, all consonants, except unpaired soft ones ([ch❜], [ш❜], [й❜]), are pronounced firmly.

6 letters, 6 sounds

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PRONUNCIATION RULES 1

§ 15

§ 15. Letter A denotes the stressed vowel [a] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: act, á rka, á ly; b) after vowels: zahat, poahat; c) after hard consonants: there, dam, myself, din, you, poppy, tank, marriage, step, toad, prank, pity; d) after soft hissing [h] and [sch]: hour, head, swing, mercy.

§ 32

§ 32. In the 1st pre-stressed syllable, after hard consonants, except for vowels [s] and [y], and at the beginning of a word, except for vowels [i] and [y] (about them, see §§ 5-13), it is pronounced vowel [a]. The vowel [a] in this position is denoted in writing by the letter i or o.

Thus, in place of the letters a and o, the vowel [a] is pronounced: 1) after hard consonants: a) gardens, gifts, mala, plow, old man, grass; naughty, shalash, fry, hot, reign, scratch; b) water (pronounced [wada]), leg (pronounced [naga]), thunderstorm (pronounced [graza]), fields (pronounced [pal❜ á ]), seas (pronounced [mar❜ á ]), tables (pronounced [ became ]), fruits (pronounced [pladý ]), please (pronounced [prashú ]), went (pronounced [pashó l]), driver (pronounced [shaf❜ ó r), juggler (pronounced [jangle❜ ó r]); 2) at the beginning of the word: a) pharmacy, Armenian, arshin, accord, barn; b) window (pronounced [aknó]), one (pronounced [adin]), cucumber (pronounced [agú rchik]), aspen (pronounced [ası́ ny]), dress (pronounced [adé t❜ ]) .

The vowel [a] of the 1st pre-stressed syllable is somewhat different from the stressed [a]: when pronounced, the lower jaw is less pubescent, the opening of the mouth is narrower, the back of the back of the tongue is slightly raised. Therefore, with a more accurate transcription, these sounds should be distinguished, for example, to denote the unstressed [o], use the sign Λ, preserving the letter a for the stressed [a]: [voda] (water). In this dictionary-reference book, the letter a is used to denote both unstressed [a] (more precisely [Λ], and [a] stressed.

§ 69

§ 69. The consonants [ch], [sch], [zh❜ zh❜], [th] are only soft. For the sounds [h] and [uh] in Russian graphics there are special letters h And sch: Wed chin, chan, forelock, cheln (pronounced [choln]), niello, shit, pike, silk (pronounced [shcho lk]), sliver, squeak. However, the consonant [ш] is also indicated in writing by the combinations сч, зч and some others (about this, see § 124): count (pronounced [schot], cabbie (pronounced [cabman]).

1 Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms/ S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 704 pp.

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

21 letters for consonants;
10 letters - vowels;
and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “U” in in this case pronounced [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. IN school curriculum This type of analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

black -> [h"orny"]
apple -> [yablaka]
anchor -> [yakar"]
Christmas tree -> [yolka]
sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
percussive [´] - accent;
in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and analysis of words with examples online, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics differs in accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

You write necessary word and say it out loud several times.
Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
- for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorant, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. IN in this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

[b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be taken by percussion sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain V weak position.

The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, is represented by only a few foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a"] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: zamok - zamok and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

I'm home [ya do "ma].
New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
naked syllable at the very beginning;
repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is beyond curriculum): learn [uch’i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [nad’e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

cup;
goddess;
with songs;
turn.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
- - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
- - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
- - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

at the very beginning of the word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after soft sign“b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. ( This rule relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: The vowel “O” after the soft sign “b” is transcribed as apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n, champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
- ё - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
- e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
- I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
- [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
- [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
- [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
- [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
- [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
- [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
- [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
- [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
- [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
- [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
- [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
- sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
- [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords they don’t strain, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - gap (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - V this proposal contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can mean different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case it changes common feature for two adjacent consonants: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l’o′kh’k’ii], soft [m’a′kh’k’ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
[ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [p] before soft dental and labial ones, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

sch → [sch':]: happiness [sch': a´s't'ye], sandstone [p'ish': a´n'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
!zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. Number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

