Plants and their habitat. Plant and its habitat

Topic Autecology

Autecology, which studies the relationship of organisms to environmental conditions, is the oldest section of general ecology. Essentially, E. Haeckel understood ecology as autecology. Charles Darwin, the author of the theory of adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions through natural selection, was also an autecologist.

This section of ecology includes characteristics of environmental factors (factorial ecology) and methods of adaptation (adaptation) of organisms to its various conditions. In the 20th century autecology has been replenished with new sections on the functional role of organisms in the ecosystem and their life strategies.

Autecology studies the relationships of organisms to environmental conditions at the species level, which is necessary both for the study of populations (this allows us to “out of brackets” those characteristics that are characteristic of all populations of the same species) and for the study of ecosystems, the elements of which are species.

Environment is one of the basic environmental concepts; it means a complex of natural bodies and phenomena with which the organism is in direct or indirect relationships. The term external environment is widely used , defined as the totality of forces and phenomena of nature, its substance and space, any human activity that is outside the object or subject in question and not necessarily in direct contact with it. The concept of environment is identical to the previous one, but implies direct contact with objects or subjects.

There are also natural environment -(a set of natural and modified by human activity factors of living and inanimate nature that exhibit an effect on organisms), abiotic environment -(all forces and natural phenomena, the origin of which is not directly related to the life activity of living organisms) and biotic environment -(forces and natural phenomena that owe their origin to the vital activity of living organisms).

Aquatic living environment. This is the most ancient environment in which life arose and evolved for a long time even before the first organisms appeared on land. According to the composition of the aquatic living environment, there are two main options: freshwater and marine environments.

More than 70% of the planet's surface is covered with water. However, due to the comparative uniformity of the conditions of this environment (“water is always wet”), the diversity of organisms in the aquatic environment is much less than on land. Only every tenth species of the plant kingdom is associated with the aquatic environment; the diversity of aquatic animals is somewhat higher. The overall ratio of the number of land/water species is about 1:5.

The density of water is 800 times higher than the density of air. And the pressure on the organisms inhabiting it is also much higher than in terrestrial conditions: for every 10 m of depth it increases by 1 atm. One of the main directions of adaptation of organisms to life in an aquatic environment is increasing buoyancy by increasing the surface of the body and the formation of tissues and organs containing air. Organisms can float in water (like representatives of plankton - algae, protozoa, bacteria) or actively move, like fish that form nekton. A significant portion of organisms are attached to the bottom surface or move along it. As already noted, an important factor in the aquatic environment is current.

The basis of production of most aquatic ecosystems are autotrophs, which use sunlight breaking through the water column. The possibility of “breaking through” this thickness is determined by the transparency of the water. In clear ocean water, depending on the angle of incidence of sunlight, autotrophic life is possible down to a depth of 200 m in the tropics and 50 m in high latitudes (for example, in the seas of the Arctic Ocean). In highly agitated freshwater bodies, a layer populated by autotrophs (it is called photic), may be only a few tens of centimeters.

The red part of the light spectrum is most actively absorbed by water, therefore, as noted, the deep seas are inhabited by red algae, capable of absorbing green light due to additional pigments. The transparency of water is determined by a simple device - a Secchi disk, which is a white-painted circle with a diameter of 20 cm. The degree of water transparency is judged by the depth at which the disk becomes indistinguishable.

The most important characteristic of water is its chemical composition - the content of salts (including nutrients), gases, hydrogen ions (pH). Based on the concentration of nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen, water bodies are divided into oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic. When the content of nutrients increases, say, when a reservoir is polluted by runoff, the process of eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems occurs.

The oxygen content in water is approximately 20 times lower than in the atmosphere and amounts to 6-8 ml/l. It decreases with increasing temperature, as well as in stagnant reservoirs in winter, when the water is isolated from the atmosphere by a layer of ice. A decrease in oxygen concentration can cause the death of many inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems, excluding species that are particularly resistant to oxygen deficiency, such as crucian carp or tench, which can live even when the oxygen content decreases to 0.5 ml/l. The carbon dioxide content in water, on the contrary, is higher than in the atmosphere. Sea water can contain up to 40-50 ml/l, which is approximately 150 times higher than in the atmosphere. The consumption of carbon dioxide by phytoplankton during intensive photosynthesis does not exceed 0.5 ml/l per day.

