Division of anti-aircraft missile systems beech m1 quantity. Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk"

DATA FOR 2017 (in progress)
9K37 Buk complex, 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY
Complex 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2", missiles 9M38 and 9M317 - SA-11 GADFLY

Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system / air defense system of the operational (army) air defense unit of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrumentation. The chief designer of the air defense system is A.A. Rastov.

The development of a complex to replace the military air defense system "Cube" began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972 by almost the same composition of enterprises that created the air defense system "Cube":

• . Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov (former OKB-15 GKAT):
• - the complex as a whole (chief designer A.A. Rastov);
• - command post 9S470 (lead designer G.N. Valaev, later - V.I. Sokiran);
• - self-propelled firing systems 9A38 (leading designer V.V. Matyashev);
• - semi-active radar seeker 9E50 of the 9M38 missile (lead designer I.G. Akopyan);
• . Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP - detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome" (chief designer A.P. Vetoshko, later - Yu.P. Shchekotov);
• . OKB "Novator" - 9M38 rocket (chief designer L.V. Lyulev);
• . MKB "Start" (former OKB-203 GKAT) - launch-loading installation 9A39 (chief designer A.I. Yaskin);
• . OKB-40 Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) - chassis of the complex (chief designer N.A. Astrov);

Simultaneously with the creation of an air defense system for ground forces with the 9M38 missile, it was planned to create a naval air defense system M-22 "Hurricane".

Initially, it was planned to complete the development of the air defense system in the second quarter of 1975, but when it became clear that the task was somewhat more complicated than it seemed, it was decided to divide the development of the air defense system into two stages (by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974):

• . The first stage included the development of the 9M38 missile defense system and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and their inclusion as the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system in the 2K12 Kub-M3 air defense system. It was planned to include one 9A38 self-propelled firing system in each battery of the Kub-M3 air defense system. Joint testing of such an air defense system was planned to begin in September 1974. In this configuration, the air defense system became known as 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" and was put into service in 1978.
• . The second stage included the creation of the Buk air defense system itself, consisting of a 9S18 detection station, a 9S470 command post, a 9A310 self-propelled firing system, and a 9A39 launcher-loading system with 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Tests of the 9K37-1 Buk-1 air defense system took place at the Emba test site from August 1975 to October 1976 as part of the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system (SURN), the 9A38 self-propelled firing system (SOU), and the self-propelled launcher (SPU) ) 2P25M3, with 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles, with a 9V881 maintenance vehicle (MTO). Under the name of the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system, the complex was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces in 1978. After the start of mass production, the new air defense system entered service with the troops.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its entirety (without the Kub air defense system) were carried out at the Emba training ground from November 1977 to March 1979. In 1980, the full complement of the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

SAM 9K37M1. From left to right: command post 9S470M1, SOC 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1", SOU 9A310M1, PZU 9A39M1 and transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (photo by Leonid Yakutin, archive http://vpk-news.ru).

Production. After the Buk-1 air defense system was adopted into service in 1978 (as part of the Kub-M4 air defense system), serial production of 9A38 self-propelled firing systems began at the Ulyanovsk MRP Mechanical Plant. The production of the 9M38 missile defense system was carried out at the Dolgoprudnensky Machine-Building Plant. After the 9K37 Buk air defense system was adopted, serial production of the 9S470 KP, 9S18 SOC and 9A310 SOU was launched at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The production of ROM 9A39 was located at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after Kalinin.

The modernization of the 9K37 air defense system (9K37M1 "Buk-M1") was started according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979 with the aim of increasing the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. Tests of the modernized version of the 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system were carried out at the Emba test site from February to December 1982. It was found that the new air defense system has a larger kill zone, ensures the destruction of cruise missiles with a probability of at least 0.4 and helicopters with a higher probability than the 9K37. After testing in 1983, the new air defense system was adopted by the air defense of the USSR ground forces. Serial production was carried out by the same cooperation of enterprises that produced components of the Buk air defense system.

In 1994-1997 The cooperation of enterprises led by the V.V. Tikhomirov Research Institute carried out the modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system using a new missile as part of the complex and giving the air defense system the ability to destroy Lance-type ballistic missiles, high-precision small-sized and ground targets.

SAM assignments:
9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" - the complex is designed to strengthen military air defense systems of the 2K12M3 "Kub-M3" type in terms of channel and missile ammunition. Each Kub air defense system battery was supplemented by one 9A28 self-propelled firing system, which could be used with both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles. The air defense system entered service in 1978.

SOU 9A38 with 3M9M3 missiles.

The 9K37 "Buk" air defense system is designed for air defense of troops and objects against modern aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 m/s at medium and low altitudes and maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 G at a range of up to 30 km. It was assumed that the air defense system in the future would be able to hit tactical missiles of the Lance type.

9K37M1 "Buk-M1" air defense system - launched according to the Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The purpose of modernization is to increase the combat capabilities and protection of air defense systems from interference and anti-radar missiles. The air defense systems provide recognition of target types - airplanes, helicopters and ballistic missiles. The air defense system was put into service in 1983. Export name "Ganges".

The 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system is a modernized version of the "Buk-M1" air defense system. The complex is designed for air defense of troops and facilities against modern and future high-speed maneuvering aircraft of tactical and strategic aviation, fire support helicopters, including hovering helicopters, tactical ballistic, cruise and aircraft missiles, in conditions of a massive raid using intense radio and fire countermeasures, as well as destruction of surface and ground targets and can be used in air defense, missile defense and coastal defense systems. A modernized version of the Buk-M1 air defense system using new generation radio-electronic equipment and the possibility of using the new 9M317 missile.

Composition of the complex(divisional set):

	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" (composition of the SAM battery)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" ( ist. - Anti-aircraft)
Command post (CP)		1 unit - 9С470	1 unit - 9С470М1	1 unit - 9S470M1-2
	1 unit SURN 1S91M3	1 unit - 9S18 "Dome"	1 unit - 9S18M1 "Dome-M1"	1 unit - 9S18M1-1 (in some sources 9S18M1-2)
	4 units SPU 2P25M3 air defense missile system "Cube" 1 unit SOU 9A38 (3 missiles each)	6 units - 9A310 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries	6 units - 9A310M1-2 (4 missiles each), organizationally - 3 batteries
Start-charging units (ROM)		3 units - 9A39 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizational - 3 batteries	3 units - 9A39M1 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries	up to 6 units - 9A39M1-2 (8 missiles each, including 4 missiles on the launcher), organizationally - 3 batteries
Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM)	15 3M9M3 and 9M38 missiles	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 48 units 9M38	up to 72 units 9M38M1 9M317
Technical means of the complex	maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881; - repair and maintenance machines 9V883, 9V884, 9V894; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95 missile defense system; - transport vehicle 9T229 with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - repair and maintenance vehicles 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 on the Ural-43203-1012 chassis; - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for a comprehensive check of the on-board equipment of the 9V95M1 missile defense system on the ZIL-131 chassis and trailer; - transport vehicle 9T229 on the KrAZ-255B chassis (transportation of 8 missiles or 6 containers with missiles) with a set of technological equipment 9T319; - truck crane 9T31M; - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 on the ZIL-131 chassis.	- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V884M1 for routine repair and maintenance of gearboxes, SOU and ROM (1 unit); - maintenance workshop MTO-ATG-M1 or MTO-AG3-M1 for routine repair and maintenance of tracked chassis KP, SOTs, SOU and PZU (1 unit); - repair and maintenance vehicles (MRTO); - automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) for comprehensive testing of on-board missile defense equipment - 1 pc. for four complexes (AKIS 9V930M-1 can be supplied with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system); - transport vehicles (TM) 9T243 with a set of rigging equipment (KTO) 9T318-1 for loading and unloading operations - 12 pcs. into four complexes; - compressor station UKS - 400V-P4M; - mobile power station PES - 100-T/230-Ch/400-A1RK1; - operational training missile 9M317 UD; - 9M317 UR training missile; - overall weight mock-up 9M317GMM.

