Beech rocket launcher. Buk air defense system: photos, characteristics, modifications

The self-propelled military air defense system "Buk" (SA-11 "Gadfly") is designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, in conditions of radio countermeasures, and in the future - against Lance-type ballistic missiles.

Development, which began in 1972, involved the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 (“Hurricane”) air defense system for the Navy was determined using the same missile defense system as the “Buk” complex.

The developer of the Buk (9K37) air defense system was generally identified as the Instrument Engineering Research Institute of the Phazotron Research and Design Association. A. A. Rastov was appointed chief designer of the complex.

The development of missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lyulev. The detection and target designation station (STS) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

Launch-loading units (PZU) were created at the Start machine-building design bureau under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin.

A set of technical support and maintenance equipment on a vehicle chassis was also developed for the complex.

Completion of the development of the complex was planned for 1975.

However, in 1974, it was decided to create the Buk air defense system in two stages. It was initially proposed to rapidly develop a missile defense system and a self-propelled firing system for the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 missiles and 3M9MZ missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) air defense system, ensuring its entry into joint testing in September 1974, maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and timing of work on the Buk complex » in full specified composition.

For the Buk-1 air defense system, it was envisaged that each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation and four self-propelled launchers, would have one 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk air defense system. . Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system costing about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, placed on the GM-569 tracked chassis, seemed to combine the functions of a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system and a self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 air defense system. It provided search in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of a target for auto-tracking, solution of pre-launch tasks, launch and homing of three missiles (9M38 or 3M9MZ) located on it, as well as three 3M9MZ missiles located on one of the self-propelled launchers 2P25MZ air defense missile system associated with it "Kub-M3Z". The combat operation of a self-propelled fire installation could be carried out both with control and target designation from a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation, and autonomously.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system includes a 9S35 radar station, a digital computer system, a launcher with a power tracking drive, a ground-based radar interrogator operating in the Password identification system, a television-optical sight, telecode communication equipment with a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation, equipment wired communication with a self-propelled launcher, an autonomous power supply system based on a gas turbine generator, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, a life support system.

The mass of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of four people is 34 tons.

Advances in the development of microwave devices, quartz and electromechanical filters, and digital computers (DCs) have made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, tracking, and target illumination stations into the 9S35 radar. The station operates in the centimeter wavelength range using a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous radiation mode or, if difficulties arose with unambiguous determination of the range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (using linear frequency modulation), the second transmitter (continuous radiation) was used to illuminate the target and the missile defense system. The station's antenna system conducts a sector search using an electromechanical method, target tracking by angular coordinates and range is carried out using a monopulse method, and signal processing is carried out by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel is 1.3° in azimuth and 2.5° in elevation, and the width of the illumination channel is 1.4° in azimuth and 2.65° in elevation. The search sector review time (120° in azimuth and 6-7° in elevation) in autonomous mode is 4 s, in control mode (10° in azimuth and 7° in elevation) - 2 s.

The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel when using quasi-continuous signals is at least 1 kW, and when using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's survey and direction-finding receivers did not exceed 10 dB. The radar transition time from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s. The station is capable of unambiguously determining the speed of a target with an accuracy of -20... + 10 m/s. Selection of moving targets is ensured. Maximum errors in range do not exceed 175 m, root-mean-square errors in measuring angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system ensures that the launch of missile defense systems is blocked when accompanied by a friendly aircraft or helicopter.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system has a launcher with interchangeable guides for either three 3M9MZ missiles or three 9M38 missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is single-stage, has a dual-mode solid propellant engine (total operating time is about 15 s). The rejection of the ramjet engine was explained both by the instability of its operation at high angles of attack and high resistance in the passive part of the trajectory, and by the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in the creation of the “Cube” complex. Metal is used in the power structure of the engine chamber.

The general design of the missile - normal, X-shaped, with a low aspect ratio wing - was externally reminiscent of American ship-based anti-aircraft missiles of the Tartar and Standard families, which corresponded to the strict dimensional restrictions when using the 9M38 missile defense system in the M-22 complex, developed for the Soviet fleet.

In the front part of the missile, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are successively located. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine is located closer to the middle of the rocket, the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located.

The smaller diameter of the front compartment of the rocket (330 mm) in relation to the engine and tail compartment is determined by the continuity of a number of elements of the 3M9 rocket. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implements self-guidance of missiles using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 missile defense system can hit targets at altitudes from 25 m to 18-20 km at ranges from 3.5 to 25-32 km. The rocket has a flight speed of 1000 m/s and can maneuver with overloads of up to 19g.

The mass of the rocket is 685 kg, including the warhead - 70 kg.

The design of the 9M38 missile ensures its delivery to the troops in a transport container in a fully equipped form, as well as operation without inspections and routine maintenance for 10 years.

Tests of the Buk-1 air defense system took place from August 1975 to October 1976.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit issuing target designations, the aircraft detection range was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.

The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to missile launch) was 24-27 s. The loading and unloading time for three 3M9MZ or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.

When firing 9M38 missiles, the destruction of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a range of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 30 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area ranged from 30 m to 14 km in height, and 18 km in terms of heading. The probability of an aircraft being hit by one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were means that only complemented the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named “Kub-M4” (2K12M4).

The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the air defense forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of air defense of tank divisions of the ground forces of the Soviet Army.

Joint tests of the Buk complex in its full specified composition were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979.

The Buk air defense systems had the following characteristics.

The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided: reception, display and processing of target information received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launch-loading installations; about the letters of the illumination transmitters of self-propelled firing systems, about their work on targets; about the operating modes of the detection and target designation station; organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the enemy’s use of anti-radar missiles; documentation of work and training in calculation of CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per review cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing systems with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range . The weight of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons. The command post has bulletproof and anti-radiation protection and is capable of speeds on the road of up to 65 km/h, and on rough terrain - up to 45 km/h. Power reserve - 500 km.

The detection and target designation station 9S18 (“Dome”) is a three-coordinate coherent-pulse station that operates in the centimeter wavelength range, has electronic scanning of the beam in elevation (in a sector of 30 or 40°) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (with using an electric or hydraulic drive). The station is designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 control post.

The rate of viewing the space, depending on the established sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s for all-round viewing and from 2.5 to 4.5 s for viewing in a 30° sector. Radar information is transmitted via telecode line to the 9S470 control unit in the amount of 75 marks per review period (4.5 s).

The root mean square errors (RMS) of measuring target coordinates were: no more than 20" in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130 m in range. Resolution in range is no worse than 300 m, in azimuth and elevation - 4°. For protection against targeted interference was used to adjust the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from response - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel, from non-synchronous pulses, changing the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. In case of noise barrage of self-covering and external covering of given levels, the detection and target designation station ensures detection of fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station ensures tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection circuit with automatic wind speed compensation. The station is protected from anti-radar missiles using software adjustment carrier frequency in 1.3 s, transition to circular polarization of probing signals or to intermittent radiation (flicker) mode.

The station includes an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a waveguide line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotating device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position, a transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW) , receiving device (with a noise factor of no more than 8) and other systems. All station equipment was located on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU 1 OOP family. The difference between the tracked base of the detection and target designation station and the chassis of other combat vehicles of the Buk air defense system was determined by the fact that the Kupol radar was initially designed for development outside the air defense system as a means of detecting the divisional air defense unit of the ground.

The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position is no more than 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with a crew of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

The 9A310 self-propelled firing system in its purpose and design differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) air defense system in that, using a telecode line, it was not interfaced with the 1S91MZ self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system and the P25MZ self-propelled launcher, and with a 9S470 gearbox and a 9A39 launcher-loading unit. In addition, on the launcher of the 9A310 self-propelled firing system there were not three, but four 9M38 missiles. The time it takes to transfer it from traveling to combat position does not exceed 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, is no more than 20 s. Loading a 9A310 self-propelled firing system with four missiles from a launcher-loading installation was carried out in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes. The weight of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons.

The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 m, width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height is 3.8 m (7.72 m).

The 9A39 launcher-loading unit, located on the GM-577 chassis, is designed for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching four missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk air defense system combined the functions of a transport-loading vehicle and a self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. In addition to the launching device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradle, the launch-loading installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, telecode communication, energy supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people does not exceed 35.5 tons.

The length of the launch-loading installation is 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

The command post of the complex receives information about the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processes it and issues target designation to self-propelled firing units, which, according to the control center, search and capture automatic target tracking. When targets enter the affected area, a missile defense system is launched. Missile guidance is carried out using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of targeting. When approaching the target, the seeker issues a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead is detonated upon command. If the radio fuse fails to operate, the missile defense system will self-destruct. If the target is not hit, a second missile defense system is launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems, the Buk complex has higher combat and operational characteristics and provides: simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations; greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems; increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board seeker computer and a special type of illumination signal; greater efficiency in hitting a target due to the increased power of the missile defense warhead.

