Presentation on the topic of oral hygiene. Professional hygiene
Oral hygiene products in the Republic of Belarus
Minsk, 2015
Prepared by a dental student
385agroups
Nichiporova E.V.
Oral care products Basic
- Toothbrush
- Toothpaste
- Floss Additional
- Rinse aid
- Tongue brushes
- Dental brushes
- Irrigators
- Toothpicks
- Foams
- Superfloss
- Chewing gum
Basic oral hygiene products
Additional oral hygiene products
Mouth rinses
The entire variety of mouth rinses on the market can be divided into two main types: hygienic (sometimes also called cosmetic) and medicinal. The first perform mainly one function - refresh. Of course, they also help remove food debris, but they cannot help remove plaque and serious dental diseases. Also among them are whitening mouth rinses, but their effectiveness is questioned by many experts. The composition of cosmetic rinses does not vary much, and they themselves differ little from each other.
There is a second large group of mouth rinses - medicinal or therapeutic-and-prophylactic rinses. The latter, depending on their composition, are divided into anti-caries, anti-inflammatory And disinfectants.
Effectively complement, but do not replace!
Today, mouthwash is just an additional way to maintain healthy teeth, gums and fresh breath. This is an effective remedy, but it in no way replaces brushing your teeth, but only complements it, because mechanical removal of plaque is a necessary condition for healthy teeth and gums.
Is mouthwash necessary? When and why to use it?
Modern mouth rinses are produced in the form of ready-made solutions, liquid concentrates, or in the form of powders that must be diluted with water. As an additional means of hygiene, rinses prolong and enhance the effect of toothpaste, allow you to clean the interdental spaces that are difficult to reach with a brush, and effectively and for a long time freshen your breath. In addition, mouth rinses are recommended as the only method of hygienic oral care in situations where more effective measures are dangerous for periodontal tissue (postoperative gum conditions, thrombocytopenia, etc.).
Tongue brush or scraper
No less plaque accumulates on the tongue than on the teeth. And just like on teeth, it contains pathogenic bacteria. Cleaning the tongue helps reduce their overall concentration in the mouth. Special “scrapers” have been created for this purpose.
With gastrointestinal tract disease;
Suffering from halitosis (bad breath);
- smokers.
Contraindications: pustular ulcers on the tongue, acute stomatitis.
A toothbrush is the main “tool” for cleaning teeth. But its main drawback is that, despite all the skill and desire of a person, it cannot penetrate into the interdental spaces, especially with sufficiently tight interdental contacts. It is for cleaning this hard-to-reach area that dental brushes were invented. They perfectly clean the side surfaces of teeth, thereby eliminating the occurrence of contact caries.
In addition, dental brushes are designed to clean spaces under fixed orthodontic arches, areas of bridges and spaces between implants.
Dental brushes
Dental brushes are selected strictly individually, for almost every interdental space. This is due to the fact that these same interdental spaces can be of different sizes. It happens that one person needs brushes of two or three sizes. Tooth brushes are used without toothpaste.
There are sets of home and travel brushes.
Oral irrigator
Operating principle: a spray consisting of air and water (or a medicinal solution) under pressure effectively cleans the interdental spaces and spaces around orthopedic structures: especially the intermediate parts of bridges and structures supported by implants.
It also provides an additional massaging effect for the gums.
There are both stationary (plug-in) and portable models of these devices with a battery. This preventive measure can be used by the whole family: each member will have their own nozzle. Many solutions have been created for irrigators, differing in both taste characteristics and therapeutic effect.
Cleansing foams for teeth and gums protect against caries, gently cleanse enamel, inhibit the growth of bacteria, keep your breath fresh and take care of gum health.
- Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
- For the prevention of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity: gingivitis, stomatitis.
- For the prevention of caries in children and adults.
- For oral care in conditions where using a toothbrush is not possible.
- For oral care in patients with disabilities.
Intended:
- To remove food debris from interdental spaces.
- To remove plaque from the side surfaces of teeth.
Toothpicks
Toothpicks can be wooden or plastic, flat, triangular or round.
Superfloss
Chewing gum
The cleansing effect of chewing gum is comparable to the effect of rinsing the mouth with plain water. With its help you can clean only the chewing surfaces of the teeth, but not the contact ones. Its use stimulates the production of saliva, which actually reduces acidity in the mouth. However, this reduction does not have an anti-caries effect if plaque or food debris remains on the surface of the teeth.
The deodorizing effect (“fresh breath”) is the main advantage of using chewing gum.
