International organizations list and composition. Goals, functions and main areas of activity of international organizations
International organizations can be divided into worldwide, universal organizations whose goals and objectives are relevant to all or most states, to the international community as a whole and which are therefore characterized by universal membership, and others organizations that are of interest to a certain group of states, which determines their limited composition.
The first category includes the United Nations (UN), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations of the UN system (its specialized agencies), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , International Civil Defense Organization, etc.
Among the organizations of the second category, it is customary to distinguish regional international organizations, which unite states located within a certain region and interact taking into account their group interests. These are the Organization of African Unity, the European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, from 1955 to 1991 - the Warsaw Pact Organization.
This category also includes organizations that do not have universal significance, but whose interests and composition go beyond the regional boundaries. Here group political, economic, social needs are taken into account. Let's call the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, consisting of 24 states in different regions of the globe, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, covering about 50 states in which the dominant or predominant religion is Islam, and also operated in 1949-1992. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, which united 10 states of the then existing socialist community (USSR, states of Eastern Europe, Mongolia, Vietnam, Cuba).
Classification of organizations is also possible based on the scope and nature of their powers. Organizations are allocated accordingly general competence(UN, Organization of African Unity, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) and special competence(International Civil Aviation Organization, World Trade Organization, which replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1994, International Monetary Fund, Universal Postal Union, etc.).
Some interstate institutions, called not organizations, but bodies and committees, also have the status of an international organization with the corresponding legal personality. This is the International Seabed Authority established by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (working name - Authority), whose members are all states parties to the Convention. This Body, according to Part 1 of Art. 157 of the Convention, is the organization through which States organize and control activities in the seabed area, especially for the purpose of managing its resources.
The 1992 Convention on the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks of the North Pacific Ocean established the North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission as an international organization to promote the conservation of anadromous stocks in the Convention area.
A special type of international organizations are interdepartmental organizations. When creating such organizations and in the process of their activities, the relevant ministries and other departments exercise the powers of state bodies within the limits of domestic legal norms. At the same time, the decision on participation in a particular organization falls within the competence of the government, and all subsequent contacts with the organization’s bodies are carried out through the relevant department.
The activities of the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) are built on an interdepartmental basis, the members of which, according to the Charter, are considered competent police authorities with powers on behalf of their states (for the status and functions of Interpol, see Chapter 15).
In February 1993, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution “On the entry of the Russian Federation into the International Civil Defense Organization.” Taking into account its interdepartmental nature, the functions of the main coordinating agency for participation in this organization, including representation in its bodies, were assigned to the State Committee of the Russian Federation (now the Ministry of the Russian Federation) for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief; he was instructed to formalize the entry of the Russian Federation into this organization.
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Concept of international law
International law is a complex set of legal norms created by states and interstate organizations through agreements and representing an independent legal system, etc.
Subject of regulation
Relations regulated by international law are often identified with the concept of “international legal relations”, which include relations: a) between states - bilateral
International law as a special legal system
In domestic science, a characterization of international law as a special legal system has developed. This refers to the real coexistence of two legal systems: the legal system of the state (within
Main features of modern international law
International law appeared along with the emergence of the state and domestic law and went through a complex and contradictory path of development. His story embodies the same patterns and problems.
System of international law
International law has a complex system, which is due to the combination in it of general legal norms-principles and general legal normative complexes, on the one hand, and industries as homogeneous complexes
International legal terminology
The terminology used in international law can be divided into two types: 1) terms of a political, diplomatic and general legal nature, which are given specificity
Ancient world
International law began to take shape and develop along with the emergence of states and the emergence of a system of relations between them. The ties between the ancient states were largely tested
From the fall of the Roman Empire to the Peace of Westphalia
This period is associated with the development of international relations of feudal states in the process of their formation, overcoming fragmentation, the emergence of large feudal class formations
From the Peace of Westphalia to the Hague Peace Conferences
This period in the history of international law is associated with the development of the idea of sovereign equality of states, enshrined in the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, as well as with the approval of new rules
From the Hague Peace Conferences to the creation of the UN and the formation of modern international law
This period is associated with a number of events and factors that influenced the development and content of international law. This is the first world war, after which the states
Concept and types of subjects of international law
The concept of a subject of international law is directly related to the assessment of the subject of international legal regulation. The traditional view of international law as
International legal personality
Associated with the concept of a subject of international law is the characteristic of international legal personality - a general term to designate a connection in * Among
States are the main subjects of international law
The peculiarity of international law is that it is created primarily by states and regulates primarily interstate relations. International legal appearance
Permanently neutral state
Permanent neutrality is the international legal status of a state that has undertaken the obligation not to participate in any wars that are occurring or may occur in the future, and to refrain
Recognition of States
Recognition of a state is directly related to its international legal personality. Recognition as a legal institution includes mainly customary legal norms, certain aspects of legal
State succession
Succession of states is usually called a transition taking into account the basic principles of international law and rules on the succession of certain rights and obligations from one state to another.
International treaties
During the Great French Revolution of the 18th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy, the French National Convention abandoned dynastic treaties, which had lost their meaning. In 1793 he annulled the entire union
State property
According to the 1983 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in relation to State property, State archives and State debts, the State property of States
State Archives
State archives are part of state property. In this regard, the rules of succession in relation to state archives are in many ways similar to the rules established for succession
Government debts
The Vienna Convention of 1983 defines public debt as any financial obligation of the predecessor state in relation to another state, international organization or other entity
Federal states as subjects of international law
The federal state acts externally, in interstate relations, as an integral subject of international law. This is manifested in the sovereign basis and full powers in international relations.
