How do independent parts of speech differ from auxiliary parts?

Part of speech- This is a class variety of speech units of a language. In our native language they are (nominative) and . When parsing, sentences with auxiliary and independent parts of speech require a clear understanding of how they differ from each other.

In contact with

- these are groups of words denoting objects, their properties and actions. What features do independent categories of words have and how do they differ from function ones? Their distinctive feature is the performance of syntactic functions, as well as the presence of morphological features.

Noun

Noun affects objects and phenomena (table, chair, fog, rain). Questions: Who? What?

TO constant characteristics of a noun include gender (male - backpack, bear; female - board, diagram; cf. - cloud, tree); declension (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th); proper name (full name, nicknames, names of countries, rivers, etc.) or common noun (they call a group of homogeneous objects - a writer, a plant); animate (everything living - cat, dog) or inanimate (inanimate objects - stone, wall).

Variable morphological features include number and case.

Attention! Some nouns are used only in singular form. (honey, cleanliness, midges) or many others. including (chess, twilight, trousers).

Nouns in syntactic constructions are subject, object, nominal predicate. Leaves fall in the fall. Anton washed the floors. She secretary.

Adjective

Adjective determines the attribute of an object. Questions: Which one? Whose?

To permanent characteristic features category: qualitative (the nature of the object is manifested to varying degrees - a large house - larger/smaller, a red ray - redder, a deep lake - deeper/smaller), relative (do not form a degree of comparison - a wooden bench, a snowball, a city square), possessive (belong to someone - fox hole, mother's bag, grandmother's scarf).

To non-permanent morphs. signs include gender, number and case.

Adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier, a nominal predicate or part of it. Ginger the cat is sitting on the window. My son is already big.

Numeral

The numeral determines the number objects, as well as their order when counting. Questions: How much? Which? The constant characteristics of a numeral include semantic types - quantitative (How many? - six, fifty-two) and ordinal (What is the number? - ninth, twenty-second). And also structural types - simple (one root - one, six, forty), complex (two or more roots - fifty, six hundred) or compound (consist of two or more words - forty-eight, one hundred seventy-nine).

TO changing signs numerals include case, gender and number. A numeral as an independent category can be any member of a syntactic structure: Twelve tourists set up camp on the beach (subject). Two tickets were missing at the box office (addition). First Gagarin became a man in space (definition). One plus four is five(predicate). She was born in 1989 year (circumstance).

Pronoun

The pronoun indicates objects, characteristics and quantities, but does not define them. A species is an immutable morph. sign.

Pronouns are distinguished:

• Personal (who? what?): I there was, You sat at the desk, it changed, etc.
• Reflexive (similar to the reflexive suffix -sya of verbs): The criminal acquitted myself.
• Interrogative: Who came? What did you do? Whose drawing is this? and etc.
• Relatives coincide with interrogatives, but a question mark is not placed in the sentence with them: those, Who listened; discuss what What wrote newspapers; look in the closet which stood near the door; and etc.
• Undefined: someone stole a bag; hear something scary; some types; some students; somebody did; anyone will bring; and etc.
• Negative: nobody did not write; nothing did not foretell trouble; no one help; no result; and etc.
• Possessives: my house; is yours garden; your son; and etc.;
• Demonstratives: this path; that's the rule; that's how it is plan; and etc.
• Definitive: myself remade; all day; any once; other happening; any Human.

Changing morph. The sign of pronouns is case, and some pronouns can change gender and number.

Pronouns can act as any member of the proposal: We went mushroom hunting. This it. IN their there were ten children in the class. The boss called his. I I'll stay with you for now you.

Verb

A verb is the action of a subject. Questions: What to do? What to do? The verb has the following constant morphs. signs: type (perfect - look, buy, play - What to do?; imperfect - look, buy, play - What to do?); conjugation (I and II).

Changing morphs. verbal features are expressed in tenses. Currently / future vr. the verb changes persons and numbers, and in the past. vr. – numbers and gender (units).

