Wind on a point scale. Beaufort scale for visual assessment of wind force

Accepted for use in international synoptic practice. It originally did not include wind speed (added in 1926). In 1955, to distinguish between hurricane winds of different strengths, the US Weather Bureau expanded the scale to 17 points.

It is worth noting that the wave heights in the scale are given for the open ocean, not the coastal zone.

Beaufort points	Verbal definition of wind force	Average wind speed, m/s	Average wind speed, km/h	Average wind speed, knots	Wind action
					on the land	on the sea
0	Calm	0-0,2	< 1	0-1	Calm. Smoke rises vertically, tree leaves are motionless	Mirror smooth sea
1	Quiet	0,3-1,5	1-5	1-3	The direction of the wind is noticeable from the drift of the smoke, but not from the weather vane.	There are no ripples, no foam on the crests of the waves. Wave height up to 0.1 m
2	Easy	1,6-3,3	6-11	3,5-6,4	The movement of the wind is felt by the face, the leaves rustle, the weather vane is set in motion	Short waves with a maximum height of up to 0.3 m, the crests do not overturn and appear glassy
3	Weak	3,4-5,4	12-19	6,6-10,1	The leaves and thin branches of the trees sway all the time, the wind flutters light flags	Short, well defined waves. The ridges, overturning, form glassy foam. Occasionally small lambs are formed. Average wave height 0.6 m
4	Moderate	5,5-7,9	20-28	10,3-14,4	The wind raises dust and debris and moves thin tree branches	The waves are elongated, whitecaps are visible in many places. Maximum wave height up to 1.5 m
5	Fresh	8,0-10,7	29-38	14,6-19,0	Thin tree trunks sway, the movement of the wind is felt by the hand	Well-developed in length, but not large waves, maximum wave height 2.5 m, average - 2 m. Whitecaps are visible everywhere (in some cases splashes are formed)
6	Strong	10,8-13,8	39-49	19,2-24,1	Thick tree branches sway, telegraph wires hum	Large waves begin to form. White foamy ridges occupy large areas and splashes are likely. Maximum wave height - up to 4 m, average - 3 m
7	Strong	13,9-17,1	50-61	24,3-29,5	Tree trunks sway	The waves pile up, the crests of the waves break off, the foam lies in stripes in the wind. Maximum wave height up to 5.5 m
8	Very strong	17,2-20,7	62-74	29,7-35,4	The wind breaks tree branches, it is very difficult to walk against the wind	Moderately high long waves. Spray begins to fly up along the edges of the ridges. Strips of foam lie in rows in the direction of the wind. Maximum wave height up to 7.5 m, average - 5.5 m
9	Storm	20,8-24,4	75-88	35,6-41,8	Minor damage, the wind begins to destroy the roofs of buildings	High waves (maximum height - 10 m, average - 7 m). The foam falls in wide dense stripes in the wind. The crests of the waves begin to capsize and crumble into spray, which impairs visibility
10	Heavy storm	24,5-28,4	89-102	42,0-48,8	Significant damage to buildings, wind uprooting trees	Very high waves (maximum height - 12.5 m, average - 9 m) with long crests curving down. The resulting foam is blown away by the wind in large flakes in the form of thick white stripes. The surface of the sea is white with foam. The strong crash of the waves is like blows
11	Fierce Storm	28,5-32,6	103-117	49,0-56,3	Large destruction over a large area. It is observed very rarely.	Visibility is poor. Exceptionally high waves (maximum height - up to 16 m, average - 11.5 m). Small and medium-sized vessels are sometimes hidden from view. The sea is all covered with long white flakes of foam, located downwind. The edges of the waves are blown into foam everywhere
12	Hurricane	> 32,6	> 117	> 56	Enormous destruction, buildings, structures and homes were seriously damaged, trees were uprooted, vegetation was destroyed. The case is very rare.	Exceptionally poor visibility. The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is all covered with stripes of foam
13
14
15
16
17

see also

Links

• Description of the Beaufort scale with photographs of the state of the sea surface.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what the “Beaufort Scale” is in other dictionaries:

- (Beaufort scale) at the beginning of the 19th century. English Admiral Beaufort proposed to determine the wind force by the windage that the ship itself or other sailing ships in its visibility can carry at the moment of observation, and to evaluate this force with scale points ... ... Maritime Dictionary

A conventional scale for visually assessing the strength (speed) of wind based on its effect on ground objects or on the water surface. Used primarily for ship observations. Has 12 points: 0 calm (0 0.2 m/s), 4 moderate... ... Dictionary of emergency situations

Beaufort scale- A scale for determining wind strength, based on a visual assessment of the state of the sea, expressed in points from 0 to 12 ... Dictionary of Geography

Beaufort scale- 3.33 Beaufort scale: A twelve-point scale adopted by the World Meteorological Organization to approximate wind speed by its effect on objects on land or by waves on the high seas. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

A scale for determining wind strength by visual assessment, based on the effect of wind on sea conditions or on land objects (trees, buildings, etc.). Used primarily for observations from sea vessels. Adopted in 1963 by the World... ... Geographical encyclopedia

BEAUFORT SCALE- a conditional scale in points in the form of a table for expressing the speed (strength) of the wind by its effect on ground objects, by rough seas and the ability of the wind to propel sailing ships. The scale was proposed in 1805-1806. British Admiral F. ... ... Dictionary of winds

BEAUFORT SCALE- wind force assessment system. Proposed by the English hydrographer F. Beaufort in 1806. It is based on the visual perception of the effect of wind on the water surface, smoke, flags, ship superstructures, on the shore, and structures. The assessment is made in points... ... Marine encyclopedic reference book

Beaufort scale- a conventional scale in points from 0 to 12 for a visual assessment of the strength (speed) of the wind in points based on roughness at sea or on the effect of ground objects: 0 points (no wind 0 0.2 m/s); 4 moderate wind (5.5 7.9 m/s); 6 strong wind (10.8 13.8 m/s); 9… … Glossary of military terms

BEAUFORT SCALE- In damage management: a conventional scale for visually assessing and recording wind strength (speed) in points or sea waves. It was developed and proposed by the English admiral Francis Beaufort in 1806. Since 1874 it has been adopted for use in... ... Insurance and risk management. Terminological dictionary

The Beaufort scale is a twelve-point scale adopted by the World Meteorological Organization to approximate wind speed by its effect on objects on land or by waves on the high seas. Average wind speed is indicated on... ... Wikipedia

Wind- this is horizontal movement (air flow parallel to the earth's surface), resulting from uneven distribution of heat and atmospheric pressure and directed from a high pressure zone to a low pressure zone

Wind is characterized by speed (strength) and direction. Direction is determined by the sides of the horizon from which it blows, and is measured in degrees. Wind speed measured in meters per second and kilometers per hour. Wind strength is measured in points.

Wind in boots, m/s, km/h

Beaufort scale– a conventional scale for visual assessment and recording of wind force (speed) in points. Initially, it was developed by the English admiral Francis Beaufort in 1806 to determine the strength of the wind by the nature of its manifestation at sea. Since 1874, this classification has been adopted for widespread (on land and at sea) use in international synoptic practice. In subsequent years it changed and was refined (Table 2). A state of complete calm at sea was taken as zero points. Initially, the system was thirteen-point (0-12 bft, on the Beaufort scale). In 1946 the scale was increased to seventeen (0-17). The strength of the wind on the scale is determined by the interaction of the wind with various objects. In recent years, wind strength is more often assessed by speed, measured in meters per second - at the earth's surface, at a height of about 10 m above an open, flat surface.

The table shows the Beaufort scale, adopted in 1963 by the World Meteorological Organization. The sea wave scale is nine-point (the parameters are given for a large sea area; in small water areas the waves are less). Descriptions of the effects of the movement of air masses are given “for the conditions of the earth’s atmosphere near the earth’s or water surface”, with an air density of about 1.2 kg/m3 and above-zero temperatures. On the planet Mars, for example, the ratios will be different.