Based on the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m/s) with a heading parameter of up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8g, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense systems were consolidated into anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: CP (combat control point of the brigade from the Polyana-D4 automated control system); four anti-aircraft missile battalions with their own 9S470 command post, 9S18 detection and target designation station, communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader in each; as well as technical support and maintenance units. The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1980. Serial production of the Buk air defense systems was mastered in cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 complex.

Damage zones of the Buk-M 1 -2 air defense system

In 1979, the Buk air defense system was modernized in order to increase its combat capabilities and protect its electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. As a result of tests carried out in 1982, it was found that the modernized Buk-M1 complex, compared to the Buk air defense system, provides a larger aircraft engagement zone, is capable of shooting down ALCM cruise missiles with a probability of hitting one missile system of at least 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters with a probability of 0.6-0.7, as well as hovering helicopters with a probability of 0.3-0.4 at a range from 3.5 to 6-10 km. The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies (instead of 36), which contributes to increased protection from mutual and intentional interference. Recognition of three classes of targets is provided: aircraft, ballistic missiles, helicopters. The 9S470M1 command post, in comparison with the 9S470 command post, provides simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the air defense control post of a motorized rifle (tank) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of all crews of air defense missile systems. The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system, compared to the 9A310 installation, provides target detection and acquisition for auto tracking at long ranges (25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 (“Kupol-M1”), which has a flat angular phased array and a self-propelled tracked chassis GM567M, the same type as the chassis of the KP, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation. The length of the detection and target designation station is 9.59 m, width - 3.25 m, height - 3.25 m (8.02 m in working position), weight - 35 tons. The Buk-M1 complex provides effective organizational and technical measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 complex are interchangeable with the same type of combat assets of the Buk air defense system without modifications; the standard organization of combat formations and technical units is similar to the Buk complex. The technological equipment of the complex includes: 9V95M1E - an automated control and testing mobile station machine on a ZIL-131 and a trailer; 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles for “Ural-43203-1012”; 9V881E - maintenance vehicle “Ural-43203-1012”; 9T229 - transport vehicle for 8 missiles (or six containers with missiles) on the KrAZ-255B; 9T31M - truck crane; MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop for ZIL-131.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Army in 1983. In the same year, the Navy M-22 Uragan air defense system, unified with the Buk air defense system according to the 9M38 missile system, also entered service. Complexes of the Buk family were offered for delivery abroad under the name Gang.

During the Oborona-92 exercise, the Buk family of air defense systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and on the Smerch MLRS missile.

In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on further modernization of the Buk complex - the creation of an air defense system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name Ural. Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP named after. V.V. Tikhonravova in 1994-97. work was carried out to create the Buk-M1-2 air defense system.

Through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time it is possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type and aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, surface ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launch installations, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. Increased effectiveness of destruction of aircraft, helicopters and wings

armored missiles. The boundaries of the affected zones have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The launch mass of the rocket was 710-720 kg with a warhead mass of 50-70 kg. The new 9M317 missile differed in appearance from the 9M38 by a significantly shorter wing chord length. In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is planned to introduce into the complex a new radar for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device. With the introduction of target illumination and guidance radars, the complex's combat capabilities to engage low-flying targets, in particular modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex provides for the presence of command posts and firing sections of two types: four sections, each of which includes one advanced self-propelled firing unit, carrying four missiles and capable of simultaneously firing up to four targets, and one launch-loading unit with eight missiles; two sections, each of which includes one illumination and guidance radar, also capable of providing simultaneous fire at up to four targets, and two launch-loading installations with eight missiles on each.

The complex is being developed in two versions: mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transportable on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter option, with a slight reduction in cost, the maneuverability indicators deteriorate and the deployment time of the air defense system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.

In particular, the Start MKB, while carrying out work to modernize the Buk-M complex (Buk-M 1-2 and Buk-M2 air defense systems), developed the 9P619 launcher and the 9A316 launcher-loading installation on a tracked chassis, and also a 9A318 launcher on a wheeled chassis. The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of air defense systems is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of weapons and military equipment, ensuring a continuous increase in the combat capabilities of the air defense of ground forces at relatively low costs. Unfortunately, this development path also creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag. In particular, even in the promising versions of the Buk complex, neither the safest and most reliable scheme for continuous operation of a missile in a transport and launch container, nor the all-aspect vertical launch of missiles, introduced in all other second-generation ground forces air defense systems, were used. And yet, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of weapons development must be considered as practically the only possible one, and the choice made by the customer and the developers of the Kub and Buk air defense systems as the correct one. The air defense system is in service with Finland, India, Russia, Syria, and Yugoslavia.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system has been in service with the Soviet army since the late 70s, and now the Russian army, being one of the most popular air defense systems.

Despite its age, numerous modernizations of this weapon allow it to remain effective and relevant even today.

History of creation

On January 13, 1972, it was decided to replace the outdated 2K12 "Cube" air defense system with a new weapon using standardized missiles together with the M-22 "Uragan" naval system.

The development started at the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Making, the work was headed by A.A. Rastov. Due to the rush, they planned to put the complex into operation in parts. First came the 2K12M4 Kub-M4 self-propelled firing system, which used the recently created 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles. It was put into service in 1978. The main differences from its predecessor were 10 target channels and increased limits for the height and speed of air targets.

• Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
• 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles;
• command post 9С470;
• charging installation 9A39.

The created anti-aircraft missile system was tested at the end of 1977, which ended in 1979 with its entry into service.

Peculiarities

The Buk turned out to be capable of destroying air targets flying at altitudes from 25 to 18,000 meters, located at a distance of 3 to 25 kilometers from the complex with a probability of 0.6.

Each part of the complex was located on a standardized tracked platform with high cross-country ability.

"Buk-M1"

After a short period of time, modernization of the complex began, culminating in the creation of the new Buk-M1 air defense system. It was distinguished by an increased area and probability of destruction, target recognition function and less vulnerability to anti-radar missiles.

Designed to combat enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and drones. Used to cover various types of troops or ground targets from massive enemy air raids. Capable of operating in conditions where the enemy widely uses electronic countermeasures and in any weather.

Device

A self-propelled firing system is capable of operating alone, but its capabilities are extremely limited. Therefore, it is customary to consider the complex as a whole, in a fully combat-ready state to cover the area from air threats.

The Buk-M1 complex consists of:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1;
• charging installation 9A39M1;
• target detection station 9S18;
• command post 9S470M1.

All anti-aircraft missile systems are built on the GM-569 tracked chassis, which was chosen due to such features as good maneuverability and maneuverability, which allows you to spend a minimum amount on deploying and putting the complex into combat condition.

After deployment, the highly noise-resistant target detection station 9S18 “Dome” radar begins to continuously scan airspace in the centimeter range at a distance of up to 120 and a range of up to 20 kilometers.

Also, each of the 9A310 self-propelled firing systems has its own radar station operating in the centimeter range, computing equipment and a communication device, which allows it to independently scan the airspace in search of a target and transmit information to the command post.

The signal about detected targets is sent to the 9S470 command post, which is capable of simultaneously receiving and processing data on 46 targets. Next, he transfers up to 6 tasks to each of the 9A310 firing installations.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

Development began in 1973, and in 1976 the missile entered service with the Soviet army as part of the Buk.

This is a solid-fuel single-stage anti-aircraft missile designed to operate for up to 15 seconds. Its dimensions are strictly limited due to the fact that the development was carried out not only for land systems, but also for the M-22 “Hurricane” system for the Navy.

It has a semi-active homing head and carries a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kg. The detonation is carried out by a charge weighing 34 kg at a distance of 16 meters from the target.

Designed to destroy highly maneuverable targets located at a distance from 3500 to 32000 m, at altitudes from 25 to 20000 m, and can withstand overloads of up to 19g.

After launch, the flight course is indicated by radio signals from the firing installation; when approaching the target, the homing head comes into play.

9K317 "Buk-M2"

By the end of the 1980s, a modification appeared using modern 9M317 missiles. The use of this missile was supposed to significantly increase the range and altitude of the targets hit, and it was also planned to use improved equipment on all vehicles of the complex.

The 9M317 received smaller wings, the firing range reached 45,000 m at an altitude of 25,000. Its fuse received 2 modes, which made it possible to carry out detonations not only at a distance from the target, but also upon contact, making it possible to fight surface and ground enemies.

The 9A317 self-propelled firing system received new equipment, which made it possible to simultaneously detect 10 targets and attack 4 at once.