State-like entities
The category of derivative subjects of international law usually includes special political-religious or political-territorial units, which, on the basis of an international act or international
Legal personality of international organizations
International organizations are subjects of international law of a special kind. Their legal personality is not identical to the legal personality of states, since it does not stem from sovereignty. M
International legal status of individuals
Of particular interest today is the assessment of the international legal status of individuals (natural persons). In the discussion that is taking place in the domestic literature, we proceed from the fact that the previous principles
The concept of international law
The norms of international law are generally binding rules for the activities and relationships of states or other entities. For norms of international law, as well as for other legal norms,
Creation of international law
There are no special rule-making bodies in the field of international relations. The norms of international law are created by the subjects themselves, primarily by states. Creation of norms of international law
Types of international law
International legal norms are heterogeneous in content and form. They can be classified on various grounds. According to their form, norms of international law are divided into two types
Hierarchy of international law
International law norms are not always at the same level in terms of their legal force. This level does not depend on the form of consolidation of the rules of behavior. And contractual norms, regardless
Codification of international law
Codification is the official systematization of existing international legal norms and the development of new norms in accordance with the subject of regulation in order to create internally consistent large
Concept and types
The sources of international law represent the forms of implementation of agreed decisions established by states in the process of lawmaking, the forms of existence of international legal norms.
International custom
The characteristics of this source of international law are given in the above-mentioned article. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice: international custom is “evidence of a general practice recognized as
Acts of international conferences
International (interstate) conferences usually end with the adoption of final documents, the legal nature of which is different. 1. A conference convened specifically for the occasion
Acts of international organizations
The status of acts of international intergovernmental organizations is determined by their charters. Within the limits of their competence, the bodies of these organizations adopt, as a rule, acts of recommendation or acts of rights
Basic principles of international law
The concept and distinctive features of the basic principles of international law are described in the chapter “Norms of International Law”. Statement of the content of each of the
Non-interference in internal affairs
The modern understanding of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states is enshrined in general form in the UN Charter and is specified in the indicated international legal documents, as well as in D
Equality and self-determination of peoples
This principle, born during the bourgeois-democratic revolutions as the principle of nationality, after the end of the First World War received recognition as the principle of self-determination. UN Charter
Non-use of force or threat of force
The emergence of this principle is associated with such international legal acts as the Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes (1899) and the Convention on the Limitation of the Use of Force in Resolving
Peaceful settlement of disputes
This principle in its content is closely related to the principle of non-use of force and the threat of force; their formation took place essentially simultaneously. The more categorically the obligations were formulated
Inviolability of borders
In the Declaration of Principles of International Law of 1970, the rules on the inviolability of borders are an integral part of the content of the principle of non-use of force and threat of force. States are obliged to "abstain
Territorial integrity of states
In accordance with this principle, the content of which is revealed in the Final Act of the CSCE, states have the following obligations: to respect the territorial integrity of each state
Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
The emergence of the obligation of states to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms as one of the principles of international law is associated with a longer process of normative regulation, including
Cooperation between states
Cooperation between states as a legal principle was first recognized and enshrined in the UN Charter as a result of the fruitful interaction of the powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in the second
Conscientious fulfillment of international obligations
The principle in question, as if concluding the presentation of the basic principles of international law, originated and for a long time acted as a principle of compliance with international treaties - pacta sunt serv
The concept of international legal responsibility
Responsibility is a necessary legal means of ensuring compliance with international law and restoring violated rights and relationships. She performs in
Signs of an international offense
An international offense is characterized by the following necessary features: wrongfulness of the act and harm (damage). An integral structural element of the offense is the causal connection between
Types of international offenses
Based on the understanding of wrongfulness noted above, it can be emphasized that in international law there is no specific list of offenses. However, international offenses are not
Distinguishing offenses from related acts
The correct qualification of state behavior is associated with the need not only to establish the signs of an offense, but also to distinguish the offense from acts related to it, but not
Circumstances exempting from international legal liability
When qualifying the behavior of states, it is necessary to take into account the circumstances, the presence of which exempts states from liability. They can be of two types - excluding the occurrence of liability
Responsibility for lawful activities
According to the general rule (see § 2), the actual basis of liability is an international offense. But international law also provides for cases of liability for committing crimes.
Types and forms of international legal responsibility
Responsibility is realized in specific types and forms. Types of liability are material and non-material (political) liability. Each type of responsibility
Exercising responsibility
The implementation of responsibility is the main problem of this institution in international law. It is at this stage that the specific volume, types, forms of responsibility are determined, ensuring
International law and domestic law as mutually agreed upon and interacting legal systems
The interaction of international and domestic (national) law is determined by such an objective - in relation to legal categories - factor as the relationship between external and internal gender
Functions of international law in the domestic sphere
The ability of the norms of modern international law to perform, taking into account the noted features, the same regulatory functions that the norms of domestic law are oriented towards
International law as a factor in improving national legislation
The principle of faithful fulfillment of international obligations - one of the basic principles of international law - presupposes agreement with these obligations of national
Interaction of international treaties and national legislation in the law enforcement process
In the theory of international law, studies have been carried out on the problems of domestic implementation of the norms of international law, including the state and trends in the development of national
The concept and forms of implementation of international law
Implementation is the embodiment of the norms of international law in the behavior and activities of states and other entities; it is the practical implementation of normative requirements. In official document
International Convention Implementation Mechanism
The international mechanism as a set of means and institutions used by states to ensure the implementation of international legal norms consists of two interrelated components
International institutional implementation mechanism
The international organizational and legal (institutional) mechanism for the implementation of international law includes: states, organizations and bodies (committees, commissions, judicial bodies).