The concentration of hydrogen ions in water (pH) can vary between 3.7-7.8. Waters with a pH from 6.45 to 7.3 are considered neutral. As already noted, with a decrease in pH, the biodiversity of organisms inhabiting the aquatic environment quickly decreases. Crayfish and many species of mollusks die at a pH below 6, perch and pike can withstand a pH of up to 5, eel and char survive when the pH drops to 5-4.4. In more acidic waters, only some species of zooplankton and phytoplankton survive. Acid rain, associated with the release of large quantities of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises, has caused acidification of the waters of lakes in Europe and the USA and a sharp depletion of their biological diversity.

Ground-air environment of life. Air has a significantly lower density compared to water. For this reason, the development of the air environment, which occurred much later than the origin of life and its development in the aquatic environment, was accompanied by increased development of mechanical tissues, which allowed organisms to resist the action of the law of gravity and wind (skeleton in vertebrates, chitinous shells in insects, sclerenchyma in plants). In an air-only environment, no organism can live permanently, and therefore even the best “flyers” (birds and insects) must periodically fall to the ground. The movement of organisms through the air is possible due to special devices - wings in birds, insects, some species of mammals and even fish, parachutes and wings in seeds, air sacs in coniferous pollen, etc.

Air is a poor conductor of heat, and therefore it was in the air environment on land that endothermic (warm-blooded) animals arose, which are easier to retain heat than ectothermic inhabitants of the aquatic environment. For warm-blooded aquatic animals, including giant whales, the aquatic environment is secondary; the ancestors of these animals once lived on land.

Life in the air required more complex reproductive mechanisms that would eliminate the risk of drying of germ cells (multicellular antheridia and archegonia, and then ovules and ovaries in plants, internal fertilization in animals, eggs with a dense shell in birds, reptiles, amphibians, etc. ).

In general, there are many more opportunities for the formation of various combinations of factors in the ground-air environment than in the water environment. It is in this environment that climate differences between different regions (and at different altitudes above sea level within the same region) are especially pronounced. Therefore, the diversity of terrestrial organisms is much higher than that of aquatic ones.

Soil living environment. Most of the land is covered with a thin layer (compared to the thickness of the earth's crust) of soil, called V.I. Vernadsky bioinert body. The soil is a complex multilayer “pie” of horizons with different properties, and the composition and thickness of the “pie” are different in different zones. The zonal (from podzols and gray forest soils to chernozems, chestnut and brown soils) and hydrogenic (from wet meadow to bog-peaty) series of soils are well known. In the southern regions, soils can also be saline on the surface (saline soils and solonchaks) or in the depths (solonetzes).

Any soil is a multiphase system, which includes:

1) mineral particles - from the finest silt to sand and gravel;

2) organic matter - from the bodies of just dead animals and dead plant roots to humus, in which this organic matter has undergone complex chemical processing;

3) gas (air) phase, the nature of which is largely determined by the physical properties of the soil - its structure and, accordingly, density and porosity. The gas phase of the soil is always enriched in carbon dioxide and water vapor and can be depleted in oxygen, which brings the living conditions in the soil closer to the conditions of the aquatic environment;

4) aqueous phase. Water in the soil can also be contained in different quantities (from excess to extreme deficiency) and in different qualities, it can be gravitational - freely moving through capillaries and most accessible to the roots of plants and animal organisms, hygroscopic, which is part of colloidal particles, and gas, i.e. i.e. in the form of steam.

This multiphase nature of soils makes their environment the most saturated with life. The main biomass of animals, bacteria, fungi is concentrated in soils; it contains the roots of plants that live in the ground-air environment, but extract water with nutrients from the soil and supply organic matter accumulated during photosynthesis in the light to the “dark world” of the soil. The soil is the main “processing shop” of organic matter, and up to 90% of the carbon returned to the atmosphere flows through it.

The gigantic diversity of life in the soil includes not only those organisms that live in it constantly - vertebrates (moles), arthropods, bacteria, algae, earthworms, etc., but also those organisms that are associated with it only at the beginning of their “biography.” (locusts, many beetles, etc.).

Adaptation of plants to some variants of extreme soil conditions (drought, salinity) will be discussed in the next lecture.

