Anti-aircraft missile system Buk M1 2. The Buk air defense system is a reliable anti-aircraft shield for army columns
Army self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system "Buk"(GRAU index - 9K37) is designed to destroy, under conditions of intense radio countermeasures, aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s at low and medium altitudes (from 30 m to 14-18 km), at ranges up to 30 km, maneuvering from overloads up to 12 units.
The development of the Buk complex began in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972, it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, the main structure corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (“Hurricane”) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, integrated with the “Buk” air defense system.
The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NKO (research and design association) Phazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - Rastov A.A., CP (command post) 9S470 - Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), self-propelled firing system 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.
PZU (start-loading unit) 9A39 was created at the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), headed by A.I. Yaskin.
The unified tracked chassis for the complex's vehicles was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.
The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.
SOC 9S18 (detection and target designation station) (“Dome”) was developed at the NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of Vetoshko A.P. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.). A set of technical tools was also developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on the automobile chassis. Completion of the development of the anti-aircraft missile system was planned for the second quarter of 1975.
To quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Army - tank divisions - with increasing the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions, by doubling the channel capacity for targets (and, if possible, ensuring complete autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), it was prescribed to carry out the creation of the Buk air defense system in 2 stages:
- First step provided for the introduction into the 2K12 “Kub-M3” complex of a 9A38 self-propelled firing system with 9M38 missiles in each battery. In this form, the 2K12M4 “Kub-M4” air defense system was adopted for service in 1978;
- second phase assumed the full adoption of the entire complex consisting of the 9S18 detection station, the 9S470 command post, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A39 launcher-loader and the 9M38 missile defense system. Joint testing of the complex began at the Emba training ground in November 1977 and continued until March 1979, after which the complex was put into service in its entirety.
For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to include a Kub-M3 regiment in each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces), in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The self-propelled firing installation provided search in the established sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homing 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, coupled with her. The combat operation of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing system consisted of:
— digital computing system;
- Radar 9S35;
— a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
— television-optical viewfinder;
— ground-based radar interrogator operating in the “Password” identification system;
— telecode communication equipment with SURN;
— wire communication equipment with SPU;
— autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
— navigation, topographical reference and orientation equipment;
- life support systems.
The weight of the self-propelled firing system, including the weight of the combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 tons.
The progress that has been made in the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, and digital computers has made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation.
The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous radiation transmitter was used to illuminate targets and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search using the electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out using the monopulse method, and signal processing was carried out by a digital computer.
The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds.
The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's direction-finding and surveillance receivers is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds.
The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; ensure selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system was used to block the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when accompanied by a helicopter or aircraft.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with replaceable guides, designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.
The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile used a dual-mode solid propellant engine(total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in passive sections of the trajectory and instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in the creation of the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.
The general design of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled American-made naval anti-aircraft missiles of the Standard and Tartar families. This corresponded to strict restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.
The rocket was carried out according to the normal design and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active hydroelectric pump, autopilot equipment, power supply and warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. The diameter of the 9M38 rocket is 400 mm, length - 5.5 m, rudder span - 860 mm.
The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.
The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 m to 20 km at a range of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units. The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.
The design of the missile ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in the 9YA266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.
From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system, consisting of the 1S91M3 SURN, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as the 9V881 MTO (maintenance vehicle) underwent state testing Embensky training ground.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was obtained - from 65 to 77 km; at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 km. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a range of 21-35 km.
When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 km and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of a self-propelled firing system (from the moment of target detection to the launch of a guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading/discharging time for three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.
When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the destruction of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 km, at an altitude of 30 m - 5-15.4 km. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of the heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name “Kub-M4” (2K12M4). The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the SV SA.
The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.
Command post 9S470
installed on the GM-579 chassis provided:
— receiving, displaying and processing target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
— selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in automatic and manual modes, assignment of sectors of their responsibility;
— display of information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters for firing installations, about work on targets, about the operating mode of the detection and target designation station;
— organizing the operation of the complex in the event of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles;
— documentation of training and work of calculation of CP.
The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per station review cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing systems (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters ). The weight of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is no more than 28 tons.
Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station “Dome” (9C18) centimeter range having electronic scanning of the beam according to the elevation angle in a sector (set to 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or an electric drive). The Kupol station was intended to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.
Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of viewing the space during a circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when viewing in a 30-degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20′, in range - no more than 130 m, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 m.
All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar station was initially intended to be developed outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional air defense unit of the Ground Forces.
The time it took to transfer the Kupol station between traveling and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The weight of the station (including a crew of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.
According to its structure and purpose self-propelled firing system 9A310 It differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that it communicated using a telecode line not with SURN 1S91M3 and self-propelled launcher 2P25M3, but with the command post 9S470 and PZU 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time it took to transfer the installation from traveling to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds.
Loading the 9A310 firing system with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launch-loading installation took 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (in working position - 9.03 m), height - 3.8 m (in working position - 7.72 m).
Launch-loading installation 9A39 installed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed mounts - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading the 8th missile defense system from a transport vehicle (charging time 26 minutes), from ground cradles and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles.
Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-loading installation consisted of a starting device with a servo power drive, a crane, supports, a digital computer, equipment for topographical referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. The mass of the installation, including a combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons. Dimensions of the launch-loading installation: length - 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.
The complex's command post received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (automated control system Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that carried out search and capture for automatic tracking goals. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched.
For missile guidance, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, upon command, the warhead was detonated. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.
Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems The Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
— simultaneous firing of up to 6 targets by a division, and, if necessary, execution of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater detection reliability thanks to the organization of a joint survey of the space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
— increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency in hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of the anti-aircraft guided missile.
Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system can fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 km at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m /s - up to 30 km) with a heading parameter of up to 18 km with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.
The Buk complex was adopted by the ground forces' air defense forces in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in the cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 air defense system. New equipment - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing systems 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, launch-loading installations 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. Kalinina.
MODERNIZATION OF THE BUK ADAM
In accordance with the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated November 30, 1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities and the protection of the complex's radio-electronic equipment from anti-radar missiles and interference.
As a result of tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Emba test site, it was found that modernized Buk-M1 compared to the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, it provides a larger engagement area for aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of being hit by one guided missile of more than 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0.4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 km.
The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies instead of 36, which helps to increase protection from intentional and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.
Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control post of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training for crews of anti-aircraft missile systems.
Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 installation provides target detection and acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30%), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.
The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station “Kupol-M1” (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation.
The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with similar weapons of the Buk complex without modifications. The standard organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.
The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983. and its serial production was established in cooperation between industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system. In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, also entered service. Complexes of the Buk family called “Gang” were proposed to be supplied abroad.
During the Defense 92 exercise, the Buk family of anti-aircraft missile systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and the Smerch MLRS missile.
Cooperation of enterprises led by Tikhonravov Research Institute in 1994-1997, work was carried out on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons and surface ships at a range of up to 25 km and ground targets (large command posts, launch sites installations, aircraft at airfields) at a distance of up to 15 km.
The effectiveness of destroying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 km and in height - up to 25 km. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a radar semi-active homing head with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The rocket has a launch mass of 710-720 kg with a warhead mass of 50-70 kg. Externally, the new 9M317 missile differed from the 9M38 in its shorter wing chord length.
In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the installation of an antenna at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system to destroy low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.
The Buk-M1-2 complex includes a command post and two types of firing sections:
— four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing unit each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loading unit with 8 guided missiles;
— two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, which can also provide simultaneous fire at four targets, and two launch-loading installations (each with eight guided missiles).
Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter option, the cost was reduced, but maneuverability deteriorated and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15 minutes.
In particular, the Start MKB, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), developed the 9A316 launcher-loader and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.
The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of anti-aircraft missile systems as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, ensuring a continuous increase in the air defense capabilities of the ground forces at relatively low costs. This path of development, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag.
For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, the more reliable and safe scheme for continuous operation of missile defense systems in a transport and launch container, and all-angle vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced in other second-generation air defense missile systems, have not been used. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development must be considered as the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the Buk and Kub family complexes as the correct one.
Main characteristics of the BUK type air defense system:
Name – “Buk” / “Buk-M1”;
Damage zone in range - from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
Damage zone in height – from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter – up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6 / 0.3..0.6;
Probability of hitting a cruise missile – 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m/s;
Reaction time - 22 seconds;
Anti-aircraft guided missile flight speed - 850 m/s;
Rocket mass – 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel – 2;
SAM channel (per target) – up to 3;
Expansion/collapse time – 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle is 4;
Year of adoption: 1980/1983.
/Alex Varlamik, based on materials en.wikipedia.org And topwar.ru /
The multifunctional, highly mobile, medium-range anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) "Buk-M1-2" (the latest modernization of the "Buk" SAM system) is designed to destroy modern and promising strategic and tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other aerial aerodynamic objects in their entire range practical application in conditions of intense radio countermeasures, as well as for combating tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type, anti-radar missiles of the Kharm type, other elements of air- and ground-based precision weapons in flight and hitting surface and ground-based radio-contrast targets. The anti-aircraft missile system can be used for air defense of troops, military facilities, important administrative-industrial and other territories (centers) with the massive use of air attack weapons, and can also be a tactical missile defense module.The complex adopted a combined method of missile guidance - inertial guidance with radio correction in the initial guidance section and semi-active homing in the final guidance section.
The Buk-M1-2 air defense system includes combat assets, technical support equipment and training equipment.
The combat equipment includes:
- command post (CP) 9S470M1-2;
- target detection radar (SOC) 9S18M1-1;
- up to six self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9AZ10M1-2;
- up to six launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39M1;
- anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M317.
The technical support includes:
- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with spare parts trailer 9T456;
- maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1;
- repair and maintenance machines (workshops) (MRTO): MRTO-1 9V883M1; MRTO-2 9V884M1; MRTO-3 9V894M1;
- transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (KTO) 9T3184;
- automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1;
- 9T458 missile repair machine (workshop);
- unified compressor station UKS-400V;
- mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1.
Educational and training tools include:
- operational training missile 9M317UD;
- 9M317UR training missile.
All combat assets of the complex are assembled on all-terrain tracked self-propelled vehicles equipped with communications equipment, orientation and navigation equipment, their own gas turbine power supply units, personnel protection and life support systems, which ensures their high maneuverability and autonomy during combat operations.
The 9S470M1-2 command post is designed for automated control via telecode (radio or wire) communication channels of the combat operations of the air defense system and works together with one SOC 9S18M1-1, six SOU 9A310M1-2 and ensures mutual work with the higher command post for the automated control of combat operations of the Buk air defense system -M1-2".
The control panel equipment, consisting of a digital computer system, information display tools, operational command communications and data transmission and other auxiliary systems, allows you to optimize the air defense missile system control process, automatically assign operating modes, provide processing of up to 75 radar marks, and automatically track up to 15 routes of the most dangerous targets, solve target distribution and target designation problems, provide complex modes of paired operation of the SOU (“Radiation Regulation”, “Alien Illumination”, “Triangulation”, “Coordinate Support”, “Launcher”), which are used in conditions of the enemy’s use of strong anti-radar missiles radio countermeasures and in case of failure of the radar of one of the control systems, as well as documenting the processes of combat work, monitoring the functioning of the complex’s combat assets and simulating the air situation for conducting training of the command post crew.