Domestic regulatory mechanism for implementation
The implementation of international law in the sphere of intrastate relations is the activity of the subjects of these relations in accordance with the norms of international law, i.e.
Organizational and legal mechanism for the implementation of international law
This mechanism refers to the structure of bodies that carry out legal activities in order to ensure the implementation of international law. Legal activity represented
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice was created as the main judicial organ of the United Nations. Its predecessor is considered to be the Permanent Court of International Justice, which operated under
Arbitration (arbitration) court
The normative provisions on the international arbitration court were formulated in section IV of the Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes of October 5 (18), 1907. The subject of the act
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
The creation of this body is provided for by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. The legal status is determined by the Convention and the Statute of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, which is
Economic Court of the CIS
The Economic Court is an organ of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Its creation was provided for by the Agreement on Measures to Ensure Improvement of Settlements between Economic Organizations
European Court of Human Rights
The legal basis for the organization and activities of the European Court of Human Rights is the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of November 4, 1950, together with its Protocol
International tribunals
Modern international criminal law, presuming the predominant use in the fight against international crimes and crimes of an international nature of national
Constitutional human rights and freedoms and international law in decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
The Constitution of the Russian Federation directly reflects such norms of international law related to human rights as provisions on the equality of all before the law and the court, on the right to judicial protection
The law of international treaties as a branch of international law is a set of principles and norms regulating the procedure for their conclusion, execution and termination, I define
Parties to an international treaty
The parties to a contract are subjects of international law who have contractual legal capacity. "Every State has the legal capacity to enter into a treaty
Publication and registration of contracts
The official publication of concluded international treaties is carried out both at the state level and within the framework of international organizations. Effective for
Effect of the contract in time and space
The Agreement comes into force from the moment it comes into force. A valid agreement is an agreement that has acquired and has not lost legal force. In international legal acts and literature for
Treaties and third states
According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, “third state means a state that is not a party to the treaty” (Article 2 “h”). D
Interpretation of treaties
Interpretation of a contract is an understanding of its actual meaning and content. The need for interpretation arises due to the fact that often contractual provisions (norms) are
Invalidity of contracts
Validity is the legality of the contract in terms of content and compliance with the rules of conclusion. The contract is considered valid until proven otherwise. grounds,
Termination and suspension of contracts
The issue of time, conditions and procedure for terminating the contract is decided by the contracting parties themselves and is fixed in the contract. Fixed-term contracts are terminated
The law of external relations is a set of international legal norms regulating the structure, order of formation and activities, functions and legal status of state government bodies
Bodies of external relations
External relations bodies are the organs of the state through which its relations with other states and other subjects of international law are carried out. All
Creation order, functions
A diplomatic mission is an organ of the sending state established on the territory of the receiving state to maintain diplomatic relations between them
Diplomatic privileges and immunities
Privileges, i.e. advantages, and immunities as a set of special rights characterizing immunity to jurisdiction are granted to both foreign bodies of external relations
Trade missions
Trade missions are foreign government bodies that carry out foreign trade activities at the state level. Legal status of trade
Permanent missions to international organizations
Permanent missions of member states are created under international intergovernmental organizations. Questions regarding the status and activities of permanent missions
International conferences
Of the forms of diplomatic activity listed above (see § 1), international intergovernmental conferences deserve special attention as temporary collective organizations.
Since this branch of international law correlates with those organizations that are a form of cooperation between states and have an interstate (intergovernmental)
Legal nature of an international organization
An international intergovernmental organization, as noted in the chapter “Subjects of International Law,” has a derivative and functional legal personality and character
Charter, goals and principles, membership
Creation of the UN. The United Nations is a universal international organization created at the end of the Second World War, in the conditions of defeat
UN System of Bodies
The main organs of the United Nations are named in its Charter as the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the International Court of Justice.
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Over the twenty years of its existence, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) as an international legal institution from an international conference - a mechanism of multilateral
European Union
This organization of Western countries acquired this name in 1993, having gone through a long path of development and reorganization of European communities. European Communities (EC) uniting
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe as a regional international organization has existed since 1949. It was founded by ten Western European states, and currently covers almost all of Europe.
Commonwealth of Independent States
Creation of the CIS. In a difficult political situation associated with centrifugal tendencies within the USSR and attempts to replace the USSR with a confederal entity
Concept
In international law, the proportion of human-oriented norms is steadily increasing. This refers to such aspects as universal human standards agreed upon by states
The sources of international humanitarian law are very numerous and characterized by subject diversity. The most general ones are the two universal treaties:
International standards of human rights and freedoms
The primary importance of the International Covenants on Human Rights, as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that preceded them and the conventions relating to various periods in the field of human rights
International mechanisms for ensuring and protecting human rights
The human rights covenants and other treaties (conventions), which are the sources of international humanitarian law, provide for a comprehensive system of ensuring and protecting
International humanitarian law in armed conflicts
Humanitarian law operating in armed conflicts includes international legal norms that have different purposes. Broadly speaking, they cover all issues
Citizenship and international law
Citizenship as a legal category is an institution of state (constitutional) law. The relevant norms are contained in constitutions and special laws on citizenship.