Can act as any member of the sentence. Guys caught beetle Desire (what?) study he was missing. The teacher asked the class (about what?) keep quiet. The family went to the sea (why?) relax. Be in love- Means forgive.The whole task is easier than Seems part at the beginning.

Participle

The participle denotes the character of an object by action. Question: Which one?

It borrows the features of a verb and an adjective. From the adjective he got gender, number and case; from the verb - time (present and past) and aspect (active - the object itself performs the action: a load-bearing wall, a working student, giving gifts, rushing to the bus; passive - an action is performed on the object: readable book, solved example, visible solution.

A participle can be a definition, a nominal predicate or part of it. Running the man was vigorously waving his arms. The book was read. Performing rules. Participles combine the properties of an adjective and a verb.

Participle

Participle– a verb form denoting an auxiliary (not central) action with the main one. Questions: Doing what? What did you do? (surprising, meeting; recognizing, looking).

The participle has absorbed the properties of an adverb (does not change) and a verb. From the verb, the gerund took a perfect (folding, taking, baking) and imperfect (knocking, knowing, smiling) form.

The participle acts as an adverbial adverb: Returning, I found only my sister at home. The participle combines the features of an adverb and a verb.

Adverb

Adverb– auxiliary part of speech, shows the nature of the action. Questions: How? Where? Where? How? etc. (quality, close, far, quickly); Adverb, unlike other selves. parts of speech do not change by gram. signs.

In a sentence, an adverb acts as an adverb or definition: Rain soon stopped. I boiled eggs (how?) soft-boiled.

Functional parts of speech

ABOUT differ service categories of words from independent in that they do not define phenomena, their features, and also do not act as members of a sentence. Constructions with auxiliary parts of speech (conjunctions) can be complex (CC) or complex (CC).

Functional parts of speech

Pretext

Prepositions are of the following types:

• Derivatives: in the middle of the field, along the strip;
• Non-derivatives: with milk, at home, on the table.

Attention! The word between part, in other words, a category of speech - a preposition, is written separately from the others, and between as a prefix - together: Between heaven and earth. Between floor covering.

Union

By design, unions are distinguished:

• Simple: not sad, A funny; clean And invigorating water; in cramped conditions Yes no offense; modestly, But with taste; and etc.
• Composite: because we decided; since we came; I went to town in order to visit brother, etc.

According to their meaning, unions are divided into:

• Coordinating (consisting of homogeneous parts of sentences and simple sentences in SSP. – and, or, either, yes, however, etc.). Masha And Kolya have been friends since childhood ( homogeneous subjects). Cars are not popular in India A hard work performed by elephants (SSP).
• Subordinators (connect simple sentences in NGN - although, when, barely, as if, etc.). When spring will come(dependent part), the birds will return home from the south (main part).

Attention! The following word often causes difficulty: so the part (category) of speech, a conjunction, has a final meaning, is written together, and so, a conjunction with a pronoun, are written separately. So, we have come to the end. So lasted quite a long time.

Particle

• Formatives serve to form the forms of words: let him spend the night; for God's sake; let `s play; and etc.
• Negative: didn't drink; do not read; I won't do it; never;
• Modals add additional emotional coloring: it will happen; Don't you know; did this really happen; if only it would bypass; that's how it is; and etc.

Interjection

Interjection– an unchangeable part of speech that expresses, but does not name feelings/urges to action. In syntactic constructions, interjections are separated by a comma or exclamation mark. Examples: Ay! Oh! Wow! Guard! Hello! Bravo! and etc.

Russian language 10th grade 18-20 week Independent and functional parts of speech

Russian language 11th grade. Functional parts of speech: preposition, conjunction, particle

Conclusion

When determining the category of a word, first ask a question, then carefully analyze which grammatical features of parts of speech will give you a clue. Don't lose sight syntactic constructions, they will guide you on how to distinguish auxiliary parts of speech from independent ones. If you remember the theory, you will be able to correctly and quickly apply your knowledge in practice.