"T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
- “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
- tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
“D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
- zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
- ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
- rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
“L” - in combinations:
- sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
“B” - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary standards orthoepies are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

References:

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Starting to teach foreign language, a person is faced with the need to pronounce new words correctly. Unlike Slavic languages, in which most words are read certain rules, in the same English there are quite a lot of exceptions to the rules of reading words. Phonetic transcription of words will help you pronounce and read words correctly. And although it often seems that this is a complex concept, it is actually very simple once you understand this issue.

The concept of phonetic transcription

Phonetic transcription is a way of graphically recording sounds oral speech. The transcription is incredibly accurate and is based on correct pronunciation. To achieve this, each transcription character has a corresponding graphic symbol, and each symbol, in turn, is associated with a clearly defined sound.

With the help of transcription, it is possible to record in writing not only the pronunciation of sounds and words, but also sentences and texts.

Basic rules of transcription

1) First of all, the transcription is always recorded in special square brackets: .

2) If the transcribed word has two or more syllables, stress must be placed.
3) If two words are read together, this is recorded in phonetic transcription using the league icon: [in_house].
4) Capital letters are not written in the transcription.
5) If a sentence or text is transcribed, punctuation marks are not added. Instead, they are replaced with slanted vertical lines / (if the pause is short, like a comma), // (for a longer pause), like a period or semicolon.
6) The softness of a consonant is indicated in transcription using an apostrophe placed to the right of the letter.
7) A non-syllable sound is shown as an arc underneath it.
8) The length of a sound is indicated using a colon [a:], sometimes using a horizontal line above the letter.
9) To write words, there is a specially developed international phonetic alphabet, which is based on Latin letters, as well as some symbols taken from the Greek alphabet.

10) Slavic languages Cyrillic can also be written in Cyrillic letters (this applies to East Slavic languages).

Transcription in Russian

Despite its apparent simplicity, Russian transcription has a lot of nuances, without knowledge of which it will be difficult to correctly write down the transcribed word. Transcription in Russian is subject to general rules transcription, however there are additional features.

1) Consonant sounds are written using all consonant Cyrillic letters of the alphabet, with the exception of й and ь.
2) Ъ and ь do not indicate sounds, so they are not written down in transcription.
3) The sounds [th] and [h] are always soft, so in transcription they are not indicated by a softness symbol.
4) The sounds [w], [zh], [ts] are always hard, although in rare cases the letter z can give a soft sound [zh". If they are followed by the letter e, it is written in transcription as [e]: "ts [e]thread.”
5) The letter u, in transcription it is the sound [sh:"] or [sh"].
6) If vowels are stressed, they are pronounced clearly and written using six symbols: [a], [u], [o], [i], [e], [s].
7) Diphthongs yu, ya e, ё designate two sounds and are written in transcription respectively [yu], [ya], [ye], [yo] provided that they are either at the beginning of the word or after a vowel, ь or ъ , in other cases - after consonants - they designate one sound [u], [a], [e], [o], with the designation of the previous consonant soft.
8) The letter and after the separating ь becomes a diphthong and its transcription is [йы] - mura [в "ы].
9) J in the transcription of some words is written as [j], for example “cha[j]ka”.
10) The letters o and a, at the very beginning of a word or in the first syllable without stress in transcription, sound like [a], but the sign [^] is used to write them.
11) After soft consonants in syllables without stress, the letters e and i will be written in transcription as a peculiar sound [ie]: [r’ieb’ina] - “rowan”.
It is interesting that most Russian dictionaries do not indicate the transcription of words, so you need to either learn how to do it yourself, or use the services of online resources that do it.