Tick-borne encephalitis is a disease that affects the human central nervous system. It is caused by a virus, the carriers and keepers of the virus are ixodid ticks. The favorite habitats of ticks are the southern part of taiga forests throughout the European and Asian parts of Russia.

Modern taxonomy of living organisms is based on the degree of relatedness of organisms. Environmental classifications can be based on a wide variety of criteria: methods of nutrition, movement, attitudes to temperature, humidity, free oxygen, etc. The diversity of adaptation to the environment creates the need for multiple classifications.

Among the adaptations of living organisms to the environment, morphological adaptations play a special role. Changes most affect organs that are in direct contact with the external environment. As a result, there is convergence (bringing closer together) of morphological (external) characters in different species, while anatomical and other characters change to a lesser extent, reflecting the relationship and origin of the species.

The morphological (morphophysiological) type of adaptation of an animal or plant to certain living conditions and a certain way of life is called life form of an organism. There are a large number of classifications of life forms of plants and animals, based on different characteristics. The first classifications were based on the appearance of plants, which determined the landscape of the area. Below is one such classification.

- Trees - perennial plants with woody aerial parts, a pronounced one trunk, not less than 2 m in height.

- Shrubs- perennial plants with woody above-ground parts. Unlike trees, they do not have a clearly defined single trunk; branching begins from the ground itself, so several equal trunks are formed.

- Shrubs similar to shrubs, but low-growing, no higher than 50 cm.

Subshrubs They differ from shrubs in that only the lower parts of their shoots become woody, while the upper parts often die off.

- Creepers - plants with climbing, clinging and twining stems.

- Succulents- perennial plants with succulent stems and leaves containing a supply of water.

- Herbal plants- perennial and annual plants in which the above-ground parts die off during the winter (perennials, biennials) or the entire plant dies off (annuals).

Later classifications were based on the adaptive characteristics of plants to living conditions. Among botanists, the classification by K. Raunkier (1905) is popular according to the position of the buds or shoot tips during unfavorable seasons in relation to the surface of the soil and snow cover (Fig. 1). This feature has a deep biological meaning: the protection of meristems intended for continued growth ensures the continuous existence of the individual in a rapidly changing environment. According to this system, plants are divided into five groups:

Phanerophytes (P)- trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytic plants, buds, the renewal of which is located high above the soil surface (not lower than 30 cm) and, thanks to scales and resinous secretions, are well protected from freezing and winter drying out;

Chamephytes (Ch) - low plants - shrubs and subshrubs; their renewal buds on wintering shoots are located at a height of 20-30 cm above the soil level, which ensures their wintering under the protection of snow cover. These include lingonberry (Vaccinium vitisidaea), blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), periwinkle (Vinca minor);

Rice. 1 - Life forms of plants according to Raunkier:

1 - 3 - phanerophytes, 4,5 - chamephytes, 6,7 - hemicryptophytes, 8 - 11 - cryptophytes, 12 - therophyte, 13 - seed with embryo.

Hemicryptophytes (H)- herbaceous perennials, in which the main part of the above-ground organs dies, covering the renewal buds located at the soil level. These are stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), etc.

Cryptophytes(K) - a large group of plants in which renewal buds and the tips of modified shoots are located underground or in another substrate. The group is divided into three subgroups:

A) geophytes, in which overwintering buds are located on underground organs (bulbs, rhizomes, roots);

b) helophytes- plants of coastal and marshy habitats, the overwintering buds of which are located below the bottom of the reservoir. These include: arrowhead (Saggitaria saggitifolia), chastukha (Alisma plantagoaquatica), umbrella leaf (Butonus umbellatus);

V) hydrophytes- aquatic plants with floating or submerged leaves. Their renewal buds overwinter at the bottom of the reservoir on perennial rhizomes, as, for example, in the white water lily (Nymphaea alba) or in the form of specialized buds - turions, as is observed in duckweed (Lemna minor), pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus).

Therophytes(Th) - annual plants that survive dry or cold periods in the form of seeds or spores, equipped with morphological and physiological adaptations to effectively counteract unfavorable conditions.

The distribution of the listed groups of plants by climatic zones (in percentage terms) forms their biological spectrum:

Zone P Ch H K Th

Tropical 69(8)* 6 12 5 16

Desert 4 8 1 5 82

Mediterranean 12 6 29 11 42

Moderate 8 6 52 25 9

Arctic 1 22 60 15 2

* The number in brackets shows the distribution of epiphytic plants.