When using chewing gum, you must follow the following rules:
- chew gum after meals;
- Usage time: 10-15 minutes.
It is also necessary to remember that excessive use of chewing gum (more than 15 minutes, more than 3-4 times a day) can lead to negative consequences:
- allergic reactions;
- hyperplasia of the salivary glands and, as a consequence, to the development of xerostomia (malocclusion);
- pain and dysfunction of the masticatory muscles;
- dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint;
- development of congestion in the peripheral vessels of the gums;
- negative effect on the digestive organs.
oral cavity
© 2008, Dzidzoeva Diana
Types of dental plaque
I. Non-mineralized dental plaque:
Pellicle
Dental plaque
Food leftovers
Soft plaque
II. Mineralized dental deposits:
Tartar
supragingival calculus subgingival calculus
Professional oral hygiene
a system of treatment and preventive measures performed in a dental clinic, aimed at preventing the occurrence and progression of oral diseases.
Professional teeth cleaning
consists of removing soft plaque and tartar and is carried out in 4 stages.
Professional cleaning steps:
1. Removing tartar
2.
Removing soft plaque from teeth
3. Polishing 
4. Fluorization
1. Elimination of mineralized dental plaque (tartar removal)
It is carried out using the instrumental method (ultrasonic devices for removing dental plaque - produced by EMS, Parkell, etc.) and instrumental methods (special instruments are produced by companies LM-Instruments and others).
To remove tartar manually, use sharp dental excavators (medium and large) and hooks for removing tartar.
The procedure is completed by polishing the tooth surface using available methods (treatment with special rubber cups filled with abrasive paste).
2. Removal of soft dental plaque
The most effective method Air-flow, which consists of a directed supply of an aerosol jet containing water and an abrasive agent.
Air-flow
System: water + powder + air
Air-flow
This method allows you to remove pigmented plaque well and whiten your teeth.
Abrasive for Air-Flow device
Sodium bicarbonate is used - baking soda.
Each particle of abrasive is coated with a polymer so that it does not dissolve
in the oral cavity and did not change acid-base balance.
It also prevents mechanical damage to the tooth surface.
Enamel polishing
To prevent the formation of new plaque on cleaned surfaces, the necks and accessible areas of the roots of the teeth are first grinded and pre-polished with flexible abrasive tools (lavsan discs and strips with abrasive coating, tapes, flosses and brushes). Then proceed to final polishing using brushes, rubber caps and polishing abrasive pastes: Unit Dose, Prophy Paste (Oral-B), Detartrine (Septodont), Nupro (Dentsply), Klint (Voco), Remot (Lege Artis), Cleanpolish ( Hawe Nenos).
PolishPaste - Z + F (zirconium + fluorine)
Paste for removing soft plaque and fine polishing of enamel.
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The oral cavity itself
It is limited above by the hard and partly soft palate, below by the bottom of the oral cavity formed by the mylohyoid muscle, and in front and on the lateral side by the teeth and gums. Most of it is occupied with language.
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LANGUAGE
In language (lingua) there is a body, a tip, or apex, and a root. Its upper surface is called the back. The tongue is divided into an anterior section, located entirely in the oral cavity, and a posterior section, pharyngeal. On the mucous membrane of the posterior section there is an accumulation of lymphoid tissue - the lingual tonsil. On the back of the tongue there is a median groove, ending posteriorly with a fossa - the blind opening of the tongue. On the sides of it runs a border groove, which is the boundary between the body and the root of the tongue.
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The mucous membrane of the tongue forms papillae of different shapes and functions. In the anterior part of the tongue, filiform and cone-shaped (pain and temperature irritations), groove-shaped, leaf-shaped mushroom-shaped (taste irritations) papillae are distinguished. The tongue is built from striated muscles.
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Sky
The palate (palatum) is the upper wall of the oral cavity and is divided into two parts: the hard palate, formed by bone tissue, and the soft palate. The hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of the maxillary bones and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. It occupies the anterior 2/3 of the palate. The palatal suture runs along the midline of the hard palate, from which several transverse folds extend, which are most pronounced in children. The soft palate makes up 1/3 of the palate and is located behind the hard palate. The soft palate is formed by the palatine aponeurosis and muscles. Participates in the formation of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the soft palate is a continuation of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, below it passes into the mucous membrane of the hard palate.
