Registers provoking an indicative reaction. Approximate response and habituation
(English orienting response) - a multicomponent reflex (involuntary) reaction of the human and animal body, caused by the novelty of the stimulus. Syn. orientation reflex, exploratory reflex, “What is this?” reflex, activation reaction, etc. In the complex of components of the O. r. include: 1) movements of the head, eyes and (in many mammals, also ears) in the direction of the source of irritation (motor component), 2) dilation of brain vessels with simultaneous narrowing of peripheral vessels, changes in breathing and electrical muscle tone (vegetative component), and also 3) an increase in the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex, manifested in the form of a decrease in the amplitude of the alpha rhythm, the so-called. depression of the electroencephalogram (neurophysiological component), 4) increase in absolute and/or differential sensory sensitivity, including an increase in the critical frequency of flicker fusion and spatial visual acuity (sensory component). (See Attention, Attention physiological mechanisms.)O. R. has a pronounced dynamics over time. Initially, when a new stimulus is presented, all components of the OR are manifested, forming the so-called. generalized O. r. At the same time, depression of the alpha rhythm is recorded in many areas of the cortex. After 15-20 presentations of the same stimulus, some of the components of the OR. fades away. Depression of the alpha rhythm is recorded only in the cortical projection of the corresponding analyzer. This phenomenon is called local OR. With further presentation of the intrusive stimulus, even local O. r. fades away; the irritant, having long ceased to be new to the body, continues to cause only the so-called. evoked potentials of the cerebral cortex: this suggests that nerve impulses caused by an external stimulus reach the cortex even after the complete extinction of O. r. A distinctive feature of the extinction of O. r. - selectivity in relation to the stimulus. A change in the characteristics of the stimulus after extinction has been achieved leads to the appearance of O. r. as a response to novelty. By changing different stimulus parameters, it can be shown that the selectivity of extinction of O. r. manifests itself in the intensity, quality, duration of the stimulus and the intervals used. In each case, O. r. is the result of mismatch signals that arise when there is a mismatch between the stimulus and its neural model, which was formed during multiple repetitions of the stimulus used during extinction. After the presentation of a new stimulus, O is temporarily restored. R. to a familiar stimulus: dissolution of the O. r. The similarity of the extinction of O. r. with the extinction of the conditioned reflex gave I.P. Pavlov reason to believe that both processes are associated with the development of internal inhibition. Considering the extinction of O. r. as the development of inhibitory conditioned reflex connections, we can conclude that it is negative learning. Study of the neural mechanisms of OR. showed that it is associated with neurons located outside the main sensory pathways in the reticular formation and hippocampus. In contrast to specific afferent neurons, which are characterized by stable reactions even over many hours of stimulation, neurons associated with OR are unique detectors of novelty. These are multisensory neurons that respond only to new stimuli. The extinction of the reactions of novelty detectors repeats at the neural level the basic patterns of OR. and is characterized by a high degree of selectivity. See Information Needs.
View value Approximate Reaction in other dictionaries
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Reaction- a rapid drop in prices after the previous one
growth.
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Reaction Suggestions— Increased productivity as a result of changes in incentives; discussed mainly in connection with market liberalization as a result of structural adjustment, first........
Economic dictionary
Reaction, Drop in Exchange Rates— A fall in securities prices following a prolonged period of rising prices, possibly as a result of profit taking or unfavorable changes. See also correction.
Economic dictionary
Sales Response Function — -
prognosis probable
sales volume over a certain period of time at different levels of costs for one or more elements
complex
marketing.
Economic dictionary
Reaction— A reversal of the prevailing market trend as a result of excessive selling in a declining market (when some buyers are attracted by low......
Economic dictionary
Abeleva-Tatarinova Reaction- (G.I. Abelev, born in 1928, Soviet immunologist; Yu. S. Tatarinov, born in 1928, Soviet biochemist) see Alpha-fetoprotein test.
