Download presentation on culture. Presentation on the topic "What is culture" presentation for a social studies lesson (grade 9) on the topic

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The presentation can be used to teach the lesson "What is culture?" in 9th grade to the textbook by A. Kravchenko. Contains 11 slides, different approaches to the concept of “culture” are proposed, an idea is given of the types of culture, cultural universals and cultural heritage.

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What is culture?

Basic approaches to the concept of “culture” Culture (Latin cultura, from colo, colere - cultivation, later - upbringing, education, development, veneration) is a concept that has a huge number of meanings in various areas of human activity. Culture is the subject of study of philosophy, cultural studies, history, art history, linguistics (ethnolinguistics), political science, ethnology, psychology, economics, pedagogy, etc. Marcus Porcius Cato (2nd-1st centuries BC) was the first to introduce the concept of “culture” in a scientific treatise on agriculture.

The main approaches to the concept of “culture”: culture is understood as human activity in its most varied manifestations, “the product of a playing person!” J. Huising “a set of genetically non-inherited information in the field of human behavior” Y. Lotman a set of knowledge, beliefs and behaviors that is based on symbolic thinking and social learning

Basic approaches to the concept of “culture” In Ancient Greece, paideia, which expressed the concept of “inner culture”, or, in other words, “culture of the soul”, was close to the term culture. Marcus Porcius Cato (2nd-1st centuries BC) was the first to introduce the concept of “culture” in a scientific treatise on agriculture. in Latin the word has several meanings: cultivation, processing, care; breeding; agriculture, agriculture upbringing, education, development worship, veneration In its independent meaning, the concept of culture appeared in the works of the German lawyer and historian Samuel Pufendorf (1632-1694). He used this term in relation to “artificial man”, brought up in society, as opposed to “natural” man, uneducated.

Basic approaches to the concept of “culture” The word culture entered Russian only in the mid-30s of the 19th century. The presence of this word in the Russian lexicon was recorded by I. Renofantz, published in 1837, “A Pocket Book for Those Who Love Reading Russian Books, Newspapers and Magazines.” The said dictionary distinguished two meanings of the concept “culture”: firstly, “plowing, farming”; secondly, “education”. The Russian artist, philosopher, publicist, archaeologist, traveler and public figure, Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich, expanded and deepened the interpretation of the word “culture”.

Modern understanding of culture. Culture is a complex that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morality, laws, customs, as well as other abilities and skills acquired by a person as a member of society. The culture of a people is its way of life, its clothing, housing, cuisine, folklore, spiritual ideas, beliefs and language.

Types of culture. Material (artifacts) Intangible (spiritual)

Unity of material and non-material culture. A cultural complex is a set of cultural traits or elements that arose on the basis of the original element and are functionally related to it. An example is a sports game, in particular football. Associated with it are the stadium, fans, referee, sportswear, ball, penalty, forward, tickets. A cultural complex can be private collections of paintings and antique objects, galleries and museums, artistic styles and movements, scientific theories and schools, sciences and scientific disciplines, philosophical and religious teachings, etc.

Etiquette. Etiquette (from the French étiquette - label, inscription) - norms and rules of behavior of people in society. In its modern form and meaning, the word was first used at the court of King Louis XIV of France - cards (labels) were distributed to guests stating how they should behave; although certain sets of norms and rules of behavior have existed since ancient times. Etiquette can be roughly divided into situational and professional, secular and business, although it is often impossible to draw clear boundaries between them.

Cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is a part of material and spiritual culture created by past generations, which has stood the test of time and is passed on to generations as something valuable and revered. An object of cultural heritage is a place, structure, complex created by man, which has conveyed value to our time from an anthropological, archaeological, aesthetic, ethnographic, historical, scientific or artistic point of view and has retained its authenticity; A landmark is an object of cultural heritage that is included in the State Register of Landmarks of Russia; A historical populated place is a populated place that has preserved its historical area in whole or in part and is included in the list of historical populated places.

