Composition of the Council of People's Commissars. First Bolshevik government
SNK and People's Commissariats
Briefly:
The state structure of the RSFSR was federal in nature, the highest authority was the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Slaves, Soldiers, Soldiers and Cossacks and Cossack Deputies.
The Congress was elected by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), responsible to it, which formed the government of the RSFSR - the Congress of People's Commissars (SNK)
Local bodies were regional, provincial, district and volost congresses of councils, which formed their own executive committees.
Created “to govern the country until the convening of the Constituent Assembly.” 13 people's commissariats were formed - internal affairs, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraphs, nationalities, and communications. The chairmen of all people's commissariats were included in the Council of People's Commissars
The Council of People's Commissars had the right to replace individual members of the government or its entire composition. In emergency cases, the Council of People's Commissars could issue decrees without prior discussion. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars if they had national significance.
Council of People's Commissars
According to the Decree of the Second Congress of Soviets, “to govern the country,” a temporary 6 workers’ and peasants’ government was formed with the name – Council of People’s Commissars (abbreviated as SNK). “The management of individual branches of state life” was entrusted to commissions headed by chairmen. The chairmen united into a board of chairmen - the Council of People's Commissars. Control over the activities of the Council of People's Commissars and the right to remove commissars belonged to both the congress and its All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The work of the Council of People's Commissars was structured in the form of meetings, which were convened almost every day, and from December 1917 - in the form of meetings of deputy people's commissars, who by January 1918 were appointed to the permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars (Small Council of People's Commissars). Since February 1918, convening joint meetings of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars began to be practiced.
Initially, only the Bolsheviks entered the Council of People's Commissars. This situation was due to the following circumstances. The formation of a one-party system in Soviet Russia did not take shape immediately after the October Revolution, but much later, and was explained primarily by the fact that cooperation between the Bolshevik Party and the Menshevik and Right Socialist Revolutionary parties, who demonstratively left the Second Congress of Soviets and then went over to the opposition, became impossible. The Bolsheviks offered to join the government to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who were then forming an independent party, but they refused to send their representatives to the Council of People's Commissars and took a wait-and-see approach, although they became members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Despite this, the Bolsheviks, even after the Second Congress of Soviets, continued to look for ways to cooperate with the left Social Revolutionaries: as a result of negotiations between them in December 1917, an agreement was reached on the inclusion of seven representatives of left socialist revolutionaries into the Council of People's Commissars, which made up a third of its composition. This government bloc was necessary to strengthen Soviet power, to win over the broad peasant masses, among whom the Left Socialist Revolutionaries enjoyed serious influence. And although in March 1918 the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries left the Council of People's Commissars in protest of the signing of the Brest Peace, they remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, other government bodies, including the military department, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission under the Council of People's Commissars for the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage (from August 1918 - with counter-revolution, profiteering and crimes in office).
SNK- from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946, the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of its existence also legislative) body of the USSR, its government (in each union and autonomous republic there was also a Council of People's Commissars, for example, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR).
People's Commissar (People's Commissar) - a person who is part of the government and heads a certain people's commissariat (People's Commissariat) - the central body government controlled a separate sphere of state activity.
First Council people's commissars was established 5 years before the formation of the USSR, on October 27, 1917, by the Decree “On the Establishment of the Council of People’s Commissars”, adopted at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Before the creation of the USSR in 1922 and the formation of the Union Council of People's Commissars, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR actually coordinated the interaction between the Soviet republics that arose on the territory of the former Russian Empire.
All rulers of Russia Mikhail Ivanovich Vostryshev
CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN (1870–1924)
CHAIRMAN
COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS
VLADIMIR ILYICH LENIN
Volodya Ulyanov was born on April 10/22, 1870 in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of a public school inspector.