Status of foreign citizens and international law
Foreign citizens are persons located on the territory of a state of which they are not citizens, and who have evidence of belonging to the citizenship of another state
Status of refugees and internally displaced persons
During the Second World War and in post-war armed conflicts and other emergency situations, mass violent or forced
Right of asylum
The right of asylum refers to the legally established possibility for a person to obtain permission to reside in the state providing asylum. Typically this can be used
The term "legal assistance" is used in both domestic and international law. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 48) guarantees the right of everyone to receive
Legal assistance in civil and family matters
Treaty provisions on the personal status of citizens of the relevant states, legal capacity and legal capacity are essential. In particular, it is stipulated that the competent
Legal assistance in criminal cases
The section on legal assistance in criminal matters, available in most agreements, includes the following types of actions: 1) extradition of persons to another state for prosecution
Legal cooperation in the field of education
The legal basis for cooperation is international norms relating to the right to education, the right to participate in cultural life, the right to use the results of scientific research.
Legal cooperation in the field of labor, taxation and social security
Cooperation between states in the field of labor covers the regulation in contractual form of various conditions of labor activity of citizens of the contracting parties in the territory of other countries.
Concept
International criminal law took shape and developed in the context of intensifying international crime and improving cooperation between states in preventing and suppressing
In this branch of international law, unlike a number of its other branches, codification has not yet been carried out, and a plurality of treaty acts remains. First of all, uh
International crimes and crimes of an international nature
International criminal activity manifests itself in two types of acts. The greatest danger comes from the actions of persons who embody the criminal policy of the state, such as
Obligations of States under International Conventions
International conventions for the suppression of international crimes and crimes of an international character contain obligations of state parties regarding the prevention and
International organizational and legal mechanism for cooperation in the fight against crime
Issues of combating crime occupy a significant place in the activities of the United Nations, including at the sessions of the General Assembly, which has repeatedly adopted resolution
The desire of states to ensure stable peace on earth depends primarily on foreign policy and on the unconditional implementation of the principles and norms of modern international law.
The role of international law in preventing war
In the modern world, international law has become decisive in solving the problems of eliminating the threat of war and a set of tasks of partial and general disarmament. International law
Collective Security
The common interest of states in preserving international law and order contributed to the creation of a system of collective security. Collective security
Universal collective security system
It was based on the norms of the UN Charter and provides for the actions of states in accordance with the decisions of this organization. The beginning of the universal system of collective security was laid by
Regional collective security systems
They are represented by agreements and organizations that ensure security on individual continents and regions. Their importance is by no means diminished by the fact that modern means of warfare
Disarmament and arms limitation
One of the most effective international legal means of maintaining peace and preventing war is disarmament and arms limitation. Currently available
Confidence-building measures, international control
Confidence-building measures as an institution of international security law represent a set of norms regulating the military activities of states through regulations
Modern international law, prohibiting the use of force or the threat of force in interstate relations and at the same time taking into account actual or potential armed conflicts
The outbreak of war and its legal consequences
Military actions undertaken by the state mean the beginning of a state of war for the states participating in the conflict and necessitate compliance with international rules of warfare
Participants in the armed conflict
The norms of modern international law establish that if war has become a reality, it should be waged only between the armed forces of the respective states
Prohibition or restriction of certain means and methods of warfare
There is a principle in international law according to which “the right of the parties to an armed conflict to choose methods and means of warfare is not unlimited” (pr.
Protection of the wounded, sick and prisoners of war
The treatment of the wounded and sick is determined by the two above-mentioned Conventions of 1949 - on improving the lot of the wounded and sick in active armies and on improving the lot of the wounded and sick
Legal regime of military occupation
Military occupation is the temporary occupation during a war by the armed forces of one state of the territory of another state and the assumption of control of these territories.
Protection of cultural property
The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, adopted at an international conference in The Hague on May 14, 1954, provides for the following measures: a)
The end of the war and its legal consequences
The cessation of hostilities is carried out in various ways and is formalized by relevant official acts that give rise to legal consequences. One of the most common
State territory
The supreme power of the state, its territorial supremacy is a distinctive feature of the state territory. According to Art. 4 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation the sovereignty of the Russian Federation
State borders
Concept and types. A state border is a line and a vertical surface running along it that defines the boundaries of the state territory (land,
International rivers
International rivers are rivers that flow through the territory of two (or more) states and are used for agreed purposes. Of particular importance are rivers that are navigable.
