Installation bug. Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1" - history of creation and description

Designed to protect ground facilities and troops from air strikes, including defense against cruise missiles. The air defense missile system is known in international indexing as 9K317. According to the American classification, the complex is designated SA-17 Grizzly or simply “Grizzly-17”.

History of creation

Initially, there was controversy about the development of only the 9K37 project, but over time, military engineers proposed more powerful modifications. Their goal was to hit up to 24 targets simultaneously. The Buk M2 project (photos of the complex can be seen in this article) was launched. During the first year of development, Russian designers managed to achieve amazing results. The once invulnerable F-15 aircraft became an easy target for the 9K317, even at a distance of 40 km. The range of destruction of cruise missiles has increased to 26 km.

One of the main advantages of the complex was the time it took to deploy and fire. The first indicator was only 5 minutes, and the rate of fire was 4 seconds for 1 projectile at a speed of up to 1100 m/s. This complex was immediately adopted by the Soviet Union. However, since the early 1990s, widespread production has been stopped due to the difficult economic situation in the country after the air defense system joined the ranks of the Russian air defense in 2008.

Development Features

The Buk M2 complex is a highly mobile and multifunctional air defense system with a medium range. It is designed to destroy strategic and combat helicopters, missiles and other aerodynamic devices). The 9K317 is capable of withstanding enemy forces even under continuous fire attack.

The main developer of the impact machine is the famous designer of the Research Institute of Instrumentation E. Pigin. Under his leadership, the air defense missile system received an independent implementation project. Previously, the development of the complex was intended to partially replace the unusable Kub mobile anti-aircraft installations. The fundamental difference from the Buk M1 was the introduction of the new universal 9M317 missile into the BC.

For a long time, the M2 model remained without modification. And only in 2008 the complex was improved. Gradually, export variations with the letter “E” at the end of the codification began to appear.

Performance characteristics

The total combat weight of the vehicle is 35.5 tons. At the same time, the crew is limited to only 3 people. The complex is lined with bulletproof armor. In terms of performance characteristics, the Buk M2 is, first of all, distinguished by its engine power, which is 710 hp. This makes it possible to travel at speeds of up to 45 km/h over rough terrain. The transport part is represented by wheeled or tracked chassis.

The characteristics of the combat configuration of the Buk M2 are surprising. The air defense system can fire both under the control of operators and autonomously. In turn, the command post processes data on the air situation simultaneously for 50 targets in a matter of seconds. Detection and identification are carried out by special stations SOC, RPN and SOU.

When fully equipped, the air defense system provides simultaneous fire at 24 aircraft at altitudes from 150 m to 25 km. The range of hitting targets at a speed of 830 m/s is up to 40 km, at 300 m/s - up to 50 km. Ballistic and cruise missiles will be easily neutralized at a distance of up to 20,000 m.

One of the striking advantages of the complex is its shooting accuracy. The probability of hitting aircraft is 95%, missiles - 80%, light helicopters - 40%. The response time of the air defense system is also noted - only 10 seconds. Defensive means include aerosol curtains, laser sensors and radiation screens.

Data exchange between SAM stations is provided via two-wire lines or a radio signal.

Characteristics of hitting targets

The Buk M2 air defense system is capable of neutralizing enemy aircraft moving at speeds of up to 830 m/s. However, according to experts, the optimal indicator of damage with the highest probability is 420 m/s. As for the minimum speed threshold, it varies between 48-50 m/s. The modernized model of the complex, produced in 2008, is integrated with the ability to destroy aircraft flying at speeds of up to 1200 m/s.

An important characteristic during an attack is the identification of the enemy. Thus, the Buk M2 can detect reflective surfaces of aircraft with an area of ​​2 square meters. m., rockets - from 0.05 sq. m.

During a maneuver, the air defense system is capable of attacking 10 aerodynamic units at once.