The updated 9S510 command post has the ability to track 60 targets at once and issue 36 target indications simultaneously. In this case, the time from receiving information to transmission to firing installations is no more than 2 seconds.

The 9S18M1-3 detection and target designation station is equipped with a phased array antenna, which allows it to detect air targets at a distance of up to 160,000 m. It is resistant to various types of enemy interference.

Additionally, a 9S36 missile illumination and guidance station was added to the complex. It is a phased array antenna raised by a retractable mast to a height of 22 meters, which improves performance and detects targets at a distance of 120 km. The 9S36 electronic equipment is capable of tracking 10 targets and issuing commands to fire at 4 of them.

Comprehensive improvements to the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex made it possible to increase the interception distance of aircraft and helicopters to 50,000 m, and the altitude to 25,000 m.

The missile interception range has increased to 20,000 m, and the altitude to 16,000. Use against ground and surface targets is also possible.

The country's deplorable economy in the early 90s did not allow the adoption of a new product; the army limited itself to the compromise Buk-M1-2 complex.

It was only in 2008 that the 9K317 Buk-M2 entered service with the Russian army, having been modified to suit our times.

SAM "Buk-M1-2 Ural"

As already mentioned, the most modern modification at that time was not adopted for service, so the army limited itself to a simplified version of the “Ural”. Development started in 1992 and ended in 1998 with the adoption of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system into service with our army.

The complex includes:

• self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2;
• target detection station 9S18M1;
• command post 9С470;
• charging installation 9A38M1.

To increase stealth and camouflage, as well as increase capabilities, the 9A310M1-2 was equipped with a television-optical sight and a laser rangefinder, which made passive direction finding of the target possible.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

Export modification of the Buk-M2, characterized by improved electronic digital equipment. Modern equipment operates not only in combat, but also in training mode, which allows for the training of soldiers.

It is possible to use the usual tracked chassis or the wheeled MZKT-6922, which allows the customer to choose a more suitable option.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The development of a new modification of the air defense system became known not so long ago. It is planned to completely replace outdated electronics with modern digital equipment, and replace the missile with a modern 9M317M, launched from a container and with higher performance.

The exact characteristics are not known today, but approximate ones can be given. The self-propelled firing unit contains 6 containers with ready-to-launch missiles inside.

The estimated target engagement range is up to 75,000 m, the probability is 0.96.

Combat use

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system is in service with 9 countries, including Russia.

With the exception of the first Chechen war, where the complexes were used by the Russian army, other episodes can hardly be called successful for Russia. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, the plane of the commander of the air defense of Abkhazia was mistakenly destroyed.

In South Ossetia, the Russian Air Force lost 4 aircraft due to Buk-M1 fire, in addition, in 2014, a Boeing 777 was destroyed over Ukraine, and some sources link this event to the use of the Buk.

Today, Russian short- and medium-range air defense systems remain one of the most effective air defense systems at the operational-tactical and tactical levels. We are talking about the air defense systems "Tunguska-M1" (missile and artillery) and "Buk-M2" and its export modification "Buk-M2E" (missile). These complexes are still significantly superior to their foreign counterparts in terms of tactical and technical characteristics, as well as in terms of cost/effectiveness criteria. Next we will talk about the Buk-M2E medium-range complex.

The development of this air defense system was fully completed already in 1988, however, due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation in the country, its serial production was not launched. After 15 years, all design documentation for this complex was modified to accommodate a modern element base. Since 2008, the complex has been in service with the Russian army and is being supplied to the troops. The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria acted as the starting customer for this complex; the contract was concluded in 2007 and is estimated at $1 billion. All systems under this contract have already been delivered.

The Buk-M2E medium-range air defense system belongs to the 3rd generation systems (according to the NATO codification SA-17 “Grizzly”). Due to the use in this model of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays, the number of simultaneously tracked air targets increased to 24. The introduction into the air defense complex of an illumination and guidance radar with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of up to 21 m, ensured an increase in the effectiveness of the complex in the fight against low flying targets.

The main manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system is Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant OJSC. The lead developer of design documentation for the main combat weapons and the Buk-M2E complex as a whole is OJSC Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the SOC - target detection station 9S18M1-3E - was carried out by NIIIP OJSC (Novosibirsk).

The Buk-M2E complex is a modern multi-purpose medium-range air defense system, which is characterized by high mobility. This anti-aircraft missile system is able to ensure the successful solution of combat missions in any situation, even in conditions of active radio countermeasures from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic targets, the air defense system is able to combat a wide range of missiles: cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-radar missiles, and special air-to-surface missiles. It can also be used to destroy naval surface targets of the missile boat or destroyer class. The complex is also able to provide shelling of ground-based radio-contrast targets.

Automated control of the conduct of combat operations of the Buk-M2E complex is carried out using a command post (CP), which receives the necessary information about the air situation from a target acquisition station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP). The command post is responsible for transmitting control and target designation commands to 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled firing unit (SOU) with 4 missiles and the 1st launch-loading unit (PZU) attached to it; the battery may also include 1 illumination and guidance radar (RPN).

Target detection radar

Firing of air targets accompanied by a complex is carried out using both single and salvo launches of missile defense systems. The Buk-M2E air defense system uses highly effective anti-aircraft guided missiles with a solid-fuel rocket engine, which have combat equipment that is flexibly adapted to various types of targets. The use of these missiles makes it possible to confidently hit air targets over the entire range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km in range, from 0.015 to 25 km in altitude. At the same time, the missile defense system is able to provide a flight altitude of up to 30 km and a flight range of up to 70 km.

The Buk-M2E air defense system uses the 9M317 missile defense system. This missile uses an inertial-corrected control system, which is complemented by a nose-mounted semi-active Doppler radar homing head 9E420. The missile's warhead is rod-based, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the area affected by fragments is 17 m. The maximum flight speed of the missile is up to 1230 m/s, withstandable overloads are up to 24g. The total weight of the 9M317 missile defense system is 715 kg. The rocket uses a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine. Its wingspan is 860 mm. The missile has a high level of reliability. A fully equipped and assembled rocket does not require any adjustments or checks throughout its entire service life, which is 10 years.

The complex uses modern phased array antennas (PAA), which have an effective command control method, which allows the air defense system to simultaneously track up to 24 different air targets, which can be hit with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the probability of hitting an aircraft that does not perform evasive maneuvers is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their capabilities to carry out effective work against missiles. "Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy such targets that have an effective reflective surface (ERS) of up to 0.05 m2 with a probability of destruction of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of the affected ballistic missiles is up to 1200 m/s.

The destruction of enemy cruise missiles and other targets, for example, drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes in difficult, rugged and wooded terrain, is ensured by the air defense system due to the presence in its composition of a special illumination and guidance radar (RPN), equipped with an antenna post, raised to a height of 21 m.

In 2009 and 2010, the complex underwent real testing in conditions as close as possible to combat conditions, with extensive, multilateral firing and flight tests carried out at the training grounds of the Russian Ministry of Defense, as well as foreign customers of the complex. The Buk-M2E air defense system is able to operate in the most difficult weather and meteorological conditions.

For him, air temperatures up to +50°C, wind gusts up to 25-27 m/s, and increased air dust are not a hindrance. The modern hardware and software implementation of anti-jamming channels used in the complex allows the complex's combat assets to operate confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out at both single and multiple targets simultaneously located in the affected area of ​​the complex. At the same time, targets of various classes and purposes were fired upon. The tests became a real test of the maximum capabilities of the Russian air defense system and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by the designers at the development stage.

Target illumination and missile guidance radar

Placing the combat assets of the Buk-M2E air defense system on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheeled ones can also be used) provides the ability to quickly roll up and deploy the complex, this standard is within 5 minutes. To change position with all the equipment turned on, the complex requires no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. On highways, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at speeds of up to 65 km/h, and on dirt roads - 45 km/h. The power reserve of the combat vehicles included in the complex is 500 km.

At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system is a 24-hour air defense system. The main combat weapon of the complex - the self-propelled gun - operates in 24-hour mode through the use of an optical-electronic system, which is built on the basis of a CCD-matrix television and sub-matrix thermal imaging channels. The use of these channels can significantly increase the survivability and noise immunity of the complex.

The Buk-M2E air defense system can be operated in a wide variety of climatic zones; at the request of the customer, the vehicles are equipped with air conditioners. The combat vehicles of the complex can be transported without any restrictions (distance and speed) by all types of transport: rail, water, air.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Buk-M2E complex:
Range of destruction of air targets:
maximum - 45 km;
minimum - 3 km.
Air target engagement altitude:
maximum - 25 km;
minimum - 0.015 km.
The number of tracked targets is 24.
The maximum speed of targets hit is 1100 m/s (approaching), 300-400 m/s (retreating).
Probability of hitting a target with one missile:
tactical aircraft/helicopter - 0.9-0.95;
tactical ballistic missile - 0.6-0.7.
Number of missiles - 4 pcs.
The reaction time of the complex is 10 s.
The rate of fire is once every 4 s.
Deployment time to combat position - 5 minutes.

Information sources:
http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-miss/buk-m2e-i-tunguska-m1
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml
http://bastion-karpenko.ru/buk-m2
http://army-news.ru/2011/01/zenitnyj-kompleks-buk-m2e
http://ru.wikipedia.org

Since the late seventies, one of the main means of military air defense has been the Buk family of anti-aircraft missile systems. To date, several modifications of such equipment have been created and put into service, which are still in use today and will retain their place in the army in the near future.

SAM 9K37 "Buk"

The development of new anti-aircraft systems of the Buk family began in accordance with the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972. The resolution determined the organizations involved in the project and the basic requirements for it. According to the first technical specifications, the promising air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 “Cube” complex in the army. In addition, it was necessary to create a missile suitable for use both as part of the Buk complex and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The promising anti-aircraft complex was intended to equip military air defense, which affected the requirements for it. The developers were required to mount all units of the complex on a self-propelled chassis and ensure the ability to work in the same battle formations with tanks and other armored vehicles. The complex was supposed to combat aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at low and medium altitudes at ranges of up to 30 km. It was also necessary to ensure the ability to hit a target maneuvering with an overload of up to 10-12 units and using electronic countermeasures systems. In the future, it was planned to “teach” the complex to combat operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

Self-propelled firing system of the Buk-M1 complex

The Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) was chosen as the lead developer of the 9K37 Buk air defense system. In addition, a number of other organizations were involved in the project, including the NPO Phazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry and the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau. A.A. was appointed chief designer of the entire anti-aircraft complex. Rastov. The creation of the complex command post was led by G.N. Valaev, who was later replaced by V.I. Sokiran. The self-propelled firing system was developed under the leadership of V.V. Matyashev, and the head of work on the semi-active homing head was I.G. Akopyan. Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments, headed by A.P., were involved in the creation of the detection and target designation station. Vetoshko (later these works were supervised by Yu.P. Shchekotov).

It was planned to complete all work on the creation of the 9K37 complex by mid-1975. However, in the spring of 1974, it was decided to divide the work on the project into two independent areas. In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974, the creation of a new air defense system should be continued in two stages. First, it was necessary to bring the new 3M38 missile and self-propelled firing system (SOU) to mass production. At the same time, the latter should have been able to use the existing 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex, and also be built using components of the existing system.

It was assumed that already in the fall of 1974, the 9K37-1 Buk-1 complex would go into testing, and the development of a “full-fledged” 9K37 air defense system, based on new components, would continue according to the previously established schedule. Such an approach to the creation of new anti-aircraft systems should have ensured the earliest possible start of production and supply of new equipment capable of significantly increasing the combat potential of ground forces units.

The 9K37 complex included several main components. To monitor the air situation, it was proposed to use the detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 “Dome”; to launch missiles, a self-propelled firing unit (SOU) 9A310 and a launch-loading unit (PZU) 9A39 should be used. The coordination of the complex’s actions was to be carried out by the 9S470 command post. The means of hitting targets was the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM).

Launch-loading installation 9A39 of the Buk complex

SOC 9S18 "Dome" was a self-propelled vehicle on a tracked chassis, equipped with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar station designed to monitor the situation and provide target data to the command post. An electrically driven rotating antenna was installed on the roof of the base chassis. The maximum target detection range reached 115-120 km. In the case of low-flying targets, this parameter was seriously reduced. Thus, an aircraft flying at an altitude of 30 m could be detected only from 45 km. The SOC equipment had the ability to automatically adjust the operating frequency to maintain operability when the enemy uses active interference.

The main task of the Dome station was to search for targets and transmit data to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 s, 75 marks were transmitted. The 9S470 command post was made on the basis of a self-propelled chassis and equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing information and issuing target designations to launchers. The command post crew consisted of six people. For this purpose, the 9S470 machine was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post allowed the SOC to process messages about 46 targets at ranges of up to 100 km and altitudes of up to 20 km during one review period. The firing installations were provided with information about six targets.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 self-propelled firing system. This vehicle was a further development of the SOU 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex. A rotating launcher with four missile guides and a set of special electronic equipment was installed on a self-propelled tracked chassis. In front of the launcher there was a target tracking radar, which was also used for missile guidance.

To transport additional ammunition and load the self-propelled gun, the Buk air defense system included a 9A39 launcher-loader. This tracked vehicle is designed to transport eight missiles and reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on four fixed cradle and a special launcher. Depending on the existing situation, the crew of the vehicle could reload the missiles from the launcher to the launcher or launch them independently. At the same time, however, due to the lack of its own tracking radar, external target designation was required. A special crane was provided for reloading missiles.

The 9M38 rocket was made according to a single-stage design. It had a cylindrical body of great elongation with an ogival head fairing. In the middle part of the hull there were X-shaped wings of small aspect ratio, and in the tail there were rudders of a similar design. The missile, with a launch weight of 690 kg and a length of 5.5 m, was equipped with a semi-active radar homing head, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a dual-mode solid propellant engine. To avoid changes in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was placed in the central part of the housing and equipped with a long nozzle-gas duct.

Diagram of the 9M38 missile defense system

The new 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system made it possible to attack targets at ranges of up to 30 km and altitudes of up to 20 km. The reaction time was 22 s. It took about 5 minutes to get ready for work. A missile accelerating in flight to 850 m/s could hit a fighter-type target with a probability of up to 0.9. Hitting a helicopter with one missile was guaranteed with a probability of up to 0.6. The probability of destroying the cruise missile of the first missile defense system did not exceed 0.5.

Joint testing of the new air defense system began in November 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. The testing site was the Emba training ground. During the tests, the combat operation of the complex was tested in various conditions and against various conditional targets. In particular, standard equipment (SOTs 9S18) or other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During the test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was found that the new 9K37 air defense system has a number of important advantages over existing equipment. The composition of the radio-electronic equipment of the SOC and SOU ensured greater reliability of target detection due to simultaneous monitoring of the air situation. A complex with six 9A310 vehicles could simultaneously attack up to six targets. At the same time, the possibility of simultaneously performing several combat missions using the self-propelled firing systems’ own equipment was not excluded. The updated composition of the equipment of various elements of the complex, including the missile, provided greater noise immunity. Finally, the missile carried a larger warhead, which increased the likelihood of hitting a target.

Based on the results of tests and modifications, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. As part of the air defense of the ground forces, new complexes were used as part of anti-aircraft missile brigades. Each such formation included one brigade control center from the Polyana-D4 automated control system, as well as four divisions. The division had its own command post 9S470, a detection and target designation station 9S18 and three batteries with two SOU 9A310 and one ROM 9A39 in each. In addition, the brigades had communications, technical support and maintenance units.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1"/"Kub-M4"

In connection with the need to quickly begin rearmament of air defense units of the ground forces, in 1974 it was decided to develop a simplified version of the 9K37 complex, built using existing components and assemblies. It was assumed that the new air defense systems, called 9K37-1 Buk-1, would be able to complement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. Thus, each of the five batteries of the regiment was to contain a new 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Buk-1 complex.

Start-charging installations

Calculations showed that the cost of one 9A38 vehicle would be about a third of the cost of all other battery assets, but in this case it would be possible to ensure a noticeable increase in combat capabilities. The number of target channels of the regiment could be increased from 5 to 10, and the number of missiles ready for use increased from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units with the help of new combat vehicles fully paid off.

In its architecture, the SOU 9A38 differed little from the 9A310. A rotating platform with a launcher and a 9S35 detection, tracking and illumination radar station was mounted on a tracked chassis. The 9A38 self-propelled gun launcher had interchangeable guides for the use of two types of missiles. Depending on the situation, combat mission and available resources, the complex could use the new 9M38 missiles or the 9M9M3 missiles available to the troops.

State tests of the 9K37-1 air defense system started in August 1975 and were carried out at the Emba training ground. The tests used the new SOU 9A38 and existing vehicles of other types. Target detection was carried out using the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit of the Kub-M3 complex, and the missiles were launched from the 9A38 and 2P25M3 SOU. All available types of missiles were used.

During the tests, it was found that the 9S35 radar of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system is capable of independently detecting air targets at distances of up to 65-70 km (at altitudes of at least 3 km). When the target was flying at an altitude of no more than 100 m, the maximum detection range was reduced to 35-40 km. At the same time, the actual target detection parameters depended on the limited capabilities of the Kub-M3 equipment. Combat characteristics, such as range or altitude to hit a target, depended on the type of missile used.

SOU of the Buk-M1 complex

The new 9K37-1 air defense system, consisting of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile, was put into service in 1978. As part of its adoption into service, the Buk-1 complex received a new designation. Since the SOU and the missile were in fact only an addition to the existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the complex using the 9A38 vehicle received the designation 2K12M4 Kub-M4. Thus, the 9K37-1 air defense system, being a simplified version of the Buk complex, was formally assigned to the previous Kub family, which at that time was the basis of the air defense systems of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

On November 30, 1979, a new resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued, which required the development of a new version of the Buk air defense system. This time it was necessary to improve the combat characteristics of the complex, as well as increase the level of protection against interference and anti-radar missiles. By the beginning of 1982, the organizations involved in the development of the project completed the creation of updated elements of the complex, due to which it was planned to increase the main parameters of the system.

The Buk-M1 project proposed updating the on-board equipment of several vehicles, which would improve their performance. At the same time, the modernized complex did not differ significantly from the existing one. Thanks to this, various vehicles from the Buk and Buk-M1 air defense systems were interchangeable and could operate as part of one unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were improved. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the modernized SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect targets. It was now proposed to mount a new radar station with a phased array antenna on the tracked chassis. In order to increase the degree of unification of air defense systems, it was decided to build the Kupol-M1 station on the basis of the GM-567M chassis, similar to that used as part of other elements of the complex.

Detection and target designation station 9S18M1 of the Buk-M1 complex

To process information received from the SOC, it was now proposed to use the updated 9S470M1 command post with a new set of equipment. The modernized command post ensured simultaneous reception of data from the complex's SOC and from the division's air defense control center. In addition, a training mode was provided that made it possible to train the calculations of all means of the complex.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system of the Buk-M1 air defense system received an updated tracking and illumination radar. Due to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the target acquisition range by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing aerodynamic and ballistic targets was increased to 0.6. To increase noise immunity, the SOU had 72 letter backlight frequencies, i.e. twice as much as the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations affected the combat effectiveness of the complex. While maintaining the general parameters of the range and altitude of hitting targets, and also without using a new missile, the probability of hitting an enemy fighter with one missile defense system increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, and the same parameter for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, tests of the modernized 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system were carried out at the Emba training ground. Checks showed a noticeable increase in the main characteristics in comparison with existing systems, which made it possible to adopt the new system for service. The official adoption of the complex into service with the air defense forces of the ground forces took place in 1983. Serial production of the modernized equipment was carried out at enterprises that had previously participated in the construction of the Buk complexes of the first two models.

Command post 9S470 of the Buk-M1-2 complex

The new type of serial equipment was used in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. Elements of the Buk-M1 complex were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual assets of the complex, the standard organization of anti-aircraft units did not change. In addition, if necessary, the simultaneous use of vehicles of the Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in the same units was allowed.

The Buk-M1 air defense system became the first system of its family to be offered to foreign customers. The complex was supplied to foreign armies under the name “Ganges”. For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of public debt.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

Back in the late eighties, the development of an updated air defense system of the Buk family with a new 9M317 missile, designated 9K317 Buk-M2, was completed. Due to the new guided munition, it was planned to significantly increase the range and altitude of hitting targets. In addition, the characteristics of the system should have been affected by the use of a number of new equipment installed on different machines of the complex.

Unfortunately, the economic situation in the country did not allow the new complex to be adopted in the late eighties or early nineties. The issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was eventually resolved through the “transitional” complex “Buk-M1-2”. At the same time, the development of the 9K317 system continued. Work on the updated Buk-M2 project and its export version Buk-M2E continued until the mid-2000s.

SOU of the Buk-M2 complex

The main innovation of the Buk-M2 project was the new 9M317 guided missile. The new missile defense system differed from the 9M38 in having shorter wings, a modified hull design and a starting weight of about 720 kg. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the maximum firing range to 45 km. The maximum flight altitude of the attacked target increased to 25 km. To expand the combat capabilities of the hull, the missile received the ability to disable a remote fuse with detonation of the warhead at the command of a contact one. A similar operating mode is proposed for using the missile against ground or surface targets.

The 9K317 complex received an updated SOU type 9A317 based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. The general architecture of the firing installation remains the same, but the new vehicle is built on the basis of modern components and new equipment. As before, the SOU is capable of independently finding and tracking a target, launching a 9M317 missile and tracking its trajectory, making adjustments if necessary using a radio command system.

SOU 9A317 is equipped with a tracking and illumination radar with a phased array antenna. The station is capable of tracking targets in a sector 90° wide in azimuth and from 0° to 70° in elevation. Ensures target detection at ranges up to 20 km. In tracking mode, the target can be within a sector 130° wide in azimuth and from -5° to +85° in elevation. The station simultaneously detects up to 10 targets and can provide simultaneous attacks on four.

To improve the characteristics of the complex and ensure operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled firing system has an optical-electronic system with day and night channels.

Launch-loading installation of the Buk-M2 complex

The Buk-M2 complex can be equipped with two types of launch-loading installation. A self-propelled vehicle has been developed based on the GM-577 chassis and towed with a vehicle tractor. The general architecture remains the same: four missiles are located on a launcher and can be launched or loaded onto a launcher. Another four are transported on transport cradles.

The modernized complex included a new command post 9S510 based on the GM-579 chassis or on a towed semi-trailer. The command post automation can receive information from surveillance equipment and track up to 60 routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. The reaction time does not exceed 2 s.

The main means of target detection in the Buk-M2 air defense system is the SOC 9S18M1-3, which is a further development of the family’s systems. The new radar is equipped with a phased array antenna with electronic scanning and is capable of detecting air targets at ranges of up to 160 km. Operating modes are provided to ensure target detection when the enemy uses active and passive jamming.

It was proposed to introduce the so-called self-propelled/towed vehicles of the Buk-M2 complex. target illumination and missile guidance station. The new 9S36 vehicle is a tracked chassis or a towed semi-trailer with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Such equipment allows you to raise a phased array antenna to a height of up to 22 m and thereby improve the characteristics of the radar. Due to the relatively high altitude, target detection is ensured at ranges of up to 120 km. In terms of tracking and guidance characteristics, the 9S36 station corresponds to the radar of self-propelled fire vehicles. With its help, 10 targets are tracked and 4 are simultaneously fired.

All innovations and changes in the composition of the complex have significantly improved its characteristics. The maximum target interception range is stated at 50 km, the maximum altitude is 25 km. The greatest range is achieved when attacking non-maneuvering aircraft. Interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles can be carried out at ranges of up to 20 km and altitudes of up to 16 km. It is also possible to destroy helicopters, cruise and anti-radar missiles. If necessary, the air defense missile system crew can attack surface or radio-contrast ground targets.

Target illumination and missile guidance radar 9S36 of the Buk-M2 complex. Antenna raised to working position

The first version of the 9K317 project was developed back in the late eighties, but the difficult economic situation did not allow the new air defense system to be put into service. Operation of this complex by the troops began only in 2008. By this time, the air defense system had undergone some modifications, which made it possible to further improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous economic and political problems did not allow the new 9K317 air defense system to be adopted and put into production. For this reason, in 1992, it was decided to develop a simplified “transitional” version of the complex, which would use some elements of the Buk-2, but would be simpler and cheaper. A similar version of the air defense system received the designations “Buk-M1-2” and “Ural.”

The modernized Ural air defense system includes several updated vehicles, which represent a further development of older types of equipment. To launch missiles and illuminate the target, the 9A310M1-2 SOU was proposed, working in conjunction with the 9A38M1 launch-loading machine. The SOC remained the same - the Buk-M1-2 complex was supposed to use the 9S18M1 station. The auxiliary means of the complex have not undergone major changes.

In order to increase the secrecy of operation and, as a result, survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks to be solved, the self-propelled firing system received the ability to passively find a target. For this it was proposed to use a television-optical viewfinder and a laser rangefinder. Such equipment should have been used when attacking ground or surface targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the creation of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting an aerodynamic or ballistic target with one missile has increased. There is now a full-fledged possibility of using the SOU 9A310M1-2 as an independent air defense weapon, capable of finding and destroying air targets without outside help.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system was adopted by the Russian army in 1998. Subsequently, several contracts were signed for the supply of similar equipment to domestic and foreign customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

In the second half of the 2000s, an export version of the Buk-M2 complex was presented under the designation 9K317E Buk-M2E. It is a modified version of the basic system, which has some differences in the composition of electronic and computing equipment. Due to some improvements, it was possible to improve some system indicators, primarily related to its operation.

SOU "Buk-M2E" on a wheeled chassis

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the basic one are the modernization of electronic equipment, carried out with the widespread use of modern digital computers. Due to its high performance, such equipment allows not only to perform combat missions, but also to work in training mode to prepare crews. Information about the operation of systems and air conditions is now displayed on LCD monitors.

Instead of the original teleoptical viewfinder, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and automatically track targets at any time of the day and in any weather conditions. Communications equipment, equipment for documenting the operation of the complex, and a number of other systems were also updated.

The self-propelled fire vehicle of the 9K317E complex can be built on a tracked or wheeled chassis. Several years ago, a version of such a combat vehicle based on the MZKT-6922 wheeled chassis was presented. Thanks to this, a potential customer can choose a chassis that fully meets his requirements for the mobility of the air defense system.

SAM "Buk-M3"

Several years ago, it was announced the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family. The 9K37M3 Buk-M3 air defense system should be a further development of the family with increased characteristics and combat capabilities. According to some reports, it was proposed to fulfill the requirements by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 complex with new modern digital equipment.

Estimated appearance of the Buk-M3 missile launcher

According to available data, the Buk-M3 complex will receive a set of new equipment with improved characteristics. The combat qualities are planned to be improved through the use of a new missile in combination with a modified self-propelled firing system. Instead of an open launcher, the new self-propelled gun should receive lifting mechanisms with fastenings for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M missile will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Among other things, such changes to the complex will increase the amount of ammunition available for use.

The available photo of the Buk-M3 system shows a vehicle based on a tracked chassis with a rotating platform on which two swinging packages with six missile containers on each are mounted. Thus, without radically reworking the design of the self-propelled gun, it was possible to double the ammunition capacity ready for firing.

The detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 air defense system remain unknown. Domestic media, citing unnamed sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile will make it possible to attack targets at ranges of up to 75 km and hit them with one missile with a probability of at least 0.95-0.97. It was also reported that by the end of this year the Buk-M3 experimental complex must undergo the entire range of tests, after which it will be put into service. Serial production and deliveries of new equipment to the troops, therefore, can begin in 2016.

According to rumors, the domestic defense industry intends to continue the development of Buk anti-aircraft missile systems. The next air defense system of the family, according to some sources, may receive the designation “Buk-M4”. It is too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. To date, apparently, even the general requirements for it have not been determined.

Based on materials from sites:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
http://pvo.guns.ru/
http://nevskii-bastion.ru/
http://vz.ru/
http://lenta.ru/

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DATA FOR 2017 (in progress)
9K37 Buk complex, 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2", missiles 9M38 and 9M317 - SA-11 GADFLY

Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system / air defense system of the operational (army) air defense unit of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrumentation. The chief designer of the air defense system is A.A. Rastov.

The development of a complex to replace the military air defense system "Cube" began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972 by almost the same composition of enterprises that created the air defense system "Cube":

• . Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov (former OKB-15 GKAT):
• - the complex as a whole (chief designer A.A. Rastov);
• - command post 9S470 (lead designer G.N. Valaev, later - V.I. Sokiran);
• - self-propelled firing systems 9A38 (leading designer V.V. Matyashev);
• - semi-active radar seeker 9E50 of the 9M38 missile (lead designer I.G. Akopyan);
• . Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP - detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome" (chief designer A.P. Vetoshko, later - Yu.P. Shchekotov);
• . OKB "Novator" - 9M38 rocket (chief designer L.V. Lyulev);
• . MKB "Start" (former OKB-203 GKAT) - launch-loading installation 9A39 (chief designer A.I. Yaskin);
• . OKB-40 Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) - chassis of the complex (chief designer N.A. Astrov);

Simultaneously with the creation of an air defense system for ground forces with the 9M38 missile, it was planned to create a naval air defense system M-22 "Hurricane".

Initially, it was planned to complete the development of the air defense system in the second quarter of 1975, but when it became clear that the task was somewhat more complicated than it seemed, it was decided to divide the development of the air defense system into two stages (by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974):

• . The first stage included the development of the 9M38 missile defense system and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and their inclusion as the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system in the 2K12 Kub-M3 air defense system. It was planned to include one 9A38 self-propelled firing system in each battery of the Kub-M3 air defense system. Joint testing of such an air defense system was planned to begin in September 1974. In this configuration, the air defense system became known as 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" and was put into service in 1978.
• . The second stage included the creation of the Buk air defense system itself, consisting of a 9S18 detection station, a 9S470 command post, a 9A310 self-propelled firing system, and a 9A39 launcher-loading system with 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Tests of the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system took place at the Emba test site from August 1975 to October 1976 as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system (SURN), the 9A38 self-propelled firing system (SOU), and the self-propelled launcher (SPU) ) 2P25M3, with 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles, with a 9V881 maintenance vehicle (MTO). Under the name of the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system, the complex was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces in 1978. After the start of mass production, the new air defense system entered service with the troops.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its entirety (without the Kub air defense system) were carried out at the Emba training ground from November 1977 to March 1979. In 1980, the full complement of the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

SAM 9K37M1. From left to right: command post 9S470M1, SOC 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1", SOU 9A310M1, PZU 9A39M1 and transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (photo by Leonid Yakutin, archive http://vpk-news.ru).

Production. After the Buk-1 air defense system was adopted into service in 1978 (as part of the Kub-M4 air defense system), serial production of 9A38 self-propelled firing systems began at the Ulyanovsk MRP Mechanical Plant. The production of the 9M38 missile defense system was carried out at the Dolgoprudnensky Machine-Building Plant. After the 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted, serial production of the 9S470 KP, 9S18 SOC and 9A310 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The production of ROM 9A39 was located at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after Kalinin.

The modernization of the 9K37 air defense system (9K37M1 "Buk-M1") was started according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979 with the aim of increasing the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. Tests of the modernized version of the 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system were carried out at the Emba test site from February to December 1982. It was found that the new air defense system has a larger kill zone, ensures the destruction of cruise missiles with a probability of at least 0.4 and helicopters with a higher probability than the 9K37. After testing in 1983, the new air defense system was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces. Serial production was carried out by the same cooperation of enterprises that produced components of the Buk air defense system.

In 1994-1997 The cooperation of enterprises led by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute carried out the modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system using a new missile as part of the complex and giving the air defense system the ability to destroy Lance-type ballistic missiles, high-precision small-sized and ground targets.

SAM assignments:
9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" - the complex is designed to strengthen military air defense systems of the 2K12M3 "Kub-M3" type in terms of channel and missile ammunition. Each Kub air defense system battery was supplemented by one 9A28 self-propelled firing system, which could be used with both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles. The air defense system entered service in 1978.

SOU 9A38 with 3M9M3 missiles.

The 9K37 "Buk" air defense system is designed for air defense of troops and objects against modern aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 m/s at medium and low altitudes and maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 G at a range of up to 30 km. It was assumed that the air defense system in the future would be able to hit tactical missiles of the Lance type.

9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system - launched according to the Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The purpose of modernization is to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. The air defense systems provide recognition of target types - airplanes, helicopters and ballistic missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1983. Export name "Ganges".

The 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system is a modernized version of the "Buk-M1" air defense system. The complex is designed for air defense of troops and facilities against modern and future high-speed maneuvering aircraft of tactical and strategic aviation, fire support helicopters, including hovering helicopters, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles, in conditions of a massive raid using intense radio and fire countermeasures, as well as destruction of surface and ground targets and can be used in air defense, missile defense and coastal defense systems. A modernized version of the Buk-M1 air defense system using new generation radio-electronic equipment and the possibility of using the new 9M317 missile.

Composition of the complex(divisional set):

	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" (composition of the SAM battery)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" ( ist. - Anti-aircraft)
Command post (CP)		1 unit - 9С470	1 unit - 9С470М1	1 unit - 9S470M1-2
	1 unit SURN 1S91M3	1 unit - 9S18 "Dome"	1 unit - 9S18M1 "Dome-M1"	1 unit - 9S18M1-1 (in some sources 9S18M1-2)
	4 units SPU 2P25M3 air defense missile system "Cube" 1 unit SOU 9A38 (3 missiles each)	6 units - 9A310 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1-2 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries
Start-charging units (ROM)		3 units - 9A39 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries	3 units - 9A39M1 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries	up to 6 units - 9A39M1-2 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries
Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM)	15 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 72 units 9M38M1 9M317
Technical means of the complex	maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881; - repair and maintenance machines 9V883, 9V884, 9V894; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95 missile defense system; - transport vehicle 9T229 with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - repair and maintenance vehicles 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95M1 missile defense system on the ZIL-131 chassis and trailer; - transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (transportation of 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles) with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M; - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 on the ZIL-131 chassis.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V884M1 for routine repair and maintenance of gearboxes, SOU and ROM (1 unit); - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 or MTO-AG3-M1 for routine repair and maintenance of tracked chassis KP, SOTs, SOU and PZU (1 unit); - repair and maintenance vehicles (MRTO); - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for comprehensive testing of on-board missile defense equipment - 1 pc. for four complexes (AKIS 9V930M-1 can be supplied with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system); - transport vehicles (TM) 9T243 with a set of rigging equipment (KTO) 9T318-1 for loading and unloading operations - 12 pcs. into four complexes; - compressor station UKS - 400V-P4M; - mobile power station PES - 100-T/230-Ch/400-A1RK1; - operational training missile 9M317 UD; - 9M317 UR training missile; - overall weight mock-up 9M317GMM.

Performance characteristics of the Buk type air defense system:

	TTZ on the 9K37 Buk air defense system	9K37-1 "Buk-1" (based on test data, unless otherwise stated)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
Detection range of air targets by division means in centralized mode (SURN or SOC)		Aircraft: 44 km ((at altitudes above 3000 m) 21-28 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) The lower performance of the mode was explained by the lower capabilities of SURN 1S91M2 / 1S91M3
Detection range of SAO air targets in autonomous mode		Aircraft: 65-77 km (at altitudes above 3000 m) 32-42 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) Helicopters: 21-35 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m)
Range (fighter class aircraft)	up to 30 km	3.4 - 20.5 km (at altitudes above 3000 m according to test data) 5 - 15.4 km (at altitudes of about 30 m according to test data) 3.5 - 25-30 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 25 km (according to test results) up to 30 km (at target speeds up to 300 m/s, according to test results)	3 - 32-35 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 45 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (AGM-86/Tomahawk type CD)	-	-	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (OTR type "Lance", "HARM")	in perspective	-	-	-	up to 20 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (ground targets)			-	-	25 km (ships) 15 km (ground targets) 3 - 25 km (official performance characteristics)
Exchange rate parameter			18 km (based on test results)
Target engagement altitude (fighter class aircraft)		30 - 14000 m (according to test results) 25 - 18000-20000 m (official performance characteristics)	25 - 18000 m (according to test results)	15 - 22000 m (official performance characteristics)	15 - 25000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement height (Lance type OTR)			-	-	2000 - 16000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement altitude (HARM missiles)			-	-	100 - 15000 m (official performance characteristics)
Number of targets simultaneously fired by the complex			6 (divisional set with 1 command post and 6 fire control systems)	18	22
Maximum target speed	830 m/s		800 m/s (based on test results)	800 m/s	1100-1200 m/s
Overload target	up to 10-12G
Probability of hitting a target with one missile defense system (fighter class aircraft)		0.7-0.93 (9M38, according to test data)	0.7-0.8 (according to test results) 0.6 (when maneuvering targets with overloads up to 8G, according to test results)	0,8-0,95	0,9-0,95
Probability of hitting a target with one missile (helicopter)			0.3-0.6 (official performance characteristics)	0.6-0.7 (Hugh Cobra type helicopters, according to test results) 0.3-0.4 (hovering helicopters at a range of 3.5 - 6-10 km, according to test results)	0,3-0,6
Probability of hitting a target with one SAM (cruise missile)			0.25-0.5 (official performance characteristics)	0.4-0.6 (according to test results)	0,5-0,7

Command posts (CP) provides reception, display and processing of information about targets coming from the detection and target designation station (STS) and self-propelled firing systems (SFA), as well as from higher command posts - for example, from the command post of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU "Polyana"). Provides target distribution between the JMA in automatic and manual mode and assignment of sectors of responsibility of the JMA. Recording and display of information on combat-ready missiles on the SOU and ROM, on the letters of the SOU target illumination transmitters, and on their operation on targets is maintained.

Information about targets was redistributed between the SDA, which tracked targets in their sectors and engaged targets as they entered the affected area. The missile division could simultaneously fire at 6 targets.

Detection and targeting station (SOC)- a self-propelled station with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar provides detection of air targets with the transmission of information about them to the division command post. Radar information from the SOC was transmitted to the command post via a telecode communication line. The SOC includes an antenna post (a truncated parabolic profile reflector, a feed unit), an antenna folding device, a transmitting device (power up to 3.5 kW), and a receiving device (noise factor no more than 8).

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Initially, the development of the SOC 9S18 "Dome" was carried out outside the framework of work on the Buk air defense system, but as a means of detecting air targets of the divisional air defense unit of the ground forces.

	9S18 "Dome" / 1RL135 / TUBE ARM	9S18M1 "Dome-M1"
SAM	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification		New radar and equipment, new design solution
Chassis	"object 124" of the SU-100P family	GM-567M
Calculation	3 people
Length		9.59 m
Width		3.25 m
Height		3.25 m (8.02 m in working position)
Weight of SOC	28.5 t	35 t
Radar type	Three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector in elevation and mechanical electric rotation of the antenna in azimuth	Radar with flat elevation phased array
Sector of review	Horizontal - circular or specified sector Elevation angle - 30 or 40 degrees
Target detection range	110-120 km (flight altitude more than 3000 m) 45 km (flight altitude about 30 m) 50 km (fighter type target with noise interference)
Review speed	4.5 - 18 s with all-round viewing (depending on the sector in elevation) 2.5 - 4.5 s (when viewing in a sector of 30 degrees)
Information transfer rate	75 target marks per review period (4.5 sec)
Radar accuracy	Root mean square errors of target coordinates: - no more than 20 minutes in azimuth and elevation - no more than 130 m in range
Radar resolution	Range - no worse than 300 m In azimuth and elevation - no more than 4 degrees.
Anti-interference	To protect against targeted interference, frequency tuning was used from pulse to pulse. To protect against reciprocal interference, frequency tuning and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel were also used, and against non-synchronous pulse interference, a change in the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections was also used. Protection against anti-radar missiles was provided by software tuning the carrier frequency by 1.3 s and switching to circular polarization of sounding signals or to intermittent radiation mode.
Probability of tracking targets	not less than 0.5 against the background of local objects and in conditions of interference due to the moving target selection system with automatic wind speed compensation
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	5 minutes
	20 s

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" in stowed position (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Self-propelled firing systems (SOU): The SOU ensures the search for air targets in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of targets for tracking, guidance of missiles on the SLA itself and the associated SPU or ROM, the SOU receives target designation from the SURN (SOU 9A38) or from the division command post (9A310, etc.).

The SOU searched for and captured targets based on target designation from the complex's command post (with SURN in the case of the Buk-1 air defense system) and launched missiles at the captured target after the target entered the affected area. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at the target. The self-propelled gun could carry out a fire mission to hit a target independently - without target designation from the division command post.

	9A38	9A310	9A310M1
SAM	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4"	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification			Ensured target acquisition for automatic tracking at longer ranges (25-30%), recognition of aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles is ensured with a probability of at least 0.6
Chassis	GM-569 developed by the Metrovagonmash plant Engine - multi-fuel liquid-cooled diesel with a power of 710-840 hp. Base - 4605 mm Ground clearance - 450 mm Chassis weight - 24 t Payload weight - 11.5 t Maximum speed on the highway - 65 km/h Fuel range - 500 km Operating temperature - from -50 degrees C to +50 degrees C	GM-569
Calculation	4 people	4 people
Length		9.3 m
Width		3.25 m (9.03 m in working position - swept area)
Height		3.8 m (7.72 m maximum height in working position)
Installation weight	34 t	32.4 t
Mated SPU / ROM	SPU 2P25M3	ROM 9A39 (standard 1 ROM per battery of 2 SDUs)
Rockets	3 x 3M9M3 or 3 x 9M38 on replaceable guides	4 x 9M38
Air target detection equipment	Radar 9S35 FIRE DOM centimeter range, a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed (target detection and tracking) and continuous radiation (target illumination and missile defense). The sector search was carried out by rotating the antenna. Number of letter frequencies - 36 Target tracking in angular coordinates and range was carried out using the monopulse method; signals were processed by a digital computer. The beam width of the target tracking channel antenna is 1.3 degrees in azimuth and 2.5 degrees in elevation The beam width of the target illumination channel is 1.4 degrees in azimuth and 2.65 degrees in elevation Search sector - 120 degrees in azimuth and 6-7 degrees in elevation Search sector review time: - offline mode - 4 s - target designation mode (10 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation) - 2 s The transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel is average: - when using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW - when using signals with linear frequency modulation - no less than 0.5 kW The power of the target illumination transmitter is average - at least 2 kW Noise figure of survey and direction-finding receivers - no more than 10 dB The time for transferring the radar from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s Accuracy of target speed determination - 10-30 m/s Maximum range error - no more than 175 m Root mean square errors in determining angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference Launch blocking is provided when accompanied by “one’s own” aircraft TV-optical viewfinder	Radar 9S35 Number of letter frequencies - 36	Radar 9S35M1 Number of letter frequencies - 72
Number of target channels	1 target, 2 missiles	1 target, 2 missiles
avionics	BCVM Ground-based radar interrogator of the Password identification system Means of telecode communication with SURN Means of wired communication with the mating SPU
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
	Life supporting system
Operating time (from target detection to missile launch)	24-27 s
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s	no more than 20 s
	9 min (3 x 3M9M3 missiles or 3 x 9M38 missiles)	12 min (with ROM) 16 min (from a transport vehicle)

Start-charging installations(ROM) - intended for transportation, storage, reloading and launching of 9M38 missiles. The combat operation of the ROM was carried out under the control of the SOU 9A310. Self-charging was provided from a transport vehicle or from the ground using its own crane.

	9A39
SAM	9K37 "Buk"
Chassis	GM-577
Calculation	3 people
Length	9.96 m
Width	3.316 m
Height	3.8 m
Installation weight	35.5 t
Mated SDA	9A310
Rockets	4 x 9M38 on launcher 4 x 9M38 on ammunition carriers
Number of target channels	1 (provided by SOU)
avionics	BCVM Telecode communication means Wired communication means with mating control system Navigation, topographical and orientation equipment
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
Energy and other equipment	Autonomous power supply system with gas turbine generator Life supporting system
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s
Loading or discharging time of the self-propelled gun	26 min (from a transport vehicle)

Anti-aircraft guided missiles: The Buk missile system uses 9M38 missiles, created taking into account the experience of creating 3M9 Kub air defense missiles. In addition to the Buk air defense system, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles are also used in the M-22 Uragan naval air defense system.

	9M38	9M317 / 9M317E (export version)
Development	The rocket was developed by the Novator Design Bureau, chief designer L.V. Lyulev	The missile was developed by the design bureau of the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise, chief designer V.P. Entov
Design	The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with an X-shaped wing of low aspect ratio with a large wing chord length. Rocket layout: - semi-active seeker in the bow - rocket control system equipment (autopilot) - power supply - warhead - engine - tail compartment The rocket has no parts that separate during flight	The missile has a similar design, but is equipped with a wing with a significantly smaller chord.
Propulsion system	Dual-mode (starter, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct, the engine housing design is made using a metal alloy. Solid propellant motor operating time - approx. 15 s	Dual-mode (launch, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct
Control system	Autopilot with semi-active radar seeker, homing is carried out using the proportional navigation method with target acquisition by the missile seeker after launch, target illumination is carried out by the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar The missile is equipped with a radio fuse, which was cocked when approaching the target and ensured the detonation of the warhead at a distance of 17 m from the target. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the missile self-destructed.	Inertial control system with radio correction combined with a semi-active radar seeker with an on-board computer with guidance using the proportional navigation method / The missile is equipped with a two-channel fuse - active pulse and semi-active radar, as well as a system of contact sensors.
TTX rockets:
Length	5500 mm	5550 mm
Aerodynamic rudder span	860 mm	860 mm
Case diameter	- front compartment - 330 mm	- front compartment - 330 mm - largest diameter - 400 mm
Rocket mass	685 kg	715 kg
Warhead mass	70 kg
Range	3.5 - 25-30 km
Target engagement height	25 - 18000-20000 m
Probability of an aircraft being hit by one missile defense system	0.7-0.93 (according to tests)
Maximum rocket speed	1000 m/s
Maximum overload when maneuvering	up to 19 G	up to 24 G
Warranty period of storage	10 years
Warhead		with semi-finished submunitions
Auxiliary equipment	transport container 9Я266

Modifications:
Complex 9K37-1 "Buk-1", missile 9M38 - SA-X-11 GADFLY - the first version of the complex, adopted for service in 1978 as part of the 2K121M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system. It included the 9A38 SOU and 9M38 missiles.

The 9K37 Buk complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY - is the first full-fledged modification of the Buk air defense system. It included a command post, SOC, SOU, ROM, 9M38 missiles and maintenance equipment. The air defense system entered service in 1980.

Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY - the first modification of the Buk air defense system. Started by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The air defense system was put into service in 1983.

The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 complex, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles - SA-11 GADFLY - is a variant of deep modernization of the Buk air defense system, bringing the capabilities of the Buk-M1 air defense system closer to the capabilities of the Buk-M2 air defense system. Entered into service in 1998.

Infrastructure:
The 9K37 "Buk" air defense missile system was organized organizationally into anti-aircraft missile brigades consisting of:
- command post / combat control point of the anti-aircraft missile brigade ACS "Polyana-D4";
- 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions of the 9K37 Buk complexes with their own communications platoons (2 batteries per division, each battery has 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39);
- technical support and maintenance departments.

Organizationally, the anti-aircraft missile brigade was subordinate to the army air defense command post.

Status: USSR / Russia
- 1978 - the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system was adopted, which included components of the 9K37-1 "Buk-1" air defense system.

1980 - the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

1983 - the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 air defense system was adopted.

1991 - about 300 SOU 9A310 and PZU 9A39 were transferred from the USSR Armed Forces to the armed forces of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR ( ist. - Beech).

2016 - at least 350 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems in the ground forces, there are no 9K37 type air defense systems in other branches of the military.

Export: The Buk-M1 air defense system was offered for export under the name "Gang".

Azerbaijan:
- 2013 - 1 9K317 or 9K37MB air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered in 2013 from Belarus ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 June 26 - at a military parade in Baku, equipment purchased from Belarus for the modernized Buk-MB air defense system is shown, in particular 6 SOU 9A310MB, 3 ROM 9A39MB, a combat control point 9S470MB and a radar station 80K6M. The complex is equipped with 9M317 missiles.

Belarus:
- May 2005 - the Belarusian version of the modernization of the 9K37 "Buk" complex - the 9K37MB "Buk-MB" air defense system was presented. Composition of the complex:
- 6 SOU 9A310MB
- 3 ROMs 9A39MB
- combat control point 9S470MB
- radar station 80K6M
The means of the complex have been modified for the use of 9M317 missiles (manufactured by OJSC Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise). In addition, the standard radar of the Buk-M1 air defense system 9S18M1 was replaced by a mobile three-dimensional all-round radar 80K6M on the MZKT Volat wheeled chassis, a joint Belarusian-Ukrainian development.
- 2016 - in service with 12 batteries of 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Georgia:
- 2008 - several 9K37 type air defense systems, previously supplied from Ukraine, were in service and took part in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict in August 2008.
- 2008 August 7-12 - Georgian air defense systems shot down several Russian Air Force aircraft - Tu-22MR (Tu-22M3R) - Buk-M1 air defense system was shot down, as well as several Su-25s.
- 2016 - in the armed forces of the 1-2 division of the Buk-M1 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Egypt:
- 1992 - shows interest in acquiring an air defense system.
- 2007 - 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2016 - more than 40 units of 9K37 air defense systems (SOU + ROM) in service ( ist. - Beech).

Iran:
- 1993 - according to the newspaper "Mond" (France), in 1992 there were the first deliveries of the SA-11 air defense system.

Myanmar:
- 2007 - negotiations were conducted with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Syria:
- 1986 - first deliveries of air defense systems.
- 2008 - according to the Center for Analysis of World Arms Trade, 18 Buk-M2E air defense systems were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2010-2013 - according to SIPRI, 8 Buk-M2E air defense systems and 160 9M317 missiles were to be delivered to Syria ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 - in service with 6 to 20 Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 air defense systems with 9M317 missiles. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 units of Buk air defense systems in Syria ( ist. - Beech).

Ukraine:
- 1991 - a large number of air defense systems remained in the Ukrainian Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR.
- 2016 - equipped with 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Finland:
- January 1997 - the first division of the Buk-M1 air defense system was delivered; by May 1997, 2 more divisions should be delivered. Deliveries are made to pay off the debts of the USSR to Finland. In total, 3 divisions (18 self-propelled guns and missile launchers, 288 9M38 missiles) of the Buk-M1 air defense system were delivered.
- 2008 - Buk air defense systems were removed from service. The air defense systems were on combat duty to guard Helsinki. The decision was made due to the fact that the air defense missile system control systems are subject to decryption.

Sources:
Angelsky R.D., Shestov I.V. Domestic anti-aircraft missile systems. M, Publishing house "Astrel", publishing house "AST", 2002
Buk (anti-aircraft missile system). 2017 (