International channels
International canals are hydraulic structures connecting seas and oceans and used for international shipping (Suez, Panama, Kiel). They're good
International maritime law is a set of rules that define the legal status of maritime spaces and regulate interstate relations in connection with their study and
Inland sea waters
Concept, components. Inland sea waters are the body of water located between the coastline and those baselines from which
Territorial sea
Concept, order of reference. The territorial sea is a sea belt adjacent to the land territory (the main land mass and islands) and internal
Adjacent zone
Contiguous zone - part of the maritime space adjacent to the territorial sea, in which the coastal state can exercise control in accordance with the established rules
International straits
Straits that connect parts of the maritime space and are used for international navigation are considered international. The basis for determining the regime of such straits is
Exclusive economic zone
Concept. An exclusive economic zone is a maritime area located outside the territorial sea and adjacent to it, with a width of no more than 20
continental shelf
Concept, setting boundaries. The legal concept of the continental shelf does not coincide with its geomorphological characteristics. In its structure (relief) marine
Open sea
Concept. According to Art. 1 of the 1958 High Seas Convention, “the high seas means all parts of the sea which are not included in either the territorial sea or the inland sea.”
Seabed beyond national jurisdiction
The bottom of seas and oceans in the past was considered to be part of the high seas (the 1958 High Seas Convention did not contain any special provisions). Possible
International air law represents a set of rules governing relations between states in the field of use of airspace, organization of air services,
Legal regulation of international flights over state territory
The basis for the admission of foreign aircraft to the territory of a certain state, i.e., the implementation of international flights, is an international treaty or a special
Legal regulation of flights in international airspace
International airspace extends over the high seas, international straits and archipelagic waters, and over Antarctica. The principle of freedom is open
Commercial rights in international air services
The commercial nature of international air services is due to the fact that the transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail is carried out for a fee. Commercial activities in this region
International space law is one of the new branches of modern international law, formed in the process of exploration of outer space by states, including
Legal regime of outer space and celestial bodies
The 1967 Outer Space Treaty contains fundamental principles for the activities of states in outer space and norms that directly characterize its legal regime.
Legal regime of space objects
Space objects are understood as artificial bodies that are created by people and launched into space. Such objects include their components and means of obtaining
Space crews
International space law considers astronauts as humankind's ambassadors into space. The 1967 Outer Space Treaty obliges its parties to provide astronauts with all
Legal forms of cooperation between states in space
According to Art. IX of the 1967 Treaty, in the exploration and use of outer space, its participants must be guided by the principle of cooperation and mutual assistance from
Antarctica as an international territory
Antarctica as a space with a special international legal regime is the area south of the 60th parallel of south latitude, including the continent of Antarctica, ice shelves and adjacent
Regulation of activities in Antarctica
“Antarctica,” according to Article 1 of the Treaty, “is used only for peaceful purposes. In particular, any measures of a military nature, such as the creation of military bases and
International environmental law is a set of international legal principles and norms governing relations regarding the protection of the natural environment, its rational use
Forms of cooperation
There are two forms of cooperation between states in environmental protection - normative (contractual) and organizational. The contractual agreement consists in the development and adoption of a contract
Protection of the planetary environment and outer space
Air pollution, the release of heat and toxins into the atmosphere in large quantities can cause irreparable damage to environmental systems. Pollutants are often carried into
Marine Environment Protection
International legal protection of the marine environment is aimed primarily at preventing its pollution by oil, oil products, and radioactive waste. Geneva Conventions
Protection of flora and fauna
International legal cooperation of states in the protection of flora and fauna is associated primarily with endangered and rare species, with migratory species of animals, with nature conservation in
International economic law is usually characterized as a set of principles and norms governing relations between states and other entities in the field of economic
Cooperation in the field of trade
Trade relations are the most important area of economic cooperation between states. The main source of international trade law are trade agreements, which define
Customs cooperation
The rules of international customs law are contained both in trade agreements and in special agreements on customs issues. These agreements include: a) defining common
An international organization is understood as an association of member states of this commonwealth that have entered into an agreement among themselves that complies with all norms of international law, for the purpose of economic, political, cultural, military and other types of cooperation between its participants.
Main features
A mandatory attribute of this phenomenon in the life of society is the presence of:
Traits that such communities have
Very often the question arises about what specific characteristics international organizations should have. List of main features of such communities:
Participation in the unification of three or more states.
Compliance of the provisions on the creation of an alliance with international law.
Respect for the sovereignty of each member and non-interference in its internal affairs.
The principle of an international treaty is the basis of unification.
Targeted cooperation in specific areas.
A clear structure with special bodies, each of which performs specific functions.
Classification
There are two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental. They differ from each other in that the first are based on a union of states or authorized bodies, and the second (they are also called public) are based on a union of entities from different countries that do not have the goal of political cooperation.
In addition, international organizations, a list of which will be given below, may also be:
Universal (participants from all over the world are involved) and regional (only for states in a certain area).
General (the areas of cooperation are extensive) and special, dedicated to only one aspect of the relationship (health care, education, labor issues, etc.).
c) mixed unions.
So, as we see, there is a fairly developed system for classifying such institutions, which is due to their prevalence and great influence on global political, economic and cultural processes.
International organizations of the world. List of most influential institutions
Today there are a huge number of such associations that are active all over the planet. These are both global organizations with a large number of participants like the UN, and less numerous: the Union for the Mediterranean, the South American Community of Nations and others. They all have completely different areas of activity, ranging from culture to the law enforcement industry, but the most popular are political and List and their tasks are usually numerous. Below are the names and characteristics of the most influential institutions.
UN and its branches
One of the most developed and famous among all the commonwealths is It was founded back in 1945 to resolve post-war issues that were then on the agenda. The areas of its activity are: maintaining peace; upholding human rights; c As of mid-2015, 193 states from different regions of the planet are members of this organization.