Cultural universals. Cultural universals are norms, values, rules, traditions and properties that are inherent in all cultures, regardless of geographical location, historical time and social structure of society. Cultural universals arise because all people, no matter where they live in the world, are physically built the same, they have the same biological needs and face common problems that the environment poses to humanity. In 1959, American sociologist and ethnographer George Murdoch identified more than 70 universals - elements common to all cultures: sports, body jewelry, calendar, cleanliness, community organization, cooking, labor cooperation, courtship, dancing, decorative arts, fortune telling, dream interpretation , education, etc.

Homework. p 17 (41) 1st row - rear. 4 in mercury 2nd row – rear. 5 in mercury 3rd row - rear. 3 in mouth Individual assignments - message on the topic: “Rules of etiquette in different countries”

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Culture Culture is the world of man, his way of being. Where there is a person, his activities, relationships between people, there is culture. In everyday everyday practice, culture is understood as: - cultivation, processing, improvement, improvement - “cultivated plant”, “physical culture”, “bodybuilding”, “cultivator”, etc.; - upbringing, education, observance of moral norms, generally accepted rules, etiquette - “cultured person”, “culture of speech”, “uncultured behavior”, etc.; -art, creativity - “house of culture”, “artistic culture”, “college of culture”, etc. Culture is an artificial environment, the word “culture” refers to absolutely everything that is created by man.

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Functions and spheres of culture The main functions of culture are distinguished: - regulatory function (regulation of human behavior, patterns of behavior); -educational and upbringing function (the level of a person’s culture is determined by familiarization with cultural heritage, the transfer of social experience); -integrative function (culture unites people, ensures the integrity of society); -value function (formation in a person of a certain system of values, worldview). Culture is conventionally divided into the following spheres: Worldview and cognitive (religion, philosophy, science); Artistic and aesthetic (all types of art, aesthetic ideas of people); Socio-normative (law, political science, morality, behavior in society).

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Material culture is a production and technological culture, which represents the material results of material production and methods of technological activity of a social person. The essence of material culture is the embodiment of various human needs, allowing people to adapt to biological and social conditions of life. Spiritual culture contains all areas of spiritual production (art, philosophy, science, etc.). They largely determine the level of intellectual, moral, political, aesthetic, and legal development of society today. Spiritual culture involves activities aimed at the spiritual development of a person and society, and also represents the results of these activities.

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Forms of culture Mass culture or pop culture is a culture that is popular and prevalent among a wide segment of the population in a given society. It may include such phenomena as everyday life, entertainment (sports, pop music), media, etc. Folk culture or folklore is folk art, most often oral; artistic collective creative activity of the people, reflecting their life, views, ideals; created by the people and existing among the masses. Elite culture (high) is a creative avant-garde, a laboratory of art, where new types and forms of art are constantly created. It includes fine art, classical music and literature. To understand these works you need to master the special language of art.

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Cultural globalization is characterized by the convergence of business and consumer culture between different countries of the world and the growth of international communication. On the one hand, this leads to the popularization of certain types of national culture around the world. On the other hand, popular international cultural phenomena can displace national ones or turn them into international ones. Many regard this as a loss of national cultural values ​​and are fighting for the revival of national culture. Internationalization of culture - strengthening the mutual influence of national cultures on each other and the development on this basis of both national cultures and the entire world culture. The reasons for the internationalization of cultures are scientific and technical progress, general trends in the development of education, and the international division of labor, and this contributes to mutual enrichment and interpenetration of national cultures. Internationalization of culture

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Cultural heritage is the totality of all material and spiritual cultural achievements of a society, its historical experience, preserved in the arsenal of public memory, passing from generation to generation. Ancient civilizational and cultural achievements gravitated not towards innovative actions, but towards self-preservation. A mechanism for preserving civilization and culture was developed, which is still in effect today. And this mechanism was called tradition. Tradition, in relation to culture, is a cultural heritage transmitted from generation to generation and reproduced in certain societies and social groups for a long time. Cultural heritage

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Subculture Subculture in sociology and cultural studies is a part of the culture of a society that differs from the prevailing one, as well as social groups of carriers of this culture. A subculture may differ from the dominant culture in its own value system, language, behavior, clothing and other aspects. When entering into protest with the main culture, subcultures can be aggressive and sometimes even extremist in nature. Such movements are called counterculture. A certain image; It develops its own language (slang); Symbols of subcultures; Traditions and rituals.