Performance characteristics of the Buk type air defense system:

	TTZ on the 9K37 Buk air defense system	9K37-1 "Buk-1" (based on test data, unless otherwise stated)	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"	9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2"
Detection range of air targets by division means in centralized mode (SURN or SOC)		Aircraft: 44 km ((at altitudes above 3000 m) 21-28 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) The lower performance of the mode was explained by the lower capabilities of SURN 1S91M2 / 1S91M3
Detection range of SAO air targets in autonomous mode		Aircraft: 65-77 km (at altitudes above 3000 m) 32-42 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m) Helicopters: 21-35 km (at low altitudes 30-100 m)
Range (fighter class aircraft)	up to 30 km	3.4 - 20.5 km (at altitudes above 3000 m according to test data) 5 - 15.4 km (at altitudes of about 30 m according to test data) 3.5 - 25-30 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 25 km (according to test results) up to 30 km (at target speeds up to 300 m/s, according to test results)	3 - 32-35 km (official performance characteristics)	3 - 45 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (AGM-86/Tomahawk type CD)	-	-	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)	20-25 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (OTR type "Lance", "HARM")	in perspective	-	-	-	up to 20 km (official performance characteristics)
Range (ground targets)			-	-	25 km (ships) 15 km (ground targets) 3 - 25 km (official performance characteristics)
Exchange rate parameter			18 km (based on test results)
Target engagement altitude (fighter class aircraft)		30 - 14000 m (according to test results) 25 - 18000-20000 m (official performance characteristics)	25 - 18000 m (according to test results)	15 - 22000 m (official performance characteristics)	15 - 25000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement height (Lance type OTR)			-	-	2000 - 16000 m (official performance characteristics)
Target engagement altitude (HARM missiles)			-	-	100 - 15000 m (official performance characteristics)
Number of targets simultaneously fired by the complex			6 (divisional set with 1 command post and 6 fire control systems)	18	22
Maximum target speed	830 m/s		800 m/s (based on test results)	800 m/s	1100-1200 m/s
Overload target	up to 10-12G
Probability of hitting a target with one missile defense system (fighter class aircraft)		0.7-0.93 (9M38, according to test data)	0.7-0.8 (according to test results) 0.6 (when maneuvering targets with overloads up to 8G, according to test results)	0,8-0,95	0,9-0,95
Probability of hitting a target with one missile (helicopter)			0.3-0.6 (official performance characteristics)	0.6-0.7 (Hugh Cobra type helicopters, according to test results) 0.3-0.4 (hovering helicopters at a range of 3.5 - 6-10 km, according to test results)	0,3-0,6
Probability of hitting a target with one SAM (cruise missile)			0.25-0.5 (official performance characteristics)	0.4-0.6 (according to test results)	0,5-0,7

Command posts (CP) provides reception, display and processing of information about targets coming from the detection and target designation station (STS) and self-propelled firing systems (SFA), as well as from higher command posts - for example, from the command post of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU "Polyana"). Provides target distribution between the JMA in automatic and manual mode and assignment of sectors of responsibility of the JMA. Recording and display of information on combat-ready missiles on the SOU and ROM, on the letters of the SOU target illumination transmitters, and on their operation on targets is maintained.

Information about targets was redistributed between the SDA, which tracked targets in their sectors and engaged targets as they entered the affected area. The missile division could simultaneously fire at 6 targets.

Detection and targeting station (SOC)- a self-propelled station with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar provides detection of air targets with the transmission of information about them to the division command post. Radar information from the SOC was transmitted to the command post via a telecode communication line. The SOC includes an antenna post (a truncated parabolic profile reflector, a feed unit), an antenna folding device, a transmitting device (power up to 3.5 kW), and a receiving device (noise factor no more than 8).

Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Initially, the development of the SOC 9S18 "Dome" was carried out outside the framework of work on the Buk air defense system, but as a means of detecting air targets of the divisional air defense unit of the ground forces.

	9S18 "Dome" / 1RL135 / TUBE ARM	9S18M1 "Dome-M1"
SAM	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification		New radar and equipment, new design solution
Chassis	"object 124" of the SU-100P family	GM-567M
Calculation	3 people
Length		9.59 m
Width		3.25 m
Height		3.25 m (8.02 m in working position)
Weight of SOC	28.5 t	35 t
Radar type	Three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector in elevation and mechanical electric rotation of the antenna in azimuth	Radar with flat elevation phased array
Sector of review	Horizontal - circular or specified sector Elevation angle - 30 or 40 degrees
Target detection range	110-120 km (flight altitude more than 3000 m) 45 km (flight altitude about 30 m) 50 km (fighter type target with noise interference)
Review speed	4.5 - 18 s with all-round viewing (depending on the sector in elevation) 2.5 - 4.5 s (when viewing in a sector of 30 degrees)
Information transfer rate	75 target marks per review period (4.5 sec)
Radar accuracy	Root mean square errors of target coordinates: - no more than 20 minutes in azimuth and elevation - no more than 130 m in range
Radar resolution	Range - no worse than 300 m In azimuth and elevation - no more than 4 degrees.
Anti-interference	To protect against targeted interference, frequency tuning was used from pulse to pulse. To protect against reciprocal interference, frequency tuning and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel were also used, and against non-synchronous pulse interference, a change in the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections was also used. Protection against anti-radar missiles was provided by software tuning the carrier frequency by 1.3 s and switching to circular polarization of sounding signals or to intermittent radiation mode.
Probability of tracking targets	not less than 0.5 against the background of local objects and in conditions of interference due to the moving target selection system with automatic wind speed compensation
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	5 minutes
	20 s

Detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 "Dome" TUBE ARM SAM 9K37 "Buk" in stowed position (http://pvo.guns.ru).

Self-propelled firing units (SOU): The SOU provides search for air targets in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of targets for tracking, guidance of missiles of the SLA itself and the associated SPU or ROM, the SOU receives target designation from the SURN (SOU 9A38) or from the division command post (9A310, etc.).

The SOU searched for and captured targets based on target designation from the complex's command post (with SURN in the case of the Buk-1 air defense system) and launched missiles at the captured target after the target entered the affected area. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at the target. The self-propelled gun could carry out the fire mission of hitting a target independently - without target designation from the division command post.

	9A38	9A310	9A310M1
SAM	9K37-1 "Buk-1" / 2K12M4 "Kub-M4"	9K37 "Buk"	9K37M1 "Buk-M1"
Main differences of the modification			Ensured target acquisition for auto-tracking at longer ranges (25-30%), recognition of aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles is ensured with a probability of at least 0.6
Chassis	GM-569 developed by the Metrovagonmash plant The engine is a multi-fuel liquid-cooled diesel engine with a power of 710-840 hp. Base - 4605 mm Ground clearance - 450 mm Chassis weight - 24 t Payload weight - 11.5 t Maximum speed on the highway - 65 km/h Fuel range - 500 km Operating temperature - from -50 degrees C to +50 degrees C	GM-569
Calculation	4 people	4 people
Length		9.3 m
Width		3.25 m (9.03 m in working position - swept area)
Height		3.8 m (7.72 m maximum height in working position)
Installation weight	34 t	32.4 t
Mated SPU / ROM	SPU 2P25M3	ROM 9A39 (standard 1 ROM per battery of 2 SDUs)
Rockets	3 x 3M9M3 or 3 x 9M38 on replaceable guides	4 x 9M38
Air target detection equipment	Radar 9S35 FIRE DOM centimeter range, a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed (target detection and tracking) and continuous radiation (target illumination and missile defense). The sector search was carried out by rotating the antenna. Number of letter frequencies - 36 Target tracking in angular coordinates and range was carried out using the monopulse method; signals were processed by a digital computer. The beam width of the target tracking channel antenna is 1.3 degrees in azimuth and 2.5 degrees in elevation The beam width of the target illumination channel is 1.4 degrees in azimuth and 2.65 degrees in elevation Search sector - 120 degrees in azimuth and 6-7 degrees in elevation Search sector review time: - offline mode - 4 s - target designation mode (10 degrees in azimuth and 7 degrees in elevation) - 2 s The transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel is average: - when using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW - when using signals with linear frequency modulation - no less than 0.5 kW The power of the target illumination transmitter is average - at least 2 kW Noise figure of survey and direction-finding receivers - no more than 10 dB The time for transferring the radar from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s Accuracy of target speed determination - 10-30 m/s Maximum range error - no more than 175 m Root mean square errors in determining angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference Launch blocking is provided when accompanied by “one’s own” aircraft TV-optical viewfinder	Radar 9S35 Number of letter frequencies - 36	Radar 9S35M1 Number of letter frequencies - 72
Number of target channels	1 target, 2 missiles	1 target, 2 missiles
avionics	BCVM Ground-based radar interrogator of the Password identification system Means of telecode communication with SURN Means of wired communication with the mating SPU
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
	Life supporting system
Operating time (from target detection to missile launch)	24-27 s
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s	no more than 20 s
	9 min (3 x 3M9M3 missiles or 3 x 9M38 missiles)	12 min (with ROM) 16 min (from a transport vehicle)

Start-charging installations(ROM) - intended for transportation, storage, reloading and launching of 9M38 missiles. The combat operation of the ROM was carried out under the control of the SOU 9A310. Self-charging was provided from a transport vehicle or from the ground using its own crane.