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Importance of the oral cavity
The oral cavity is the initial section of digestion. It is also an exciting section in which mechanical processing of food occurs, expressed in tearing, biting and chopping (gnawing, chewing). In this case, the food coma is moistened with saliva, and then the root of the tongue is directed into the pharynx for swallowing. In addition to the mechanical function, the organs of the oral cavity also evaluate food (tasting) using the taste buds of the tongue. Despite the fact that food remains in the oral cavity for a very short time, initial digestion is of great importance in further processes of food breakdown, since saliva, by breaking down substances, contributes to the formation of taste sensations and affects appetite.
- Learning the rules of oral hygiene
- Promotion of healthy lifestyles
- Aesthetic education
Technology teacher at Vatutinskaya secondary school
Moscow region
Iovenko Tatyana Yurievna
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How to properly care for your oral cavity
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Sayings of eminent people about health.
- Health is what people strive to preserve most and protect least. J. Labruyère
- Health is more valuable than gold. W. Shakespeare
- The only beauty I know is health. Heine Heinrich
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Regular proper oral hygiene ensures 85-90% of dental health.
Although our teeth and gums are designed by nature to withstand enormous chewing loads, they are very vulnerable to the daily impact of the food we eat. If oral hygiene is not maintained, a person will lose all teeth, even naturally ideal ones, at a very young age. In addition, untreated teeth can cause deadly complications. All of the above is confirmed by the sad example of our distant ancestors, who did not have the slightest idea about oral hygiene.
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It is a mistake to think that oral hygiene is correct if you use the best toothpaste and buy an expensive toothbrush.
Oral hygiene will only be successful if it is performed regularly and correctly.
Again, it is wrong to think that regular oral hygiene means taking care of your teeth only in the morning and evening; oral hygiene should be performed throughout the day.
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So, proper oral hygiene includes:
- brush your teeth thoroughly with a toothbrush and toothpaste
- Cleaning the mouth after every meal
- interdental care
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It is preferable to brush your teeth after every meal, but in modern conditions a toothbrush is not always available.
Therefore, you can use rinsing your mouth with water, or better yet, with a special mouth rinse, if this is not possible, you need to use chewing gum.
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Always have dental floss on hand - this is an important component of oral hygiene.
Dental floss cleans the interdental spaces from putrefactive food debris, preventing the development of caries on the interdental surfaces of the teeth.
Dental floss is used after every meal.
Proper oral hygiene saves you a huge amount of money, makes regular visits to the dentist only preventative, and keeps your teeth and gums healthy throughout your life.
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How to brush your teeth? Dental care rules
- Maintaining the oral cavity in good hygienic condition is only possible with thorough brushing of teeth, based on the following principles:
- Brushing your teeth should be done regularly with the necessary number of brush strokes to clean all dental surfaces.
- training in the rules of brushing teeth is the responsibility of the dentist; without training it is impossible to ensure the required level of oral hygiene
- The level of oral hygiene should be monitored by a dentist
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Brushing your teeth with a toothbrush
Thorough brushing of your teeth 2 times a day (once after breakfast and a second time after your last meal at night) will effectively remove plaque and prevent the development of oral diseases.
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Movements used when brushing teeth:
- “up - down” - for cleaning external and internal surfaces;
- “forward - back” - for cleaning chewing surfaces.
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To avoid damage to the gums, cleaning should be done with light pressure.
Finally, to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant odor, it is necessary to clean the tongue with a special brush.
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Cleaning interdental surfaces
Interdental surfaces must be cleaned with floss (interdental floss) at least 2 times a day - morning and evening.
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The floss is carefully inserted into the interdental space, using back and forth movements, so as not to cause injury to the gums.
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Press the floss tightly to the surface of the tooth and gently “wipe” the side surface, moving it in the direction “away from the gums.”
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Toothpastes
Toothpaste is a special dosage form intended for oral hygiene, prevention and treatment of diseases.
Regular and proper brushing of teeth is the basis of their beauty and health.
The most common hygienic and therapeutic care products include pastes, gels and powders for cleaning teeth.
The compositions of products intended for cleaning teeth can be different.
The compositions should have a good refreshing effect, remove odors, clean teeth and, in some cases, have a polishing effect.
The abrasive, abrasive effect on hard dental tissues should be minimal.
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Tooth-cleaning pastes are divided into hygienic and prophylactic, depending on their composition.
Therapeutic and prophylactic pastes can be anti-inflammatory, anti-caries, whitening, for sensitive teeth, etc. depending on additives.
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The main filler of toothpastes are abrasive, gelling and foaming substances.