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PLAN FOR STUDYING THE TOPIC: DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE. FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE: humanistic; educational; socializing; communicative; hedonistic. TYPOLOGY OF CULTURE: material and spiritual; elite, popular, mass, screen. dominant, subculture, counterculture. FORMS (SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS) OF CULTURE: art; religion; the science; morality; education. NATIONAL CULTURE. MODERN TRENDS IN CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.

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How do you understand P. Sorokin’s definition? CULTURE - spiritual and material values ​​created by man. P. Sorokin called culture “SECOND NATURE”. Pitirim Sorokin (1889 – 1968), Russian and American sociologist, one of the founders of modern sociology. MATERIAL CULTURE (tools, housing, clothing, household items, etc.) SPIRITUAL (religion, art, science, morality)

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Give examples of manifestations of each cultural function. HUMAN IN MAN

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THREE QUALITATIVE SPEAKERS IN CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT WRITING (allowed for the preservation and exchange of knowledge) BOOK PRINTING (dramatically increased the volume of cultural production and made it cheaper) TV and INTERNET (instant dissemination of information)

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SPIRITUAL (religion, art, science, morality) TYPOLOGY OF CULTURE (first version) MATERIAL CULTURE (tools, housing, clothing, household items, etc.) what remains in its historical era, what is passed on to subsequent generations (civilizational heritage ) MATERIAL CULTURE IS ALSO A RESULT OF HUMAN CREATIVITY SPIRITUAL CULTURE IS ALWAYS CLOSED IN MATERIAL FORM

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TYPOLOGY OF CULTURE (second option) difficult to perceive (culture of the elite) authored until the middle of the 19th century was accessible only to the elite of society CLASSICAL MUSIC AND LITERATURE, PAINTING, THEATER (OPERA, BALLET, DRAMA PERFORMANCE) FOLK SONGS AND DANCES, FAIRY TALES, TRADES, PROVERBS, PROVERBS, etc. easy to understand anonymous (the author is the people) exists in oral form until the middle of the 19th century, was consumed only by the social lower classes (the people) CINEMA, POP MUSIC, POP ART, TV, RADIO, SPORTS, ENTREPRISE, MASS LITERATURE (tabloid novel, detective story, fantasy, etc.), FASHION, focus on commercial success and mass demand (entertainment), lack of individuality and exclusivity, the mass crowds out the individual

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SUB-CULTURE AND COUNTER-CULTURE SUB-CULTURE is a system of norms and values ​​that distinguishes a group from the rest of society. The culture of any social group (youth, professional, sports, online community, etc.). Differences between a subculture and the dominant culture: specific values; behavior rules; fashion style; language (jargon). BIKERS HACKERS DO NOT CONFLICT WITH THE DOMINANT CULTURE

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SUBCULTURE AND COUNTERCULTURE COUNTERCULTURE is a specific type of subculture that denies the values ​​of the dominant culture and opposes itself to the dominant culture. The counterculture of the underworld is one of the oldest countercultures. Hipsters in the USSR CONFLICT WITH THE DOMINANT CULTURE

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FORMS (SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS) OF CULTURE MORALITY EDUCATION ART RELIGION SCIENCE Remember what a social institution is?

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NATIONAL CULTURE is the totality of the material and spiritual values ​​of a nation, as well as the main ways of interaction with nature and the social environment practiced by a given ethnic community. What elements of national culture can you name? national mythology, folklore, historical memory; national literature, works of art, scientific achievements; national consciousness (national identity); national mentality (traditions and stereotypes of thinking and behavior).

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PROBLEMS OF SPIRITUAL CULTURE What should art reflect: the truth of life or high ideals? What should art awaken: feelings or thoughts? Are there objective indicators of what is considered great art, great literature, great culture? If a work of art contains an erroneous idea, i.e. “bad” content, is the work itself good or bad in form?