	9A39
SAM	9K37 "Buk"
Chassis	GM-577
Calculation	3 people
Length	9.96 m
Width	3.316 m
Height	3.8 m
Installation weight	35.5 t
Mated SDA	9A310
Rockets	4 x 9M38 on launcher 4 x 9M38 on ammunition carriers
Number of target channels	1 (provided by SOU)
avionics	BCVM Telecode communication means Wired communication means with mating control system Navigation, topographical and orientation equipment
Starting equipment	Starting device with power servo drive
Energy and other equipment	Autonomous power supply system with gas turbine generator Life supporting system
Time to transfer from traveling to combat position	no more than 5 minutes
Time to transfer from standby mode to working mode	no more than 20 s
Loading or discharging time of the self-propelled gun	26 min (from a transport vehicle)

Anti-aircraft guided missiles: The Buk missile system uses 9M38 missiles, created taking into account the experience of creating 3M9 Kub air defense missiles. In addition to the Buk air defense system, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles are also used in the M-22 Uragan naval air defense system.

	9M38	9M317 / 9M317E (export version)
Development	The rocket was developed by the Novator Design Bureau, chief designer L.V. Lyulev	The missile was developed by the design bureau of the Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise, chief designer V.P. Entov
Design	The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with an X-shaped wing of low aspect ratio with a large wing chord length. Rocket layout: - semi-active seeker in the bow - rocket control system equipment (autopilot) - power supply - warhead - engine - tail compartment The rocket has no parts that separate during flight	The missile has a similar design, but is equipped with a wing with a significantly smaller chord.
Propulsion system	Dual-mode (starter, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct, the engine housing design is made using a metal alloy. Solid propellant motor operating time - approx. 15 s	Dual-mode (launch, propulsion) solid propellant rocket engine with a long gas duct
Control system	Autopilot with semi-active radar seeker, homing is carried out using the proportional navigation method with target acquisition by the missile seeker after launch, target illumination is carried out by the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar The missile is equipped with a radio fuse, which was cocked when approaching the target and ensured the detonation of the warhead at a distance of 17 m from the target. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the missile self-destructed.	Inertial control system with radio correction combined with a semi-active radar seeker with an on-board computer with guidance using the proportional navigation method / The missile is equipped with a two-channel fuse - active pulse and semi-active radar, as well as a system of contact sensors.
TTX rockets:
Length	5500 mm	5550 mm
Aerodynamic rudder span	860 mm	860 mm
Case diameter	- front compartment - 330 mm	- front compartment - 330 mm - largest diameter - 400 mm
Rocket mass	685 kg	715 kg
Warhead mass	70 kg
Range	3.5 - 25-30 km
Target engagement height	25 - 18000-20000 m
Probability of an aircraft being hit by one missile defense system	0.7-0.93 (according to tests)
Maximum rocket speed	1000 m/s
Maximum overload when maneuvering	up to 19 G	up to 24 G
Warranty period of storage	10 years
Warhead		with semi-finished submunitions
Auxiliary equipment	transport container 9Я266

Modifications:
Complex 9K37-1 "Buk-1", missile 9M38 - SA-X-11 GADFLY - the first version of the complex, adopted for service in 1978 as part of the 2K121M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system. It included the 9A38 SOU and 9M38 missiles.

The 9K37 Buk complex, the 9M38 missile - SA-11 GADFLY - is the first full-fledged modification of the Buk air defense system. It included a command post, SOC, SOU, ROM, 9M38 missiles and maintenance equipment. The air defense system entered service in 1980.

Complex 9K37M1 "Buk-M1", missile 9M38 - SA-11 GADFLY - the first modification of the Buk air defense system. Started by Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of November 30, 1979. The air defense system was put into service in 1983.

The 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 complex, 9M38 and 9M317 missiles - SA-11 GADFLY - is a variant of deep modernization of the Buk air defense system, bringing the capabilities of the Buk-M1 air defense system closer to the capabilities of the Buk-M2 air defense system. Entered into service in 1998.

Infrastructure:
The 9K37 "Buk" air defense missile system was organized organizationally into anti-aircraft missile brigades consisting of:
- command post / combat control point of the anti-aircraft missile brigade ACS "Polyana-D4";
- 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions of the 9K37 Buk complexes with their own communications platoons (2 batteries per division, each battery has 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39);
- technical support and maintenance departments.

Organizationally, the anti-aircraft missile brigade was subordinate to the army air defense command post.

Status: USSR / Russia
- 1978 - the 2K12M4 "Kub-M4" air defense system was adopted, which included components of the 9K37-1 "Buk-1" air defense system.

1980 - the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service.

1983 - the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 air defense system was adopted.

1991 - about 300 SOU 9A310 and PZU 9A39 were transferred from the USSR Armed Forces to the armed forces of the CIS countries after the collapse of the USSR ( ist. - Beech).

2016 - at least 350 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems in the ground forces, there are no 9K37 type air defense systems in other branches of the military.

Export: The Buk-M1 air defense system was offered for export under the name "Gang".

Azerbaijan:
- 2013 - 1 9K317 or 9K37MB air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered in 2013 from Belarus ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 June 26 - at a military parade in Baku, equipment purchased from Belarus for the modernized Buk-MB air defense system is shown, in particular 6 SOU 9A310MB, 3 ROM 9A39MB, a combat control point 9S470MB and a radar station 80K6M. The complex is equipped with 9M317 missiles.

Belarus:
- May 2005 - the Belarusian version of the modernization of the 9K37 "Buk" complex - the 9K37MB "Buk-MB" air defense system was presented. Composition of the complex:
- 6 SOU 9A310MB
- 3 ROMs 9A39MB
- combat control point 9S470MB
- radar station 80K6M
The means of the complex have been modified for the use of 9M317 missiles (manufactured by OJSC Dolgoprudny Research and Production Enterprise). In addition, the standard radar of the Buk-M1 air defense system 9S18M1 was replaced by a mobile three-dimensional all-round radar 80K6M on the MZKT Volat wheeled chassis, a joint Belarusian-Ukrainian development.
- 2016 - in service with 12 batteries of 9K37 / 9K317 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Georgia:
- 2008 - several 9K37 type air defense systems, previously supplied from Ukraine, were in service and took part in the Georgian-Ossetian armed conflict in August 2008.
- 2008 August 7-12 - Georgian air defense systems shot down several Russian Air Force aircraft - Tu-22MR (Tu-22M3R) - Buk-M1 air defense system was shot down, as well as several Su-25s.
- 2016 - in the armed forces of the 1-2 division of the Buk-M1 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Egypt:
- 1992 - shows interest in acquiring an air defense system.
- 2007 - 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" air defense system and 100 9M317 missiles were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2016 - more than 40 units of 9K37 air defense systems (SOU + ROM) in service ( ist. - Beech).

Iran:
- 1993 - according to the newspaper "Mond" (France), in 1992 there were the first deliveries of the SA-11 air defense system.

Myanmar:
- 2007 - negotiations were conducted with Rosoboronexport on the supply of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system ( ist. - Beech).