Volodya's paternal grandfather Nikolai Vasilyevich Ulyanov, the son of a serf (there is no information about his nationality, presumably Russian or Chuvash), married late to the daughter of a baptized Kalmyk, Anna Alekseevna Smirnova. Son Ilya was born when his mother was 43 years old, and his father was over 60 years old. Soon Nikolai Vasilyevich died, Ilya was raised and trained by his elder brother Vasily, a clerk in the Astrakhan company “Brothers Sapozhnikov”.
Lenin's maternal grandfather Alexander Dmitrievich - Srul (Israel) Moishevich - Blank - a baptized Jew, a doctor, whose considerable fortune increased significantly after his marriage to the German Anna Grigorievna Grosskopf (the Grosskopf family also had Swedish roots). Lenin's early orphaned mother, Maria Alexandrovna, like her four sisters, was raised by her maternal aunt, who taught her nieces music and foreign languages.
In the Ulyanov family, through the efforts of Maria Alexandrovna, a special reverence for German order and accuracy was maintained. Children owned foreign languages(Lenin was fluent in German, read and spoke French, but knew English less well).
Volodya was a lively, lively and cheerful boy, he loved noisy games. He didn't play with toys so much as break them. At the age of five he learned to read, then he was prepared by the parish teacher of Simbirsk for the gymnasium, where he entered first grade in 1879.
“When he was still a child, he was taken to one of the best Russian ophthalmologists, who was then making waves throughout the Volga region, Kazan professor Adamyuk (senior),” recalled doctor M.I. Averbakh. – Without obviously having the opportunity to accurately examine the boy and seeing objectively at the bottom of his left eye some changes, mainly of a congenital nature (congenital optic fissure and posterior cone), Professor Adamyuk mistook this eye for poor vision from birth (the so-called congenital amblyopia). Indeed, this eye saw very poorly into the distance. The child's mother was told that the left eye was no good from birth and that such grief could not be helped. Thus, Vladimir Ilyich lived his whole life with the thought that he could not see anything with his left eye and existed only with his right one.”
Volodya Ulyanov was the first student at the gymnasium, which he entered in 1879. The director of the gymnasium, F.M. Kerensky, the father of the head of the 1917 Provisional Government, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky, highly appreciated the abilities of Vladimir Ulyanov. The gymnasium gave Lenin a solid foundation of knowledge. Exact sciences were of no interest to him, but history, and later philosophy, Marxism, political economy, and statistics became the disciplines in which he read mountains of books and wrote dozens of volumes of essays.
His older brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed in 1887 for his participation in the assassination attempt on the Tsar Alexandra III. In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov entered the law faculty of Kazan University; in December he was expelled from the university and expelled from the city for participating in the student movement. He was exiled to his mother's estate Kokushkino, where he read a lot, especially political literature.
In 1891, he passed the exams as an external student for the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University, after which he served as an assistant attorney in Samara. But Vladimir Ilyich did not prove himself as a lawyer and already in 1893, leaving jurisprudence, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist student circle of the Technological Institute.
In 1894, one of Lenin’s first works appeared, “What are “friends of the people” and how do they fight against the Social Democrats,” which argued that the path to socialism lies through the workers’ movement led by the proletariat. In April–May 1895, Lenin’s first meetings took place abroad with members of the “Emancipation of Labor” group, including G.V. Plekhanov.
In 1895, Vladimir Ilyich participated in the creation of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class”, then was arrested. In 1897, he was exiled for three years to the village of Shushenskoye, Yenisei province.
The conditions of exile in Shushenskoye were quite acceptable. Favorable climate, hunting, fishing, simple food - all this strengthened Lenin’s health. In July 1898, he married N.K. Krupskaya, also exiled to Siberia. She was the daughter of an officer, a student of the Bestuzhev courses, who at one time corresponded with L.N. Tolstoy. Krupskaya became Lenin's assistant and like-minded person for the rest of his life.
In 1900, Lenin went abroad, where he stayed until 1917, with a break in 1905–1907. Together with Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov and others, he began publishing the newspaper Iskra. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903, Lenin led the Bolshevik Party. Since 1905 in St. Petersburg, since December 1907 - again in exile.