Wind strength in Beaufort scale and sea waves

Table 1

Points	Verbal designation of wind force	Wind speed, m/s	Wind speed km/h	Wind action
				on the land	at sea (points, waves, characteristics, height and wavelength)
0	Calm	0-0,2	Less than 1	Complete absence of wind. The smoke rises vertically, the leaves of the trees are motionless.	0. No excitement Mirror smooth sea
1	Quiet	0,3-1,5	2-5	The smoke deviates slightly from the vertical direction, the leaves of the trees are motionless	1. Weak excitement. There are light ripples on the sea, no foam on the ridges. Wave height is 0.1 m, length - 0.3 m.
2	Easy	1,6-3,3	6-11	You can feel the wind on your face, the leaves rustle faintly at times, the weather vane begins to move,	2. Low excitement The ridges do not tip over and appear glassy. At sea, short waves are 0.3 m high and 1-2 m long.
3	Weak	3,4-5,4	12-19	Leaves and thin branches of trees with foliage continuously sway, light flags sway. The smoke seems to be licked from the top of the pipe (at a speed of more than 4 m/sec).	3. Slight excitement Short, well defined waves. The ridges, overturning, form a glassy foam, and occasionally small white lambs are formed. The average wave height is 0.6-1 m, length – 6 m.
4	Moderate	5,5-7,9	20-28	The wind raises dust and pieces of paper. Thin branches of trees sway without leaves. The smoke mixes in the air, losing its shape. This is the best wind for operating a conventional wind generator (with a wind wheel diameter of 3-6 m)	4.Moderate excitement The waves are elongated, white caps are visible in many places. Wave height is 1-1.5 m, length – 15 m. Sufficient wind thrust for windsurfing (on a board under sail), with the ability to enter planing mode (with a wind of at least 6-7 m/s)
5	Fresh	8,0-10,7	29-38	Branches and thin tree trunks sway, the wind can be felt by hand. Pulls out big flags. Whistling in my ears.	4. Rough seas The waves are well developed in length, but not very large; white caps are visible everywhere (in some cases, splashes form). Wave height 1.5-2 m, length – 30 m
6	Strong	10,8-13,8	39-49	Thick tree branches sway, thin trees bend, telegraph wires hum, umbrellas are difficult to use	5. Major disturbance Large waves begin to form. White foamy ridges occupy large areas. Water dust is formed. Wave height - 2-3 m, length - 50 m
7	Strong	13,9-17,1	50-61	Tree trunks sway, large branches bend, it is difficult to walk against the wind.	6. Strong excitement The waves pile up, the crests break off, the foam lies in stripes in the wind. Wave height up to 3-5 m, length – 70 m
8	Very strong	17,2-20,7	62-74	Thin and dry branches of trees break, it is impossible to speak in the wind, it is very difficult to walk against the wind.	7. Very strong excitement Moderately high, long waves. Spray begins to fly up along the edges of the ridges. Strips of foam lie in rows in the direction of the wind. Wave height 5-7 m, length – 100 m
9	Storm	20,8-24,4	75-88	Big trees bend, big branches break. The wind tears tiles off the roofs	8.Very strong excitement High waves. The foam falls in wide dense stripes in the wind. The crests of the waves begin to capsize and crumble into spray, which impairs visibility. Wave height - 7-8 m, length - 150 m
10	Strong storm	24,5-28,4	89-102	Rarely happens on land. Significant destruction of buildings, wind knocks down trees and uproots them	8.Very strong excitement Very high waves with long, downward-curving crests. The resulting foam is blown away by the wind in large flakes in the form of thick white stripes. The surface of the sea is white with foam. The strong roar of the waves is like blows. Visibility is poor. Height - 8-11 m, length - 200 m
11	Cruel storm	28,5-32,6	103-117	It is observed very rarely. Accompanied by great destruction over large areas.	9. Exceptionally high waves. Small and medium-sized vessels are sometimes hidden from view. The sea is all covered with long white flakes of foam, located in the wind. The edges of the waves are blown into foam everywhere. Visibility is poor. Height - 11m, length 250m
12	Hurricane	>32,6	>117	Devastating destruction. Individual wind gusts reach speeds of 50-60 m.s. A hurricane may occur before a severe thunderstorm	9. Exceptional excitement The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is all covered with stripes of foam. Very poor visibility. Wave height >11m, length – 300m.