Transcription in English

If Russian transcription can be written in either Latin or Cyrillic alphabet, then English transcription always written using the Latin IPA alphabet. It is also subject to rules and symbols common to all languages for transcribing words. However, unlike Russian, the pronunciation of English words has a more historical tradition and is often not subject to rules. In such cases, transcription is the only way to pronounce the word correctly. Therefore the majority English words in dictionaries they are written with transcription. The table below shows the main symbols used in the transcription of English words.

Knowing what phonetic transcription is is very important, because this knowledge allows anyone not only to correctly read a word in a foreign language, but also to correctly pronounce words in their native language.

Lesson 1: Basic Phonetic Transcription

The Russian alphabet has 33 letters (graphemes), which can be divided into consonants and vowels. Each grapheme has its own sound form, called phoneme, which may have other variants (allophones).

Consonants arise with the help of a stream of air, which, passing through the vocal cords, causes them to vibrate, which produces a pure sound (tone). This tone is further modified in the oral and nasal cavities, where obstructions are present and noise occurs. Consonants can be divided into voiced(in addition to noise, they also contain tone) and deaf(contain only noise). Next we divide the consonants into hard and soft. In the Russian language there are 15 paired hard and soft consonants, 3 consonants are always hard - these are “sh”, “zh” and “ts” and 3 consonants are always soft “ch”, “sch” and “y”. In total, we distinguish 36 consonant phonemes.

Vowels are also formed when a stream of air passes through the vocal cords, which produces a tone that is modified in the nasal and oral cavities, but in the absence of obstacles, so that a pure tone is maintained. There are 6 vowel phonemes in the Russian language: |a|, |e|, |i|, |ы|, |о|, |у| , which have their own variants - allophones, depending on the position of the vowel in relation to the stress in the word.

Russian emphasis free, mobile. It can be on any syllable in a word, it is not constant and can be on different syllables in one word, for example. window - window, city - city.

Russian stress is strong, dynamic, the understressed vowel is qualitatively and quantitatively much stronger than the unstressed one, which is pronounced much weaker. The weakening of unstressed vowels is called reduction and there are 2 degrees of reduction.

Russian vowels in relation to stress can be divided into:

3 – drums (strong, dynamic, long)

2 – first pre-shock (1st reduction stage)

1 – more than the first pre-stress and post-stress (2nd degree of reduction).

Table of pronunciation of Russian vowels and their recording in transcription

Vowels after consonants:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Options	towards	word positions
		3	2	1
a	\| a\|	[ á]	[^], also at the beginning and end of a word	[ъ]
o	\| o\|	[ ó]	[^]	[ъ]
I	\| "a\|	[" á]	["and",["^] at the end of a word	["ь]
e	\| "e\|	["uh"]	["And]	["ь]
e	\|"o\|	[" ó]	–	–
uh	\|uh\|	[uh"]	[s]	[ъ]
at	\|y\|	[ý]	[y]	[y]
Yu	\|"y\|	["ý]	["y]	["y]
And	\|"and\|	["and"], [s]	["and", [s]	[" and], [s]
s	\|s\|	[s]	[s]	[s]

“I”, “e”, “e”, “yu”, “i” after vowels, at the beginning of a word or after a soft and hard sign:

Grapheme	Phoneme	Options for	towards	word positions
		3	2	1
I	\|j\|+\|a\|		[ṷи], [ṷ^] at the end of a word	[ṷь]
e	\|j\|+\|e\|		[ṷи]	[ṷь]
e	\|j\|+\|o\|		–	–
Yu	\|j\|+\|y\|		[ṷу]	[ṷу]
And	\|j\|+\|i\|		[ṷи]	[ṷи]

Transcription of some consonants:

hard [t] – soft [t"]

th = stressed [j], unstressed [ṷ]
Tsya, -tsya = [ts:^]

Exercises

Exercise 1.1

Read and rewrite in transcription:

Mommy, grandma, milk, good, pine, cold, side, crocod And l, chocolate, magpie, laugh, city, young, dialect And t, saying, mash And on, house, contract, school, frying pan, open s weaving, stop, aroma, car And l.