Combat and tactical means

The base is equipped with one 3S510 command post, a target designation and detection station with the 9S18M1-3 codification, from 4 to 6 upgraded 9S36 guidance and illumination radars, up to 6 9A317 self-propelled strike systems, 6 or 12 9A316 launch-charging systems. The 9M317 series anti-aircraft guided missile received special attention.

The Buk M2 provides the possibility of using shock sections based on SDA, ROM and on-load tap-changer. They provide simultaneous shelling of 4 objects at a relief height of up to 20 m. The basic and export configuration of the air defense system contains 2 such sections, and the modernized version has 4.

Changing the home position requires no more than 20 seconds. In this case, the readiness time for each section varies from 5 to 15 minutes.

Firepower

The 9M317 missile is the most formidable weapon of the Buk M2 air defense system. The missile attack range is 50 km. Moreover, the missile is capable of destroying a target hovering in the air at an altitude of 25 km. The installation integrates an inertial control system with a semi-active radar seeker version 9E420. The rocket itself has a mass of 715 kg. The flight speed is 1230 m/s. The wingspan reaches 0.86 m. The explosion covers a radius of 17 m.

The complex also includes the 9A317 tracked unit. It allows you to timely detect, recognize and monitor an air target. After analyzing the type, the 9A317 develops a solution to the destruction problem and launches the missile. During the flight, the installation not only transmits commands to the warhead, but also preliminarily evaluates the results of the attack. Fire can be conducted autonomously in a given sector or as part of an air defense system after indicating the target from the command post.

The radar station of the 9A317 installation has a phased array antenna with electron beam scanning capability. This allows you to detect targets at a distance of 20 km with a maneuver angle of up to 70 degrees. The station is capable of scanning 10 objects simultaneously. Shelling can be carried out on 4 highest priority targets. The installation is also equipped with an optical system for television and matrix channels. This allows you to monitor the airspace under any climatic conditions and radio interference. The weight of the installation is 35 tons. In combat configuration - 4 missiles.

The 9A316 launching and charging system is based on a tracked chassis. During transportation, it is towed on a wheeled trailer. Its mass is 38 tons. The package includes 8 launch rockets. The system has a built-in self-charging device.

Controls and controls

Fundamental to the air defense system is the command post with codification 9С510. It is based on the GM597 series tracked chassis. Transportation over long distances is carried out by a KrAZ tractor on a wheeled semi-trailer. The checkpoint serves up to 60 destinations. The maximum number of targets under investigation is up to 36. The item includes 6 controlled sections, the reaction time of which varies within 2 seconds. The weight of the 9S510 is 30 tons when fully equipped. The crew includes 6 people.

The 9S36 radar is equipped with an antenna installation rising to a height of 22 m, which ensures localization and identification of targets even in wooded areas. The radar is based on an electronic phased array scanner. The station moves on a tracked chassis. Target detection is possible in a range of up to 120 km. It is worth noting that the tracking radius is up to 35 km. Simultaneous tracking of 10 objects at wind speeds up to 32 m/s. Crew capacity is up to 4 people.

The 9S18M1-3 radar is a 3-coordinate pulse-coherent centimeter range surveillance unit. Based on an electronic beam scanner of a vertical plane. The radar is designed to study airspace. The received data is instantly transmitted via telecode line to the command post for subsequent processing. A waveguide phased array antenna is used. Target detection azimuth is 360 degrees at a range of 160 km. The installation is based on tracked chassis. Weight - 30 tons.

Applications and capabilities

Modern 9K317s are capable of delivering intense strikes against unmanned high-speed warheads from several directions at once. The complex meets such important criteria as mobility, versatility, fire performance, instant response, attack variability, and autonomy of detection and defense systems.

Most often, air defense systems are used to protect particularly significant facilities and troop locations. 9K317 is capable of solving a wide range of tasks. This makes it indispensable for reconnaissance or attacking the enemy from the air, even at extremely low altitudes.

The tasks of the air defense system include keeping enemy targets at the maximum distance from protected objects, eliminating interference, risk analysis, constructing an algorithm for a possible attack, etc.