D.N. Kashkarov (1945) classified the life forms of animals according to the nature of movement in different environments.

I. Floating forms.

1 Purely aquatic:

a) nekton;

b) plankton;

c) benthos.

2 Semi-aquatic:

a) diving;

b) non-diving;

c) only those that extract food from water.

II. Burrowing forms.

1 Absolute diggers (spending their entire lives underground).

2 Relative excavators (coming to the surface).

III. Ground forms.

1 Those who do not make holes:

a) running;

b) jumping;

c) crawling.

2 Making holes:

a) running;

b) jumping;

c) crawling.

3 Animals of the rocks.

IV. Wood climbing forms:

a) not coming down from trees;

b) only those who climb trees.

V. Air forms:

a) foraging for food in the air;

b) looking for food from the air.

Biological rhythms- these are periodically repeating changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena. They are inherent in all living organisms in one form or another and are observed at all levels of organization: from intracellular processes to biosphere ones. Biological rhythms are hereditarily fixed and are a consequence of natural selection and adaptation of organisms. Rhythms can be intraday, daily, seasonal, annual, perennial and centuries-old.

Examples of biological rhythms are: rhythmicity in cell division, DNA and RNA synthesis, hormone secretion, daily movement of leaves and petals towards the Sun, autumn leaf fall, seasonal lignification of wintering shoots, seasonal migrations of birds and mammals, etc. Biological rhythms are divided into exogenous and endogenous.

Exogenous (external) rhythms arise as a reaction to periodic changes in the environment (change of day and night, seasons, solar activity).

Endogenous (internal) rhythms are generated by the body itself. The processes of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, the work of enzymes, cell division, heartbeat, breathing, etc. have rhythm. External influences can shift the phases of these rhythms and change their amplitude. Among endogenous rhythms, physiological and environmental rhythms are distinguished.

Physiological rhythms(heartbeat, breathing, work of endocrine glands, etc.) support the continuous functioning of organisms.

Ecological rhythms(diurnal, annual, tidal, lunar, etc.) arose as an adaptation of living beings to periodic changes in the environment.

Physiological rhythms vary significantly depending on the state of the body, environmental rhythms are more stable and correspond to external rhythms.

Ecological rhythms are able to adapt to changes in the cyclicity of external conditions, but only within certain limits. This adjustment is possible due to the fact that during each period there are certain time intervals (potential readiness time) when the body is ready to perceive a signal from the outside, for example, bright light or darkness. If the signal is slightly delayed or arrives prematurely, the rhythm phase shifts accordingly. Under experimental conditions at constant light and temperature, the same mechanism ensures a regular phase shift during each period. Therefore, the rhythm period under these conditions usually does not correspond to the natural cycle and gradually diverges from phase with local time.

The endogenous component of rhythm gives the body the ability to navigate in time and prepare in advance for upcoming environmental changes. This is the so-called biological clock of the body. Many living organisms are characterized by circadian and circan rhythms. Circadian (circadian) rhythms - repeating changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena with a period of 20 to 28 hours. Circan (annual) rhythms - repeated changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena with a period of 10 to 13 months. Circadian and circan rhythms are recorded under experimental conditions at constant temperature, illumination, etc.

The physical and psychological states of a person have a rhythmic character. Disruption of established rhythms of life can reduce performance and have an adverse effect on human health. The study of biorhythms is of great importance in organizing human work and rest, especially in extreme conditions (in polar conditions, in space, when quickly moving to other time zones, etc.).

Time discrepancies between natural and anthropogenic events often lead to the destruction of natural systems. For example, when carrying out too frequent logging.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Thus, the habitat is the immediate environment of the organism, including the totality of abiotic and biotic factors of an individual organism or the biocenosis as a whole, influencing their growth and development, i.e. it is a part of nature that directly surrounds these living organisms, all that what they live among.

2. In the process of evolution, organisms mastered 4 habitats: aquatic, soil, ground-air, organismal, and also developed certain adaptations (adaptations) to each habitat.

3. Among the adaptations of living organisms to the environment, morphological adaptations play a special role. Changes most affect organs that are in direct contact with the external environment. The morphological type of adaptation of an animal or plant to certain living conditions and a certain way of life is called life form of an organism.