Large medical dictionary
Adamkiewicz Reaction- (A. Adamkiewicz, 1850-1921, Austrian pathologist; synonym Adamkiewicz-Hopkins-Kohl reaction) color qualitative reaction to tryptophan and tryptophan-containing proteins, based on violet-blue........
Large medical dictionary
Adamkiewicz-Hopkins-Kohl Reaction- (A. Adamkiewicz, 1850-1921, Austrian pathologist; G. Hopkins, 1861-1947, English biochemist; L. Cole, born in 1903, French pathologist) see Adamkiewicz reaction.
Large medical dictionary
Adaptive Response— see Adaptive reaction.
Large medical dictionary
Allergic reaction- the general name for clinical manifestations of increased sensitivity of the body to an allergen.
Large medical dictionary
Delayed Allergic Reaction- (syn. kithergic reaction) A. r., developing within 24-48 hours after exposure to a specific allergen; in the occurrence of A. r. h. i.e. the main role belongs to......
Large medical dictionary
Allergic Reaction of Immediate Type- (syn. chimergic reaction) AR, developing after 15-20 minutes. after exposure to a specific allergen, e.g. with anaphylactic shock; in the occurrence of A. r. n. T.........
Large medical dictionary
Allergic Reaction Cross- A. r. to cross-reacting (common) antigens.
Large medical dictionary
Allergoid Reaction— (nrk) see Anaphylactoid reaction.
Large medical dictionary
Anamnestic Reaction- the body’s immune response to the repeated introduction of an antigen, characterized by a significantly higher titer of antibodies and a shorter period of their appearance compared......
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Anaphylactoid Reaction- (anaphylaxis + Greek eidos type; synonym: allergoid reaction nrk, anaphylatoxic reaction, phenomenon of parahypergia) - a nonspecific allergic reaction characterized by......
Large medical dictionary
Anaphylactic Reaction— see Anaphylactoid reaction.
Large medical dictionary
Antabuse-alcohol reaction— (syn. teturam-alcohol reaction) a complex of vegetative-somatic symptoms (skin hyperemia followed by pallor, tachycardia, shortness of breath, a sharp decrease in arterial......
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Aristovsky-Fanconi Reaction- (historical; V. M. Aristovsky, 1882-1950, Soviet microbiologist and immunologist; G. Fanconi, born in 1892, Swiss pediatrician) allergic intradermal test with a suspension of killed streptococci for...... ..
Large medical dictionary
Agglutination Reaction— (RA) is a method for identifying and quantifying Ag and Ab, based on their ability to form agglomerates visible to the naked eye. In the department of infectious diseases. diseases........
Dictionary of microbiology
Agglutination Reaction on Glass— - an express method for staging RA, in which the immune system and corpuscular Ag are mixed on the surface of a clean slide or special glass (with rings) In connection........
Dictionary of microbiology
Agglutination Inhibition Reaction— inhibition of Ag agglutination by homologous Abs as a result of preliminary contact of Abs with test Ags, usually of hapten nature. Based on competition of Ags for paratope Abs Highly sensitive
Dictionary of microbiology
Agglutination-Lysis Reaction- see Leptospirosis.
Dictionary of microbiology
Reaction- (slang) - here: a rapid fall in prices after a previous rise.
Legal dictionary
Antiglobulin Reaction- see Coombs reaction.
Dictionary of microbiology
Ascoli Reaction- a thermoimmunoprecipitation reaction used to detect anthrax Ag in the corpses of dead animals, necrotic tissue of carbuncles, raw hides and finished......
Dictionary of microbiology
Bacterolysis Reaction— reaction of interaction of whole bacteria. cells, antibodies to them and complement, as a result of which lysis of bacteria occurs. Immune systems in spirochetosis have lytic properties........
Dictionary of microbiology
MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
KINOLOGISTS OF THE MIA OF RUSSIA
Cynology cycle
Lecture material
Prepared by a teacher
Lecture material approved
At a meeting of the cynology cycle
Protocol No.______
Ufa 2011
MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
UFA SCHOOL FOR TRAINING SPECIALISTS
KINOLOGISTS OF THE MIA OF RUSSIA
Cynology cycle
"I affirm"
Head of the cynology cycle
USHPSK Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Police Colonel
I.P. Yablonsky
"___"_______________ 2012
LECTURE: No._____ “Forms of behavior”
Lecture material
Prepared by a teacher
Cycle of cynology by police captain Ermilov E.N.
Lecture material approved
At a meeting of the cynology cycle
Protocol No.______
"_____"_______________2012.
Ufa 2011
1. Forms of animal behavior.
2. Scheme of organization of instinctive behavior.
1 study question:
Forms of animal behavior
Dog behavior- this is a complex reflex activity, the result of the manifestation of numerous conditioned and unconditioned reflexes to various stimuli of the external and internal environment.
At the beginning of life, the puppy exhibits simple innate reflexes and reflex acts that ensure its survival in certain conditions. Subsequently, these reflexes are complicated by conditioned reflexes that provide more advanced adaptive functions of the body to new, constantly changing environmental conditions.
In an adult dog, individual simple reflexes and reflex acts are combined into complex behavioral reactions of a chain nature, aimed at performing vital functions of the body. The behavior of an adult dog can be so complex that it is difficult for an inexperienced trainer to notice individual reflexes. By carefully observing the reflex activity of a dog, homogeneous groups of reflexes can be identified that appear naturally in a certain sequence. Such groups of reflexes are called behavioral reactions.
From the general behavior of a dog, the following types of reactions can be distinguished:
– food;
– protective-defensive;
– aportation;
– approximate;
–search;
– affection;
– sexual;
–parental;
–game;
– imitative;
-communication.
These reactions form the basis of the animal's life and are used or taken into account in the practice of training service dogs. Most basic behavioral reactions are part of more complex, programmed, innate reactions of the body called instincts. Instincts differ from basic behavioral reactions in that they are controlled by specific physiologically active substances and hormones, and therefore are always stereotypical and dominate over other reactions.
The starting point of a behavioral act is the presence of a so-called problem situation, i.e. such external conditions for escape from which the animal does not have a ready-made motor response. The resolution of a problem situation is determined by the interaction of the organism and the environment as a whole. The animal makes an active choice of actions, and the formation of these actions occurs through exercise.
Thorndike formulated his concept in a series of laws:
– exercise law– the strength of the connection between the reaction to a situation and the situation itself is proportional to the frequency of repetition of such coincidences;
– law of readiness– repetition of such coincidences changes the body’s readiness to conduct nerve impulses;
– law of associative shift– if, with the simultaneous action of stimuli, one of them causes a reaction, then the others acquire the ability to cause the same reaction (laws 1–3 were known in psychology earlier, but Thorndike shifted the semantic emphasis from postulating the formation of associations within the nervous system to establishing connections between movements and external events);
– law of effect- any act that leads to a positive effect in a given situation is further associated with it, so that if the situation is repeated again, then the implementation of this act becomes more likely than before; on the contrary, any act that has a negative impact on the animal in a given situation is less likely to appear when it is repeated.
Food reaction.
Food is the basis of a dog’s life, a determining factor in the formation of many behavioral reactions, in particular food. It appears in a hungry dog and is aimed at searching, obtaining and eating food. The food reaction is not only specific, but also generic, and even has many similarities in the whole family, for example, canines. Conditioned reflexes acquired during the period of searching and eating food determine the nature of the food reaction of each dog. Lack of food during the period of growth and development of a young dog develops in it excessive activity of searching for food, a strong food reaction at the sight of food and greed when eating. Conditioned reflexes acquired in connection with the intake of food become natural, are firmly established and are preserved for a long time. Therefore, with insufficient feeding in young dogs, a food reaction develops and manifests itself intensely; with regular and proper feeding, the food reaction develops moderately and manifests itself in a low-active form. It should be taken into account that in dogs with chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the food reaction is not sufficiently developed and, as a rule, they have poor appetite. It may be completely absent due to illness, overwork, change in food and feeding regimen. Such dogs have poor nutrition and are difficult to train using the taste-based method.
It must be remembered that most reflexes in dogs are developed on the basis of food reflexes and behavioral reactions. Knowledge and a deep understanding of the food reaction helps the trainer to easily navigate the choice of method and method of training his dog, the correct use of food stimuli, and also allows him to methodically correctly carry out training techniques.
Defensive reaction
This reaction is determined by a large group of congenital and acquired motor reflexes aimed at preserving life from enemies and various harmful external factors. Therefore, this reaction is called protective-defensive. It allows the dog, based on certain signals, to avoid danger or actively fight it. The active-defensive reaction is based on complex motor acts associated with moving the body in space in order to attack a source of danger or move away from it. On the basis of innate protective and defensive reactions, complex conditioned reflexes are formed, which ultimately determine the nature and characteristics of the manifestation of the protective and defensive reaction. In an adult dog, it can manifest itself in three forms: active-defensive, passive-defensive and mixed (vicious-cowardly).
An active-defensive reaction is formed when the trainer treats the dog in an even, calm, balanced manner. To form this reaction, proper organization of educational training is necessary for puppies aged from two to six months. During this period, puppies should develop and develop the activity of all motor reactions, avoiding the manifestation of passivity, caution, timidity and cowardice. In the process of service training, it is necessary to consolidate and improve the dog’s activity, develop courage, lack of fear, moderate anger and distrust of strangers. Dogs with an active-defensive reaction, as a rule, respond well to training and training and give the most effective results in service.
Passive-defensive reaction - is formed when the educational training of puppies is ineptly organized, as well as when the dog is treated roughly and cruelly during training and training. The use of strong painful stimuli by the trainer develops passivity, lethargy, and timidity in the dog, which turns into timidity and cowardice. A dog with a passive-defensive reaction is inactive and afraid of strong stimuli; dodges blows, runs away or hides from unfavorable conditions, lies down on the ground at the sight of helpers, and obediently obeys even a stranger.
A passive reaction in a dog’s behavior delays the formation of positive conditioned reflexes. Developed conditioned reflexes to the commands and gestures of the trainer are easily inhibited by all kinds of external stimuli. Such dogs have low working and service qualities. If a dog's passivity turns into timidity and cowardice, then such dogs are unsuitable for service and are subject to culling.
An angry-cowardly reaction of behavior is formed when dogs are trained incorrectly. It most often occurs in young dogs between the ages of six and ten months, when they try to develop an angry reaction in the absence of an active reaction and general courage in the dog.
An angry reaction of behavior - most often occurs in dogs that have a strongly expressed active-defensive reaction, with frequent development of anger during the training process. The latter interferes with the training and use of dogs in service, especially for search and guard purposes. Sometimes you have to cull dogs that have an overly angry reaction.
Approximate behavior reaction
An innate reaction to new or unusual stimuli and stimuli of great strength, manifests itself in the form of an orienting reflex “What is it?” and exploratory reflexes of sniffing, listening, licking, etc. Orienting reflexes are the source of the formation of new conditioned reflexes of the dog. With the accumulation of a large number of conditioned reflexes, the orienting reaction manifests itself moderately and is ultimately combined with conditioned reflexes that ensure the dog’s orientation in a difficult environment. The indicative reaction, depending on the prevailing conditions, can be replaced by other reactions: food, active-defensive, passive-defensive and, most often, a search reaction.
Search response
Innate behavior response. It ensures the survival of the dog's body. During the life and training of a dog, this reaction is determined by a huge number of conditioned reflexes and forms conditioned reflex complexes with other behavioral reactions. The dog's sense of smell is associated with the manifestation of an olfactory-search reaction. With careful observation during its placement on the scent trail, one can easily notice and identify the constituent elements of the olfactory-search reaction: searching for a scent trail on a piece of terrain left during the movement of a person or animal; determining the direction of movement of a person or animal; pursuit of a person or animal until detection and detention.
In training practice, there are cases when a dog could not be trained to follow tracks. During the study, it was found that such dogs do not have individual elements of the olfactory-search reaction. Such dogs are unsuitable for training for the search service and cannot be used in scent work.
Attachment reaction
These are complex conditioned reflex acts of an animal, manifested in the form of affection, tenderness, expectation, humility, imitation, obedience, joy, protection and protection of a person. This reaction is formed during a long stay and interaction between a person and a dog. The attachment reaction underlies the establishment of contact between the trainer and the dog, without which it is impossible to train and use the dog in service. Good contact between the trainer and the dog is the main condition for its trouble-free operation. Dogs have other behavioral responses, but they are of no practical interest and are not used in dog training.
Importation reaction
The dog’s ability to run after a thrown retrieval object, actively search for and pick it up.
Game reaction
A dog's ability to interact playfully with its owner. This behavior reaction is very necessary for the training process, as it is an excellent positive reinforcement.
The use of polygraphic recording has shown that the indicative reaction causes not only behavioral manifestations, but also a whole range of vegetative changes.
When a new stimulus is presented, muscle tone increases, breathing and pulse rates change, the electrical activity of the skin increases, pupils dilate, and sensory thresholds decrease. In the electroencephalogram, at the beginning of the indicative reaction, generalized activation occurs, simultaneously with which the possibility of unification and synchronous operation of nerve cells arises not according to the principle of their spatial proximity, but according to the functional principle. Thanks to all these changes, there is a special state of mobilization readiness of the body.
More often than others, in experiments aimed at studying OR, indicators of galvanic skin response (GSR) are used. It has a special sensitivity to the novelty of the stimulus, is nonspecific, quickly fades away, even if caused by a painful stimulus, and is closely related to the emotional sphere, therefore the use of GSR in the study of OR requires a clear separation of the actual indicative and emotional components of the response to a new stimulus.
Neural model of the stimulus. The mechanism of occurrence and extinction of OR was interpreted in the concept of a neural stimulus model proposed by E.N. Sokolov.
As a result of repetition of the stimulus, a “model” is formed in the nervous system, a certain configuration of the trace in which all the parameters of the stimulus are recorded. An indicative reaction occurs in cases where a mismatch is detected between the current stimulus and the formed trace, i.e. "nervous model" If the current stimulus and the neural trace left by the previous stimulus are identical, then an indicative reaction does not occur. If they do not coincide, then an indicative reaction occurs and turns out to be stronger, the more different the previous and new stimuli are. The reaction that occurs as a result of a mismatch of afferent stimulation with the “nervous model” of the expected stimulus lasts as long as this difference exists.
The orientation reflex is associated with the body’s adaptation to changing environmental conditions, therefore the “law of force” is valid for it. The more the stimulus changes (for example, its intensity or degree of novelty), the greater the response. However, no less, and often a greater reaction can be caused by insignificant changes in the situation if they are directly addressed to the basic needs of a person.
Factors provoking an indicative reaction, can be arranged by highlighting 4 levels, or registers:
1. Stimulus register
2. Register of novelty
3. Intensity register
4. Significance Register
Almost all stimuli pass the first level of assessment; the second and third registers work in parallel. Having passed through any of these two registers, the stimulus enters the last one and its significance is assessed there. Only after this final act of evaluation does the entire complex of the orienting reaction develop.
An indicative reaction occurs only to a stimulus that is previously assessed as biologically significant.
The following types of attention are distinguished: sensory (visual, auditory, tactile), motor, emotional and intellectual, which can suffer independently of each other, because different parts of the brain take part in their provision - areas of the cortex directly related to the provision of corresponding mental functions
Attention is maintained through the work of different anatomical zones that form a network structure. There are a number of functional subsystems of attention that provide three main functions: orientation to sensory events, detection of a signal for focal (conscious processing) and maintenance of vigilance, or a wakeful state. In ensuring the first function, the posterior parietal region and some nuclei of the thalamus play a significant role, the second - the lateral and medial sections of the frontal cortex. Maintaining vigilance is ensured by the activity of the right hemisphere.
According to experimental data, right hemisphere mainly ensures a person’s general mobilization readiness, maintains the required level of wakefulness and has relatively little to do with the characteristics of a specific activity. Left is largely responsible for the specialized organization of attention in accordance with the characteristics of the task.
Experimental studies of the physiological correlates and mechanisms of attention are carried out at different levels, from the nerve cell to the bioelectrical activity of the brain as a whole. Each of these levels of research forms its own ideas about the physiological basis of attention.
Neurophysiological mechanisms of attention:
The reticular formation, along with the limbic system, forms a block of modulating brain systems, the main function of which is the regulation of the functional states of the body.
Initially, only network-like formations of the brain stem were classified as a nonspecific brain system, and their main task was considered to be diffuse generalized activation of the cerebral cortex. According to modern concepts, the ascending nonspecific activating system extends from the medulla oblongata to the thalamus.
Thalamus- a subcortical structure formed by two large groups of nuclei located on both sides of the 3rd ventricle and interconnected by the gray commissure. The thalamus serves as a sort of distributor for information from receptors, which it integrates, interprets and then transmits to the brain.
Functions of the thalamus:
The thalamus, which is part of the diencephalon, has a nuclear structure. It consists of specific and nonspecific nuclei. Specific nuclei process all sensory information entering the body, which is why the thalamus is figuratively called the collector of sensory information. Specific nuclei of the thalamus are associated mainly with the primary projection zones of the analyzers. Nonspecific nuclei direct their ascending pathways to the associative zones of the cerebral cortex.
In 1955, G. Jasper formulated the idea of a diffuse-projection thalamic system. Based on a number of facts, he argued that the diffuse projection thalamic system (nonspecific thalamus), within certain limits, can control the state of the cortex, exerting both an excitatory and an inhibitory influence on it.
Experiments on animals have shown that when the nonspecific thalamus is irritated, an activation reaction occurs in the cerebral cortex. This reaction is easy to observe when recording an encephalogram, however, the activation of the cortex during irritation of the nonspecific thalamus has a number of differences from the activation that occurs during irritation of the reticular formation of the brain stem.
ORIENTING RESPONSE (eng. orienting response) - a multicomponent reflex (involuntary) reaction of the human and animal body, caused by the novelty of the stimulus. Syn. orientation reflex, exploratory reflex, “What is it?” reflex, activation reaction, etc. In the complex of components of the O. r. include: 1) movements of the head, eyes and (in many mammals, also ears) in the direction of the source of irritation (motor component), 2) dilation of brain vessels with simultaneous narrowing of peripheral vessels, changes in breathing and electrical muscle tone (vegetative component), and also 3) an increase in the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex, manifested in the form of a decrease in the amplitude of the alpha rhythm, the so-called. depression of the electroencephalogram (neurophysiological component), 4) increase in absolute and/or differential sensory sensitivity, including an increase in the critical frequency of flicker fusion and spatial visual acuity (sensory component). (See Attention, Attention physiological mechanisms.)O. r. has a pronounced dynamics over time. Initially, when a new stimulus is presented, all components of the OR are manifested, forming the so-called. generalized O. r. At the same time, depression of the alpha rhythm is recorded in many areas of the cortex. After 15-20 presentations of the same stimulus, some of the components of the OR. fades away. Depression of the alpha rhythm is recorded only in the cortical projection of the corresponding analyzer. This phenomenon is called local OR. With further presentation of the intrusive stimulus, even local O. r. fades away; the irritant, having long ceased to be new to the body, continues to cause only the so-called. evoked potentials of the cerebral cortex: this suggests that nerve impulses caused by an external stimulus reach the cortex even after the complete extinction of the OR.
A distinctive feature of the extinction of O. r. - selectivity in relation to the stimulus. A change in the characteristics of the stimulus after extinction has been achieved leads to the appearance of O. r. as a response to novelty. By changing different stimulus parameters, it can be shown that the selectivity of extinction of O. r. manifests itself in the intensity, quality, duration of the stimulus and the intervals used. In each case, O. r. is the result of mismatch signals that arise when there is a mismatch between the stimulus and its neural model, which was formed during multiple repetitions of the stimulus used during extinction. After the presentation of a new stimulus, the OR is temporarily restored. to a habitual stimulus: disinhibition occurs. The similarity of the extinction of O. r. with the extinction of the conditioned reflex gave I.P. Pavlov reason to believe that both processes are associated with the development of internal inhibition. Considering the extinction of O. r. as the development of inhibitory conditioned reflex connections, we can conclude that it is negative learning.
Study of neural mechanisms of O. r. showed that it is associated with neurons located outside the main sensory pathways in the reticular formation and hippocampus. In contrast to specific afferent neurons, which are characterized by stable reactions even over many hours of stimulation, neurons associated with OR are unique detectors of novelty. These are multisensory neurons that respond only to new stimuli. The extinction of the reactions of novelty detectors repeats at the neural level the basic patterns of OR. and is characterized by a high degree of selectivity. See Information Needs.
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Approximate reaction is regarded as the first manifestation of the organism’s interaction with the changed situation of the external environment. I.P. Pavlov emphasized that the indicative reaction is one of the fundamental acts of behavior, thanks to which a subtle elementary analysis of stimuli occurs “from the spot.”
In the future, this term began to unite manifestations that are very different in levels of integration and complexity: from the unconditioned reflex of tuning analyzers for better perception of irritability (turning the head, ears, etc.) to such complex forms as exploratory behavior, indicative food reflex, etc.
According to the ideas of P.K. Anokhin(1958), the so-called orientation reflex is a holistic reaction, a specific activity of the body, which has its own physiological architecture and is completed by an adaptive act. The external expressions of this reaction, no matter how many there are, are only expressions of central integration.
There can be no indicative reaction in general, not connected with anything, divorced from past experience, from the dominant one. It is in the process of this reaction that afferent synthesis, perception and evaluation of the signal, the formation of an action plan, “decision making” are carried out, and the mechanisms of emotional authorization are activated.
Thus, all the main processes, which determine the structure and characteristics of biologically appropriate, directed behavioral activity, are carried out during the period of the indicative reaction preceding any behavioral act.
Tzucheps in detail external(vegetative, bioelectric) manifestations of the orienting reaction (E. N. Sokolov, 1968; O. S. Vinogradova, 1961; L, P. Latash, 1968). However, the analytical study of the behavioral manifestations of the indicative reaction has been carried out to a lesser extent. The same terms - “orienting reaction”, “alert”, “awakening” (arousal), attention reaction - are used to designate quite different components of behavioral and bioelectrical shifts.
They are often used as synonyms, although both the madness and the internal physiological content of these states are not entirely identical, which is what they try to reflect with a variety of terminology.
Study of the orienting reaction as such, it is included in the complex of psychopharmacological research methods. The data obtained from this test provide certain information about the nature of the neuropsychotropic effect of the drugs.
During the period of indicative reaction the most important processes are carried out that form responsive, purposeful behavior, occurring either with emotional overtones or without it. In this regard, it is important to determine the behavioral equivalents of the alternating stages of the formation of this initial period of the functional system of a behavioral act. We tried to isolate from the entire complex of external manifestations of the indicative reaction those states that reflect different stages of the formation of response behavior, and determine which stage in this chain is “critical” for the architecture of subsequent behavior and to what extent the psychotropic effect of the connection can be associated with their influence on the orienting reaction as the initial phase of the formation of goal-directed behavior (A.V. Valdman, M.M. Kozlovskaya, 1966, 1972).