Syria:
- 1986 - first deliveries of air defense systems.
- 2008 - according to the Center for Analysis of World Arms Trade, 18 Buk-M2E air defense systems were delivered ( ist. - Beech).
- 2010-2013 - according to SIPRI, 8 Buk-M2E air defense systems and 160 9M317 missiles were to be delivered to Syria ( ist. - Beech).
- 2013 - in service with 6 to 20 Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 air defense systems with 9M317 missiles. According to The Military Balance, as of 2013, there were 20 units of Buk air defense systems in Syria ( ist. - Beech).

Ukraine:
- 1991 - a large number of air defense systems remained in the Ukrainian Armed Forces after the collapse of the USSR.
- 2016 - equipped with 72 Buk-M1 air defense systems ( ist. - Beech).

Finland:
- January 1997 - the first division of the Buk-M1 air defense system was delivered; by May 1997, 2 more divisions should be delivered. Deliveries are made to pay off the debts of the USSR to Finland. In total, 3 divisions (18 self-propelled guns and missile launchers, 288 9M38 missiles) of the Buk-M1 air defense system were delivered.
- 2008 - Buk air defense systems were removed from service. The air defense systems were on combat duty to guard Helsinki. The decision was made due to the fact that the air defense missile system control systems are subject to decryption.

Sources:
Angelsky R.D., Shestov I.V. Domestic anti-aircraft missile systems. M, Publishing house "Astrel", publishing house "AST", 2002
Buk (anti-aircraft missile system). 2017 (

Since the late seventies, one of the main means of military air defense has been the Buk family of anti-aircraft missile systems. To date, several modifications of such equipment have been created and put into service, which are still in use today and will retain their place in the army in the near future.

SAM 9K37 "Buk"

The development of new anti-aircraft systems of the Buk family began in accordance with the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 13, 1972. The resolution determined the organizations involved in the project and the basic requirements for it. According to the first technical specifications, the promising air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 “Cube” complex in the army. In addition, it was necessary to create a missile suitable for use both as part of the Buk complex and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The promising anti-aircraft complex was intended to equip military air defense, which affected the requirements for it. The developers were required to mount all units of the complex on a self-propelled chassis and ensure the ability to work in the same battle formations with tanks and other armored vehicles. The complex was supposed to combat aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at low and medium altitudes at ranges of up to 30 km. It was also necessary to ensure the ability to hit a target maneuvering with an overload of up to 10-12 units and using electronic countermeasures systems. In the future, it was planned to “teach” the complex to combat operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

Self-propelled firing system of the Buk-M1 complex

The Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) was chosen as the lead developer of the 9K37 Buk air defense system. In addition, a number of other organizations were involved in the project, including the NPO Phazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry and the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau. A.A. was appointed chief designer of the entire anti-aircraft complex. Rastov. The creation of the complex command post was led by G.N. Valaev, who was later replaced by V.I. Sokiran. The self-propelled firing system was developed under the leadership of V.V. Matyashev, and the head of work on the semi-active homing head was I.G. Akopyan. Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments, headed by A.P., were involved in the creation of the detection and target designation station. Vetoshko (later these works were supervised by Yu.P. Shchekotov).

It was planned to complete all work on the creation of the 9K37 complex by mid-1975. However, in the spring of 1974, it was decided to divide the work on the project into two independent areas. In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of May 22, 1974, the creation of a new air defense system should be continued in two stages. First, it was necessary to bring the new 3M38 missile and self-propelled firing system (SOU) to mass production. At the same time, the latter should have been able to use the existing 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex, and also be built using components of the existing system.

It was assumed that already in the fall of 1974, the 9K37-1 Buk-1 complex would go into testing, and the development of a “full-fledged” 9K37 air defense system, based on new components, would continue according to the previously established schedule. Such an approach to the creation of new anti-aircraft systems should have ensured the earliest possible start of production and supply of new equipment capable of significantly increasing the combat potential of ground forces units.

The 9K37 complex included several main components. To monitor the air situation, it was proposed to use the detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 “Dome”; to launch missiles, a self-propelled firing unit (SOU) 9A310 and a launch-loading unit (PZU) 9A39 should be used. The coordination of the complex’s actions was to be carried out by the 9S470 command post. The means of hitting targets was the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile (SAM).

Launch-loading installation 9A39 of the Buk complex

SOC 9S18 "Dome" was a self-propelled vehicle on a tracked chassis, equipped with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar station designed to monitor the situation and provide target data to the command post. An electrically driven rotating antenna was installed on the roof of the base chassis. The maximum target detection range reached 115-120 km. In the case of low-flying targets, this parameter was seriously reduced. Thus, an aircraft flying at an altitude of 30 m could be detected only from 45 km. The SOC equipment had the ability to automatically adjust the operating frequency to maintain operability when the enemy uses active interference.

The main task of the Dome station was to search for targets and transmit data to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 s, 75 marks were transmitted. The 9S470 command post was made on the basis of a self-propelled chassis and equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing information and issuing target designations to launchers. The command post crew consisted of six people. For this purpose, the 9S470 machine was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post allowed the SOC to process messages about 46 targets at ranges of up to 100 km and altitudes of up to 20 km during one review period. The firing installations were provided with information about six targets.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 self-propelled firing system. This vehicle was a further development of the SOU 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex. A rotating launcher with four missile guides and a set of special electronic equipment was installed on a self-propelled tracked chassis. In front of the launcher there was a target tracking radar, which was also used for missile guidance.

To transport additional ammunition and load the self-propelled gun, the Buk air defense system included a 9A39 launcher-loader. This tracked vehicle is designed to transport eight missiles and reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on four fixed cradle and a special launcher. Depending on the existing situation, the crew of the vehicle could reload the missiles from the launcher to the launcher or launch them independently. At the same time, however, due to the lack of its own tracking radar, external target designation was required. A special crane was provided for reloading missiles.

The 9M38 rocket was made according to a single-stage design. It had a cylindrical body of great elongation with an ogival head fairing. In the middle part of the hull there were X-shaped wings of small aspect ratio, and in the tail there were rudders of a similar design. The missile, with a launch weight of 690 kg and a length of 5.5 m, was equipped with a semi-active radar homing head, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a dual-mode solid propellant engine. To avoid changes in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was placed in the central part of the housing and equipped with a long nozzle-gas duct.

Diagram of the 9M38 missile defense system

The new 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system made it possible to attack targets at ranges of up to 30 km and altitudes of up to 20 km. The reaction time was 22 s. It took about 5 minutes to get ready for work. A missile accelerating in flight to 850 m/s could hit a fighter-type target with a probability of up to 0.9. Hitting a helicopter with one missile was guaranteed with a probability of up to 0.6. The probability of destroying the cruise missile of the first missile defense system did not exceed 0.5.

Joint testing of the new air defense system began in November 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. The testing site was the Emba training ground. During the tests, the combat operation of the complex was tested in various conditions and against various conditional targets. In particular, standard equipment (SOTs 9S18) or other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During the test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was found that the new 9K37 air defense system has a number of important advantages over existing equipment. The composition of the radio-electronic equipment of the SOC and SOU ensured greater reliability of target detection due to simultaneous monitoring of the air situation. A complex with six 9A310 vehicles could simultaneously attack up to six targets. At the same time, the possibility of simultaneously performing several combat missions using the self-propelled firing systems’ own equipment was not excluded. The updated composition of the equipment of various elements of the complex, including the missile, provided greater noise immunity. Finally, the missile carried a larger warhead, which increased the likelihood of hitting a target.

Based on the results of tests and modifications, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. As part of the air defense of the ground forces, new complexes were used as part of anti-aircraft missile brigades. Each such formation included one brigade control center from the Polyana-D4 automated control system, as well as four divisions. The division had its own command post 9S470, a detection and target designation station 9S18 and three batteries with two SOU 9A310 and one ROM 9A39 in each. In addition, the brigades had communications, technical support and maintenance units.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1"/"Kub-M4"

In connection with the need to quickly begin rearmament of air defense units of the ground forces, in 1974 it was decided to develop a simplified version of the 9K37 complex, built using existing components and assemblies. It was assumed that the new air defense systems, called 9K37-1 Buk-1, would be able to complement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. Thus, each of the five batteries of the regiment was to contain a new 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Buk-1 complex.

Start-charging installations

Calculations showed that the cost of one 9A38 vehicle would be about a third of the cost of all other battery assets, but in this case it would be possible to ensure a noticeable increase in combat capabilities. The number of target channels of the regiment could be increased from 5 to 10, and the number of missiles ready for use increased from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units with the help of new combat vehicles fully paid off.

In its architecture, the SOU 9A38 differed little from the 9A310. A rotating platform with a launcher and a 9S35 detection, tracking and illumination radar station was mounted on a tracked chassis. The 9A38 self-propelled gun launcher had interchangeable guides for the use of two types of missiles. Depending on the situation, combat mission and available resources, the complex could use the new 9M38 missiles or the 9M9M3 missiles available to the troops.

State tests of the 9K37-1 air defense system started in August 1975 and were carried out at the Emba training ground. The tests used the new SOU 9A38 and existing vehicles of other types. Target detection was carried out using the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit of the Kub-M3 complex, and the missiles were launched from the 9A38 and 2P25M3 SOU. All available types of missiles were used.

During the tests, it was found that the 9S35 radar of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system is capable of independently detecting air targets at distances of up to 65-70 km (at altitudes of at least 3 km). When the target was flying at an altitude of no more than 100 m, the maximum detection range was reduced to 35-40 km. At the same time, the actual target detection parameters depended on the limited capabilities of the Kub-M3 equipment. Combat characteristics, such as range or altitude to hit a target, depended on the type of missile used.

SOU of the Buk-M1 complex

The new 9K37-1 air defense system, consisting of the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile, was put into service in 1978. As part of its adoption into service, the Buk-1 complex received a new designation. Since the SOU and the missile were in fact only an addition to the existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the complex using the 9A38 vehicle received the designation 2K12M4 Kub-M4. Thus, the 9K37-1 air defense system, being a simplified version of the Buk complex, was formally assigned to the previous Kub family, which at that time was the basis of the air defense systems of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

On November 30, 1979, a new resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued, which required the development of a new version of the Buk air defense system. This time it was necessary to improve the combat characteristics of the complex, as well as increase the level of protection against interference and anti-radar missiles. By the beginning of 1982, the organizations involved in the development of the project completed the creation of updated elements of the complex, due to which it was planned to increase the main parameters of the system.

The Buk-M1 project proposed updating the on-board equipment of several vehicles, which would improve their performance. At the same time, the modernized complex did not differ significantly from the existing one. Thanks to this, various vehicles from the Buk and Buk-M1 air defense systems were interchangeable and could operate as part of one unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were improved. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the modernized SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect targets. It was now proposed to mount a new radar station with a phased array antenna on the tracked chassis. In order to increase the degree of unification of air defense systems, it was decided to build the Kupol-M1 station on the basis of the GM-567M chassis, similar to that used as part of other elements of the complex.

Detection and target designation station 9S18M1 of the Buk-M1 complex

To process information received from the SOC, it was now proposed to use the updated 9S470M1 command post with a new set of equipment. The modernized command post ensured simultaneous reception of data from the complex's SOC and from the division's air defense control center. In addition, a training mode was provided that made it possible to train the calculations of all means of the complex.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system of the Buk-M1 air defense system received an updated tracking and illumination radar. Due to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the target acquisition range by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing aerodynamic and ballistic targets was increased to 0.6. To increase noise immunity, the SOU had 72 letter backlight frequencies, i.e. twice as much as the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations affected the combat effectiveness of the complex. While maintaining the general parameters of the range and altitude of hitting targets, and also without using a new missile, the probability of hitting an enemy fighter with one missile defense system increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, and the same parameter for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, tests of the modernized 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system were carried out at the Emba training ground. Checks showed a noticeable increase in the main characteristics in comparison with existing systems, which made it possible to adopt the new system for service. The official adoption of the complex into service with the air defense forces of the ground forces took place in 1983. Serial production of the modernized equipment was carried out at enterprises that had previously participated in the construction of the Buk complexes of the first two models.

Command post 9S470 of the Buk-M1-2 complex

The new type of serial equipment was used in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. Elements of the Buk-M1 complex were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual assets of the complex, the standard organization of anti-aircraft units did not change. In addition, if necessary, the simultaneous use of vehicles of the Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in the same units was allowed.

The Buk-M1 air defense system became the first system of its family to be offered to foreign customers. The complex was supplied to foreign armies under the name “Ganges”. For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of public debt.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

Back in the late eighties, the development of an updated air defense system of the Buk family with a new 9M317 missile, designated 9K317 Buk-M2, was completed. Due to the new guided munition, it was planned to significantly increase the range and altitude of hitting targets. In addition, the characteristics of the system should have been affected by the use of a number of new equipment installed on different machines of the complex.

Unfortunately, the economic situation in the country did not allow the new complex to be adopted in the late eighties or early nineties. The issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was eventually resolved through the “transitional” complex “Buk-M1-2”. At the same time, the development of the 9K317 system continued. Work on the updated Buk-M2 project and its export version Buk-M2E continued until the mid-2000s.

SOU of the Buk-M2 complex

The main innovation of the Buk-M2 project was the new 9M317 guided missile. The new missile defense system differed from the 9M38 in having shorter wings, a modified hull design and a starting weight of about 720 kg. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the maximum firing range to 45 km. The maximum flight altitude of the attacked target increased to 25 km. To expand the combat capabilities of the hull, the missile received the ability to disable a remote fuse with detonation of the warhead at the command of a contact one. A similar operating mode is proposed for using the missile against ground or surface targets.

The 9K317 complex received an updated SOU type 9A317 based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. The general architecture of the firing installation remains the same, but the new vehicle is built on the basis of modern components and new equipment. As before, the SOU is capable of independently finding and tracking a target, launching a 9M317 missile and tracking its trajectory, making adjustments if necessary using a radio command system.

SOU 9A317 is equipped with a tracking and illumination radar with a phased array antenna. The station is capable of tracking targets in a sector 90° wide in azimuth and from 0° to 70° in elevation. Ensures target detection at ranges up to 20 km. In tracking mode, the target can be within a sector 130° wide in azimuth and from -5° to +85° in elevation. The station simultaneously detects up to 10 targets and can provide simultaneous attacks on four.

To improve the characteristics of the complex and ensure operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled firing system has an optical-electronic system with day and night channels.

Launch-loading installation of the Buk-M2 complex

The Buk-M2 complex can be equipped with two types of launch-loading installation. A self-propelled vehicle has been developed based on the GM-577 chassis and towed with a vehicle tractor. The general architecture remains the same: four missiles are located on a launcher and can be launched or loaded onto a launcher. Another four are transported on transport cradles.

The modernized complex included a new command post 9S510 based on the GM-579 chassis or on a towed semi-trailer. The command post automation can receive information from surveillance equipment and track up to 60 routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. The reaction time does not exceed 2 s.

The main means of target detection in the Buk-M2 air defense system is the SOC 9S18M1-3, which is a further development of the family’s systems. The new radar is equipped with a phased array antenna with electronic scanning and is capable of detecting air targets at ranges of up to 160 km. Operating modes are provided to ensure target detection when the enemy uses active and passive jamming.

It was proposed to introduce the so-called self-propelled/towed vehicles of the Buk-M2 complex. target illumination and missile guidance station. The new 9S36 vehicle is a tracked chassis or a towed semi-trailer with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Such equipment allows you to raise a phased array antenna to a height of up to 22 m and thereby improve the characteristics of the radar. Due to the relatively high altitude, target detection is ensured at ranges of up to 120 km. In terms of tracking and guidance characteristics, the 9S36 station corresponds to the radar of self-propelled fire vehicles. With its help, 10 targets are tracked and 4 are simultaneously fired.

All innovations and changes in the composition of the complex have significantly improved its characteristics. The maximum target interception range is stated at 50 km, the maximum altitude is 25 km. The greatest range is achieved when attacking non-maneuvering aircraft. Interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles can be carried out at ranges of up to 20 km and altitudes of up to 16 km. It is also possible to destroy helicopters, cruise and anti-radar missiles. If necessary, the air defense missile system crew can attack surface or radio-contrast ground targets.

Target illumination and missile guidance radar 9S36 of the Buk-M2 complex. Antenna raised to working position

The first version of the 9K317 project was developed back in the late eighties, but the difficult economic situation did not allow the new air defense system to be put into service. Operation of this complex by the troops began only in 2008. By this time, the air defense system had undergone some modifications, which made it possible to further improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous economic and political problems did not allow the new 9K317 air defense system to be adopted and put into production. For this reason, in 1992, it was decided to develop a simplified “transitional” version of the complex, which would use some elements of the Buk-2, but would be simpler and cheaper. A similar version of the air defense system received the designations “Buk-M1-2” and “Ural.”

The modernized Ural air defense system includes several updated vehicles, which represent a further development of older types of equipment. To launch missiles and illuminate the target, the 9A310M1-2 SOU was proposed, working in conjunction with the 9A38M1 launch-loading machine. The SOC remained the same - the Buk-M1-2 complex was supposed to use the 9S18M1 station. The auxiliary means of the complex have not undergone major changes.

In order to increase the secrecy of operation and, as a result, survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks to be solved, the self-propelled firing system received the ability to passively find a target. For this it was proposed to use a television-optical viewfinder and a laser rangefinder. Such equipment should have been used when attacking ground or surface targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the creation of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting an aerodynamic or ballistic target with one missile has increased. There is now a full-fledged possibility of using the SOU 9A310M1-2 as an independent air defense weapon, capable of finding and destroying air targets without outside help.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system was adopted by the Russian army in 1998. Subsequently, several contracts were signed for the supply of similar equipment to domestic and foreign customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

In the second half of the 2000s, an export version of the Buk-M2 complex was presented under the designation 9K317E Buk-M2E. It is a modified version of the basic system, which has some differences in the composition of electronic and computing equipment. Due to some improvements, it was possible to improve some system indicators, primarily related to its operation.

SOU "Buk-M2E" on a wheeled chassis

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the basic one are the modernization of electronic equipment, carried out with the widespread use of modern digital computers. Due to its high performance, such equipment allows not only to perform combat missions, but also to work in training mode to prepare crews. Information about the operation of systems and air conditions is now displayed on LCD monitors.

Instead of the original teleoptical viewfinder, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and automatically track targets at any time of the day and in any weather conditions. Communications equipment, equipment for documenting the operation of the complex, and a number of other systems were also updated.

The self-propelled fire vehicle of the 9K317E complex can be built on a tracked or wheeled chassis. Several years ago, a version of such a combat vehicle based on the MZKT-6922 wheeled chassis was presented. Thanks to this, a potential customer can choose a chassis that fully meets his requirements for the mobility of the air defense system.

SAM "Buk-M3"

Several years ago, it was announced the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family. The 9K37M3 Buk-M3 air defense system should be a further development of the family with increased characteristics and combat capabilities. According to some reports, it was proposed to fulfill the requirements by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 complex with new modern digital equipment.

Estimated appearance of the Buk-M3 missile launcher

According to available data, the Buk-M3 complex will receive a set of new equipment with improved characteristics. The combat qualities are planned to be improved through the use of a new missile in combination with a modified self-propelled firing system. Instead of an open launcher, the new self-propelled gun should receive lifting mechanisms with fastenings for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M missile will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Among other things, such changes to the complex will increase the amount of ammunition available for use.

The available photo of the Buk-M3 system shows a vehicle based on a tracked chassis with a rotating platform on which two swinging packages with six missile containers on each are mounted. Thus, without radically reworking the design of the self-propelled gun, it was possible to double the ammunition capacity ready for firing.

The detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 air defense system remain unknown. Domestic media, citing unnamed sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile will make it possible to attack targets at ranges of up to 75 km and hit them with one missile with a probability of at least 0.95-0.97. It was also reported that by the end of this year the Buk-M3 experimental complex must undergo the entire range of tests, after which it will be put into service. Serial production and deliveries of new equipment to the troops, therefore, can begin in 2016.

According to rumors, the domestic defense industry intends to continue the development of Buk anti-aircraft missile systems. The next air defense system of the family, according to some sources, may receive the designation “Buk-M4”. It is too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. To date, apparently, even the general requirements for it have not been determined.

Based on materials from sites:
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/
http://pvo.guns.ru/
http://nevskii-bastion.ru/
http://vz.ru/
http://lenta.ru/

Ctrl Enter

Noticed osh Y bku Select text and click Ctrl+Enter

Today we will get acquainted with the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, which is considered one of the best representatives of its class on the world stage. The vehicle is capable of destroying enemy aircraft and missiles, ships and buildings. Let's also consider the design options and differences between modifications.

What is the Buk anti-aircraft missile system?

The vehicle in question (the Buk army anti-aircraft missile system), according to the GRAU index, is designated as 9K37, and is known to NATO and United States specialists as the SA-11 Gadfly. The equipment is classified as an anti-aircraft complex on a self-propelled chassis. Missiles are used to destroy targets. The complex is designed to destroy enemy aircraft, as well as other aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, within the range of 30-18,000 meters. When created, it was supposed to effectively combat maneuvering objects that are capable of providing intense radio countermeasures.

History of the creation of the Buk air defense system

Work on creating the machine began in January 197272, the start was given by a decree of the government of the Soviet Union. It was assumed that the new car would replace its predecessor, the Cube. The developer of the system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, which at that time was managed by A.A. Rastov. It is noteworthy that the new vehicle was supposed to be put into service by the army literally three years after the start of development, which significantly complicated the task for the designers.

To make it possible to complete the work in such a short time, it was divided into two stages:

1. First, a deep modification of the “Cube” was put into operation - the Kub-M3 air defense system, index 9A38. A vehicle on a self-propelled chassis with 9M38 missiles was supposed to be inserted into each battery. In the course of the work, a complex with the M4 mark in the name was created, which was put into service in 1978;
2. The second step implied the final commissioning of the complex, which included: a command post, a target detection station in the air, the self-propelled gun itself, as well as a launch-loading system and a missile defense system (anti-aircraft guided missile).

The designers coped with the task, and testing of both machines began already in 1977. For two years, the capabilities and potential of the systems were assessed at the Emba training ground, after which the installations began to enter service with the country.

It is worth noting that, in addition to the land variation of the system, an installation for the Navy was also created on a single missile defense system. The tracked chassis was created by the machine-building plant in Mytishchi (MMZ), the missiles were developed by the Sverdlovsk Novator bureau. The target designation/tracking station was designed at NIIIP MRP.

Operating principle of the Buk missile system

The characteristics of the complex make it possible to effectively combat various air targets whose speed does not exceed 830 m/s, maneuvering with overloads of up to 12 units. It was believed that the vehicle could even fight Lance ballistic missiles.

During development, it was intended to achieve a twofold increase in the operating efficiency of existing air defense systems by increasing the channel capacity when working with aerodynamic purposes. A necessary part of the work was the automation of processes, starting with the detection of a potential enemy and ending with its destruction.

It was planned to add an innovative installation to each battery of the Kubov-M3 regiment, which, at minimal cost, would increase the capabilities of the unit significantly. The expenditure on modernization amounted to no more than 30% of the initial investments in formation, but the number of channels doubled (increased to 10), the number of missiles ready to carry out combat missions increased by a quarter - to 75.

It is worth noting that based on the results of testing the systems, the following characteristics were obtained:

• in autonomous mode, aircraft at a three-kilometer altitude could be detected at 65-77 kilometers;
• low-flying targets (30-100 m) were detected from 32-41 km;
• helicopters were spotted from 21-35 km;
• in a centralized mode, the reconnaissance/guidance installation did not allow the full potential of the complex to be demonstrated, so aircraft at an altitude of 3-7 km could only be detected at a range of 44 km;
• under similar conditions, low-flying aircraft were detected from 21-28 km.