Independent parts of speech

Independent parts of speech

Independent (nominative) parts of speech
grammatical classes of words that name fragments of reality (object, event, feature) and have a special system of formation and inflection, which is determined by grammatical semantics. In Russian the independent parts of speech are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, numeral.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

See what “independent parts of speech” are in other dictionaries:

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Books

• Russian language. 6th grade. Textbook , . The proposed textbook is the second part of a systematic course of the Russian language in secondary school(grades 5-9). It includes sections “Word Formation”, “Basic Concepts…
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To find out which parts of speech are independent, you need to understand the features that characterize them. Independent parts of speech are the main words in sentences. Without them it is impossible to convey any information. All words that name objects, denote actions (what happens to them) and describe them - these are clearly independent parts of speech.

In contrast to them, there are function words - they only serve the other parts of speech and help unite them. There is a third category of words - interjections, which are neither independent nor auxiliary.

Independent parts of speech can interact and convey any information messages without the help of service ones. But official ones without independent ones are not used.

Signs of independent parts of speech

In order not to make a mistake when determining which group certain words belong to, you can do this using the following criteria.

• By the word, which is an independent part of speech, it is possible to ask a question. Who? What is he doing? Which? Where? Where?
• In a sentence, independent parts of speech are necessarily its members.
• Each individual part of speech falling under this general category, has grammatical and morphological characteristics.

Independent parts of speech

• Noun. It always answers the questions: who, what? This part of speech can be either an animate object or an inanimate object. In a sentence, a noun is most often the subject or object.
• Adjective. Describes the characteristics of nouns and pronouns. Which one or which one? Can be qualitative, relative, possessive.
• Verb. Expresses action. What is he doing? What did you do? What will it do? In a sentence, this part of speech usually becomes the predicate.
• Adverb. A word that does not change. answers the questions: how?, when?, where? etc.
• Participle and gerund. They are sometimes called special forms of the verb.
• Numeral. Talks about quantity. Answers the questions: how much, which one?
• Pronoun. When pointing to an object, it is used instead of a noun.

Independent parts of speech are differentiated into two categories: significant and pronominal. It is known that significant ones name an object, an action with an object, or characterize it. And pronominals only point to it.

Very often, schoolchildren confuse independent and significant parts of speech, believing that they are one and the same thing. However, it is only true that all significant parts of speech are independent, and pronominal parts include only pronouns.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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* Completed by: Zhukova Nina Grigorievna, Teacher of Russian language and literature. Regional state budgetary educational institution, implementing adapted basic general education programs “Boarding School No. 1” Topic. INDEPENDENT AND SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH

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INDEPENDENT AND SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH Repetition, systematization, research, generalization and consolidation. *

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Visual (spelling) dictation Pr...drive, pr...coastal, pr...glue, pr...sew, pr...urban, pr...open, pr...form, pr...think, pr...stomp, pr...succeed, pr...get to work , pr…overcome, pr…kind, pr…deal to the temple, pr…tear, pr…grad II 1) too..excessively, excessively, and..subtly 2) pr..wonderful, inexcusable , pr..encouraged 3) under..play, pre..history, without..initiative 4) pre..guard, pos..yesterday, week..cook. In which row is the same letter missing in all words? *

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Check yourself Come, coastal, stick, sew, suburban, open, transform, invent, stomp, good, succeed, get down to business, overcome, aisle to the temple interrupt, block II 1) too much, excessively, on the sly 2) whimsical, indisputable, encouraged 3) to play along, backstory, uninitiative 4) to warn, the day before yesterday, to undercook In which row is the same letter missing in all the words? *

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What part of speech is each of these words? Do your research. Can you make sentences from these words? Read the sentences you come up with. . We, live, Russia. Always, in the summer, Grisha, father, mother, go, motor ship, Volga. Grisha, write, grandmother, letter. Advance, autumn, birds, fly away, south, spring, return. Today, children, clean the skating rink. *