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MODERN TRENDS IN CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT increasing the level of education of society; rapid development of science and scientific and technological progress; globalization of culture, the emergence of world cultural universals; the emergence of a virtual culture of the information society (screen culture); the phenomenon of mass consciousness, mass culture, commercialization of culture; redundancy of information; POSTMODERNISM is a historically new type of culture, which manifests itself in philosophy, science, and art. Its fundamental principle is the free combination of expressive means, visual citation from the history of art, as well as pluralism of ideas, opinions, points of view and concrete humanism. Painting by contemporary French artist Patrice Murciano. year 2012. Nana. Artist Niki de Saint Phalle. Hanover. 1974

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INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT CULTURE Homer's Iliad consists of 15,000 stanzas. The Arabs have 28 different verse meters, while we have only 5. Parts of the Bible have been translated into 2,212 languages. The entire Bible is printed in 366 languages; Only the New Testament was printed in another 928 languages, and at least one part of the Bible was printed in another 918 languages. When the Pope suggested that Michelangelo “cover” the naked bodies in the Last Judgment fresco on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, he replied: “Let the Pope fix the world, and I’ll fix the picture in five minutes.” The largest museum in the world is the American Museum of Natural History. Radishchev has a book “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow,” and Pushkin has a book “Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg.” The prototype of the main character of the novel “Anna Karenina” by Leo Tolstoy was M.A. Hartung, the daughter of A.S. Pushkin. As X-rays showed, under the “Mona Lisa” we know, there are three more of its original versions.

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TERMINOLOGY: CULTURE - spiritual and material values ​​created by man (second nature). HEDONISM is an ethical doctrine according to which pleasure is the highest good and purpose of life. SUBCULTURE is a system of norms and values ​​that distinguishes a group from the rest of society. The culture of a social group (youth, professional, etc.). COUNTERCULTURE is a specific type of subculture that denies the values ​​of the dominant culture and opposes itself to the dominant culture. SOCIAL INSTITUTE is a relatively stable form of organization of social life, ensuring the stability of connections and relationships within society. NATIONAL IDENTITY is a set of ideas, traditions and concepts of representatives of a nation or ethnic group, which make it possible to reproduce this community of people as a whole and classify each individual as a given social integrity.

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http://www.prosv.ru/ebooks/Bogolubov_Obwestvozn_10_Ucheb/1.html - text of the textbook Bogolyubov L. N. Social studies. Grade 10. Profile level. http://school-collection.edu.ru http://ru.wikipedia.org DISTANCE LEARNING: MATERIALS USED WHEN PREPARING THE PRESENTATION: SITES FOR PREPARATION FOR THE Unified State Exam: http://www.ege.edu.ru/ - official portal Unified State Exam (exam calendar; codifier, specification, demo version; scale for transferring points; personal account). http://fipi.ru is an open bank of Unified State Examination tasks. http://soc.reshuege.ru – a bank of Unified State Exam assignments, it is possible to check the answers, there are comments for all questions. http://stupinaoa.narod.ru/index/0-20 - here you can find detailed plans and assessment criteria for various topics in the social studies course. http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/obshestvoznanie/10-klass/bchelovekb/deyatelnost?seconds=0 - Internet Lesson “Culture and Spiritual Life”. http://egewin.ru/ege-po-obshhestvoznaniyu/kultura.html - website of Evgeniy Sergeevich Kotsar for preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies. Topic: “Culture, forms and varieties.”