Processing targets by the system in offline mode takes no more than 27 seconds, the probability of hitting a target with one projectile reached 70-93 percent. At the same time, the weapons in question could destroy up to six enemy targets. Moreover, the developed missiles are capable of operating effectively not only against enemy aircraft and strike weapons, but also against surface and ground targets.

The guidance method is combined: when entering the flight path - the inertial method, adjustments are made from the command post or the installation itself. At the final stage, immediately before destroying the target, a semi-active mode using automation is activated.

The last two options became possible to destroy thanks to the laser rangefinder, which appeared on the military modification M1-2. It is possible to process objects with microwave radiation turned off, which has a positive effect on the survivability of the entire system, its secrecy from the enemy, as well as immunity from interference. The coordinate support mode introduced in this modification is aimed at combating interference.

The effectiveness of the installation lies in its high mobility: it takes only 5 minutes to deploy from a traveling position to a combat position. The system moves on a specially designed tracked chassis; there are options with a wheelbase. In the first version, the car develops up to 65 km/h on highways and rough terrain; the reserve of fuel tanks allows you to march up to 500 km and still retain the necessary volume for work for two hours.

The complex for coordinated work is equipped with the following tools:

• Communication – a channel for uninterrupted reception/transmission of information is formed;
• Orientation/navigation systems, in the shortest possible time, a location reference is formed;
• Equipment for autonomous power supply of the entire complex;
• Equipment to ensure protection and life in conditions of the use of nuclear or chemical weapons.

For combat duty, autonomous power systems are used; if necessary, it is possible to connect external sources. The total duration of work without stopping is a day.

Design of the 9K37 complex

To ensure the functionality of the complex, it includes four types of machines. There are attached technical means for which the Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 chassis are used. The bulk of the systems under consideration are based on caterpillar tracks. However, some installation options were equipped with wheels.

The combat assets of the complex are as follows:

1. One command post coordinating the actions of the entire group;
2. A target detection station, which not only identifies a potential enemy, but identifies its identity and transmits the received data to the command post;
3. A self-propelled firing system that ensures the destruction of the enemy in a certain sector in a stationary position or autonomously. In the process of work, it detects targets, determines the identity of the threat, its capture and firing;
4. A launch-loading installation capable of launching projectiles, as well as loading additional transportable ammunition. Vehicles of this type are supplied to formations at the rate of 3 to 2 self-propelled guns.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system uses 9M317 missiles, which are classified as anti-aircraft guided missiles. The shells ensure the destruction of the enemy with a high probability in a wide range: air targets, surface and ground targets, subject to the creation of dense interference.

The command post is designated by the index 9С470; it is capable of communicating simultaneously with six installations, one target detection system and receiving tasks from higher command.

The 9S18 detection station is a three-dimensional radar operating in the centimeter range. It is capable of detecting a potential enemy 160 km away, and surveys the space in a regular or sector mode.

Modifications of the Buk complex

As aviation and air defense systems modernized, the complex was modernized to increase efficiency and speed. At the same time, the system’s own means of protection were improved, allowing for increased survivability in combat conditions. Let's look at modifications of the Buk.

SAM Buk-M1 (9K37M1)

Modernization of the system began virtually immediately after it was put into service. In 1982, an improved version of the vehicle with the index 9K37 M1, using the 9M38M1 missile, entered service. The technique differed from the basic version in the following aspects:

1. The affected area has expanded significantly;
2. It became possible to distinguish between ballistic missiles, airplanes and helicopters;
3. Countermeasures against enemy missile defense have been improved.

SAM Buk-M1-2 (9K37M1-2)

By 1997, the next modification of the Buk air defense system appeared - index 9K37M1-2 with a new guided missile 9M317. Innovations affected almost all aspects of the system, which made it possible to hit Lance-class missiles. The damage radius increased to 45 km horizontally and 25 km altitude.

SAM Buk-M2 (9K317)

The 9K317 is the result of a deep modernization of the base unit, which has become significantly more effective in all respects, in particular, the probability of hitting enemy aircraft has reached 80 percent. The collapse of the Union ruled out mass production, but in 2008 the vehicle nevertheless entered service with the Armed Forces.

SAM Buk-M3 (9K317M)

New for 2016 - the Buk M3 has received higher characteristics, has been developed since 2007. Now there are 6 missiles on board in closed containers, it works automatically, after launch the projectile reaches the target on its own, and the probability of hitting the enemy is almost 100 percent, with the exception of the millionth chance of a miss .

SAM Buk-M2E (9K317E)

The export version is a modification of the M2 on the Minsk AZ chassis.

SAM Buk-MB (9K37MB)

This option is a base developed by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union. It was presented by Belarusian engineers in 2005. Improved radio-electronic equipment, resistance to interference and ergonomics of crew workstations.

Performance characteristics

Considering the scale of modernization and the abundance of modifications, each model has its own tactical and technical characteristics. Combat effectiveness is clearly demonstrated by the probability of hitting various targets:

Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1"

Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M1-2"

Parameter:	Meaning:
Aircraft	3-45
	No more than 20
Cruise missile	No more than 26
Ship	No more than 25
Target engagement altitude, km
Aircraft	0,015-22
"Lance"	2-16
Airplane	90-95
Helicopter	30-60
Cruise missile	50-70
	22
	1100

Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system

Parameter:	Meaning:
Enemy engagement distance, km
Aircraft	3-50
Ballistic missile, Lance class	No more than 20
Cruise missile	No more than 26
Ship	No more than 25
Target engagement altitude, km
Aircraft	0,01-25
"Lance"	2-16
Probability of destroying the enemy with one missile, %
Airplane	90-95
Helicopter	70-80
Cruise missile	70-80
Number of targets fired at simultaneously, pcs.	24
Maximum speed of the fired object, m/s	1100

Buk-M3 anti-aircraft missile system

Parameter:	Meaning:
Enemy engagement distance, km
Aircraft	2-70
Ballistic missile, Lance class	2-70
Cruise missile	2-70
Ship	2-70
Target engagement altitude, km
Aircraft	0,015-35
"Lance"	0,015-35
Probability of destroying the enemy with one missile, %
Airplane	99
Number of targets fired at simultaneously, pcs.	36
Maximum speed of the fired object, m/s	3000

Combat use

Over the long history of being on combat duty in various countries, the Buk missile system has seen its share of war. However, a number of episodes of its use create a contradictory picture regarding its capabilities:

1. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, an Abkhaz L-39 attack aircraft was destroyed, which led to the death of the commander of the state's air defense. According to experts, the incident occurred due to misidentification of the target by the Russian installation;
2. A division of these vehicles took part in the first Chechen war, which made it possible to evaluate their potential in real conditions;
3. The Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008 was remembered by the official recognition by the Russian side of the loss of four aircraft: Tu-22M and three Su-25. According to reliable information, all of them were victims of Buk-M1 vehicles used by the Ukrainian division in Georgia;
4. As for controversial cases, the first is the destruction of a Boeing 777 aircraft in the east of the Donetsk region. In 2014, a civil aviation aircraft was destroyed, according to official data from the international commission, by a Buk complex. However, opinions differ regarding the ownership of the air defense system. The Ukrainian side claims that the system was controlled by the 53rd Russian Air Defense Brigade, however, there is no reliable evidence of this. Should you believe the accusing party?
5. There is also conflicting information coming from Syria, where many Russian-made air defense systems, including the vehicles in question, were used in 2018. The Russian Ministry of Defense reports 29 missiles fired by Buk missiles, and only five of them missed. The United States says none of the missiles fired hit their targets. Who to believe?

Despite the provocations and disinformation, the Buk complex is a worthy opponent to any modern helicopters/planes, which has been proven in practice. The complex is used not only by Russia, but also as part of combat units in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Syria, and Ukraine.

Army self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system "Buk"(GRAU index - 9K37) is designed to destroy, under conditions of intense radio countermeasures, aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s at low and medium altitudes (from 30 m to 14-18 km), at ranges up to 30 km, maneuvering from overloads up to 12 units.

The development of the Buk complex began in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972, it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, the main structure corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (“Hurricane”) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, integrated with the “Buk” air defense system.