SOC 9S18M1-1 is designed to detect, identify the nationality of targets and transmit information about the air situation in the form of marks from targets and bearings to jammers at the 9S470M1-2 command post of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and other control points of the air defense forces.
The SOC is a three-dimensional radar of the centimeter wave range, built on the basis of a waveguide array with electronic scanning of the beam pattern in elevation and mechanical rotation of the antenna in azimuth. The indicator range of the SOC is 160 km.
The SOC implements two possibilities for viewing space:
- “regular” - in anti-aircraft defense mode;
- “sectoral” - in missile defense mode.
The main element of the air defense system is the SOU 9A310M1-2. In terms of its functional purpose, it is a radar station for detecting, tracking a target, illuminating a target and a missile with a ground-based radar interrogator, a television optical target sight and a launcher with four missiles, combined into a single product controlled through a digital computer system.
The SOU provides solutions to the following tasks:
- receiving target designation and control signals from PBU 9S470M1-2;
- detection, identification of nationality, target acquisition and tracking, recognition of the class of air, surface or ground targets, illumination of them and missiles;
- determining the coordinates of tracked targets, developing a flight mission for missiles and solving other pre-launch tasks;
- pointing the launcher in the direction of the pre-empted meeting point of the missile with the target;
- issuing target designation to the radar homing head of the missile defense system;
- missile launch;
- developing radio correction commands and transmitting them to flying missiles;
- transmitting to the 9A39M1 ROM the signals necessary to point the ROM launcher in the direction of the lead point, pointing the radar homing head of the missile defense system at the target and launching it;
- transmission to the command post of information about the target being tracked and about the process of combat work;
- combat crew training.
The SOU can perform these tasks both as part of an air defense system during target designation with a command post, and autonomously in the sector of responsibility. In this case, missiles can be launched either directly from the SDA or from the ROM launcher.
When operating as part of an air defense system and controlled from a command post, the self-propelled gun can be used as a launcher, in firing mode with “alien illumination” and take part in solving the coordinate support problem with the complex.
The 9A39M1 launcher is designed for:
- transportation and storage of missiles, with four missiles located on the launcher guides and ready for launch, and four combat-ready missiles on transport supports;
- loading of self-propelled guns and self-loading of missiles located on transport supports of the base, transport vehicle, ground cradles or containers;
- monitoring the serviceability of ROM and missiles, both on command from the SOU and autonomously;
- pre-launch preparation and sequential launch of missiles according to the SOU data.
To solve these problems, the ROM includes a launcher for four missiles with an electro-hydraulic power tracking drive and launch automatic equipment, four transport supports for storing missiles, an analog computer, a lifting unit (up to 1000 kg) and other equipment.
The 9M317 missiles are designed to destroy the entire class of aerodynamic targets, tactical ballistic missiles, elements of precision weapons, radar-contrast surface and ground targets. The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with a low aspect ratio trapezoidal wing with a single-stage dual-mode solid propellant jet engine.
The missile is aimed at the target using a semi-active homing system using the proportional navigation method.
To increase the accuracy of guidance, at the initial stage, pseudo-inertial control is organized along the radio correction line - the flight mission in the on-board missile defense computer is adjusted depending on changes in the movement characteristics of the target being fired by radio commands transmitted in the target and missile illumination signals.
The missile is delivered to the consumer fully assembled and equipped. Normal operation and combat use of missiles is ensured at any time of the year and day in various weather and climatic conditions for ten years.
The main tactical unit of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, capable of independently performing combat missions, is a separate anti-aircraft missile regiment (OSRP) or an anti-aircraft missile division (ZRDN).
The unit includes a command post 9S470M1-2, SOC 9S18M1-1, communications equipment, three anti-aircraft missile batteries (two SOU 9A310M1-2 and one or two ROM 9A39M1 in each), a technical battery and a maintenance and repair unit.
A separate air defense missile system is usually part of a motorized rifle (tank) division (brigade), and an air defense missile system is part of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (up to 4-6 air defense missile systems, command post, technical battery and maintenance and repair units) of the army (army corps).
An anti-aircraft missile division (regiment), armed with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, can perform air defense tasks for military formations and units in all types of combat operations and the most important objects (territories) of the troops and the country, simultaneously firing up to six aerodynamic targets or up to six ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 140 km, or fire at six surface or ground targets. At the same time, the division (regiment), as a tactical missile defense module, provides coverage of an area of about 800 - 1200 km2.
At the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade, the Polyana-D4M1 automation system is used.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile system in the Buk-1 variant, consisting of the SOU 9A38 and the 9M38 missile defense system, was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1978.
The fully equipped Buk air defense system was put into service in 1980, went through several phases of modernization and was put into service under the code of the Buk M1 air defense system in 1983, and the Buk-M1-2 air defense system in 1998.
The Buk air defense system and its modifications are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, CIS countries and have been supplied to a number of non-CIS countries.
In addition to the standard configuration of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, Russian industry has the ability to:
- supply special asphalt shoes for the caterpillar tracks of the complex’s combat vehicles, which ensure the movement of air defense systems on asphalt roads;
- install an objective control system (SOK) of the operation of air defense missile systems by registering, memorizing, storing and reproducing information exchange SOU-ZUR-PZU.
| "Beech" | "Buk-M1" | "Buk-M1-2" | |
| Types of targets hit | aircraft | airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles | airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles, Lance-type TBRs, Kharm-type missile launchers, surface and ground targets |
| Damage zone for aerodynamic targets, km: | |||
| by range | 3,5-25-30 | 3,0-35 | 3-42 |
| in height | 0,025-20 | 0,015-22 | 0,015-25 |
| by exchange rate parameter | 18 | 22 | 25 |
| Damage zone of tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance-2" type, km: | |||
| far border | - | - | 20 |
| maximum height | - | - | 16 |
| parameter | - | - | 12 |
| Firing range at surface targets, km | - | - | 3-18-25 |
| Firing range at ground targets, km | - | - | 3-12 |
| Maximum speed of targets hit, m/s | 800 | 800 | 1200 |
| Number of simultaneously fired targets by one air defense system | until 6 | until 6 | until 6 |
| Probability of being hit by one missile: | |||
| aerodynamic purposes | 0,7-0,9 | 0,7-0,9 | 0,7-0,9 |
| tactical ballistic missiles | - | - | 0,5-0,7 |
| Harm-type anti-radar missiles | - | - | 0,6-0,8 |
| cruise missiles | not lower than 0.4 | not lower than 0.4 | 0,6-0,8 |
| helicopters | 0,3-0,7 | 0,3-0,7 | 0,7-0,8 |
| Reaction time, s | 15-18 | 15-18 | 15-18 |
| Deployment time, min. | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Time of transition from standby mode to combat mode, s | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Loading time of the self-propelled gun, min. | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Military SAM "Buk" (9K37) intended for combat in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges of up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles ".
Development was started in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of an air defense system was determined M-22 "Hurricane" for the Navy using the same missile defense system as the Buk complex.
Developers of the complex and its systems
The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) of the Research and Design Association (NKO) "Phazotron" (General Director V.K. Grishin) MRP (former OKB-15 GKAT). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.
Start-charging units (ROM) 9A39 were created at the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. Rocket development 9M38 assigned the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau (SMKB) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed the missile defense system for the "Cube" complex. Detection and targeting station (SOC) 9S18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).
Completion of the development of the complex was planned for the second quarter. 1975
SAM "Buk-1" (9K37-1)
However, in order to quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Ground Forces - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channels for targets (and ensuring, if possible, complete autonomy of these channels during operation from detection to hitting the target). The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 22, 1974 ordered the creation of the Buk air defense system in two stages. It was initially proposed to rapidly develop the missile defense system and the self-propelled firing system of the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) air defense system, ensuring its entry into joint testing in September 1974, maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and timing of work on the Buk complex "in full composition.
For the Buk-1 air defense system, it was envisaged that each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation and four self-propelled launchers, would have one self-propelled firing installation 9A38 from the Buk air defense system. Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system with a cost of about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.
In the period from August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 air defense system included a 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, a 9A38 self-propelled firing system, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, 3M9M2 and 9M38 missile defense systems, as well as a maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9B881 passed state tests at the Embensky training ground (head of the training ground B.I. Vashchenko) under the leadership of a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit, the aircraft detection range was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.
The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to missile launch) was 24-27 seconds. The charging and discharging time for three 3M9M3 or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.
When firing the 9M38 missile defense system, the destruction of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a range of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 3.1 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area ranged from 30 m to 14 km in height, and 18 km in terms of heading. The probability of an aircraft being hit by one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were means that only complemented the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named "Kub-M4" (2K12M4).
The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army.
9K37 Buk complex, 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2", missiles 9M38 and 9M317 - SA-11 GADFLY
Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system / air defense system of the operational (army) air defense unit of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrumentation. The chief designer of the air defense system is A.A. Rastov.
The development of a complex to replace the military air defense system "Cube" began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972 by almost the same composition of enterprises that created the air defense system "Cube":
- . Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov (former OKB-15 GKAT):
- - the complex as a whole (chief designer A.A. Rastov);
- - command post 9S470 (lead designer G.N. Valaev, later - V.I. Sokiran);
- - self-propelled firing systems 9A38 (leading designer V.V. Matyashev);
- - semi-active radar seeker 9E50 of the 9M38 missile (lead designer I.G. Akopyan);
- . Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP - detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome" (chief designer A.P. Vetoshko, later - Yu.P. Shchekotov);
- . OKB "Novator" - 9M38 rocket (chief designer L.V. Lyulev);
- . MKB "Start" (former OKB-203 GKAT) - launch-loading installation 9A39 (chief designer A.I. Yaskin);
- . OKB-40 Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) - chassis of the complex (chief designer N.A. Astrov);
Initially, it was planned to complete the development of the air defense system in the second quarter of 1975, but when it became clear that the task was somewhat more complicated than it seemed, it was decided to divide the development of the air defense system into two stages (by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974):
- . The first stage included the development of the 9M38 missile defense system and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and their inclusion as the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system in the 2K12 Kub-M3 air defense system. It was planned to include one 9A38 self-propelled firing system in each battery of the Kub-M3 air defense system. Joint testing of such an air defense system was planned to begin in September 1974. In this configuration, the air defense system became known as 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" and was put into service in 1978.
- . The second stage included the creation of the Buk air defense system itself, consisting of a 9S18 detection station, a 9S470 command post, a 9A310 self-propelled firing system, and a 9A39 launcher-loading system with 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles.
Tests of the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system took place at the Emba test site from August 1975 to October 1976 as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system (SURN), the 9A38 self-propelled firing system (SOU), and the self-propelled launcher (SPU) ) 2P25M3, with 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles, with a 9V881 maintenance vehicle (MTO). Under the name of the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system, the complex was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces in 1978. After the start of mass production, the new air defense system entered service with the troops.
Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its entirety (without the Kub air defense system) were carried out at the Emba training ground from November 1977 to March 1979. In 1980, the full complement of the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.
SAM 9K37M1. From left to right: command post 9S470M1, SOC 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1", SOU 9A310M1, PZU 9A39M1 and transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (photo by Leonid Yakutin, archive http://vpk-news.ru).
Production. After the Buk-1 air defense system was adopted into service in 1978 (as part of the Kub-M4 air defense system), serial production of 9A38 self-propelled firing systems began at the Ulyanovsk MRP Mechanical Plant. The production of the 9M38 missile defense system was carried out at the Dolgoprudnensky Machine-Building Plant. After the 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted, serial production of the 9S470 KP, 9S18 SOC and 9A310 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The production of ROM 9A39 was located at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after Kalinin.
The modernization of the 9K37 air defense system (9K37M1 "Buk-M1") was started according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979 with the aim of increasing the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. Tests of the modernized version of the 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system were carried out at the Emba test site from February to December 1982. It was found that the new air defense system has a larger kill zone, ensures the destruction of cruise missiles with a probability of at least 0.4 and helicopters with a higher probability than the 9K37. After testing in 1983, the new air defense system was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces. Serial production was carried out by the same cooperation of enterprises that produced components of the Buk air defense system.
In 1994-1997 The cooperation of enterprises led by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute carried out the modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system using a new missile as part of the complex and giving the air defense system the ability to destroy Lance-type ballistic missiles, high-precision small-sized and ground targets.
SAM assignments:
9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" - the complex is designed to strengthen military air defense systems of the 2K12M3 "Kub-M3" type in terms of channel and missile ammunition. Each Kub air defense system battery was supplemented by one 9A28 self-propelled firing system, which could be used with both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles. The air defense system entered service in 1978.
SOU 9A38 with 3M9M3 missiles.
The 9K37 "Buk" air defense system is designed for air defense of troops and objects against modern aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 m/s at medium and low altitudes and maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 G at a range of up to 30 km. It was assumed that the air defense system in the future would be able to hit tactical missiles of the Lance type.
9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system - launched according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The purpose of modernization is to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. The air defense systems provide recognition of target types - airplanes, helicopters and ballistic missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1983. Export name "Ganges".
The 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system is a modernized version of the "Buk-M1" air defense system. The complex is designed for air defense of troops and facilities against modern and future high-speed maneuvering aircraft of tactical and strategic aviation, fire support helicopters, including hovering helicopters, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles, in conditions of a massive raid using intense radio and fire countermeasures, as well as destruction of surface and ground targets and can be used in air defense, missile defense and coastal defense systems. A modernized version of the Buk-M1 air defense system using new generation radio-electronic equipment and the possibility of using the new 9M317 missile.
Composition of the complex(divisional set):
| 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" (composition of the SAM battery) | 9K37 "Buk" | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" | 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" ( ist. - Anti-aircraft) |
|
| Command post (CP) | 1 unit - 9S470 | 1 unit - 9С470М1 | 1 unit - 9S470M1-2 | |
| 1 unit SURN 1S91M3 | 1 unit - 9S18 "Dome" | 1 unit - 9S18M1 "Dome-M1" | 1 unit - 9S18M1-1 (in some sources 9S18M1-2) |
|
| 4 units SPU 2P25M3 air defense missile system "Cube" 1 unit SOU 9A38 (3 missiles each) | 6 units - 9A310 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries | 6 units - 9A310M1 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries | 6 units - 9A310M1-2 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries | |
| Start-charging units (ROM) | 3 units - 9A39 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries | 3 units - 9A39M1 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries | up to 6 units - 9A39M1-2 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries | |
| Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) | 15 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles | up to 48 units 9M38 | up to 48 units 9M38 | up to 72 units 9M38M1 9M317 |
| Technical means of the complex | maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 | - maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881; - repair and maintenance machines 9V883, 9V884, 9V894; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95 missile defense system; - transport vehicle 9T229 with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M. | - maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - repair and maintenance vehicles 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95M1 missile defense system on the ZIL-131 chassis and trailer; - transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (transportation of 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles) with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M; - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 on the ZIL-131 chassis. | - maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V884M1 for routine repair and maintenance of gearboxes, SOU and ROM (1 unit); - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 or MTO-AG3-M1 for routine repair and maintenance of tracked chassis KP, SOTs, SOU and PZU (1 unit); - repair and maintenance vehicles (MRTO); - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for comprehensive testing of on-board missile defense equipment - 1 pc. for four complexes (AKIS 9V930M-1 can be supplied with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system); - transport vehicles (TM) 9T243 with a set of rigging equipment (KTO) 9T318-1 for loading and unloading operations - 12 pcs. into four complexes; - compressor station UKS - 400V-P4M; - mobile power station PES - 100-T/230-Ch/400-A1RK1; - operational training missile 9M317 UD; - 9M317 UR training missile; - overall weight mock-up 9M317GMM. |
Performance characteristics of the Buk type air defense system:
| TTZ on the 9K37 Buk air defense system | 9K37-1 "Buk-1" (based on test data, unless otherwise stated) | 9K37 "Buk" | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" | 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" | |
| Detection range of air targets by division means in centralized mode (SURN or SOC) | Aircraft: 44 km ((at altitudes over 3000 m) 21-28 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) The lower performance of the mode was explained by the lower capabilities of SURN 1S91M2 / 1S91M3 | ||||
| Detection range of SAO air targets in autonomous mode | Aircraft: 65-77 km (at altitudes above 3000 m) 32-42 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) Helicopters: | ||||
| Range (fighter class aircraft) | up to 30 km | 3.4 - 20.5 km (at altitudes above 3000 m according to test data) 5 - 15.4 km (at altitudes of about 30 m according to test data) 3.5 - 25-30 km (official performance characteristics) | 3 - 25 km (according to test results) up to 30 km (at target speeds up to 300 m/s, according to test results) | 3 - 32-35 km (official performance characteristics) | 3 - 45 km (official performance characteristics) |
| Range (AGM-86/Tomahawk type CD) | - | - | 20-25 km (official performance characteristics) | 20-25 km (official performance characteristics) | 20-25 km (official performance characteristics) |
| Range (OTR type "Lance", "HARM") | in perspective | - | - | - | up to 20 km (official performance characteristics) |
| Range (ground targets) | - | - | 25 km (ships) 15 km (ground targets) 3 - 25 km (official performance characteristics) |
||
| Exchange rate parameter | 18 km (based on test results) | ||||
| Target engagement altitude (fighter class aircraft) | 30 - 14000 m (according to test results) 25 - 18000-20000 m (official performance characteristics) | 25 - 18000 m (according to test results) | 15 - 22000 m (official performance characteristics) | 15 - 25000 m (official performance characteristics) | |
| Target engagement height (Lance type OTR) | - | - | 2000 - 16000 m (official performance characteristics) | ||
| Target engagement altitude (HARM missiles) | - | - | 100 - 15000 m (official performance characteristics) | ||
| Number of targets simultaneously fired by the complex | 6 (divisional set with 1 command post and 6 fire control systems) | 18 | 22 | ||
| Maximum target speed | 830 m/s | 800 m/s (based on test results) | 800 m/s | 1100-1200 m/s | |
| Overload target | up to 10-12G | ||||
| Probability of hitting a target with one missile defense system (fighter class aircraft) | 0.7-0.93 (9M38, according to test data) | 0.7-0.8 (according to test results) 0.6 (when maneuvering targets with overloads up to 8G, according to test results) | 0,8-0,95 | 0,9-0,95 | |
| Probability of hitting a target with one missile (helicopter) | 0.3-0.6 (official performance characteristics) | 0.6-0.7 (Hugh Cobra type helicopters, according to test results) 0.3-0.4 (hovering helicopters at a range of 3.5 - 6-10 km, according to test results) | 0,3-0,6 | ||
| Probability of hitting a target with one SAM (cruise missile) | 0.25-0.5 (official performance characteristics) | 0.4-0.6 (according to test results) | 0,5-0,7 |
Command posts (CP) provides reception, display and processing of information about targets coming from the detection and target designation station (STS) and self-propelled firing systems (SFA), as well as from higher command posts - for example, from the command post of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU "Polyana"). Provides target distribution between the JMA in automatic and manual mode and assignment of sectors of responsibility of the JMA. Records are kept and displayed of information about combat-ready missiles on the SOU and ROM, about the letters of the SOU target illumination transmitters, and about their operation on targets.
Information about targets was redistributed between the SDA, which tracked targets in their sectors and engaged targets as they entered the affected area. The missile division could simultaneously fire at 6 targets.
Detection and targeting station (SOC)- a self-propelled station with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar provides detection of air targets with the transmission of information about them to the division command post. Radar information from the SOC was transmitted to the command post via a telecode communication line. The SOC includes an antenna post (a truncated parabolic profile reflector, a feed unit), an antenna folding device, a transmitting device (power up to 3.5 kW), and a receiving device (noise factor no more than 8).
Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" (http://pvo.guns.ru).
Initially, the development of the SOC 9S18 "Dome" was carried out outside the framework of work on the Buk air defense system, but as a means of detecting air targets of the divisional air defense unit of the ground forces.
| 9S18 "Dome" / 1RL135 / TUBE ARM | 9S18M1 "Dome-M1" | |
| SAM | 9K37 "Buk" | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" |
| Main differences of the modification | New radar and equipment, new design solution | |
| Chassis | "object 124" of the SU-100P family | GM-567M |
| Calculation | 3 people | |
| Length | 9.59 m | |
| Width | 3.25 m | |
| Height | 3.25 m (8.02 m in working position) | |
| Weight of SOC | 28.5 t | 35 t |
| Radar type | Three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector in elevation and mechanical electric rotation of the antenna in azimuth | Radar with flat elevation phased array |
| Sector of review | Horizontal - circular or specified sector Elevation angle - 30 or 40 degrees | |
| Target detection range | 110-120 km (flight altitude more than 3000 m) 45 km (flight altitude about 30 m) 50 km (fighter type target with noise interference) | |
| Review speed | 4.5 - 18 s with all-round viewing (depending on the sector in elevation) 2.5 - 4.5 s (when viewing in a sector of 30 degrees) | |
| Information transfer rate | 75 target marks per review period (4.5 sec) | |
| Radar accuracy | Root mean square errors of target coordinates: - no more than 20 minutes in azimuth and elevation - no more than 130 m in range | |
| Radar resolution | Range - no worse than 300 m In azimuth and elevation - no more than 4 degrees. | |
| Anti-interference | To protect against targeted interference, frequency tuning was used from pulse to pulse. To protect against reciprocal interference, frequency tuning and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel were also used, and against non-synchronous pulse interference, a change in the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections was also used. Protection against anti-radar missiles was provided by software tuning the carrier frequency by 1.3 s and switching to circular polarization of sounding signals or to intermittent radiation mode. | |
| Probability of tracking targets | not less than 0.5 against the background of local objects and in conditions of interference due to the moving target selection system with automatic wind speed compensation | |
| Time to transfer from traveling to combat position | 5 minutes | |
| 20 s |
Detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" in stowed position (http://pvo.guns.ru).
Self-propelled firing systems (SOU): The SOU ensures the search for air targets in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of targets for tracking, guidance of missiles on the SLA itself and the associated SPU or ROM, the SOU receives target designation from the SURN (SOU 9A38) or from the division command post (9A310, etc.).
The SOU searched for and captured targets based on target designation from the complex's command post (with SURN in the case of the Buk-1 air defense system) and launched missiles at the captured target after the target entered the affected area. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at the target. The self-propelled gun could carry out a fire mission to hit a target independently - without target designation from the division command post.
| 9A38 | 9A310 | 9A310M1 | |
| SAM | 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" | 9K37 "Buk" | 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" |
| Main differences of the modification | Ensured target acquisition for automatic tracking at longer ranges (25-30%), recognition of aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles is ensured with a probability of at least 0.6 | ||
| Chassis | GM-569 developed by the Metrovagonmash plant Engine - multi-fuel liquid-cooled diesel with a power of 710-840 hp. Base - 4605 mm Ground clearance - 450 mm Chassis weight - 24 t Payload weight - 11.5 t Maximum speed on the highway - 65 km/h Fuel range - 500 km Operating temperature - from -50 degrees C to +50 degrees C | GM-569 | |
| Calculation | 4 people | 4 people | |
| Length | 9.3 m | ||
| Width | 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position - swept area) | ||
| Height | 3.8 m (7.72 m maximum height in working position) | ||
| Installation weight | 34 t | 32.4 t | |
| Mated SPU / ROM | SPU 2P25M3 | ROM 9A39 (standard 1 ROM per battery of 2 SDUs) | |
| Rockets | 3 x 3M9M3 or 3 x 9M38 on replaceable guides | 4 x 9M38 | |
| Air target detection equipment | Radar 9S35 FIRE DOM centimeter range, a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed (target detection and tracking) and continuous radiation (target illumination and missile defense). The sector search was carried out by rotating the antenna. Number of letter frequencies - 36 Target tracking in angular coordinates and range was carried out using the monopulse method; signals were processed by a digital computer. The beam width of the target tracking channel antenna is 1.3 degrees in azimuth and 2.5 degrees in elevation The beam width of the target illumination channel is 1.4 degrees in azimuth and 2.65 degrees in elevation Search sector - 120 degrees in azimuth and 6-7 degrees in elevation Search sector review time: - offline mode - 4 s - target designation mode (10 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation) - 2 s The transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel is average: - when using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW - when using signals with linear frequency modulation - no less than 0.5 kW The power of the target illumination transmitter is average - at least 2 kW Noise figure of survey and direction-finding receivers - no more than 10 dB The time for transferring the radar from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s Accuracy of target speed determination - 10-30 m/s Maximum range error - no more than 175 m Root mean square errors in determining angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference Launch blocking is provided when accompanied by “one’s own” aircraft TV-optical viewfinder | Radar 9S35 Number of letter frequencies - 36 | Radar 9S35M1 Number of letter frequencies - 72 |
| Number of target channels | 1 target, 2 missiles | 1 target, 2 missiles | |
| avionics | BCVM Ground-based radar interrogator of the Password identification system Means of telecode communication with SURN Means of wired communication with the mating SPU | ||
| Starting equipment | Starting device with power servo drive | ||
Life supporting system | |||
| Operating time (from target detection to missile launch) | 24-27 s | ||
| Time to transfer from traveling to combat position | no more than 5 minutes | no more than 5 minutes | |
| Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode | no more than 20 s | no more than 20 s | |
| 9 min (3 x 3M9M3 missiles or 3 x 9M38 missiles) | 12 min (with ROM) 16 min (from a transport vehicle) |
Start-charging installations(ROM) - intended for transportation, storage, reloading and launching of 9M38 missiles. The combat operation of the ROM was carried out under the control of the SOU 9A310. Self-charging was provided from a transport vehicle or from the ground using its own crane.
| 9A39 |
|
| SAM | 9K37 "Buk" |
| Chassis | GM-577 |
| Calculation | 3 people |
| Length | 9.96 m |
| Width | 3.316 m |
| Height | 3.8 m |
| Installation weight | 35.5 t |
| Mated SDA | 9A310 |
| Rockets | 4 x 9M38 on launcher 4 x 9M38 on ammunition carriers |
| Number of target channels | 1 (provided by SOU) |
| avionics | BCVM Telecode communication means Wired communication means with mating control system Navigation, topographical and orientation equipment |
| Starting equipment | Starting device with power servo drive |
| Energy and other equipment | Autonomous power supply system with gas turbine generator Life supporting system |
| Time to transfer from traveling to combat position | no more than 5 minutes |
| Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode | no more than 20 s |
| Loading or discharging time of the self-propelled gun | 26 min (from a transport vehicle) |
Anti-aircraft guided missiles: The Buk missile system uses 9M38 missiles, created taking into account the experience of creating 3M9 Kub air defense missiles. In addition to the Buk air defense system, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles are also used in the M-22 Uragan naval air defense system.
| 9M38 | 9M317 / 9M317E (export version) |
|
| Development | The rocket was developed by the Novator Design Bureau, chief designer L.V. Lyulev | The missile was developed by the design bureau of the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise, chief designer V.P. Entov |
| Design | The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with an X-shaped wing of low aspect ratio with a large wing chord length. Rocket layout: - semi-active seeker in the bow - rocket control system equipment (autopilot) - power supply - warhead - engine - tail section The rocket has no parts that separate during flight | The missile has a similar design, but is equipped with a wing with a significantly smaller chord. |
| Propulsion system | Dual-mode (starter, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct, the engine housing design is made using a metal alloy. Solid propellant motor operating time - approx. 15 s | Dual-mode (launch, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct |
| Control system | Autopilot with semi-active radar seeker, homing is carried out using the proportional navigation method with target acquisition by the missile seeker after launch, target illumination is carried out by the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar The missile is equipped with a radio fuse, which was cocked when approaching the target and ensured the detonation of the warhead at a distance of 17 m from the target. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the missile self-destructed. | Inertial control system with radio correction combined with a semi-active radar seeker with an on-board computer with guidance using the proportional navigation method / The missile is equipped with a two-channel fuse - active pulse and semi-active radar, as well as a system of contact sensors. |
| TTX rockets: | ||
| Length | 5500 mm | 5550 mm |
| Aerodynamic rudder span | 860 mm | 860 mm |
| Case diameter | - front compartment - 330 mm | - front compartment - 330 mm - largest diameter - 400 mm |
| Rocket mass | 685 kg | 715 kg |
| Warhead mass | 70 kg | |
| Range | 3.5 - 25-30 km | |
| Target engagement height | 25 - 18000-20000 m | |
| Probability of an aircraft being hit by one missile defense system | 0.7-0.93 (according to tests) | |
| Maximum rocket speed | 1000 m/s | |
| Maximum overload when maneuvering | up to 19 G | up to 24 G |
| Warranty period of storage | 10 years | |
| Warhead | with semi-finished submunitions | |
| Auxiliary equipment | transport container 9Я266 |
Modifications:
Complex 9K37-1 "Buk-1", missile 9M38 - SA-X-11 GADFLY - the first version of the complex, adopted for service in 1978 as part of the 2K121M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system. It included the 9A38 SOU and 9M38 missiles.
The 9K37 Buk complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY - is the first full-fledged modification of the Buk air defense system. It included a command post, SOC, SOU, ROM, 9M38 missiles and maintenance equipment. The air defense system entered service in 1980.
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY - the first modification of the Buk air defense system. Started by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The air defense system was put into service in 1983.
The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 complex, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles - SA-11 GADFLY - is a variant of deep modernization of the Buk air defense system, bringing the capabilities of the Buk-M1 air defense system closer to the capabilities of the Buk-M2 air defense system. Entered into service in 1998.
Infrastructure:
The 9K37 "Buk" air defense missile system was organized organizationally into anti-aircraft missile brigades consisting of:
- command post / combat control point of the anti-aircraft missile brigade ACS "Polyana-D4";
- 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions of the 9K37 Buk complexes with their own communications platoons (2 batteries per division, each battery has 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39);
- technical support and maintenance departments.
Organizationally, the anti-aircraft missile brigade was subordinate to the army air defense command post.
Status: USSR / Russia
- 1978 - the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system was adopted, which included components of the 9K37-1 "Buk-1" air defense system.
1980 - the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.
1983 - the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 air defense system was adopted.
1991 - about 300 SOU 9A310 and PZU 9A39 were transferred from the USSR Armed Forces to the armed forces of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR ( ist. - Beech).
2016 - at least 350 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems in the ground forces, there are no 9K37 type air defense systems in other branches of the military.
Export: The Buk-M1 air defense system was offered for export under the name "Gang".
Azerbaijan:
- 2013 - 1 9K317 or 9K37MB air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered in 2013 from Belarus ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 June 26 - at a military parade in Baku, equipment purchased from Belarus for the modernized Buk-MB air defense system is shown, in particular 6 SOU 9A310MB, 3 ROM 9A39MB, a combat control point 9S470MB and a radar station 80K6M. The complex is equipped with 9M317 missiles.
Belarus:
- May 2005 - the Belarusian version of the modernization of the 9K37 "Buk" complex - the 9K37MB "Buk-MB" air defense system was presented. Composition of the complex:
- 6 SOU 9A310MB
- 3 ROMs 9A39MB
- combat control point 9S470MB
- radar station 80K6M
The means of the complex have been modified for the use of 9M317 missiles (manufactured by OJSC Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise). In addition, the standard radar of the Buk-M1 air defense system 9S18M1 was replaced by a mobile three-dimensional all-round radar 80K6M on the MZKT Volat wheeled chassis, a joint Belarusian-Ukrainian development.
- 2016 - in service with 12 batteries of 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).
Georgia:
- 2008 - several 9K37 type air defense systems, previously supplied from Ukraine, were in service and took part in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict in August 2008.
- 2008 August 7-12 - Georgian air defense systems shot down several Russian Air Force aircraft - Tu-22MR (Tu-22M3R) - Buk-M1 air defense system was shot down, as well as several Su-25s.
- 2016 - in the armed forces of the 1-2 division of the Buk-M1 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).
Egypt:
- 1992 - shows interest in acquiring an air defense system.
- 2007 - 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2016 - more than 40 units of 9K37 air defense systems (SOU + ROM) in service ( ist. - Beech).
Iran:
- 1993 - according to the newspaper "Mond" (France), in 1992 there were the first deliveries of the SA-11 air defense system.
Myanmar:
- 2007 - negotiations were conducted with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).
Syria:
- 1986 - first deliveries of air defense systems.
- 2008 - according to the Center for Analysis of World Arms Trade, 18 Buk-M2E air defense systems were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2010-2013 - according to SIPRI, 8 Buk-M2E air defense systems and 160 9M317 missiles were to be delivered to Syria ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 - in service with 6 to 20 Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 air defense systems with 9M317 missiles. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 units of Buk air defense systems in Syria ( ist. - Beech).
Ukraine:
- 1991 - a large number of air defense systems remained in the Ukrainian Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR.
- 2016 - equipped with 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).
Finland:
- January 1997 - the first division of the Buk-M1 air defense system was delivered; by May 1997, 2 more divisions should be delivered. Deliveries are made to pay off the debts of the USSR to Finland. In total, 3 divisions (18 self-propelled guns and missile launchers, 288 9M38 missiles) of the Buk-M1 air defense system were delivered.
- 2008 - Buk air defense systems were removed from service. The air defense systems were on combat duty to guard Helsinki. The decision was made due to the fact that the air defense missile system control systems are subject to decryption.
Sources:
Angelsky R.D., Shestov I.V. Domestic anti-aircraft missile systems. M, Publishing house "Astrel", publishing house "AST", 2002
Buk (anti-aircraft missile system). 2017 (