At the end of August 1914, Lenin moved from Austria-Hungary to neutral Switzerland, where he put forward the slogan of defeat Russian government and the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war. Lenin's position led him to isolation even in the social democratic environment. The leader of the Bolsheviks, apparently, did not consider the possible occupation of Russia by Germany as an evil.
In April 1917, having arrived in Petrograd, Lenin set out a course for the victory of the socialist revolution. After the July crisis of 1917, he was in an illegal position. He headed the leadership of the October Uprising in Petrograd.
At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Vladimir Ilyich was elected chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense (since 1919 - STO). Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the USSR. From March 1918 he lived in Moscow. Played decisive role at the conclusion of the Brest Peace. On August 30, 1918, he was seriously wounded during an attempt on his life.
In 1918, Lenin approved the creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, which widely and uncontrollably used methods of violence and repression. He also introduced war communism in the country - on November 21, 1918, he signed the decree of the Council of People's Commissars “On organizing the supply of the population with all products and items for personal consumption and household use.” Trade was prohibited, commodity-money relations were replaced by natural exchange, and surplus appropriation was introduced. Cities began to die out. However, Lenin's next step was the nationalization of industry. As a result of this grandiose experiment, industrial production in Russia virtually ceased.
In 1921, an unprecedented famine broke out in the Volga region. It was decided to partially solve this problem through robbery Orthodox churches, which, naturally, the parishioners resisted. Lenin took advantage of this to deal a decisive blow to the Russian Orthodox Church. On March 19, he wrote a secret letter to members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) about using resistance on the part of believers to the forcible confiscation of church valuables as a reason for mass executions of clergy, which was carried out.
The economic situation in the country was rapidly deteriorating. At the X Party Congress in March 1921, Lenin put forward a program for a “new economic policy" He understood that with the introduction of NEP, the “right” elements in the party would be revived, and at the same 10th Congress he eliminated the residual elements of democracy in the RCP (b), prohibiting the creation of factions.
The NEP in the economic field immediately gave positive results, and the process of rapid restoration of the national economy began.
In 1922, Lenin became seriously ill (syphilis of the brain) and since December of that year did not participate in political activities.
Portrait of V.I. Lenin. Artist Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. 1934
On January 27, from 10 a.m., troops and delegations of workers and peasants walked along Moscow’s Red Square past the coffin with Lenin’s body installed on a special pedestal. One of the banners read: “Lenin’s grave is the cradle of freedom for all mankind.” At 4 o’clock in the afternoon, the troops took up arms “on guard”; Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Molotov, Bukharin, Rudzutak, Tomsky and Dzerzhinsky lifted the coffin and carried it to the mausoleum...
Muscovite Nikita Okunev writes in his diary: “By the time he was lowered into the grave, an order was given for all of Russia at 4 o’clock in the afternoon to stop all traffic (railroad, horse, steamship), and in factories and factories to sound whistles or horns for five minutes (at movement was also terminated during the same period). Afterwards, in a series of different anecdotes written about this unprecedented funeral, there was this: when Lenin lived, he was applauded, and when he died, all of Russia whistled without a break for 5 minutes... In the future, monuments to Lenin will probably be erected not only in cities, but also in every village."
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in Smolny. Artist Isaac Brodsky. 1930
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The name “Temporary” disappeared with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to join the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. On Dec. In 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in government until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty and took the position of counter-revolution. Subsequently, the CHK was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the government was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees. Exercising executive and administrative power, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR supervised the activities of the People's Commissariats and other centers. departments, and also directed and controlled the activities of local authorities.
The Administration of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23. (February 5) 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars and issues of current legislation for the management of the department of branches of public administration and government. In 1930 the Small Council of People's Commissars was abolished. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 30, 1918, it was established under the leadership. V.I. Lenin Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense 1918-20. In April 1920 it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). The experience of the first Council of People's Commissars was used in state building in all the Union Soviet socialist republics.
After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulations on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of all-Union and united (union-republican) people's commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-Union significance within the limits of the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the provisions on the Council of People's Commissars of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding throughout the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the regulations on it in 1923, consisted of: chairman, deputy. Chairman, People's Commissar of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.
According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body state power USSR. It formed Top. Soviet Council of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Top. Council, and in the period between sessions of the Top. Council of the USSR - its Presidium. According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the all-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and other economic and cultural institutions subordinate to it, took measures to implement the national economic plan, the state budget, provided leadership in the field of external relations with foreign states, supervised the general construction of the country's armed forces, etc. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right, in the branches of management and economics within the competence of the USSR, to suspend resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics and to cancel orders and instructions of the People's Commissariats of the USSR. Art. 71 of the USSR Constitution of 1936 established the right of deputy inquiry: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or the People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request from a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is addressed, is obliged to give an oral or written answer in the appropriate chamber.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Supreme Council. Soviet of the USSR January 19 1938. June 30, 1941 by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme. The Council of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR created the State Defense Committee (GKO), which concentrated all the fullness of state power in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.
The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the Union Republic. He is responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and is accountable to it, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme. Council - in front of the Presidium Top. The Council of the Republic and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic are accountable to it, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the current laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and is obliged to verify their implementation.
Composition and formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSRAn important step towards the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1924 was the Second Session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, which opened on July 6, 1923.
The Central Executive Committee of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and in its work was responsible to it and its Presidium (Article 37 of the Constitution). The chapters on the highest bodies of the USSR enshrine the unity of legislative and executive power.
To manage the branches of public administration, 10 People's Commissariats of the USSR were created (Chapter 8 of the USSR Constitution of 1924): five all-Union (according to foreign affairs, on military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, posts and telegraphs) and five united (Supreme Council National economy, food, labor, finance and workers' and peasants' inspection). All-Union People's Commissariats had their representatives in the Union republics. The United People's Commissariats exercised leadership on the territory of the Union republics through the people's commissariats of the same name of the republics. In other areas, management was carried out exclusively by the union republics through the corresponding republican people's commissariats: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, education, healthcare, social security.
The People's Commissariat of the USSR was headed by people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity of command. Under the People's Commissar, under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, the members of which were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The People's Commissar had the right to make decisions individually, bringing them to the attention of the collegium. In case of disagreement, the board or its individual members could appeal the decision of the People's Commissar to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, without suspending the execution of the decision.
The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected V.I. Lenin as its chairman.
Since V.I. Lenin was ill, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars was carried out by five of his deputies: L.B. Kamenev, A.I. Rykov, A.D. Tsyurupa, V.Ya. Chubar, M.D. Orakhelashvili. The Ukrainian Chubar was, from July 1923, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine, and the Georgian Orakhelashvili was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the TSFSR, so they performed, first of all, their direct duties. From February 2, 1924, Rykov will become the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Rykov and Tsyurupa were Russian by nationality, and Kamenev was Jewish. Of the five deputies of the Council of People's Commissars, only Orakhelashvili had higher education, the other four are average. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the direct successor of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and his five deputies, the first Council of People's Commissars of the Union also included 10 people's commissars and the chairman of the OGPU with an advisory vote. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Council of People's Commissars, problems arose related to the necessary representation from the union republics.
The formation of the Union People's Commissariats also had its problems. The RSFSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Posts and Telegraphs, and Military and Naval Affairs were transformed into allied ones. The personnel of the People's Commissariats at that time was still formed mainly from former employees of the administrative apparatus and specialists from pre-revolutionary times. For employees who were workers before the revolution in 1921-1922. accounted for only 2.7%, which was explained by the lack of a sufficient number of literate workers. These employees automatically flowed from the Russian People's Commissariats to the Union ones with a very small number of workers transferred from national republics.
The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is formed by the Supreme Council of the Union Republic, consisting of: the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic; Deputy Chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; People's Commissars: Food Industry; Light industry; Forestry industry; Agriculture; Grain and livestock state farms; Finance; Domestic trade; Internal Affairs; Justice; Healthcare; Enlightenment; Local industry; Utilities; Social Security; Authorized Procurement Committee; Head of the Department of Arts; Authorized All-Union People's Commissariats.
Story legislative framework SNKAccording to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:
· management of general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37)
· issuing legislative acts and taking measures “necessary for the correct and rapid flow of public life.” (v.38)
The People's Commissar has the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).
All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel a resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).
17 people's commissariats are being created (this figure is indicated erroneously in the Constitution, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).
· on foreign affairs;
· on military affairs;
· on maritime affairs;
· By internal affairs;
· Justice;
· social security;
· education;
· Posts and telegraphs;
· on nationalities affairs;
· By financial affairs;
· ways of communication;
· agriculture;
· trade and industry;
· food;
· State control;
· Supreme Council of the National Economy;
· health care.
With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and order of activity of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.
WITH at this moment The composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:
· domestic trade;
· finance
· Internal Affairs
· Justice
· education
health care
· agriculture
social security
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, representatives of the USSR People's Commissariats under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (according to information from the SU, 1924, N 70, art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration. (based on materials from the USSR Central State Archive of Ordinance, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)
With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR on January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable only to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.
Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has included 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):
· Food Industry
· light industry
timber industry
· agriculture
grain state farms
livestock farms
· finance
· domestic trade
· Justice
health care
· education
local industry
· public utilities
social security
Also included in the Council of People's Commissars is the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the Head of the Directorate for Arts Affairs under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
The revolutionary events of October 1917, developing rapidly, required clear action on the part of the leaders of the new government. It was necessary not only to take control of all aspects of the life of the state, but also to effectively manage them. The situation was complicated by the outbreak of civil conflict and the devastation in the economy caused by the First World War.
In the most difficult conditions of confrontation and struggle between different political forces, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted and approved by decree a decision to create a distribution body called the Council of People's Commissars.
The decree regulating the procedure for creating this body, as well as the definition of “people's commissar,” was completely prepared by Vladimir Lenin. Nevertheless, until the meeting, the Council of People's Commissars was considered a temporary committee.
Thus, the government of the new state was created. This marked the beginning of the formation central system power and its institutions. The adopted resolution determined the basic principles in accordance with which the organization of the government body and its further activities was carried out.
The creation of the Commissioners became the most important stage revolution. He demonstrated the ability of the people who came to power to organize themselves to effectively solve the problems of governing the country. In addition, the decision adopted by the Congress on October 27 became the starting point in the history of the creation of a new state.
The Council of People's Commissars included 15 representatives. They distributed among themselves leadership positions in accordance with the main branches of management. Thus, all spheres of economic and economic development, including foreign missions, the naval complex and the affairs of nationalities, were concentrated in the hands of one political force. The government was headed by V.I. Lenin. Membership was received by V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, N. V. Krylenko, A. V. Lunacharsky, I. V. Stalin and others.
At the time of the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, the railway department was temporarily left without a legitimate commissioner. The reason for this was Vikzhel’s attempt to take control of the industry into his own hands. The new appointment was postponed until the problem was resolved.
Became the first people's government and showed the ability of the worker-peasant class to create management structures. The emergence of such a body testified to the achievement of a fundamentally new level organization of power. The government’s activities were based on the principles of popular democracy and collegiality in making important decisions, Leadership role at the same time it was given to the party. A close connection between the government and the people was established. It is worth noting that the Council of People's Commissars, according to the resolution of the All-Russian Congress, was an accountable body. His activities were tirelessly monitored by other government structures, including the All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
The creation of a new government marked the victory of the revolutionary forces in Russia.
Council of People's Commissars (1917-1937) and its functional activities.
The history of Soviet public administration dates back to the Second Congress of Soviets. It gathered at a turning point, when Petrograd was in the hands of the rebel workers and peasants, and the Winter Palace, where the bourgeois Provisional Government met, had not yet been taken by the rebels. Creation new system public administration began with the development and proclamation of certain political postulates. In this sense, the first “managerial” document of the new emerging government should be recognized as the appeal of the Second Congress of Soviets “To workers, soldiers, peasants!”, adopted at the first meeting of the congress on October 25, 1917. This document proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power, i.e. formation of the Soviet state. Here the main directions of internal and foreign policy new state:
establishing peace gratuitous transfer land to the peasantry, the introduction of workers' control over production, the democratization of the army, etc. The next day, October 26, these programmatic theses were concretized and embodied in the first decrees of the Soviet government - “On Peace” and “On Land”. Another decree established the first Soviet government. The resolution of the congress stated: “To form, to govern the country until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, a temporary workers’ and peasants’ government, which will be called the Council of People’s Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which must ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress.” The decree established the following people's commissariats: agriculture, labor, military and maritime affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food affairs, post and telegraph affairs, nationalities and railway affairs. Control over the activities of the people's commissars and the right to remove them belonged to the Congress of Soviets and its Central Executive Committee.
Soviet statehood was born under the strong influence of democratic sentiments that reigned in society. At the same II Congress of Soviets V.I. Lenin argued that the Bolsheviks sought to build a state in which "the government would always be under control public opinion of his country... In our opinion,” he said, “the state is strong in the consciousness of the masses. It is strong when the masses know everything, can judge everything and do everything consciously.” Such widespread democracy was supposed to be achieved by involving the masses in governing the state.
Is it natural for the emergence of a new government in Russia and the creation of a new management system? In the literature one can find a point of view about the illegality of the decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets due to its lack of representativeness. Indeed, representation at the congress was not national, but class-based: it was a congress of workers' and soldiers' deputies. The Peasant Congress of Soviets met separately, and the unification of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies took place only in January 1918. Nevertheless, such global changes in the life of the country could not happen without reason. The Second Congress of Soviets was, undoubtedly, the organ of the insurgent people, the organ of the revolutionary masses, representing practically the entire country and all more or less significant national regions. The congress expressed the will of the most organized and socially active part of society, which wanted changes to better life and actively pursued them. Although the congress was All-Russian, it was not and could not be nationwide.
The Soviet system of government was born in a multi-party system. According to researchers, there were about 300 political parties, which can be conditionally divided into regional, national and all-Russian. There were about 60 of the latter. The composition of the Second Congress of Soviets in terms of party affiliation was, as is known, mainly Bolshevik. But other socialist and liberal parties were also represented there. The Bolsheviks' positions were further strengthened when representatives of the right Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Bundists left the congress. They demanded that the forum be suspended because, in their opinion, Lenin’s supporters had usurped power. More than 400 local Soviets from the largest industrial and political centers of the country were represented at the congress.
The congress formed the supreme and central authorities. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was declared the supreme body. He could resolve any issues of state power and administration. The Congress created the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), which performed the functions of supreme power between Congresses of Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was created on the basis of proportional representation from all party factions of the congress. Of the 101 members of the first composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 62 were Bolsheviks, 29 were left Socialist Revolutionaries, 6 were Menshevik internationalists, 3 were Ukrainian socialists and 1 Socialist Revolutionary maximalist. Bolshevik L.B. was elected Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Kamenev. The central authority was the government formed by the decision of the Second Congress of Soviets - the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK). It was also headed by the Bolshevik V.I. Lenin. The Left Socialist Revolutionaries and Menshevik Internationalists received an offer to join the government, but they refused. Distinctive feature The new authorities and management were a combination of legislative and executive functions. Not only the decisions of the Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, but also the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars and even acts of individual people's commissariats had the force of law.
Thus, the Second Congress of Soviets proclaimed the creation of a new state and formed the bodies of power and administration. At the congress the most general principles organization of Soviet statehood and the beginning of the creation of a new system of public administration.
The Bolsheviks, having seized power, looked for ways to expand its social base. For these purposes, they negotiated with the leaders of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries on the conditions for their entry into the Council of People's Commissars. At the beginning of November 1917, at a plenary meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a compromise resolution “On the terms of the agreement of socialist parties” was adopted. It emphasized that an agreement is possible only if the Second Congress of Soviets is recognized as “the only source of power” and the “program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land and peace,” is recognized.