The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NKO (research and design association) Phazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - Rastov A.A., CP (command post) 9S470 - Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), self-propelled firing system 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.
PZU (start-loading unit) 9A39 was created at the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), headed by A.I. Yaskin.

The unified tracked chassis for the complex's vehicles was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.

The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.

SOC 9S18 (detection and target designation station) (“Dome”) was developed at the NIIIP (Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of Vetoshko A.P. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.). A set of technical tools was also developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on the automobile chassis. Completion of the development of the anti-aircraft missile system was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

To quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Army - tank divisions - with increasing the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions, by doubling the channel capacity for targets (and, if possible, ensuring complete autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), it was prescribed to carry out the creation of the Buk air defense system in 2 stages:

- First step provided for the introduction into the 2K12 “Kub-M3” complex of a 9A38 self-propelled firing system with 9M38 missiles in each battery. In this form, the 2K12M4 “Kub-M4” air defense system was adopted for service in 1978;

- second phase assumed the full adoption of the entire complex consisting of the 9S18 detection station, the 9S470 command post, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A39 launcher-loader and the 9M38 missile defense system. Joint testing of the complex began at the Emba training ground in November 1977 and continued until March 1979, after which the complex was put into service in its entirety.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to include a Kub-M3 regiment in each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces), in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The self-propelled firing installation provided search in the established sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homing 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, coupled with her. The combat operation of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system consisted of:
— digital computing system;
- Radar 9S35;
— a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
— television-optical viewfinder;
— ground-based radar interrogator operating in the “Password” identification system;
— telecode communication equipment with SURN;
— wire communication equipment with SPU;
— autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
— navigation, topographical reference and orientation equipment;
- life support systems.

The weight of the self-propelled firing system, including the weight of the combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 tons.

The progress that has been made in the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, and digital computers has made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation.

The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous radiation transmitter was used to illuminate targets and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search using the electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out using the monopulse method, and signal processing was carried out by a digital computer.

The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds.

The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's direction-finding and surveillance receivers is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds.

The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; ensure selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system was used to block the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when accompanied by a helicopter or aircraft.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with replaceable guides, designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile used a dual-mode solid propellant engine(total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in passive sections of the trajectory and instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in the creation of the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.

The general design of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled American-made naval anti-aircraft missiles of the Standard and Tartar families. This corresponded to strict restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.

The rocket was carried out according to the normal design and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active hydrodynamic pump, autopilot equipment, power supply and warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. The diameter of the 9M38 rocket is 400 mm, length - 5.5 m, rudder span - 860 mm.

The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 m to 20 km at a range of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units. The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.

The design of the missile ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in the 9YA266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system, consisting of the 1S91M3 SURN, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as the 9V881 MTO (maintenance vehicle) underwent state testing Embensky training ground.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was obtained - from 65 to 77 km; at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 km. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a range of 21-35 km.

When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 km and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of a self-propelled firing system (from the moment of target detection to the launch of a guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading/discharging time for three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.

When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the destruction of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 km, at an altitude of 30 m - 5-15.4 km. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of the heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name “Kub-M4” (2K12M4). The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the SV SA.

The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.

Command post 9С470 installed on the GM-579 chassis provided:
— receiving, displaying and processing target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;

— selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in automatic and manual modes, assignment of sectors of their responsibility;

— display of information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters for firing installations, about work on targets, about the operating mode of the detection and target designation station;

— organizing the operation of the complex in the event of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles;

— documentation of training and work of calculation of CP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per station review cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing systems (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters ). The weight of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is no more than 28 tons.

Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station “Dome” (9С18) centimeter range having electronic scanning of the beam according to the elevation angle in a sector (set to 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or an electric drive). The Kupol station was intended to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of viewing the space during a circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when viewing in a 30-degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20′, in range - no more than 130 m, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 m.

All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar station was initially intended to be developed outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional air defense unit of the Ground Forces.

The time it took to transfer the Kupol station between traveling and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The weight of the station (including a crew of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.

According to its structure and purpose self-propelled firing system 9A310 It differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that it communicated using a telecode line not with SURN 1S91M3 and self-propelled launcher 2P25M3, but with the command post 9S470 and PZU 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time it took to transfer the installation from traveling to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds.

Loading the 9A310 firing system with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launch-loading installation took 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (in working position - 9.03 m), height - 3.8 m (in working position - 7.72 m).

Launch-loading installation 9A39 installed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed mounts - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading the 8th missile defense system from a transport vehicle (charging time 26 minutes), from ground cradles and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles.

Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-loading installation consisted of a starting device with a servo power drive, a crane, supports, a digital computer, equipment for topographical referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. The mass of the installation, including a combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons. Dimensions of the launch-loading installation: length - 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

The complex's command post received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (automated control system Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that carried out search and capture for automatic tracking goals. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched.

For missile guidance, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, upon command, the warhead was detonated. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems The Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
— simultaneous firing of up to 6 targets by a division, and, if necessary, execution of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater detection reliability thanks to the organization of a joint survey of the space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
— increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency in hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of the anti-aircraft guided missile.

Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system can fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 km at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m /s - up to 30 km) with a heading parameter of up to 18 km with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.

The Buk complex was adopted by the ground forces' air defense forces in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in the cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 air defense system. New equipment - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing systems 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, launch-loading installations 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. Kalinina.

MODERNIZATION OF THE BUK ADAM

In accordance with the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated November 30, 1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities and the protection of the complex's radio-electronic equipment from anti-radar missiles and interference.

As a result of tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Emba test site, it was found that modernized Buk-M1 compared to the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, it provides a larger engagement area for aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of being hit by one guided missile of more than 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0.4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 km.

The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies instead of 36, which helps to increase protection from intentional and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.

Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control post of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training for crews of anti-aircraft missile systems.

Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 installation provides target detection and acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30%), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station “Kupol-M1” (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with similar weapons of the Buk complex without modifications. The standard organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983. and its serial production was established in cooperation between industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system. In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, also entered service. Complexes of the Buk family called “Gang” were proposed to be supplied abroad.

During the Defense 92 exercise, the Buk family of anti-aircraft missile systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and the Smerch MLRS missile.

Cooperation of enterprises led by Tikhonravov Research Institute in 1994-1997, work was carried out on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons and surface ships at a range of up to 25 km and ground targets (large command posts, launch sites installations, aircraft at airfields) at a distance of up to 15 km.

The effectiveness of destroying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 km and in height - up to 25 km. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a radar semi-active homing head with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The rocket has a launch mass of 710-720 kg with a warhead mass of 50-70 kg. Externally, the new 9M317 missile differed from the 9M38 in its shorter wing chord length.

In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the installation of an antenna at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system to destroy low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The Buk-M1-2 complex includes a command post and two types of firing sections:
— four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing unit each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loading unit with 8 guided missiles;
— two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, which can also provide simultaneous fire at four targets, and two launch-loading installations (each with eight guided missiles).

Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter option, the cost was reduced, but maneuverability deteriorated and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15 minutes.

In particular, the Start MKB, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), developed the 9A316 launcher-loader and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.

The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of anti-aircraft missile systems as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, ensuring a continuous increase in the air defense capabilities of the ground forces at relatively low costs. This path of development, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag.

For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, the more reliable and safe scheme for continuous operation of missile defense systems in a transport and launch container, and all-angle vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced in other second-generation air defense missile systems, have not been used. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development must be considered as the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the Buk and Kub family complexes as the correct one.

Main characteristics of the BUK type air defense system:
Name – “Buk” / “Buk-M1”;
Damage zone in range - from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
Damage zone in height – from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter – up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6 / 0.3..0.6;
Probability of hitting a cruise missile – 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m/s;
Reaction time - 22 seconds;
Anti-aircraft guided missile flight speed - 850 m/s;
Rocket mass – 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel – 2;
SAM channel (per target) – up to 3;
Expansion/collapse time – 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle is 4;
Year of adoption: 1980/1983.

/Alex Varlamik, based on materials en.wikipedia.org And topwar.ru /