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Presentation on the topic: Culture

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Culture in Latin means cultivation, cultivation. Culture in Latin means cultivation, cultivation. Culture is everything that a person creates: material values, skills, knowledge, customs, traditions, moral and moral values. Culture is the cultivation of the human soul (Cicero). CULTURE - a characteristic of a certain historical era A person cannot live outside of culture: mass, elite culture, subculture

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The most successful definition of the concept of “culture” was apparently given by the English ethnographer E. Taylor in 1871: “Culture... is a complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morality, laws, customs and others abilities and habits acquired and achieved by a person as a member of society." If we add to this the materialized knowledge, beliefs and skills that surround us in the form of buildings, works of art, books, religious objects and everyday objects, then it becomes obvious that culture is everything that is produced, socially assimilated and shared by members of society. The most successful definition of the concept of “culture” was apparently given by the English ethnographer E. Taylor in 1871: “Culture... is a complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morality, laws, customs and others abilities and habits acquired and achieved by a person as a member of society." If we add to this the materialized knowledge, beliefs and skills that surround us in the form of buildings, works of art, books, religious objects and everyday objects, then it becomes obvious that culture is everything that is produced, socially assimilated and shared by members of society.

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a complex that includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs and other abilities and habits acquired by a person as a member of society" (E. Taylor); a complex that includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs and other abilities and habits acquired by a person as a member of society" (E. Taylor); “every step forward on the path of culture was a step towards freedom” (F. Engels); “social inheritance” (B. Malinovsky); “the cultural aspect covering ideas, values, norms, their interactions and relationships” (P. Sorokin);

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“the organization of various phenomena - material objects, bodily acts, ideas and feelings, which consist of symbols or depend on their use” (L. White); “the organization of various phenomena - material objects, bodily acts, ideas and feelings, which consist of symbols or depend on their use” (L. White); “that which distinguishes a person from an animal” (V. Ostwald); “the process of progressive self-liberation of man, language, religion, science are the various phases of this process” (E, Cassirer); “a set of intellectual elements available to a given person or a group of people and possessing some stability associated with what can be called the “memory of the world” and society - memory materialized in libraries, monuments and languages” (A. Mol).

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culture covers four “general categories: religious and cultural activity, in the strict sense of the word,” i.e. scientific, artistic and technical, political activity and social economic activity" (N. Danilevsky); culture covers four "general categories: religious cultural activity, in the strict sense of the word", i.e. scientific, artistic and technical, political and social economic activity" (N. Danilevsky); culture “has cult at its core and root. Cultural values ​​are derivatives of cult, like the peeling husk of cult” (G1. Florensky), O “the totality of material and spiritual values”; “a way of human activity” (E. Markaryan); “sign system” (Yu. Lotman, B. Uspensky);

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“embodied values” (I. Chavchavadze); “embodied values” (I. Chavchavadze); “the state of the spiritual life of society” (M. Kim); “culture in the modern understanding is the totality of material and spiritual objects of human activity” (E. Sokolov); “a system of regulators of human activity that carries within itself the accumulated experience gained by the human mind” (V. Davidovich and Yu. Zhdanov); “culture as a system of spiritual production covers the consciousness, storage, dissemination and consumption of spiritual values, views, knowledge and orientation - everything that makes up the spiritual world of society and man” (B. Erasov).

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This is a supra-biological mechanism for accumulating and improving the experience of peoples, the ancestral experience of humanity, encoded in sign systems, tools and passed on from generation to generation. This is a supra-biological mechanism for accumulating and improving the experience of peoples, the ancestral experience of humanity, encoded in sign systems, tools and passed on from generation to generation.

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a) symbolic school a) symbolic school The main thing, from the point of view of this school, in any culture is that it is associated with the use of symbols. Therefore, the concept of “culture” is defined by indicating this feature of any culture. L. White, for example, defines the concept of “culture” as “the organization of things and phenomena based on symbols.” Representatives of the symbolic school are Cassirer and Lévi-Strauss.

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b) naturalistic school b) naturalistic school Representatives of this direction try to explain the features of a particular culture by the features of human natural existence, try to present culture as a direct adaptation of a person to environmental conditions. This direction includes the works of F. Hamilton, G. Spencer, B. Malinovsky, Z. Freud, K. Lawrence.

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c) psychological school c) psychological school From the point of view of this direction, culture is the soul of the people, the “spirit” of the people.

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d) sociological school d) sociological school Unites those scientists who seek the origins and explanation of culture in its social nature and organization (Eliot, P. Sorokin, Weber, Parsons). Weber, for example, associated the specific appearance of a particular country with cultural factors, and not with civilizational ones, which are of a universal nature. Parsons believes that all spiritual and material achievements, united by the concept of “culture,” are the result of socially determined actions at the level of two systems - social and cultural.

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d) axiological school d) axiological school This direction is the most widespread in cultural studies. It is no coincidence that one can most often find an interpretation of the concept of “culture” as “a set of material and spiritual values.” The concept of "value" first appears in the works of Kant. The widespread use of this concept in cultural studies begins with the works of Vindelband. Prominent representatives of this trend are Rickert, Cohen, Münsterberg, Wundt, Brentano, Meinong, Scheler.

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1. Accumulation of birth experience. 1. Accumulation of birth experience. 2. The function is epistemological, cognitive. Covering all spheres of social consciousness, taken in unity, culture gives a holistic picture of knowledge and exploration of the world, as well as the level of skills and abilities of people.

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3. Function of historical exchange, transfer of social experience This function is called information. Society has no other mechanism for transmitting social experience, “social heredity,” besides culture. In this sense, culture can be called the “memory” of humanity. 3. Function of historical exchange, transfer of social experience This function is called information. Society has no other mechanism for transmitting social experience, “social heredity,” besides culture. In this sense, culture can be called the “memory” of humanity. 4. Communicative function, Perceived information contained in monuments of material and spiritual culture, a person thereby enters into indirect, mediated communication with the people who created these monuments. The means of communication is primarily language.

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5. Culture performs a regulatory and normative function. Here it acts as a system of norms and requirements imposed by morality and law. 5. Culture performs a regulatory and normative function. Here it acts as a system of norms and requirements imposed by morality and law. 6. The significative function of culture is its ability to create holistic, meaningful ideas about the world and independent philosophical and poetic worlds. For this purpose, culture develops a stock of meanings, names, signs, and language. Science, art, philosophy are specially organized sign systems designed to represent the world from different sides, to make it understandable, meaningful, and close to people.

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7. The function of “psychological release” is, as it were, the opposite of the previous, normative one. Specific cultural forms of detente, fixed by tradition, are holidays and rituals. The meaning of the holiday is the solemn collective renewal of life. During the holiday, the ideal and the real seem to merge, a person experiences relief and joy, if, of course, he knows how to celebrate and join a certain holiday culture. The game is effectively used as a release. The essence of the game is to satisfy drives through symbolic means. At the same time, many games are so complex and sophisticated that they require great effort and tension. An example is chess. 7. The function of “psychological release” is, as it were, the opposite of the previous, normative one. Specific cultural forms of detente, fixed by tradition, are holidays and rituals. The meaning of the holiday is the solemn collective renewal of life. During the holiday, the ideal and the real seem to merge, a person experiences relief and joy, if, of course, he knows how to celebrate and join a certain holiday culture. The game is effectively used as a release. The essence of the game is to satisfy drives through symbolic means. At the same time, many games are so complex and sophisticated that they require great effort and tension. An example is chess.

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1) Culture as a progressive movement, caused by the accumulation of traditions, renewed by creative impulse (D. S. Likhachev, Yu. M. Lotman, V. S. Bibler, L. N. Batkin, N. S. Zlobin) 1) Culture as a progressive a movement caused by the accumulation of traditions renewed by creative impulse (D. S. Likhachev, Yu. M. Lotman, V. S. Bibler, L. N. Batkin, N. S. Zlobin)

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The idea of ​​exhaustion, the finitude of the culture of our time, in which traditionality prevents the revival of “mechanized man” (N. A. Berdyaev, F. Mayor, K. Jaspers). The idea of ​​exhaustion, the finitude of the culture of our time, in which traditionality prevents the revival of “mechanized man” (N. A. Berdyaev, F. Mayor, K. Jaspers). Despite all the irreducibility of concepts 1 and 2, there is a common center: man is the subject of culture, its center.