To give the pastes a pleasant taste and smell, various flavors, substances that improve taste and coloring are added.
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Chewing gumOral hygiene
What is chewing gum - help or harm?
Every TV channel convinces us to use chewing gum to refresh and strengthen our teeth.
However, many general practitioners say that chewing gum is harmful.
How is it really?
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The main arguments in favor of regular use of chewing gum are its cleansing effect and its effect on stimulating the facial muscles.
- Everyone knows that leftover food is a favorable substrate for pathogenic bacteria living in the mouth.
- We don't always have the opportunity to brush our teeth.
- Chewing gum, by stimulating salivation and also due to its adhesive properties, cleans the chewing surface of the teeth from food debris.
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Of course, chewing gum only complements oral hygiene.
To prevent chewing gum from harming your teeth, it must contain a sweetener instead of glucose, which prevents the growth of bacteria that cause caries.
At the same time, chewing gum freshens your breath, but remember, if bad breath persists and does not go away during the day, you need to see a dentist, since bad breath can be a symptom of oral diseases.
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What harm can chewing gum cause?
When chewing on an empty stomach, chewing gum stimulates the production of gall juice, which contributes to the development of gastritis or exacerbation of peptic ulcers, so you need to chew after eating, this will cleanse your teeth and produce the gastric juice necessary for digesting food.
It is also believed that regular use of chewing gum can lead to diseases of the temporomandibular joints. If you don't chew gum all day in a row, you won't have any problems with your joints.
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- Chewing gum should be chewed after meals for 15-20 minutes until the taste of the supplements is lost.
- It is better to choose chewing gum with a sweetener.
- Do not chew on an empty stomach.
- Do not use chewing gum as a substitute for a toothbrush.
- Remember that chewing gum does not eliminate the need to visit the dentist twice a year.
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Smoking and teeth
Many people talk about the dangers of smoking.
The main emphasis is on the carcinogenic effect on the lungs, increasing the risk of cardiovascular pathology.
Everyone is afraid of these life-threatening diseases, but few people know that smoking has huge consequences for teeth.
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The first consequence of smoking is a purely aesthetic problem - the components of tobacco smoke accumulate in the enamel, causing darkening of the teeth.
Existing toothpastes for smokers are not effective enough; professional teeth whitening restores the beauty of a smile.
If smoking continues, whitening procedures will have to be repeated again and again, and this will cause a serious blow to the family budget.
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- In addition to purely cosmetic disadvantages, smoking leads to serious pathology of the gums and teeth.
- European studies in recent years have shown that smoking greatly increases the likelihood of gum disease.
- Components of tobacco smoke impair blood circulation in the gums and cause atrophy of the gum mucosa.
- In addition, smoking accelerates the development of tartar.
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- Thus, the smoker first develops chronic gingivitis, and then chronic periodontitis.
- In addition, subsequent periodontal treatment or any type of oral surgery will not bring the desired result, since the chemicals contained in tobacco slow down the healing process and make the treatment result less predictable.
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Research shows that smokers lose more teeth than non-smokers.
By comparison, only 20% of non-smokers over the age of 65 are completely missing teeth, compared with 41.3% of smokers.
In addition, the recovery process for smokers after treatment takes much longer than for non-smokers or those who have quit smoking.
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Summing up the negative effects of smoking on teeth, we can conclude that smokers are much more likely to experience:
- Cancer of the oral mucosa
- Bad breath
- Darkening of teeth
- Loss of teeth
- Osteomyelitis of the jaw
- Changing the taste of food
- Gum diseases
- Less effective treatment of periodontal diseases
- Less favorable outcome of prosthetics
- The appearance of wrinkles on the face
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Bad breath - causes How to get rid of bad breath?
Causes leading to bad breath.
First of all this:
- dental caries and its complications
- mucous membrane disease
- oral cavity
- periodontal diseases
- low-quality dentures and orthodontic structures
- lack of individual oral hygiene, as a result of which a large number of bacteria accumulate in the oral cavity.
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In all of the above conditions, the oral cavity is colonized by pathogenic bacteria.
- Bacteria are microorganisms that live in the mouth of every person in huge numbers.
- The oral cavity is the most densely populated part of the human body with bacteria.
- Bacteria live on the surfaces of teeth, on the back of the tongue, in carious cavities, in the folds of mucous membranes, on the mucous membranes of the cheeks.
- Bacteria feed on foods that enter the mouth and produce waste.
- The waste products of some types of bacteria are sulfur compounds, which are the cause of bad breath.