Due to the fact that the needs of the world community increased over time and were not limited only to purely humanitarian issues, both immediately after the creation of the UN and throughout the second half of the 20th century, other, more specialized international organizations appeared as its components. Their list is not limited to the well-known UNESCO, IAEA and IMF. There are also such divisions as the Postal Union and many others. There are 14 of them in total.
International non-governmental organizations: list, areas of activity, relevance
Among these, the most powerful in terms of the scale of distribution and activity is, for example, the non-profit charitable organization Wikimedia Foundation, or the International Rescue Committee, which deals with refugee problems. In general, there are more than 100 such unions, and their areas of activity are extremely diverse. Science, education, combating racial or gender discrimination, healthcare, certain industries and much more - all this is dealt with by specialized international non-governmental organizations. The TOP FIVE list also includes Partners in Health, Oxfam and BRAC.
Participation of our country in the life of the world community
The Russian Federation is a member of approximately twenty unions of various types (UN, CIS, BRICS, CSTO, etc.). The country's foreign policy prioritizes cooperation and membership in various international organizations. The list in Russia of those institutions with which the state would like to work is constantly growing. She is an observer in three communities (IOM, OAS and OIC), maintains an active dialogue with them and participates in the discussion of important issues. Particularly promising is joining international economic organizations. The list is long (OECD, WTO, UNCTAD, etc.).
World Trade Organization (WTO)- the successor since 1995 of the previously in force General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, signed in 1947; in the early 90s, over 150 countries participated in it).
The package of documents establishing the WTO also includes the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
Currently, the most important task of the WTO is the liberalization of world trade through a consistent reduction in the level of import duties and the elimination of various non-tariff barriers. In its activities, this organization proceeds from the fact that the expansion of international exchange will make it possible to make the most optimal use of world resources, ensure the stability of the economic development of all countries and preserve the environment.
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)- a regional economic grouping created in 1960. Its original composition included Austria, Great Britain, Denmark (until 1973), Norway, Portugal (until 1983), Switzerland, Sweden.
At a later stage, Iceland, Finland and Liechtenstein joined this organization. In 1991-1993 free trade agreements were signed with Turkey, Czechoslovakia, Israel, Poland, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria. According to the agreement on the European Economic Area (came into force in 1994), the EFTA member countries became its participants (with the exception of Switzerland and Liechtenstein).
European Communities (EC)- the general name of three regional integration groupings of Western Europe: the European Economic Community (EEC, created in 1957), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, 1951), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom, 1958) .
After the participants of these organizations went through a number of stages in the development of integration processes, the most notable event was the adoption of the Single European Act (1986), which clearly outlined the idea of creating the European Union.
European Union (EU)- an integration association created on the basis of the European Communities in 1993 according to the Maastricht Treaty (1992). Initially, 12 countries had membership in the EU: Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and France. According to the 1994 agreements, three more countries joined the union (1995): Austria, Finland and Sweden.
Continuing to develop the ideas of creating a united Europe (the so-called “Europe without borders”), this group strives to form a political, economic and monetary union of the participating countries.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)- is a body of the UN General Assembly created in 1964.
The most important task of UNCTAD is to promote the development of international trade.
International Development Association (MAP)- UN specialized agency; established in 1960 as a branch of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. MAP provides loans primarily to developing countries on slightly more preferential terms than the IBRD.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)- a credit authority with the status of a specialized agency of the UN. The IBRD was founded in 1944, but began operating in 1946, providing medium- and long-term loans. Membership in this organization is available only to IMF members.
The IBRD has branches: the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. Together with its branches, the IBRD is sometimes called the World Bank.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)- a financial organization with the status of a specialized agency of the UN.
The IMF was founded in 1944 (Bretton Woods, USA), and has been operating since March 1, 1947. The most important tasks of the Fund are to promote the development of monetary and financial relations between member countries, maintain exchange rates, and provide credit assistance in order to equalize balances of payments.
Currently, about 180 states are members of the Fund, including Russia (since 1992) and other CIS countries.
United Nations (UN)- an international organization whose members currently include over 180 countries.
The UN was created in 1945 with the aim of maintaining and strengthening peace, security and developing international cooperation, including in the economic sphere. A number of its main bodies and specialized institutions play a prominent role in modern international economic relations.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)- international intergovernmental organization. Created in 1960 in order to protect the interests of the main oil-producing states of Asia, Africa and Latin America, coordinate the production and export of oil, as well as harmonize prices for this energy carrier.
13 countries have membership in OPEC: Algeria, Venezuela, Gabon, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Ecuador.
In the 70s OPEC has repeatedly raised and introduced a single selling price for oil. However, significantly increased oil production in countries that are not members of this organization has reduced the role of OPEC in global oil production and trade.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)- organization of the most economically developed countries in the world; created in 1960 to coordinate their economic and social policies. By 1997, the number of its members had increased to 29 (the last of them was the Republic of Korea in November 1996).
The OECD at this stage is not an integration association like the EU. This organization focuses its activities on developing recommendations to member countries on foreign economic problems, without significantly affecting issues of their internal socio-economic development.
"Paris Club"- intergovernmental organization of creditor countries, members of the IMF. A group of leading industrialized countries formed this “club” in 1961 with the aim of creating conditions for IMF member countries to borrow financial resources from it in the event of a shortage of fund resources in crisis situations.
The Paris Club began its activities in 1962 under the General Agreement on Borrowings with the IMF.