To make it easier to remember(compiled by: website author)

3 – Weak – 5 m/s (~20 km/h) – leaves and thin tree branches sway continuously
5 – Fresh – 10 m/s (~35 km/h) – pulls out large flags, whistles in ears
7 – Strong – 15 m/s (~55 km/h) – telegraph wires are humming, it’s difficult to go against the wind
9 – Storm – 25 m/s (90 km/h) – wind knocks down trees, destroys buildings

* The length of the wind wave on the surface of water bodies (rivers, seas, etc.) is the shortest horizontal distance between the tops of adjacent ridges.

Dictionary:

Breeze– weak onshore wind, with force up to 4 points.

Normal wind- acceptable, optimal for something. For example, for sport windsurfing, you need sufficient wind thrust (at least 6-7 meters per second), and for parachute jumping, on the contrary, it is better to have calm weather (excluding lateral drift, strong gusts near the earth’s surface and dragging of the canopy after landing).

Storm is called a long-lasting and stormy, up to a hurricane, wind with a force greater than 9 points (gradation on the Beaufort scale), accompanied by destruction on land and strong waves at sea (storm). Storms are: 1) squalls; 2) dusty (sandy); 3) dust-free; 4) snowy. Squalls begin suddenly and end just as quickly. Their actions are characterized by enormous destructive power (such wind destroys buildings and uproots trees). These storms are possible everywhere in the European part of Russia, both at sea and on land. In Russia, the northern border of the distribution of dust storms passes through Saratov, Samara, Ufa, Orenburg and the Altai mountains. Snow storms of great force occur on the plains of the European part and in the steppe part of Siberia. Storms are usually caused by the passage of an active atmospheric front, deep cyclone or tornado.

Squall– a strong and sharp gust of wind (Peak gusts) with a speed of 12 m/sec and above, usually accompanied by a thunderstorm. At a speed of more than 18-20 meters per second, gusty wind demolishes poorly secured structures, signs, and can break billboards and tree branches, cause power lines to break, which creates a danger for people and cars nearby. Gusty, squally wind occurs during the passage of an atmospheric front and with a rapid change in pressure in the baric system.

Vortex– an atmospheric formation with rotational movement of air around a vertical or inclined axis.

Hurricane(typhoon) is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration, the speed of which exceeds 120 km/h. A hurricane “lives,” that is, moves, usually for 9–12 days. Forecasters give it a name. The hurricane destroys buildings, uproots trees, demolishes light structures, breaks wires, and damages bridges and roads. Its destructive power can be compared to an earthquake. The homeland of hurricanes is the ocean, closer to the equator. Cyclones saturated with water vapor move from here to the west, more and more twisting and increasing speed. The diameters of these giant vortices are several hundred kilometers. Hurricanes are most active in August and September.
In Russia, hurricanes most often occur in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Chukotka, and the Kuril Islands.

Tornadoes– these are vertical vortices; squalls are often horizontal, part of the structure of cyclones.

The word "smerch" is Russian, and comes from the semantic concept of "twilight", that is, a gloomy, stormy situation. A tornado is a giant rotating funnel, inside of which there is low pressure, and any objects that are in the path of the tornado's movement are sucked into this funnel. As he approaches, a deafening roar is heard. A tornado moves above the ground at an average speed of 50–60 km/h. Tornadoes are short-lived. Some of them “live” for seconds or minutes, and only a few – up to half an hour.

On the North American continent, a tornado is called tornado, and in Europe – thrombus. A tornado can lift a car into the air, uproot trees, bend a bridge, and destroy the upper floors of buildings.

The Guinness Book of Records includes the tornado in Bangladesh, observed in 1989, as the most terrible and destructive in the entire history of observations. Despite the fact that residents of the city of Shaturia were warned in advance about the approach of the tornado, 1,300 people became its victims.