Comparison of upgrades

The Buk M1 version entered service in 1982. The air defense system could shoot down aircraft with an accuracy of up to 60%, ALCM class cruise missiles - up to 40%, helicopters - up to 30%. Soon it became possible to intercept ballistic warheads. During the finalization in 1993, the 9M317 installation was introduced. For a long time, M1 devices remained out of reach in the international military space.

The newest version of the Buk M3 air defense system should be put into service only in the fall of 2015. After the success of the M2 model on the international stage, the Russian government allocated a large sum for the implementation of the modernized project. It is expected that the Buk M3 will be able to attack up to 36 targets, piloted at a speed of 3000 m/s. The recognition range will vary up to 70 km. Such results will be possible thanks to the updated 9M317M launcher and improved seeker.

Export release

The Russian Federation has about 300 air defense systems of the M2 model in service. Most of them are based at the Alkino and Kapustin Yar training grounds.

The largest number of exported Buk M2E are located in Syria. In 2011, 19 complexes were supplied to the local army from Russia.

Venezuela has 2 air defense systems on its balance sheet. It is unknown how many complexes Azerbaijan, Ukraine and Iraq have.

This is a highly mobile, multi-purpose complex that ensures successful combat operations both in an interference-free environment and in conditions of intense radio countermeasures. In addition to aerodynamic targets of all types, it can hit a wide range of missiles: tactical ballistic and anti-radar, special aviation and cruise missiles. These air defense systems can strike surface ships (for example, destroyer and missile boat classes), as well as ground radio-contrast targets. The air defense system can be used for air defense of troops (military installations) in various forms of combat operations, administrative and industrial facilities and the territory of the country.

The main developer of the BUK-M2E air defense system is OJSC Scientific Research Institute named after V.V. Tikhomirov", the main manufacturer is Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. Both enterprises are part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern OJSC.

The BUK-M2E air defense system functionally consists of combat and technical means. The first include: command post (CP) 9S510E, target detection station (SOC) 9S18M1-3E; up to six fire groups of two types (self-propelled firing units (SOU) 9A317E with one 9A316E launch-loading unit (PZU) attached to them and illumination and guidance radar (RPN) 9S36E with two launch-loading units 9A316E attached to them).

The combat operations of the complex are controlled by a command post (CP), which receives information about the air situation from a target detection station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP), and transmits target designations and control commands to fire groups (up to six groups) via technical communication lines. Each fire group has four target channels and eight firing channels. The shelling of tracked targets is carried out both by single and salvo launches of anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM).

The highly effective 9M317 missile defense system with a solid-fuel rocket engine and combat equipment flexibly adapted to various types of targets, used in the complex, allows you to confidently hit targets in the entire range of the complex’s destruction zone: in range - 3.0-45 km, in height - 0-25 km. The use of modern computer systems, phased antenna arrays in combat air defense systems, and effective hardware and software implementation of complex special combat operation modes allow the complex to simultaneously track and hit up to 24 targets with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex is 10-12 seconds. The probability of hitting aerodynamic targets with one missile is 0.9-0.95. The maximum speed of targeted tactical ballistic missiles is 1200 m/s. The detection zone and the probability of hitting small and low-flying targets increases 1.5 times due to the use of an illumination and guidance radar (RPN 9S36E) as part of the complex, in which the antenna post rises to a height of 21 meters.

The placement of combat assets on high-speed self-propelled tracked or wheeled chassis, the minimum deployment and deployment time of the air defense system (no more than 5 minutes without an on-load tap changer), the ability to change the positions of the main combat assets with the equipment turned on in 20 seconds determine the high mobility of the complex.

The presence of interference protection channels that allow the complex's combat weapons to operate in intense active interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz, an effective optical-electronic system (OES), implemented on the basis of two matrix channels (thermal imaging and television) and allowing the main combat weapon of the complex, the SOU, to operate 24/7 9A317E in OES mode (virtually without microwave radiation), provide high noise immunity and survivability of the complex.

In 2009-2010 The BUK-M2E air defense system has undergone real testing under conditions as close as possible to combat, with multilateral, extensive flight and firing tests carried out at the training grounds of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and foreign customers in the most difficult meteorological conditions (ambient temperature - up to +54 ° C, high dust content air, wind up to 27 m/s) with simulating the impact of active noise interference. These tests confirmed the high tactical and technical characteristics of the complex and its high reliability.

The complex's combat assets, including the 9M317 missile defense system, contain significant modernization capabilities in order to improve their tactical and technical characteristics, including in connection with additional customer requirements.

The BUK-M2E air defense system is noticeably superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to existing foreign analogues: the KS-1A air defense system (China), Hawk (USA), NASAMS (Norway), Spayder (Israel), SAMP-T (Eurosam), Akash ( India). The complex is in high demand on the international arms market and in the segment of medium-range military air defense systems and is undoubtedly one of the best in the world.

Modernized Shilka anti-aircraft gun. The 23-mm quad anti-aircraft self-propelled gun (ZSU) “Shilka” is a short-range air defense weapon. It is designed for air defense of combat formations of troops, columns on the march, stationary objects and railway trains from enemy air attacks at altitudes up to 1500 m and ranges up to 2500 m. The ZSU can be used to destroy mobile ground and surface targets at ranges up to 2000 m, and targets dropped by parachute.

Having successfully passed combat testing in various regions of the world, the Shilka self-propelled gun, by today’s criteria, has high firepower and tactical mobility, while at the same time it has an established and extensive structure for repairs and personnel training. But time, of course, demanded the need to modernize the Shilka self-propelled gun.

The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant carried out work to modernize the Shilka self-propelled gun. The updated ZSU has better tactical and technical characteristics compared to earlier modifications. A more advanced fire control system has been introduced on it: data reception and transmission equipment has been introduced for the exchange of ZSU information with a higher command post; the method of processing secondary information has been changed - from analog to digital; the radar station was replaced by a new radar of the same frequency range; all equipment (except for the transmitter) has been converted to a solid-state element base; the noise protection system and range finder have been converted to a digital information processing method; Instead of an analog computing device, gun and sighting coordinate converters, a high-speed digital computing system with a large-capacity memory is used, made on a modern commercially produced digital computer.

The built-in simulator mode provides the ability to effectively train radar operators without the use of aircraft. The introduction of a set of equipment into the ZSU that allows firing of anti-aircraft missiles of the Igla type made it possible to increase the range of hitting targets to 5 km.

Anti-aircraft self-propelled gun "Tunguska-M1". The Tunguska self-propelled gun was developed in the 70s of the 20th century. It is designed to detect, identify nationality and destroy aircraft, helicopters (including hovering and suddenly appearing) and other low-flying targets when operating on the move, from a standstill and from short stops. The ZSU ensures the destruction of ground and surface targets and targets dropped by parachute.

Many years of experience in operating the ZSU have shown that it has insufficient noise immunity when firing missile weapons at targets equipped with optical interference. In addition, it is not equipped with equipment for automated reception and implementation of target designation from a higher command post, which reduces the effectiveness of the combat use of a ZSU battery during a massive enemy raid.

That is why the Tunguska-M1 self-propelled gun system has implemented a number of technical solutions that have expanded its capabilities. A new missile with a pulsed optical transponder was used and the missile control equipment was modernized, which made it possible to significantly increase noise immunity from optical interference and increase the likelihood of hitting targets operating under the cover of this interference. Equipping the missile with a radar proximity fuse has significantly increased its effectiveness in combating small targets. Increasing the operating time of the missile elements increased the missile’s range of hitting targets from 8,000 to 10,000 m.

The ZSU has introduced equipment for automated reception and processing of external target designation, which is interfaced via a radio channel with the battery command post. This made it possible from the command post to automatically distribute targets between the battery's SPAAGs (the battery includes 6 SPAAGs), which significantly increases the effectiveness of combat use during a massive attack on targets. The ZSU transmits information about actions on the target to the command post.

A system for “unloading” the gunner has also been introduced. With its help, automatic, high-speed, two-dimensional tracking of the target with an optical sight is carried out. This significantly simplified the process of semi-automatic target tracking by the gunner while simultaneously increasing the accuracy of tracking and reducing the dependence of the effectiveness of the combat use of missile weapons on the level of professional training of the gunner.

The ZSU has been equipped with television and thermal imaging channels with automatic tracking, which ensures a passive target tracking mode and 24-hour use of missile weapons. The modernized digital computing system uses a new computer with greater speed and large memory capacity, which has increased the frequency of problem solving and reduced calculation errors. At the same time, the functionality of the Central Military District has expanded in solving combat and control missions.

In accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1979, the Buk air defense system was modernized in order to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of its radio-electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective organizational and technical measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 complex are interchangeable with the same type of combat assets of the Buk air defense system without modifications; the standard organization of combat formations and technical units is similar to the Buk complex.

As a result of tests carried out from February to December 1982 under the leadership of a commission headed by B.M. Gusev at the Embensky training ground (chief - V.V. Zubarev), it was established that the modernized Buk-M1 complex compared to The Buk air defense system provides a large area of ​​destruction of aircraft, is capable of shooting down ALCM cruise missiles with a probability of hitting one missile system of at least 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters with a probability of 0.6-0.7, as well as hovering helicopters with probability 0.3-0.4 at a range from 3.5 to 6-10 km.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1983 and its serial production was established in cooperation with industrial enterprises that had previously produced Buk air defense systems.

The Buk family complexes were offered for delivery abroad under the name " Ganges". After the collapse of the USSR, the Buk air defense system in various modifications went to, in addition to Russia, also Ukraine and Belarus. The Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile system was exported only to Finland. The naval version of the Uragan (Shtil) complex has been supplied since 2000 to China on two Sovremenny class destroyers.

During the Defense 92 exercise, the Buk family of air defense systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and on the Smerch MLRS.

Compound

The Buk-M1 air defense system includes the following combat weapons:

SAM 9M38M1;

Command post 9S470M1;

Detection and target designation station 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1";

Self-propelled firing system 9A310M1;

Start-loading installation 9A39.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system, in comparison with the 9A310 installation, provides target detection and acquisition for auto-tracking at long ranges (25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.
The 9A310M1 uses 72 letter backlight frequencies (instead of 36), which contributes to increased protection from mutual and intentional interference. Recognition of three classes of targets is provided - aircraft, ballistic missiles, helicopters.

The 9S470M1 command post, in comparison with the 9S470 command post of the Buk complex, provides simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the air defense control post of a motorized rifle (tank) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of all crews and combat assets SAM.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 (“Kupol-M1”), which has a flat elevation phased array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis, the same type as the command post, self-propelled firing system and launch-loading installation.
The length of the detection and target designation station is 9.59 m, width - 3.25 m, height - 3.25 m (8.02 m in working position), weight - 35 tons.

The technological equipment of the complex includes:

9V95M1E - an automated control and testing mobile station vehicle on a ZIL-131 and a trailer;

9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles for Ural-43203-1012;

9V881E - maintenance vehicle Ural-43203-1012;

9T229 - transport vehicle for 8 missiles (or six containers with missiles) on the KrAZ-255B;

9Т31М (9Т31М1) - truck crane;

The development of the Buk complex was started according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 Uragan air defense system for the Navy was determined using a missile defense system common to the Buk complex.

The military air defense system "Buk" was intended to fight in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles.

Developers of the complex and its systems

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (General Director V.K. Grishin). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.

Launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau (MCB) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lyulev. The detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 (“Dome”) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

In the west the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".

Compound

The Buk air defense system includes the following combat weapons:

• SAM 9M38;
• Command post 9S470;
• Detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome";
• Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
• Start-loading installation 9A39.

SAM 9M38

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is made using a dual-mode solid fuel engine (total operating time is about 15 seconds), according to a normal aerodynamic configuration with “X” placement of low aspect ratio wings.