"Roman Club"- an international public organization created in 1968 with the aim of studying the main aspects of human development in the era of scientific and technological revolution. The "Club" played an important role in attracting the attention of the world community to the global problems of modern civilization, generated by the contradictions of social development and the sharply increased scale of human impact on the environment.
UN Economic Commissions- five regional economic commissions, whose activities are carried out under the leadership of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). These are the Economic Commission for Europe (EAC, created in 1947), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP, 1947), the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA, 1948 and 1951), the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA, 1958), Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ECWA, 1974).
UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)- one of the main organs of the UN, which, along with the UN General Assembly and under its leadership, is responsible for fulfilling the functions of the UN in the economic and social spheres.
The Council is the body that directs and coordinates the activities of UN agencies in these areas. Within the framework of ECOSOC, issues of international economic and social policy are discussed, fundamental recommendations are developed for the governments of UN member states and the establishment of its system.
international organizations) - 1) associations of states or associations of national societies (associations) of a non-governmental nature and individual members for consultation, coordination of activities, development and achievement of common goals in various areas of international life (political, economic, scientific and technical, social, cultural, military etc.); 2) one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
fr. organization, from lat. organizo - give a slender appearance, arrange) - one of the main organizational and legal forms of international cooperation in the modern world; voluntary organizations whose activities cover a variety of aspects of international relations: economic, political, cultural. The number of international organizations is growing steadily - if at the beginning of the 20th century. There were about 40 intergovernmental and 180 non-governmental organizations; today there are about 300 and 5000, respectively. The first international organization was the Universal Postal Union, created in 1875. Modern international organizations include: 1) regional organizations: Council of Europe, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), League of Arab States (LAS), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) , Organization of African Unity (OAU), Organization of American States (OAS); 2) organizations of an economic nature: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), etc.; 3) professional organizations: International Organization of Journalists (IOJ), International Association of Political Science (IAPS), International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL); 4) demographic organizations: International Democratic Federation of Women (IDFW), World Youth Association (WAY); 5) organizations in the field of culture and sports: International Olympic Committee (IOC); 6) military-political organizations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Pacific Security Pact (ANZUS), etc.; 7) trade union organizations: International Conference of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), World Confederation of Labor (CGT), etc.; 8) various organizations in support of peace and international solidarity: the World Peace Council (WPC), the International Peace Institute in Vienna, etc.; 9) organizations for the protection of victims of wars, disasters and natural disasters: International Red Cross (IRC); 10) environmental organizations: Greenpeace and others. The most significant role in the system of international relations is played by the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 in order to maintain the global security system. The UN Charter enshrines such principles of international cooperation as the sovereign equality of all its members, the resolution of international disputes by peaceful means, renunciation of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. The structure of the UN is made up of: 1) the UN Secretariat (headed by the Secretary General); 2) Security Council (15 countries, of which 5 are permanent members with veto power - Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, China); 3) General Assembly (all member countries of the organization); 4) a number of organizations - structural units of the UN, including: WHO (World Health Organization), ILO (International Labor Organization), UNESCO (World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), IMF (International Monetary Fund), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), UNICEF (International Children's Fund), International Court of Justice.
In the context of worldwide globalization, integration of economies, unification of legislation and blurring of borders between countries, it is no longer possible to make decisions individually. It is necessary to coordinate intentions on various issues with other participants in the world community. Along with states, international organizations are important members of world politics. Conflicts between groups of people and countries, terrorist groups, climate change, geopolitics, development of the Arctic shelf, the disappearance of rare species of animals - this is not a complete list of issues that require their participation. It is only possible to confront the new challenges of our time through joint efforts.
Definition
The international organization is a voluntary union of member states created for cooperation in the fields of economics, politics, culture, ecology, and security. All their activities are based on international treaties. The nature of interaction can be both interstate and non-state, at the level of public associations.
Signs
Any international organization is based on at least six main features:
- Any organization must be created and operate in accordance with international legal standards. Typically, when creating such an association, all member states sign an international convention, protocol or agreement that guarantees the fulfillment of all obligations assumed by the participants.
- The activities of international organizations are regulated by their Charter, which outlines the goals, objectives, principles, and structure of the association. The provisions of the Charter must not contradict the norms of international law.
- Availability of rights and responsibilities of all participants. Usually they are equal for any member of the union. Also, they should not abolish the independent rights of participants. The sovereignty of the state cannot be violated. The rights of international organizations determine the status of the association and regulate the issues of their creation and activities.
- Permanent or regular activities, sessions, meetings between members to resolve international issues.
- Decision-making by a simple majority of the organization's participants or through consensus. The final decisions are recorded on paper and signed by all participants.
- Availability of headquarters and management bodies. It is not uncommon for the Chairman of the organization to act as the latter. Participants preside in turns for a limited time period.