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Make up and write down sentences from the words of the two previous groups. Group I We, live, Russia. Always, in the summer, Grisha, father, mother, go, motor ship, Volga. Advance, autumn, birds, fly away, south, spring, return. Group II B, a, by, with, on, what, o, y, not. *

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answered the teacher. Why did the teacher, without reading Ivanov’s story, know that there were no sentences in it consisting only of function words? – Now answer the questions One day the guys were given a task: to write a story. Then the teacher asked them to mark which sentences in their story consisted only of independent words, then those that consisted of independent and auxiliary words. And student Ivanov asked: “What about sentences that consist only of function words?” There are no such sentences in your story, - *

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Questions What parts of speech can be used to make a sentence? Now let's think about why they were called that - independent parts of speech. Of the independent parts, independent parts of speech (meaningful) answer questions have lexical meaning perform a syntactic role *

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Why weren't you able to make sentences from functional parts of speech? Now let's think about why they were called that - auxiliary parts of speech. They serve independent parts of speech. Functional parts of speech do not answer questions, do not have lexical meaning, cannot be parts of a sentence - they serve to connect them, to clarify meanings, and also to connect parts complex sentence *

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Independent words are used in speech both independently, without function words, and together with function words. Function words are used only together with independent words. Conclusion: *

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Parts of speech. SERVICING PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION PARTICLE INDEPENDENT Noun Who? What? Adjective. Which? Whose? Numeral. How many? Which? Adverb. Where? Where? How? For what? Where? Pronoun. Who? What? Which? Verb. What to do? What to do? Special f-ma Ch. - Participle. Which? Which? Which? Special f-ma ch. - Participle. How? Doing what? What did you do? INTERJOINT *

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INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH 1. General value parts of speech. 2. They have grammatical meaning (morphological features) 3. They are members of a sentence. 1. Have no lexical meaning 2. Do not change. 3. They are not members of a sentence In a sentence they are used only together with independent parts of speech They are used without auxiliary parts and together with auxiliary parts of speech Which parts of speech have lexical meaning and which ones do not? What parts of speech have grammatical meaning? Which ones don't have them? What parts of speech are parts of a sentence? What parts of speech can be used independently? *

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To make a sentence. Shores, stand, darkness, as if, listening, silent, rustling, to, everything, arriving, water. The banks stood in the darkness, as if listening to the silent rustle of the ever-rising water. before conjunction often noun verb noun gerund before adjective noun participle noun (narrative, non-declarative, simple, two-part, extended, after adverbial phrase) [ , / / ​​]. before. *

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Study. In a humorous problem, there are words that do not exist in Russian. However, they can be distributed according to parts of speech. Classify words by parts of speech. Explain on what principle you acted? Sputtering away from the harsh dances, each khamsik scurries 5 gnusks onto the clay. How many gnuses will scurry onto the glint of 12 hamsiks, spitting away from the harsh dances? * Noun Adjective Verb and its forms Functional parts of speech … … … …

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Nouns: from plyak, hamsik, na glyn, gnusikov. Adjectives: harsh. Verb: sniffs, sniffs. Verb forms: gerund – spluttering; participle: burping. *

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Snooping around is………….. Parsing plan. Part of speech Answers the question Initial form Aspect Conjugation Mood Tense person Number and gender, if the verb is in the indicative mood in the past tense. Syntactic role in a sentence *

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Can we, without knowing the lexical meaning of a word, name its morphological features? (Yes.) Conclusion *

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Let's write down the rule - Do independent and auxiliary parts of speech have lexical meaning? (Independent parts of speech have a lexical meaning. It is recorded in the dictionary; auxiliary parts do not.) - Can independent and auxiliary parts of speech change grammatically? (Independent parts of speech change - auxiliary parts of speech do not change.) - Which syntactic functions perform independent and auxiliary parts of speech? (Independent parts of speech perform the functions of members of a sentence; auxiliary parts of speech cannot be members of a sentence - they serve to connect them, to clarify meanings, and also to connect parts of a complex sentence.) *