In the front part of the missile, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are successively located. To reduce the dispersion of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implemented homing missiles using the proportional navigation method. The warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation type.

Command post 9S470

The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided:

• receiving, displaying and processing information about targets received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
• selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters of self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets, about operating modes of the detection and target designation station;
• organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the enemy’s use of anti-radar missiles;
• documentation of work and training in calculation of CP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per review cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing systems with an accuracy of 1° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range.
The weight of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons.

Detection and target designation station 9S18 ("Dome")

Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station 9S18 (“Dome”) of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in a sector according to the elevation angle (set to 30° or 40°) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using an electric drive or hydraulic drive) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 control post.

The rate of viewing the space, depending on the established sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s for all-round viewing and from 2.5 to 4.5 s for viewing in a 30° sector. Radar information was transmitted via telecode line to the 9S470 control panel in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 s). The root mean square errors (RMS) of measuring target coordinates were: no more than 20" - in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130m - in range, range resolution no worse than 300m, in azimuth and elevation - 4°.

To protect against targeted interference, we used tuning of the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from response ones - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel, from non-synchronous pulses - changing the slope of linear-frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. With noise barrage interference from self-cover and external cover at specified levels, the detection and target designation station ensured detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station ensured tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection circuit with automatic wind speed compensation. The station was protected from anti-radar missiles by implementing a software tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 s, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signals or to the intermittent radiation (flicker) mode.

The station included an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile, a feed in the form of a full-flow line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotating device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position; transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW); receiving device (with a noise figure of no more than 8) and other systems.

The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with a crew of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

Self-propelled firing system 9A310

The transfer time from traveling to combat position was no more than 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, was no more than 20 s. Loading a 9A310 self-propelled firing system with four missiles from a launcher-loading installation was carried out in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes.

The weight of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system was 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).

Launch-loading installation 9A39

The 9A39 launcher-loading unit, located on the GM-577 chassis, was intended for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching 4 missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. In addition to the launching device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradle, the launch-loading installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, telecode communication, energy supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people is no more than 35.5 tons.
The length of the launch-loading installation was 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

Performance characteristics

Testing and operation

Joint tests of the Buk complex with its full set of equipment were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emben test site (head of the test site V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The command post of the complex received information about the air situation from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (ASU "Polyana-D4") and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued it to self-propelled firing units, which searched and captured targets for automatic tracking. Upon entry The missiles were launched into the affected area. The missiles were guided using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of pointing at the target. When approaching the target, the seeker issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching the target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead was detonated on command. If the radio fuse did not activate, the missile defense system self-destructed, and if the target was not hit, a second missile defense system was launched at it.

Compared to previous systems of similar purposes (Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems), the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:

• simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, carrying out up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
• greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems;
• increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board seeker computer and a special type of illumination signal;
• greater efficiency in hitting a target due to the increased power of the missile defense warhead.

Based on the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m/s) with a course parameter of up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense missile systems were consolidated into anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: a command post (the brigade's combat control point from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own 9S470 command posts, a 9S18 detection and target designation station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader each, as well as technical support and maintenance units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1980.

The multifunctional, highly mobile, medium-range anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) 9K317 "Buk-M2" is designed to destroy tactical and strategic aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters (including hovering ones) and other aerodynamic aircraft in the entire range of their practical use in conditions of intensive radio-electronic warfare. and fire counteraction from the enemy, as well as to combat tactical ballistic, aircraft missiles and other elements of high-precision weapons in flight, destroy surface targets and fire at ground-based radio-contrast targets. The Buk-M2 air defense system can be used for air defense of troops (military installations), in various forms of combat operations, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.

The lead developer of the complex is the Research Institute of Instrument Making named after V.V. Tikhomirov (Chief Designer - E.A. Pigin). The 9K317 Buk-M2 air defense system was intended to replace the Kub and Buk anti-aircraft systems of previous generations in air defense units and was put into service in the early 90s of the last century. However, the difficult economic situation in the country did not allow its mass production to be launched. In order to save money, as an intermediate option, the developers proposed the option of upgrading the 9K37 Buk-M1 complex using the new 9M317 missile from the 9K317 Buk-M2. This intermediate version was designated Buk-M1-2.

Work to improve the Buk-M2 complex continued in 2008. The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (UMZ) began mass production of a modern version of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex, which began to enter service with the troops.

At the same time, taking into account the requirements of foreign customers, an export version of the Buk-M2E - Ural - was developed. For the first time, the export version was presented at the MAKS-2007 exhibition. It was reported that a contract had been concluded with Syria for the supply of Buk-M2E air defense systems.

At the MAKS-2011 aerospace show, the 9K317E Buk-M2E complex was presented, the combat vehicles of which are built on the MZKT-6922 wheeled chassis (see photo1, photo2, photo3, photo4).

NATO code - SA-17 "Grizzly".

Compound

Composition of the 9K317 "Buk-M2" complex:

• military means
  • anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M317 (see photo),
  • self-propelled firing units (SOU) 9A317 and 9A318 (towed),
  • launch-loading units (ROM) 9A316 and 9A320;
• controls
  • command post 9S510,
  • target detection radar 9S18M1-3,
  • radar illumination and missile guidance (RPN) 9S36.

The 9K317 complex provides for the use of two types of firing sections:

• up to 4 sections consisting of 1 self-propelled gun and 1 ROM, providing simultaneous fire at up to 4 targets (relief height up to 2m);
• up to 2 sections consisting of 1 RPN 9S36 and 2 ROMs, providing simultaneous firing of up to 4 targets (relief height up to 20m).

Ready time from the march: 1st section - 5 minutes; 2nd section - 10-15 min. It only takes 20 seconds to change positions with the equipment turned on.

Anti-aircraft guided missile 9M317. The 9M317 missile has an expanded destruction zone of up to 45-50 km in range and up to 25 km in height and parameters, as well as a large range of targets to be hit. It provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a new semi-active Doppler radar seeker 9E420 (see photo). Warhead: rod, weight - 70 kg, target destruction zone radius - 17 m. Flight speed - up to 1230 m/s, overload - up to 24 g. Rocket mass - 715 kg. Wing span - 860 mm. The engine is a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine. The rocket has a high level of reliability; a fully assembled and equipped rocket does not require checks and adjustments throughout its entire service life - 10 years.

The 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missile is used to complete the BUK-M1-2 air defense system and the BUK-M2E air defense system and is designed to destroy modern and future maneuvering tactical and strategic aircraft, fire support helicopters, including hovering ones, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles, and also surface and ground radio-contrast targets. Can be placed on installations with wheeled or tracked chassis.

The 9M317 missile is delivered for operation in a fiberglass transport container, completely ready for combat use, and does not require on-board equipment checks during the entire specified service life. The missile is of all-climate design and allows operation and combat use at any time of the year and day after exposure and when exposed to precipitation at ambient temperatures from minus 50ºС to plus 50°С, relative humidity 98% at plus 35°С.

Self-propelled firing system 9A317(see photo) is made on a GM-569 tracked chassis. In the process of combat operation, the SOU carries out detection, identification, auto-tracking and recognition of the type of target, development of a flight mission, solution of the launch problem, launch of a missile, illumination of the target and transmission of radio correction commands to the missile, evaluation of firing results. The self-propelled gun can fire at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system with target designation from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility.

The SOU 9A317 radar, unlike previous versions of the complex, is based on a phased array antenna with electronic beam scanning. Target detection zone: in azimuth - ±45°, in elevation - 70°, in range - 120 km (RCS = 1-2 m2, altitude - 3 km), 18-20 km (RCS = 1-2 m2, altitude - 10-15 m). Target tracking zone: in azimuth - ±60°, in elevation - from -5 to +85°. The number of detected targets is 10. The number of targets fired is 4. The SOU 9A317 is equipped with an optical-electronic system based on sub-matrix thermal imaging and CCD-matrix television channels, which ensures the possibility of 24-hour operation and significantly increases the noise immunity and survivability of the air defense system. The number of missiles on the installation is 4. Reaction time is 5 s. Ready time after changing position is 20 s. Weight - 35 tons. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m. Crew - 4 people.