Tree, knee, birch, girl, spring, business, timber truck, translation, telephone, television And zor, auditor, director, series, furniture, attic, suitcase, man, d I da, aunt, zar I dka, n I chick, knit, heavy, meat, frog, private, with And Nya.

Apple, amber, Japan, I on, Yaroslav, language s To, I ma, I year, phenomenon, January, I sleepy, Europe, Elena, Eva, Eg And pet, european, let's go, food, hedgehog, herringbone, spruce, Egor, eli, Yu bka, Yu zhny, Yula, YU rmala, Yu burden, Yu ny, southwest, Yugoslavia, jewelry And R.

Seven I, trees, mo I, green, Tat I na, comma, d I con, Dar I, Mar And I, summer, will pour, mine, with And her, bad weather, happiness, health, move out, move in, go, yours Yu, With And I do, I do, my Yu, Ra And sa, Zina And yes, mo And, its And, operations, laboratories.

Ride, exercise, swim, get dressed, study And wash, wash, agreement And he smiles, she is shy I it is, they are skating, he is learning And I was happy, she was happy, I was happy And gone.

Do you know why Russian is so difficult for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that our language cannot be said to mean that words can be written the way they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written with 3 letters O: “MILKO”.

This is the simplest and most obvious example. And, as a rule, no one thinks about what transcription (that is, a graphic recording of sounds) of the words that are most familiar to us looks like. To learn to understand what sounds words are made of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.

It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in class and when preparing homework.

Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at parsing a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it has and how many sounds it has. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.

Vowels

There are 10 vowel letters in the Russian alphabet: “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “y”, “ya”, “e”, “yu”, “e”, “i”.

But there are only 6 vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i]. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” consist of two sounds: vowel + y. They are written like this: “e” = [y’+e], “e” = [y’+o], “yu” = [y’+y], “i” = [y’+a]. And they are called iotized.

Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” are not always decomposed into two sounds. But only in following cases:

when words appear at the beginning: food [y’eda], ruff [y’orsh], skirt [y’upka], pit [y’ama];
when they come after other vowels: moi [moi'em], moe [mai'o], wash [moi'ut], warrior [vai'aka];
when they come after “ъ” and “ь”: pedestal [p’y’ed’estal], drinks [p’y’ot], drink [p’y’ut], nightingale [salav’y’a].

If “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” appear in a word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.

Not under stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” give the sound [i]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter “I” without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr’es’ina].

Another interesting thing about the relationship between “ь” and vowels: if after a soft sign in a word there is a letter “i”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].

But after the consonants “zh”, “sh” and “ts” the letter “i” gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].

The vowels “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “s” indicate the hardness of consonant sounds. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” indicate the softness of consonant sounds.

By the way, in many words with the vowel “е” the emphasis always falls on it. But this rule does not work for borrowed words (amoebiasis) and complex words (such as trinuclear).

Consonants

There are 21 consonants in the Russian language. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.

Thus, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the voicing of deafness:

[b] - [p]: [b]a[b]ushka – [p]a[p]a;
[v] - [f]: [v] water - [f] plywood;
[g] - [k]: [g]voice – [cow];
[d] - [t]: [d’] woodpecker - [t]ucha;
[f] - [w]: [f’]life – [sh]uba;
[z] - [s]: [z’]ima – o[s’]en.

This is interesting because paired sounds are represented by different letters. Such pairs do not exist in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired deaf and ringing sounds are designated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound depending on its position in the word.

There are also 15 pairs of hardness and softness:

[b] - [b’]: [b]a[b]glass – [b’]tree;
[v] - [v’]: [v]ata – [v’]fork;
[g] - [g’]: [g]amak – [g’]idrant;
[d] - [d’]: [d]ozh[d’];
[z] - [z’]: [z] gold – [z’] yawn;
[k] - [k’]: [k]ust – [k’]bist;
[l] - [l’]: [l]swallow – [l’]istik;
[m] - [m’]: [m]a[m]a – [m’]iska;
[n] - [n’]: [n]os – [n’]yuh;
[p] - [p’]: [p]archa – [p’]i [p’]etka;
[r] - [r’]: [r]lynx – [r’]is;
[s] - [s’]: [s] dog – [s’] herring;
[t] - [t’]: [t]apok – [t’]shadow;
[f] - [f’]: [f] camera - [f’] fencing;
[x] - [x’]: [x] hockey – [x’] ek.

As you can see, the softness of the sounds is ensured by the letter “b” and the soft consonants that come after the consonants.

There are unpaired consonant sounds in the Russian language that are never voiceless:

[y’] – [y’]od;
[l] – [l]ama;
[l’] – [l’]eika;
[m] – [m]carrot;
[m’] – [m’] muesli;
[n] – [n]osoceros;
[n’]– [n’] bat;
[r] – [r]daisy;
[r’] – [r’] child.

To make it easier to remember all the voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: “We didn’t forget each other”.

And also unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples out loud and see for yourself:

[x] – [x]orek;
[x'] - [x']surgeon;
[ts] – [ts]apple;
[h’] – [h’] person;
[sch’] – [sch’] bristles.

Two phrases will help you remember which sounds remain deaf in any situation: “Styopka, would you like some soup?” - “Fi!” And “Fokka, do you want to eat some soup?”.

If you carefully read the examples given above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in the Russian language are never soft:

[g] - [g]bug and even [g]acorn;
[sh] - [sh]uba and [sh]ilo are read equally firmly;
[ts] - [ts] scratch and [ts]irk - the same thing, the sound is pronounced firmly.

Remember that in some borrowed words and names “zh” is still soft [zh’]: jury [zh’]juri, Julien [zh’]julien.

Similarly, in the Russian language there are consonants that are never pronounced firmly:

[th’] – [th’] ogurt;
[h’] – [h’]chirp and [h’]asy – the sound is equally soft;
[sch'] - [sch']cheek and [sch']fingers - similar: no matter what vowel comes after this consonant, it is still pronounced softly.

Sometimes in some textbooks the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in the Russian language. It is also often customary to denote “sch” as [w’:].

Remember also that the consonants “zh”, “sh”, “ch”, “sch” are called hissing.

Phonetic analysis plan

First you need to spell the word correctly in terms of spelling.
Then divide the word into syllables (remember that there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it), designate the stressed syllable.
The next point is the phonetic transcription of the word. You don’t have to transcribe the word right away - first try saying it out loud. If necessary, speak several times until you can say with certainty which sounds need to be recorded.
Describe all vowel sounds in order: identify stressed and unstressed sounds.
Describe all consonant sounds in order: identify paired and unpaired sounds by voicedness/dullness and hardness/softness.
Count and write down how many letters and sounds there are in the word.
Note those cases in which the number of sounds does not correspond to the number of letters and explain them.

In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.

Special transcription characters

Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:

[ " ] – this is how the stressed vowel in the main stressed syllable is designated (O"sen);
[`] – this is how a side (minor) sub-stressed vowel sound is designated: usually such a sub-stressed syllable is located at the beginning of a word, found in difficult words and words with the prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, over-, super-, ex-, vice- and others (`okolozE'mny);
[’] – a sign of softening a consonant sound;
[Λ] – transcription sign for “o” and “a” in the following cases: position at the beginning of a word, the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a hard consonant (arka [Λrka], king [krol’]);
– a more “advanced” transcription sign for recording iotated sounds; you can also use [th’].
[and e] – something in between [i] and [e], used to denote the vowels “a”, “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a soft consonant (blend [bl'i e sleep]) ;
[ы и] – something between [ы] and [е] or [ы] and [а], used to denote the vowels “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a hard consonant (whisper [shi e ptat '];
[ъ] – transcription sign for the vowels “o”, “a”, “e” in positions after a hard consonant in a pre-stressed and post-stressed syllable (milk [m'lok]);
[b] – transcription sign for the vowels “o”, “a”, “ya”, “e” in the position after a soft consonant in an unstressed syllable (mitten [var'shka]);
[–] – a sign indicating the absence of sound in the place of “ъ” and “ь”;
[ ‾ ]/[ : ] – transcription signs (you can use one or the other of your choice - it will not be a mistake) to indicate the length of consonants (to be afraid [bΛй’ац:ъ]).