4. Periodically repeated changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena are biological rhythms. They are inherent in all living organisms in one form or another and are observed at all levels of organization: from intracellular processes to biosphere ones. Biological rhythms are hereditarily fixed and are a consequence of natural selection and adaptation of organisms. Rhythms are intradiurnal, diurnal, seasonal, annual, perennial and centuries-old.

The life of a plant, like any other living organism, is a complex set of interrelated processes; The most significant of them, as is known, is the exchange of substances with the environment. The environment is the source from which the plant draws food materials, then processes them in its body, creating the same substances as those that make up the plant’s body - the assimilation of substances drawn from the environment takes place, their assimilation. Simultaneously with this process, the destruction of the constituent parts of the body occurs in the body; breaking them down into simpler ones. This opposite process is called dissimilation. Assimilation, dissimilation, the inextricably linked supply of substances from the environment and the release into the environment of unnecessary, waste substances - all this is metabolism. Consequently, metabolic phenomena closely connect the plant organism with the environment. This connection is twofold. Firstly, the plant turns out to be dependent on the environment. The environment must contain all the materials necessary for plant life. A shortage, especially the absence of one or another category of food materials, should lead to a slowdown or even cessation of life phenomena, to death. Secondly, by absorbing nutrients from the environment and releasing products of its vital activity into the environment (for example, in the form of falling leaves, dead surface layers of bark, etc.), the plant changes its environment. Consequently, not only does the plant depend on the environment, but the environment always depends to some extent on the plants.

Changes in the environment by plants are associated not only with the introduction of metabolic products into it, but also with the physical work performed by the plant. When the roots of a plant penetrate the soil, they perform mechanical work of destruction or local compaction of the substrate. The work performed by the plant is not limited to mechanical action on the substrate. In essence, all physiological functions of a plant represent certain forms of work. This leads to the idea of ​​the connections between plants and the environment in another way: all work involves the expenditure of energy. But energy, as we know, “does not disappear and is not created again.” Therefore, if a plant expends energy, then, obviously, it must receive it from somewhere.

The source of energy for plants containing chlorophyll is the radiant energy of light, due to which the plant builds organic matter containing, as it were, conserved energy. In plants that do not have chlorophyll, for example mushrooms, the source of energy is organic food, that is, either the organic substance itself created by the green plant, or the same, but in a form already modified by other organisms.

Energy, in one form or another, entering plants undergoes complex changes, ultimately being released into the environment. We can say that the connection between the plant and the environment is not limited to the exchange and transformation of substances - in parallel with this, energy exchange also takes place.

The living environment of a plant is heterogeneous; it contains many components that are closely related to each other. Each element of the environment that affects the body is called an environmental factor. The variety of environmental factors can be grouped into two categories: biotic factors and abiotic factors.

Every organism, population, species has a habitat - that part of nature that surrounds all living things and has some impact on it, direct or indirect. It is from it that organisms take everything they need to exist, and it is into it that they secrete the products of their vital activity. Environmental conditions are not the same for different organisms. As they say, what is good for one is death for another. It consists of many organic and inorganic elements that influence a particular species.

Habitat and living conditions

Living conditions are those environmental factors that are vital for a certain type of organism. That minimum without which existence is impossible. These include, for example, air, moisture, soil, as well as light and heat. These are the primary conditions. In contrast, there are other factors that are not so vital. For example, wind or atmospheric pressure. Thus, the habitat and the conditions of existence of organisms are different concepts. The first is more general, the second means only those conditions without which a living organism or plant cannot exist.

Environmental factors

These are all those elements of the environment that are capable of influencing - direct or indirect - on These factors cause adaptations of organisms (or adaptive reactions). Abiotic is the influence of inorganic elements of inanimate nature (soil composition, its chemical properties, light, temperature, humidity). Biotic factors are forms of influence of living organisms on each other. Some species are food for others, serve for pollination and dispersal, and have other effects. Anthropogenic - human activities affecting living nature. The selection of this group is due to the fact that today the fate of the entire biosphere of the Earth is practically in the hands of man.

Most of the above factors are environmental conditions. Some are in the process of modification, others are constant. Their change depends on the time of day, for example, on cooling and warming. Many factors (the same environmental conditions) play a primary role in the life of some organisms, while in others they play a secondary role. For example, the soil salt regime is of great importance in the nutrition of plants with minerals, but in animals it is not so important for the same area.

Ecology

This is the name of the science that studies the living conditions of organisms and their relationship with it. The term was first defined by the German biologist Haeckel in 1866. However, science began to actively develop only in the 30s of the last century.

Biosphere and noosphere

The totality of all living organisms on Earth is called the biosphere. It also includes a person. And it not only enters, but also has an active influence on the biosphere itself, especially in recent years. This is how the transition to the noosphere takes place (according to Vernadsky’s terminology). The noosphere involves not only the crude use of natural resources and science, but also universal cooperation aimed at protecting our common home - planet Earth.

Aquatic habitat conditions

Water is considered the cradle of life. Many of the animals that exist on earth had ancestors that lived in this environment. With the formation of land, some species came out of the water and first became amphibians, and then evolved into land animals. Most of our planet is covered with water. Many organisms living in it are hydrophiles, that is, they do not need any adaptation to their environment.

First of all, one of the most important conditions is the chemical composition of the aquatic environment. It is different in different bodies of water. For example, the salt regime of small lakes is 0.001% salts. In large fresh water bodies - up to 0.05%. Marine - 3.5%. In salty continental lakes, the salt level reaches more than 30%. As salinity increases, the fauna becomes poorer. There are known bodies of water where there are no living organisms.

An important role in environmental conditions is played by such a factor as the content of hydrogen sulfide. For example, in (below 200 meters) no one lives at all except hydrogen sulfide bacteria. And all because of the abundance of this gas in the environment.

The physical properties of water are also important: transparency, pressure, current speed. Some animals live only in clear water, while others are suitable for muddy water. Some plants live in stagnant water, while others prefer to travel with the current.

For deep-sea inhabitants, the absence of light and the presence of pressure are the most important conditions for existence.

Plants

The habitat conditions of plants are also determined by many factors: the presence of lighting, temperature fluctuations. If the plant is aquatic - by the conditions of the aquatic environment. Among the vital ones are the presence of nutrients in the soil, natural watering and irrigation (for cultivated plants). Many of the plants are tied to certain climatic zones. In other areas they are not able to survive, much less reproduce and produce offspring. Ornamental plants, accustomed to “greenhouse” conditions, require an artificially created habitat. They can no longer survive in street conditions.

On the ground

For many plants and animals, soil habitat is important. Environmental conditions depend on several factors. These include climatic zones, temperature changes, and the chemical and physical composition of the soil. On land, as on water, one thing is good for some, and another for others. But in general, soil habitats provide shelter for many species of plants and animals that live on the planet.

Habitat

This term has other meanings, see Habitat (meanings).

Habitat- this is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect impact on them. From the environment, organisms receive everything they need for life and secrete metabolic products into it. The environment of each organism is composed of many elements of inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by man and his production activities. Moreover, some elements may be partially or completely indifferent to the body, others are necessary, and others have a negative effect.

Untouched habitat for many plants and animals

There are natural and artificial (man-made) habitats. Natural habitats are mainly divided into ground-air, soil, water and intraorganismal. Individual properties and elements of the environment that affect organisms are called environmental factors. All environmental factors can be divided into three large groups:

• Abiotic factors are a set of conditions in the inorganic environment that affect the organism. (Light, temperature, wind, air, pressure, humidity, etc.) For example: accumulation of toxic and chemical elements in the soil, drying out of water bodies during drought, increasing daylight hours, intense ultraviolet radiation.
• Biotic factors are a set of influences of the life activity of some organisms on others. (The influence of plants and animals on other members of the biogeocenosis) For example: soil destruction by wild boars and moles, a decrease in the number of squirrels in lean years.
• Anthropogenic (anthropogenic) factors are all forms of activity of human society that change nature as the habitat of living organisms or directly affect their lives. The separation of anthropogenic factors into a separate group is due to the fact that currently the fate of the Earth's vegetation and all currently existing species of organisms is practically in the hands of human society.

It is also possible to distinguish the following components of the habitat: natural bodies of the habitat, hydroenvironment, air space of the environment, anthropogenic bodies, radiation and gravitational fields of the environment.

see also

Literature

Afanasyev V. G. The world of the living. Systematicity, evolution and management. - M: Ed. watered l-ry, 1986.

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