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Exercise. Read the story. What's missing from it? Insert the missing words and indicate what parts of speech they are. Is there... a “connection” ... with the language ... that the person speaks, ... with the wrinkles ... of his face? Yes, there is... the most direct, says the famous Peruvian cosmetologist Eusibio Saline. He for a long time studied the facial expressions of people speaking... different languages. The most “hard” ... person, ... in his opinion, is English. When a person speaks English, his facial muscles contract sharply. ... this leads ... to premature aging, the appearance of wrinkles ... face ... folds. The most “gentle” languages ​​are… Spanish, Italian… Russian. *

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Exercise. Read the story. What's missing from it? Fill in the missing words and indicate what parts of speech they are. Is there a “connection” with the language the person speaks and the wrinkles on his face? Yes, there is, and the most direct one, says the famous Peruvian cosmetologist Eusibio Saline. For a long time he studied the facial expressions of people speaking different languages. The most “tough” language for a person, in his opinion, is English. When a person speaks English, his facial muscles contract sharply. And this leads to premature aging, the appearance of wrinkles and folds on the face. The most “gentle” languages ​​for the skin are the melodious, soft-spoken languages: Spanish, Italian and Russian. *

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–test Choose the correct answers. Functional parts of speech have the same syntactic functions as independent ones. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech have equal rights. Functional parts of speech are not parts of a sentence. Independent parts of speech have lexical meaning. Functional parts of speech have no grammatical meaning. You can ask a question about any part of speech. Independent parts of speech live on their own. Functional parts of speech are needed to serve independent ones. They connect words, phrases in a sentence, as well as sentences among themselves. It is impossible to ask a question about auxiliary parts of speech. . . *

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-test Here are statements about independent and auxiliary parts of speech. Choose the correct answers. Functional parts of speech have the same syntactic functions as independent ones. There are no independent parts of speech grammatical meaning Functional parts of speech are not parts of a sentence. Independent parts of speech have lexical meaning. Functional parts of speech have no grammatical meaning. You can ask a question about any part of speech. Independent parts of speech live on their own. Functional parts of speech are needed to serve independent ones. They connect words, phrases in a sentence, as well as sentences among themselves. It is impossible to ask a question about auxiliary parts of speech. . . *

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Constructing sentences Compose sentences from the words of the right and left columns and write them down in a notebook, determine the parts of speech: * Arina Petrovna, Pushkin, nurse, was. She, a disgraced poet, is faithful, “a friend of harsh days.” They are indivisible, There are no roots or prefixes, It is impossible to find morphemes in them - And this is their main secret! to, for, from, when and, in,

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The Russian girl is proud of her blond braid. A sidelong glance thrown at an ill-wisher can cause a conflict. My brother is taller than me. My brother jumps over the bar higher than me. Happiness passed me by. Happiness passed by. Determine which part of speech the words of the same pronunciation (homoforms) belong to. *

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WRITE OUT THE TEXT, INSERT THE MISSING LETTERS, HIGHLIGHT THE SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH, DETERMINE THEIR ROLE. But there is also... another beauty, which does not seem beautiful. For example, the beauty of a mole or a hard-loving bee. Or a snake, a l_gushka and a beetle. Or another country. (Not) in vain all the endless centuries It was sculpted by the Wise Nature. Look into the face of any creature - And you will see how beautiful it is. *

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Morphology – This is a branch of the science of language that studies the word as a part of speech.

Parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent and auxiliary.

Independent parts of speech name objects, characteristics, quantity, actions of objects and are independent members of the sentence.

Functional parts of speech do not name objects, characteristics, quantities, actions of objects, serve to connect words in a sentence and are not independent members of the sentence.

Independent parts of speech:

Functional parts of speech: