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The creation of the first atomic bomb presentation. Nuclear weapon

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Slide captions:

Modern means of destruction and their damaging factors. Measures to protect the population. The presentation was prepared by life safety teacher Gorpenyuk S.V.

Checking homework: Principles of organizing civil defense and its purpose. Name the tasks of civil defense. How is civil defense managed? Who is the Head of Civil Defense at the school?

The first test of nuclear weapons In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of New Mexico, an American nuclear center was created in 1942. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A distinctive mushroom-shaped cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remains at the explosion site are fragments of green radioactive glass, into which the sand has turned. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

WMD Chemical weapons Nuclear weapons Biological weapons

NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THEIR DAMAGING FACTORS Issues studied: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. Characteristics of a nuclear explosion. Basic principles of protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

In the early 40s. In the 20th century, the physical principles of a nuclear explosion were developed in the United States. The first nuclear explosion was carried out in the United States on July 16, 1945. By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called “Baby” and “Fat Man”. The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was filled with enriched Uranium-235. “Fat Man” with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a power of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg. History of the creation of nuclear weapons

In the USSR, the first test of an atomic bomb was carried out in August 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb. The power of the new weapon was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size. In the 60s of the 20th century, nuclear weapons were introduced into all types of the USSR Armed Forces. In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. History of the creation of nuclear weapons

NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.

The structure of an atomic bomb The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body, automation system. The housing is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given point in time and eliminates its accidental or premature activation. It includes: - a safety and cocking system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. The means of delivering nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, and aircraft. Nuclear ammunition is used to equip aerial bombs, landmines, torpedoes, and artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems have been invented to detonate the atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon, in which a projectile made of fissile material impacts the target, forming a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb launched by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.

Atomic bomb device

Nuclear weapons delivery vehicles

Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic pulse Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

The (air) shock wave is an area of strong pressure spreading from the epicenter of the explosion - the most powerful damaging factor. Causes destruction over a large area, can “flow” into basements, cracks, etc. Protection: shelter. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

Its action lasts for several seconds. The shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, 3 km in 8 s. Shock wave injuries are caused both by the action of excess pressure and by its propelling action (velocity pressure) caused by the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located in open areas are damaged mainly as a result of the projectile action of the shock wave, and large objects (buildings, etc.) are damaged by the action of excess pressure.

2. Light emission: lasts several seconds and causes severe fires in the area and burns to people. Protection: any barrier that provides shade. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

The light emitted by a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, lasting for several seconds. For personnel, it can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness. Burns occur from direct exposure to light radiation on exposed skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothing in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the injury, burns are divided into four degrees: first - redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; fourth - charring of the skin.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion: 3. Penetrating radiation is an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons, lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.) Alpha radiation consists of helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped by a sheet of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that can be protected from by an aluminum plate. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate denser materials.

The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated environment. A distinction is made between exposure dose and absorbed dose. Exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). One roentgen is a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.

Reduction of the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material

4 . Radioactive contamination of the area: occurs in the wake of a moving radioactive cloud when precipitation and explosion products fall out of it in the form of small particles. Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE). Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

In areas where there is radioactive contamination, it is strictly prohibited:

5 . Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (aircraft on-board computers, etc.) Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (since they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima every day). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object slowly descended by parachute and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the Baby bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. The total loss of life and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: 300 thousand people died instantly from thermal radiation (temperature about 5000 degrees C) and the shock wave, another 200 thousand were injured, burned, or exposed to radiation. On an area of 12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90 thousand buildings, 62 thousand were destroyed. These bombings shocked the whole world. It is believed that this event marked the beginning of the nuclear arms race and the confrontation between the two political systems of that time at a new qualitative level.

Atomic bomb "Little Man", Hiroshima Types of bombs: Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki

Types of nuclear explosions

Ground explosion Air explosion High altitude explosion Underground explosion Types of nuclear explosions

the main way to protect people and equipment from a shock wave is shelter in ditches, ravines, hollows, cellars, and protective structures; Any barrier that can create a shadow can protect you from the direct action of light radiation. It is also weakened by dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, and snowfall. Shelters and anti-radiation shelters (PRU) almost completely protect people from the effects of penetrating radiation.

Measures to protect against nuclear weapons

Questions for consolidation: What is meant by the term “WMD”? When did nuclear weapons first appear and when were they used? Which countries officially have nuclear weapons today?

Fill out the table “Nuclear weapons and their characteristics”, based on the textbook data (pp. 47-58). Homework: Damaging factor Characteristic Duration of exposure after the moment of explosion Units of measurement Shock wave Light radiation Penetrating radiation Radioactive contamination Electromagnetic pulse

Law of the Russian Federation “On Civil Defense” dated February 12, 1998 No. 28 (as amended by Federal Law dated October 9, 2002 No. 123-FZ, dated June 19, 2004 No. 51-FZ, dated August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ). Law of the Russian Federation “On martial law” dated January 30, 2002 No. 1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 26, 2007 No. 804 “On approval of the regulations on civil defense in the Russian Federation.” Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 23, 1996 No. 1396 “On the reorganization of the headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations into the management bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations.” Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2005 No. 999 “On approval of the procedure for creating non-standard emergency rescue units.” Methodological recommendations for the creation, preparation, and equipment of NASF - M.: Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2005. Methodological recommendations for local governments on the implementation of the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the general principles of local self-government in the Russian Federation” in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety and safety of people on water bodies. Manual on organizing and maintaining civil defense in an urban area (city) and at an industrial facility of the national economy. Magazine "Civil Defense" No. 3-10 for 1998. Responsibilities of officials of civil defense organizations. Textbook “Life Safety. 10th grade ", A.T. Smirnov et al. M, "Enlightenment", 2010. Thematic and lesson planning for life safety. Yu.P. Podolyan, 10th grade. http://himvoiska.narod.ru/bwphoto.html Literature, Internet resources.

Introduction In the history of mankind, individual events become epochal. The creation of atomic weapons and their use was caused by the desire to rise to a new level in mastering the perfect method of destruction. Like any event, the creation of atomic weapons has its own history...

The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. At the very end of the 20th century, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. The discovery of the atomic nucleus by Rutherford and E. Rutherford. Since the beginning of 1939, the new phenomenon has been studied in England, France, the USA and the USSR. E. Rutherford

The final push In 1939, World War II began. In October 1939, the 1st Government Committee on Atomic Energy appeared in the United States. In Germany In 1942, failures on the German-Soviet front influenced the reduction of work on nuclear weapons. The United States began to lead in the creation of weapons.

Testing of atomic weapons. On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east did not cause alarm. One of the planes dived and threw something, then both planes flew back.

Nuclear priority The dropped object was slowly descending by parachute and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600m above the ground. With one blow, the city was destroyed: out of 90 thousand buildings, 65 thousand were destroyed. Of the 250 thousand inhabitants, 160 thousand were killed and wounded.

Nagasaki A new attack was planned for August 11th. On the morning of August 8, the weather service reported that target 2 (Kokura) would be covered by clouds on August 11. And so the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. This time, about 73 thousand people died, another 35 thousand died after much suffering.

Nuclear weapons in the USSR. On November 3, 1945, the Pentagon received report 329 on the selection of the 20 most important targets on the territory of the USSR. A war plan was brewing in the United States. The start of hostilities was scheduled for January 1, 1950. The Soviet nuclear project lagged behind the American one by exactly four years. In December 1946, I. Kurchatov launched the first nuclear reactor in Europe. But be that as it may, the USSR acquired an atomic bomb, and on October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial Earth satellite into space. Thus the outbreak of World War III was warned! I. Kurchatov

Conclusion. Hiroshima and Nagasaki are a warning for the future! According to experts, our planet is dangerously oversaturated with nuclear weapons. Such arsenals pose a huge danger to the entire planet, not individual countries. Their creation consumes enormous material resources that could be used to combat disease, illiteracy, and poverty in a number of other areas of the world.

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Weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear weapon. Grade 10

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Checking homework:
History of the creation of MPVO-GO-MChS-RSChS. Name the tasks of civil defense. Rights and responsibilities of citizens in the field of civil defense

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First nuclear weapons test
In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of New Mexico, an American nuclear center was created in 1942. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A distinctive mushroom-shaped cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remains at the explosion site are fragments of green radioactive glass, into which the sand has turned. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THEIR DAMAGING FACTORS
Contents: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Types of nuclear explosions Basic principles of protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

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The first nuclear explosion was carried out in the United States on July 16, 1945. The creator of the atomic bomb is Julius Robert Oppenheimer. By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called “Baby” and “Fat Man”. The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was filled with enriched Uranium-235. “Fat Man” with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a power of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg.

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Julius Robert Oppenheimer
Creator of the atomic bomb:

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Atomic bomb "Little Boy", Hiroshima August 6, 1945
Types of bombs:
Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki August 9, 1945

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Hiroshima Nagasaki

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On the morning of August 6, 1945, the American B-29 Enola Gay bomber, named after the mother (Enola Gay Haggard) of the crew commander, Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT. Three days later, on August 9, 1945, the "Fat Man" atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki by pilot Charles Sweeney, commander of the B-29 "Bockscar" bomber. The total number of deaths ranged from 90 to 166 thousand people in Hiroshima and from 60 to 80 thousand people in Nagasaki

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In the USSR, the first test of an atomic bomb (ARD) was carried out on August 29, 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb (RDS-6S). The power of the new weapon was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size.
History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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In the 60s of the 20th century, nuclear weapons were introduced into all types of the USSR Armed Forces. On October 30, 1961, the most powerful hydrogen bomb (Tsar Bomba, Ivan, Kuzkina Mother) with a capacity of 58 megatons was tested on Novaya Zemlya. In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960 .), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel.
History of the creation of nuclear weapons

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Participants in the development of the first thermonuclear weapons, who later became Nobel Prize laureates
L.D.Landau I.E.Tamm N.N.Semenov
V.L.Ginzburg I.M.Frank L.V.Kantorovich A.A.Abrikosov

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The first Soviet aviation thermonuclear atomic bomb.
RDS-6S
RDS-6S bomb body
Bomber TU-16 – carrier of atomic weapons

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"Tsar Bomba" AN602

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a nuclear chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of the isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239.

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The power of a nuclear charge is measured in TNT equivalent - the amount of trinitrotoluene that must be detonated to produce the same energy.

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Atomic bomb device
The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body, automation system. The housing is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given point in time and eliminates its accidental or premature activation. It includes: - a safety and cocking system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. The means of delivering nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, and aircraft. Nuclear ammunition is used to equip aerial bombs, landmines, torpedoes, and artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems have been invented to detonate the atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon, in which a projectile made of fissile material crashes into the target, forming a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb launched by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.

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Atomic bomb device

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Nuclear weapons delivery vehicles

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Nuclear explosion
2. Light radiation
4. Radioactive contamination of the area
1. Shock wave
3. Ionizing radiation
5. Electromagnetic pulse
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

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(Air) shock wave - an area of sharp compression of air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the wave, characterized by a sharp jump in pressure, is called the shock wave front. Causes destruction over a large area. Defense: cover.

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Its action lasts for several seconds. The shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, 3 km in 8 s.
Shock wave injuries are caused both by the action of excess pressure and by its propelling action (velocity pressure) caused by the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located in open areas are damaged mainly as a result of the projectile action of the shock wave, and large objects (buildings, etc.) are damaged by the action of excess pressure.

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The source of a nuclear explosion
This is an area directly exposed to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
The source of nuclear damage is divided into:
Zone of complete destruction
Zone of severe destruction
Medium Damage Zone
Light Damage Zone
Destruction zones

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2. Light radiation is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, which lasts for several seconds. Protection: any barrier that provides shade.
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
3. Penetrating radiation - an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons emitted from the cloud zone of a nuclear explosion and lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.)
Alpha radiation comes from helium-4 nuclei and can easily be stopped by a piece of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that can be protected from by an aluminum plate. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate denser materials.

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Reduction of the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material
Half Attenuation Layers

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4. Radioactive contamination of the area - during an explosion of nuclear weapons, a “trace” is formed on the surface of the earth, formed by precipitation from the radioactive cloud. Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE).
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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The trace of a radioactive cloud on a flat area with constant wind direction and speed has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conventionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination. The boundaries of radioactive contamination zones with varying degrees of danger for people are usually characterized by the dose of gamma radiation received during the time from the moment the trace is formed until the complete decay of radioactive substances D∞ (changes in rads), or the radiation dose rate (radiation level) 1 hour after the explosion

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Radioactive contamination zones
Extremely dangerous contamination zone
Dangerous contamination zone
Highly infested area
Moderate Infestation Zone

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5. Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (on-board computers of the aircraft, etc.)
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

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Types of nuclear explosions

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Ground Explosion
Air explosion
High altitude explosion
underground explosion
Types of nuclear explosions

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Types of nuclear explosions
General Thomas Farrell: “The effect that the explosion had on me can be called magnificent, amazing and at the same time terrifying. Humanity has never created a phenomenon of such incredible and terrifying power.”

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Test Name: Trinity Date: July 16, 1945 Location: Alamogordo Test Site, New Mexico

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Test name: Baker Date: July 24, 1946 Location: Bikini Atoll Lagoon Type of explosion: Underwater, depth 27.5 meters Power: 23 kilotons.

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Test Name: Truckee Date: June 9, 1962 Location: Christmas Island Yield: Over 210 kilotons

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Test Name: Castle Romeo Date: March 26, 1954 Location: On a barge in Bravo Crater, Bikini Atoll Type of explosion: Surface Yield: 11 megatons.

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Test Name: Castle Bravo Date: March 1, 1954 Location: Bikini Atoll Type of Explosion: Surface Yield: 15 megatons.

“The phenomenon of radioactivity” - In 1901 he discovered the physiological effect of radioactive radiation. At home: §48, No. 233. During decay, a neutron turns into a proton and an electron. In 1903, Becquerel was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the natural radioactivity of uranium. ?-particle is the nucleus of a helium atom. Scheme? - decay. The main works are devoted to radioactivity and optics.

“Lesson Radioactivity” - 2. The half-life of a radioactive substance is 1 hour. 13. Biological effects of radiation. For radioactive atoms (more precisely, nuclei) there is no concept of age. 5. How many protons and neutrons does the following chemical element contain? Objective of the lesson: Radioactive decay period and differential equations.”

“Nuclear weapons” - Types of explosions. Weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear weapon. Moderate infection zone. Electromagnetic pulse. Defeats of people, protection. Radioactive contamination of the area. Protection - shelters, PRU. Ground (Surface). The duration of action is several tens of milliseconds. Airborne. In total, it was planned to drop 133 atomic bombs on 70 Soviet cities.

“Physics of Radioactivity” - Radioactivity in physics. Positively charged particles are called alpha particles, negatively charged ones are called beta particles, and neutral ones are called gamma particles (?-particles, ?-particles, ?-particles). Polonium. Radioactivity (from the Latin radio - radiate, radus - ray and activus - active), this name was given to an open phenomenon, which turned out to be the privilege of the heaviest elements of D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic table.

“Application of isotopes” - The mechanism of nuclear fission of a uranium atom. Characteristics of radioactive radiation. About radiation. The use of isotopes in diagnostics Therapeutic use of isotopes. Therapeutic uses of radium Determining the age of the Earth. Application of natural radioactive elements. The use of artificial radioactive elements.

“The Law of Radioactive Decay” - P. Willard. Properties of radioactive radiation. Offset rules. LAW OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY MOU "Secondary School No. 56" Novokuznetsk Sergeeva T.V., physics teacher. Radioactive decays. In 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. E. Rutherford. The nature of alpha, beta, gamma radiation. Half-life is the main quantity that determines the rate of radioactive decay.

There are a total of 14 presentations in the topic

NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTING

Performed by a student of group F-34: Petrovich T.Yu.

Nuclear weapons (or atomic weapons) are a set of nuclear weapons, means of delivering them to the target and control means. Refers to weapons of mass destruction along with biological and chemical weapons. Nuclear ammunition is an explosive weapon based on the use of nuclear energy released as a result of an avalanche-like nuclear chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei and thermonuclear reaction.

synthesis of light nuclei.

Operating principle

Nuclear weapons are based on uncontrolled chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei and thermonuclear fusion reactions.

To carry out the fission chain reaction, either uranium-235, plutonium-239, or, in some cases, uranium-233 is used. Uranium occurs naturally in

in the form of two main isotopes - uranium-235 (0.72% of natural uranium) and uranium-238 - everything else (99.2745%). An impurity of uranium-234 (0.0055%) formed by the decay of uranium-238 is also usually found. However, only uranium-235 can be used as a fissile material. In uranium-238, the independent development of a nuclear chain reaction is impossible (which is why it is widespread in nature). To ensure the “operability” of a nuclear bomb, the uranium-235 content must be at least 80%. Therefore, in the production of nuclear fuel, to increase the share of uranium-235, a complex and extremely costly process of uranium enrichment is used. In the USA, the degree of enrichment of weapons-grade uranium (proportion of isotope 235) exceeds 93% and sometimes reaches 97.5%.

An alternative to the uranium enrichment process is the creation of a “plutonium bomb” based on the isotope plutonium-239, which is usually doped with a small amount of gallium to increase the stability of physical properties and improve charge compressibility. Plutonium is produced in nuclear reactors during long-term irradiation of uranium-238 with neutrons.

Types of nuclear explosions

high altitude and air explosions (in the air)

ground explosion (near the ground)

underground explosion (below the surface of the earth)

surface (near the surface of the water)

underwater (underwater)

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

When a nuclear weapon is detonated, a nuclear explosion occurs, the damaging factors of which are:

shock wave

light radiation

penetrating radiation

radioactive contamination

electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

People directly exposed to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, in addition to physical damage, experience a powerful psychological impact from the terrifying sight of the explosion and destruction. An electromagnetic pulse does not have a direct effect on living organisms, but can disrupt the operation of electronic equipment.

Who is the real "father"

atomic bomb?

Work on nuclear projects in the USSR and the USA began simultaneously. In August 1942, the secret “Laboratory No. 2” began working in one of the buildings in the courtyard of Kazan University. Igor Kurchatov was appointed its leader. In August 1942, a secret “Metallurgical Laboratory” began operating in a former school building in the town of Los Alamos, New Mexico. Robert Oppenheimer was appointed head of the laboratory. It took the Americans three years to solve the problem. In July 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated at the test site, and in August two more bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It took seven years for the birth of the Soviet atomic bomb - the first explosion was carried out at the test site in 1949. The American team of physicists was initially stronger. Only Nobel laureates (12 people) took part in the creation of the atomic bomb. And the only future Soviet Nobel laureate, who was in Kazan in 1942 and who was invited to take part in the work, Pyotr Kapitsa, refused. In addition, the Americans were helped by a group of British scientists sent to Los Alamos in 1943. However, in Soviet times

it was argued that the USSR solved its atomic problem completely independently, and Kurchatov was considered the “father” of the domestic atomic bomb.

So Robert Oppenheimer can be called the “father” of bombs created on both sides of the ocean - his ideas fertilized both projects. It is wrong to consider Oppenheimer (like Kurchatov) only as an outstanding organizer. His main achievements are scientific.

And it was thanks to them that he became the scientific director of the atomic bomb project.

Julius Robert Oppenheimer

(April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) - American theoretical physicist, professor of physics at the University of California at Berkeley, member of the US National Academy of Sciences (since 1942). He is widely known as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, within the framework of which the first samples of nuclear weapons were developed during the Second World War; because of this, Oppenheimer is often called the "father of the atomic bomb". The atomic bomb was first tested in New Mexico in July 1945.

Nuclear weapons testing

Nuclear test- a type of weapon testing. When a nuclear weapon is detonated, a nuclear explosion occurs. The power of a nuclear weapon can vary, and so can the consequences of a nuclear explosion.

It is believed that testing is a mandatory requirement for the development of new nuclear weapons. Without testing, it is impossible to develop new nuclear weapons. No computer simulators or simulators can replace a real test. Therefore, limiting testing is intended, first of all, to prevent the development of new nuclear systems by those states that already have them, and to prevent other states from becoming owners of nuclear weapons. However, a full-scale nuclear test is not always required. For example, the uranium bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, was not tested in any way. The “cannon circuit” for detonating a uranium charge was so reliable that no testing was required. On July 16, 1945, the United States tested only a bomb in Nevada

implosion type with plutonium as a charge, similar to the one dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, because it is more complex

device and there were doubts about the reliability of this circuit. For example, South Africa's nuclear weapons also had a cannon charge detonation system, and 6 nuclear charges entered the South African arsenal without any testing.

Test objectives

Development of new nuclear weapons. 75-80% of all tests are carried out precisely for this purpose

Checking the production cycle. Any copy from the production process is taken and checked, after which the entire batch enters the arsenal

Testing the impact of nuclear weapons on the environment and objects: other types of weapons, protective structures, ammunition

Checking a warhead from the arsenal. Once a weapon has been tested and entered the arsenal, it is usually not tested. Only inspections and tests are carried out that do not require testing.