- With a low level of individual oral hygiene, the number of bacteria increases millions of times in a very short time.
- This process is especially pronounced in the presence of carious cavities and gum diseases - food remains stagnate there, leading to an avalanche-like proliferation of microbes.
- The problem can only be resolved by regular and thorough oral care measures and timely visits to the dentist.
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Nowadays, there are many individual dental care products. These are basic products (toothbrushes and toothpastes) and additional ones, for example, dental floss, mouthwash, etc.
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A toothbrush is man's best friend. A toothbrush helps cleanse teeth from plaque. Brushes come in different degrees of hardness: very hard, hard, medium hard, soft, very soft. Toothbrushes with hard and very hard bristles are used to clean dentures; soft and very soft ones are recommended for young children and for exacerbation of gum disease. It is better for healthy people to use brushes of medium hardness and soft ones. In good brushes, the bristles are arranged in no more than three rows, and the spaces between them are 1.5 - 2.0 mm. For cleaning hard-to-reach places, brushes with cone-shaped trimming of bristles are more suitable. The contour of the brush should be concave; this is more convenient and better for cleansing.
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How to brush your teeth correctly? People with a healthy oral cavity are recommended to brush their teeth twice a day (in the morning after breakfast and at night) using the standard method. In this case, the dentition is divided into 6 segments (molars, small molars, anterior teeth). The teeth are brushed first on the upper jaw, then on the lower jaw, from the periphery to the center with the teeth open. Each section is cleaned with 10 brush strokes - a total of at least 300-400 toothbrush strokes. When cleaning chewing surfaces, reciprocating movements are used in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Recent studies have shown that the cleaning time should be no more than two minutes, otherwise the microbes removed from the upper teeth and trapped in the oral fluid mixed with the paste begin to rub into the surface of the lower teeth and gums.
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There are other methods of teeth cleaning, each of which is selected taking into account the condition of the teeth and periodontal disease. For example, in case of gum inflammation in adolescence, it is recommended to use gentle methods of brushing teeth. There are different types of gentle teeth cleaning, often combining brushing with gum massage.
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Toothpaste. Which one to choose? Toothpaste should have a deodorizing and brightening effect, release fluoride and calcium ions (for areas with normal fluoride content in water), and be pleasant to the taste. A high-quality toothpaste should have a creamy consistency, foam well when cleaning, and not dry out during long-term storage. Modern pastes not only have a deodorizing and cleansing effect, but also have a therapeutic and preventive effect, thanks to the content of special additives. Toothpastes can be divided into 2 groups: hygienic (remove plaque, refresh the oral cavity, do not contain active ingredients) and therapeutic and prophylactic.
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Therapeutic and prophylactic pastes Soda toothpastes Anti-caries toothpastes Children's toothpastes Whitening toothpastes Anti-inflammatory toothpastes Toothpastes for sensitive teeth
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Soda toothpastes Soda toothpastes contain baking soda, which increases the cleansing properties of the toothpaste. Soda causes the death of microbes, which cause caries, and has an antiseptic effect. It also creates an alkaline environment in the oral cavity, which persists for approximately 20 minutes after brushing your teeth; and a hypertonic environment, which relieves swelling from the gums.
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Anti-caries toothpastes Anti-caries toothpastes contain a special agent – fluoride ion. Fluorides are often used in combination with calcium compounds, which helps to increase the mineralizing properties of saliva. There are also pastes with calcium, without fluoride. Recent studies have shown that pastes with fluoride release lead to the formation of dentin caries with almost intact enamel)
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Children's toothpastes Children's toothpastes differ from adults in lower content of active ingredients, taste (fruit or neutral) and low abrasiveness. There are 2 groups of children's toothpastes: for children under 6 years old, they contain a reduced concentration of fluoride; and for children from 6 to 13 years old, they have reduced abrasiveness, and the fluoride concentration is close to adult toothpaste.
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Whitening toothpastes It is better not to use whitening toothpastes for people suffering from periodontal diseases or hypersensitivity. They are divided into two groups. The first ensures the removal of surface dyes and creates a polishing effect. This type of paste may be popular among smokers. The second group contains bleaching chemicals. These pastes are quite expensive and are poorly represented on the market.
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Anti-inflammatory toothpastes Anti-inflammatory toothpastes are aimed at treating and preventing inflammatory periodontal diseases. The main ingredient of these pastes is triclosan. These pastes may also contain essential oils and herbal extracts that have antiseptic, antioxidant and hemostatic properties, promote tissue regeneration, stimulate immune defense reactions and improve tissue metabolism.