As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more exact signs transcriptions are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i] and [th’] in phonetic analysis instead of “and with the overtone e” and other complex designations.

Transcription rules

Don't forget also about following rules transcriptions of consonants:

voicing of voiceless consonants in position before voiced ones (bending [zg’ibat’], mowing [kΛz’ba]);
deafening of voiced consonants in the position at the end of a word (ark [kΛfch’ek]);
deafening of a voiced consonant in a position in front of a voiceless one, for example, a voiced “g”, which can turn into voiceless sounds [k] and [x] (nails [nokt’i], light [l’ohk’iy’]);
softening of the consonants “n”, “s”, “z”, “t”, “d” in the position before soft consonants (kantik [kan’t’ik]);
softening of “s” and “z” in the prefixes s-, iz-, raz- in the position before “b” (remove [iz’y’at’]);
unreadable consonants “t”, “d”, “v”, “l” in combinations of several consonant letters in a row: in this case, the combination “stn” is pronounced as [sn], and “zdn” - as [zn] (district [uy 'ezny']);
combinations of letters “sch”, “zch”, “zsch” are read as [sch’] (accounts [sch’oty]);
combinations “chn”, “cht” are pronounced [sh] (what [shto], of course [kΛn’eshn]);
infinitive suffixes -tsya/-tsya are transcribed [ts] (bite [kusats:b]);
the endings of -ogo/-him are pronounced through the sound [v] (yours [tvy’evo]);
in words with double consonants, two transcription options are possible: 1) double consonants are located after the stressed syllable and form a double sound (kassa [kas:b]); 2) double consonants are located before the stressed syllable and give a regular consonant sound (million [m'il'ion]).

Now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words using examples. For recording we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonant sounds.

Examples of phonetic transcription of words

departure
ot-e"zd (2 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[aty'e "st]
o - [a] – vowel, unstressed
t- [t] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
ъ – [–]
e - [th’] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (unpaired) and [e] - vowel, stressed
z - [s] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
d - [t] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
6 letters, 6 sounds
The letter “e” after the separating “b” gives two sounds: [th"] and [e]; the letter “d” at the end of the word is deafened to the sound [t]; the letter “z” is deafened to the sound [c] in the position before the voiceless sound.

One more example:

grammar
gram-ma"-ti-ka (4 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[gram:at"ika]
g – [g] – consonant, voiced (paired), hard (solid)
p – [p] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
mm – [m:] – double sound, consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
a – [a] – vowel, stressed
t – [t’] – consonant, voiceless (paired), soft (paired)
k – [k] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
a – [a] – vowel, unstressed
10 letters, 9 sounds
Double consonants “mm” give a double sound [m:]

And last:

became
sta-no-vi"-lis (4 syllables, stress falls on the 3rd syllable)
[stanav'i"l'is']
s – [s] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
t – [t] – consonant, deaf (paired), hard (paired)
a – [a] – vowel, unstressed
n – [n] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
o – [a] – vowel, unstressed
in – [v’] – consonant, voiced (paired), soft (paired)
and – [and] – vowel, stressed
l – [l’] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (paired)
and – [and] – vowel, unstressed
s – [s’] – consonant, voiceless (paired), soft (paired)
b – [–]
11 letters, 10 sounds
The letter “o” in an unstressed position produces the sound [a]; the letter “b” does not denote a sound and serves to soften the consonant preceding it.

Instead of an afterword

Well, did this article help you understand the phonetic analysis of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up a word - there are many pitfalls hidden along this path. But we tried to make the task easier for you and explain all the slippery aspects in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.

Uses this article when preparing for lessons and passing the State Exam and Unified State Exam. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic analysis of words you are asked at school.

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