Negotiations between the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries ended in December 1917 with the creation of a coalition government. Along with the Bolsheviks, the Council of People's Commissars included seven representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party. They headed the People's Commissariats of Agriculture (A.L. Kolegaev), Posts and Telegraphs (P.P. Proshyan), Local Government (V.E. Trutovsky), Property (V.A. Karelin) and Justice (I.Z. Steinberg) . In addition, V.A. Aglasov and A.I. Diamonds became people's commissars without a portfolio (with a casting vote). The first was a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, the second - the People's Commissariat of Finance. The Left Social Revolutionaries, occupying important positions in the cabinet, like the Bolsheviks, were responsible for the key areas of government activity in the conditions of the revolution. This made it possible to expand the social basis of management processes and thereby strengthen state power. The alliance with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries left a noticeable mark on the management practice of the first months of Soviet power. Representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries were included not only in the central governing bodies, but also in the governments of national republics, the revolutionary committees of the bodies fighting counter-revolution, and the leadership of army units. With their direct participation, the “Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People” was developed and adopted by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which proclaimed Russia a Republic of Soviets. Together with the Bolsheviks, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries unanimously voted in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
The bloc with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries allowed the Bolsheviks to solve the most important political and managerial task - to unite the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. The unification took place at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in January 1918. At the congress, a new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected, which included 160 Bolsheviks and 125 left Socialist Revolutionaries.
However, the alliance with the Left Social Revolutionaries was short-lived. On March 18, 1918, not recognizing the ratification of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries left the government
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Sovnarkom of the RSFSR, SNK of the RSFSR) is the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The SNK included people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (People's Commissariats, NK). Similar Councils of People's Commissars were created in other Soviet republics; During the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was also created at the union level.
The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917.
Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks invited the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to join the government, but they refused. The factions of the right Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.
The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed by Trotsky:
Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.
What should I call it? - Lenin reasoned out loud. Just not ministers: this is a vile, worn-out name.
It could be commissioners, I suggested, but now there are too many commissioners. Perhaps high commissioners? No, “supreme” sounds bad. Is it possible to say “folk”?
People's Commissars? Well, that'll probably do. What about the government as a whole?
Council of People's Commissars?
The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terrible of revolution.
The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The body of general administration of the affairs of the RSFSR - which in the Constitution of the RSFSR was called the "Council of People's Commissars" or the "Workers' and Peasants' Government" - was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees having the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions.
Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.
The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration, which prepared issues for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing commissions, and received delegations. The administrative staff in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to data from the Central State Archive of the Russian Federation of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, pp. 19 - 20.)
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.
[edit]Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:
management of general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37)
issuing legislative acts and taking measures “necessary for the correct and fast current state life." (v.38)
The People's Commissar has the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).
All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel a resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).
17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution this figure is indicated erroneously, since in the list presented in Article 43 there are 18 of them)..
on foreign affairs;
on military affairs;
on maritime affairs;
for internal affairs;
social security;
education;
Posts and telegraphs;
on nationalities affairs;
for financial matters;
communication routes;
agriculture;
trade and industry;
food;
State control;
Supreme Council of the National Economy;
healthcare.
At every people's commissar and under his chairmanship a collegium is formed, the members of which are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).
With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and order of activity of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.
From this moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:
domestic trade;
finance
internal affairs
enlightenment
health
agriculture
social security
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, representatives of the USSR People's Commissariats under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (according to information from the SU, 1924, N 70, art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration. (based on materials from the USSR Central State Archive of Ordinance, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)
With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR on January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable only to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.
Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has included 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):
Food Industry
forestry industry
agriculture
grain state farms
livestock farms
finance
domestic trade
health
enlightenment
local industry
utilities
social security
Also included in the Council of People's Commissars is the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