Start-loading unit 9A316 made on a GM-577 tracked chassis, towed by 9A320 - on a wheeled semi-trailer with a KrAZ tractor (road train 9001).. Number of missiles: on launch supports - 4, on transport supports - 4. Self-loading time - 15 minutes. Loading time of the self-propelled gun is 13 minutes. The crane's lifting capacity is 1000 kg. Weight - 38/35 tons. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m. Crew - 4 people.

Command post 9S510(see photo ). Chassis - tracked GM-579 / wheeled on a semi-trailer with a KrAZ tractor (road train 9001). The number of supported routes is up to 60 (50-80). The number of target indications issued is 16-36. Number of controlled sections - up to 6. Reaction time - 2 s. Weight - 30/25 tons. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m. Crew - 6 people.

Target illumination and missile guidance radar 9S36(see photo1, photo2, photo3) with an antenna post rising to a height of up to 22m ensures the destruction of targets flying at low and extremely low altitudes, in wooded and rough terrain. Antenna type - phased array with electronic scanning. The station is located on a tracked chassis or on a wheeled semi-trailer with a KrAZ tractor (road train 9001). Target detection zone: azimuth - ±45°, elevation - 70°, range - 120 km (RCS=1-2m2, height - 3 km), 30-35 km (RCS=1-2m2, height - 10 -15m). Target tracking zone: in azimuth - ±60°, in elevation - from -5 to +85°. Number of detected targets - 10. Number of targets fired - 4. Wind speed - up to 30 m/s. Weight on a tracked chassis is 36t, on a wheeled chassis - 30t. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m. Crew - 4 people.

Target detection radar 9S18M1-3(see photo1, photo2, photo3, photo4, photo5). Three-dimensional coherent-pulse surveillance radar 9S18M1-3 centimeter range with electronic beam scanning in the vertical plane is designed for scanning airspace with subsequent data transmission (via telecode line) for processing to the 9S510 command post. The radar is mounted on a GM-567M tracked chassis. Antenna type - phased waveguide-slot array, scanning in azimuth - mechanically, scanning in elevation - electronically. Target detection zone: azimuth - 360°, elevation - 50°, range - 160 km (RCS = 1-2m2). Review period - 4.5-6 seconds. The station is automatically protected from interference by instantly adjusting frequency pulses, as well as blocking range intervals. The radar is protected from glare from the ground and underlying surface or other passive interference by compensating for losses due to direction, wind speed and selectivity of real targets. The total weight of the radar is 30t. Combat crew of 3 people. The transfer time from traveling to combat position and back is no more than 5 minutes. Dimensions - 8x3.3x3.8 m.

The Buk-M2E air defense system was further upgraded in the following areas compared to the base model:

• Modern specialized digital computers (SDCMs) have been introduced into the combat assets of the complex, which, thanks to their high performance and memory capacity, provide not only the solution of combat missions, but also the functioning of training modes and training for crews of the complex's assets;
• the teleoptical sighting device (TOV) has been replaced by a tele-thermal imaging system that provides detection, acquisition and automatic tracking of targets in passive mode both at night and in difficult weather conditions;
• the system for documenting the operation of the complex was replaced with an Integrated (built-in) objective control system (ISOC) based on modern computer technologies;
• signal processing and display equipment has been transferred to processor processing with information output to liquid crystal monitors;
• communication means have been replaced with modern digital radio stations that provide reception and transmission of both voice information and encoded target designation and distribution data;
• Operator workstations with indicators based on cathode ray tubes (CRT) were replaced with automated workstations.

The 9K317 complex can be operated in various climatic zones; for this purpose, the machines are equipped with air conditioners. The complex can be transported without restrictions on speed and distance by rail, air and water transport.