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Toothpastes for sensitive teeth Toothpastes for sensitive teeth have active ingredients that reduce tooth sensitivity. These are salts: potassium chloride, strontium chloride, potassium nitrate. It is not recommended to use these pastes for a long time, because They do not clean teeth effectively and can hide the symptoms of dental disease by reducing sensitivity.
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A little history of toothpaste 18th century Tooth powder, and then toothpaste, which are closest to modern ones, first appeared at the end of the 18th century in Great Britain. This dentifrice was sold in a ceramic container in two forms as powder and paste. People of good income had the opportunity to use a special brush to apply it, and those who were poorer did it with their fingers. But although the powders were formulated by doctors, dentists and chemists, they often contained overly abrasive substances that could harm teeth: brick dust, crushed porcelain and clay shards, as well as soap and chalk. The oldest toothbrush in Europe was discovered by German archaeologists excavating at the site of a former hospital in the city of Minden. The item is 250 years old. The length of the brush is 10 cm. It is made of animal bone. The brush is similar to the one that was found nearby a few months earlier, so experts suggest that in those places in the mid-18th century. There was a workshop for the production of bone brushes equipped with pork bristles. It was at that time that tools for cleaning teeth began to spread in Europe, due to the fact that rich Europeans began to eat sugar.
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Dental floss Although cleaning teeth with silk floss requires some getting used to, mastering this procedure is not at all difficult. At first, you may not be able to perform this operation dexterously or for long enough, but over time, when you get used to it, you will learn to perform it quickly, and your efforts will be rewarded by the health of your teeth. Start by cleaning the gaps between the lower incisors: Pinch the ends of a silk floss approximately 50 cm long between the thumb and index finger of each hand and pull it taut. Insert the stretched thread into the gap between the teeth, making sawing movements. Gently move the floss back and forth between the teeth. Lift the thread up and out of the gap. After this, clean the dental spaces of the upper incisors in the same way. It may happen that your gums bleed slightly. If bleeding does not stop within a few days of cleaning, please contact your dentist for advice.
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Which floss is best for your teeth? For beginners, it is recommended to use waxed silk floss first, as it is easier to insert into the dental space; however, its cleaning effect is lower than that of unwaxed. In addition, pieces of wax from the floss can get stuck in the teeth. In connection with the above, clean the spaces between your teeth more often with unwaxed silk floss.
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The oral cavity (lat. cavitasoris) is the initial section of the human digestive system. In front it opens with the oral fissure (rimaoris), which is limited by the lips (labia). Through the pharynx (fauces), an unpaired opening bounded above by the soft palate and uvula, below by the root of the tongue, and laterally by the palatine arches, it communicates with the pharynx. The oral cavity is divided into 2 sections: the vestibule of the mouth (vestibulum oris) and the oral cavity itself (cavitas oris propria)
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Vestibule of the mouth
The vestibule of the mouth is the space that is located between the lips and cheeks on one side, and the teeth and gums on the other.
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The lips of the mouth are two mainly muscular folds: the upper lip and the lower lip. The structure of the lips and cheeks is similar. Their thickness is made up of muscles. The lips and cheeks are covered with mucous membrane on the inside and skin on the outside. The mucous membrane of the lips and cheeks passes to the alveolar edge of the upper and lower jaws, forming gums that grow tightly to the alveolar edge of the jaws and to the necks of the teeth.
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TEETH
On the border of the vestibule of the mouth and the oral cavity itself, along the alveolar edge of the upper and lower jaws, teeth are located. It is customary to distinguish between baby and permanent teeth.
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Milk teeth (20 of them) exist only in childhood. They fall out and permanent teeth grow in their place (there are 30 - 32 of them). The arrangement of teeth is usually indicated by the so-called dental formula: For baby teeth, the formula is different: 2+1+0+2 2+1+0+2
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The eruption of baby teeth usually begins at 6 months of age. Teeth change occurs after 6 years. It ends by the age of 12-14. The exception is the 3rd large molar, called the wisdom tooth, which erupts after 18 years.
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Tooth structure
A tooth consists of a crown, neck and root. The crown is the outer part of the tooth that is visible upon examination. The neck serves as the place where the gums attach to it. The root is immersed in the dental alveolus. The tooth is built from dentin, which makes up the bulk of the tooth, enamel, which covers the outside of the tooth in the crown area, and cement, which covers the root of the tooth.
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