Classification
What international organizations exist? All associations are divided depending on several criteria.
| Criterion | Subtype of organization |
| International legal capacity | Intergovernmental. They are created on the basis of an agreement between the governments of the participating countries. Members are states whose interests in the organization are represented by civil servants |
| Non-governmental. Relations in these associations are not regulated by government agreements. Any country that agrees with the goals and objectives of the organization can become a member. A striking example is the International Chamber of Commerce |
|
| Range of interests | Special:
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| Universal. The range of issues considered by the organization is not limited to one area of life. Participating states have the right to submit any issues for consideration. A striking example is the UN |
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| Territory of coverage | World - global international organizations, which can include any country, regardless of geographical location. Most often, these associations have a large number of participants. Examples: World Health Organization, World Meteorological Organization |
| Interregional are communities of states within several regions united by a common idea or problem. These include the Organization of Islamic Cooperation |
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| Regional - organizations that include states of one region to resolve internal issues. An example would be the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) or the Council of the Baltic Sea States |
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| Multilateral - international organizations in which more than two countries interested in cooperation take part. Thus, the WTO (World Trade Organization) includes among its members any country that agrees to comply with certain trade and economic principles put forward by society. This is not related to the location or political system of the country | |
| Legal status | Formal are associations in which meetings of participants are formal in nature. That is, each participant is assigned his own role, all meetings are documented, and relationships between members are impersonal. Such organizations have a management apparatus and their own government bodies. An example is OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) |
| Informal - organizations in which interaction is informal on an ongoing basis. These include such giants as the G20 and the Paris Club of Creditor Countries |
One organization may meet several criteria at once.
List of key international organizations
According to 2017 data, there are 103 global organizations in the world. Some of them are permanent, others meet for sessions.
African Union
This is an international intergovernmental organization, which includes 55 member states. The main goal of the association is comprehensive cooperation and development of African states and peoples. Areas of interest include economics, trade, security, education, health, wildlife conservation, human rights and much more.
Asia-Pacific Economic Community
An international regional organization whose areas of interest are economics and trade in the Asia-Pacific region. The association initiates the creation of unhindered and free trade between the participating countries.
Andean Community of Nations
International regional association of South American countries. Has a socio-economic orientation. Members of the community advocate for the integration of Latin American states.
This international community includes eight states. Its goal is to preserve nature in the Arctic region and minimize damage caused to nature during shelf development.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
This is an international organization of Southeast Asian states. The range of issues considered by the association is not limited, but the main issue concerns the creation of trade zones. It consists of 10 countries. In 2006, a declaration was signed between Russia and the Association, allowing states to cooperate within the framework of meetings held by the Association.
Bank for International Settlements
This is a financial institution. Its goal is to strengthen cooperation between Central Banks of different countries and simplify international payments.
World Association of Nuclear Power Operators
An organization whose members are countries operating nuclear power plants. The purpose and mission of the organization is to create conditions for the safe use of nuclear energy and improve the safety of nuclear power plants.
world Trade organisation
A multilateral international organization whose member countries are parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Designed to create conditions for the liberalization of trade among participants. One of the largest organizations, it has 164 members.
International Atomic Energy Agency
An organization whose purpose is to promote the safe use of nuclear energy. The agency also prevents the proliferation of atomic weapons.
UN
The United Nations is an association created after World War II by 50 member countries to maintain peace and security on the planet. At the moment, the UN is the most influential organization in the world. In addition to maintaining peace, the UN now deals with a wide range of global issues. What international organizations are members of the UN? There are 16 institutions in total. The organization includes the following specialized international associations:
- The World Meteorological Organization is a UN body whose competence includes issues of meteorology, global warming and the interaction of the atmosphere with the world's oceans.
- The World Health Organization is a UN agency designed to solve international problems in the field of health care for the world's population. The organization actively contributes to improving the level of medical services, hygiene, and vaccination of the world population. The structure includes 194 countries.
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, better known by its acronym UNESCO. The association deals with issues of education and the elimination of illiteracy, discrimination in education, the study of different cultures and the social sphere of human life. UNESCO is actively involved in the fight against gender inequality and plays a huge role in solving a wide range of problems on the African continent.
- UNICEF, or the UN International Children's Emergency Fund, provides comprehensive assistance to the institution of motherhood and childhood. Among the main goals of the fund are reducing child mortality, reducing deaths among pregnant women, and promoting primary education among children.
- The International Labor Organization is a special UN agency responsible for regulating labor relations both within countries and in the international labor market.
Russia's participation in global organizations
The Russian Federation takes an active part in the life of the world community and is a permanent member of a large number of world organizations; let’s consider the main ones:
- The Customs Union is a supranational association of several countries with the aim of creating a single economic space and market, eliminating customs restrictions on goods.
- The United Nations (Security Council) is a permanent UN body dealing with international security issues.
- The Commonwealth of Independent States is a union of states that were formerly part of the USSR. The main goal of the CIS is issues of political, economic and cultural interaction between the participating countries.
- The Collective Security Treaty Organization is a council of several states to maintain peace and order in the territory of the participants.
- The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe is an association dedicated to resolving security issues in Europe.
- The Council of Europe is a union of European countries to strengthen democracy, improve human rights legislation and cultural interaction between countries.
- BRICS is a group of five countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a regional forum for promoting trade between participants.
- The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an association whose goal is to maintain peace and stability. It is not a military bloc.
- The Eurasian Economic Union is a regional organization that advocates the integration and rapprochement of the markets of its member countries.
- The International Organization for Standardization is a global association whose main goal is to issue international standards and their implementation in the territories of all participants.
- The International Olympic Committee is an organization created with the aim of reviving and promoting the Olympic movement in the world.
- The International Electrotechnical Commission is an association dedicated to the standardization of electrical networks and equipment.
- The World Trade Organization is a trade union designed to ensure equal rights in the international market for all participants.