In Russia, tornadoes occur more often in the summer months, in the Urals, the Black Sea coast, the Volga region and Siberia.

Forecasters classify hurricanes, storms and tornadoes as emergency events with a moderate speed of spread, so most often it is possible to issue a storm warning in time. It can be transmitted through civil defense channels: after the sound of sirens " Attention everyone!"You need to listen to local television and radio reports.

Symbols on weather maps for wind-related weather events

In meteorology and hydrometeorology, the direction of the wind (“where it blows from”) is indicated on the map in the form of an arrow, the type of plumage of which shows the average speed of air flow. In air navigation, the name of the direction is the opposite. In navigation on water, the unit of speed (knot) of a ship is taken to be equal to one nautical mile per hour (ten knots correspond to approximately five meters per second).

On a weather map, a long feather of a wind arrow means 5 m/s, a short one - 2.5 m/s, in the shape of a triangular flag - 25 m/s (follows a combination of four long lines and 1 short one). In the example shown in the figure, there is a wind of 7-8 m/s. If the wind direction is unstable, a cross is placed at the end of the arrow.

The picture shows the symbols of wind direction and speed used on weather maps, as well as an example of applying icons and fragments from a hundred-cell matrix of weather symbols (for example, drifting snow and a blowing snow, when previously fallen snow rises and is redistributed in the ground layer of air).

These symbols can be seen on the synoptic map of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia (http://meteoinfo.ru), compiled as a result of analysis of current data on the territory of Europe and Asia, which schematically shows the boundaries of zones of warm and cold atmospheric fronts and the directions of their movements along the earth's surface.

What to do if there is a storm warning?

1. Close and secure all doors and windows tightly. Apply strips of plaster crosswise to the glass (to prevent fragments from scattering).

2. Prepare a supply of water and food, medicine, a flashlight, candles, a kerosene lamp, a battery-powered receiver, documents and money.

3. Turn off gas and electricity.

4. Remove items from balconies (yards) that could be blown away by the wind.

5. Move from light buildings to stronger ones or civil defense shelters.

6. In a village house, move to the most spacious and durable part of it, and best of all, to the basement.

8. If you have a car, try to drive as far as possible from the epicenter of the hurricane.

Children from kindergartens and schools must be sent home in advance. If a storm warning arrives too late, children should be placed in basements or central areas of buildings.

It is best to wait out a hurricane, tornado or storm in a shelter, a previously prepared shelter, or at least in a basement. However, often, a storm warning is given only a few minutes before the storm arrives, and during this time it is not always possible to get to shelter.

If you find yourself outside during a hurricane

2. You must not be on bridges, overpasses, overpasses, or in places where flammable and toxic substances are stored.

3. Hide under a bridge, reinforced concrete canopy, in a basement, cellar. You can lie down in a hole or any depression. Protect your eyes, mouth and nose from sand and soil.

4. You cannot climb onto the roof and hide in the attic.

5. If you are driving a car on the plain, stop, but do not leave the car. Close its doors and windows tightly. During a snow storm, cover the radiator side of the engine with something. If the wind is not strong, you can shovel the snow from your car from time to time to avoid being buried under a thick layer of snow.

6. If you are in public transport, leave it immediately and seek shelter.

7. If the elements catch you in an elevated or open place, run (crawl) towards some kind of shelter (rocks, forest) that could dampen the force of the wind, but beware of falling branches and trees.

8. When the wind has died down, do not immediately leave the shelter, as the squall may recur in a few minutes.

9. Stay calm and don’t panic, help the victims.

How to behave after natural disasters

1. When leaving the shelter, look around to see if there are any overhanging objects, parts of structures, or broken wires.

2. Do not light gas or fire, do not turn on electricity until special services check the condition of communications.

3. Don't use the elevator.

4. Do not enter damaged buildings or go near downed electrical wires.

5. The adult population assists the rescuers.

Devices

The exact wind speed is determined using a device - an anemometer. If such a device does not exist, you can make a homemade wind measuring “Wild board” (Fig. 1), with sufficient measurement accuracy for wind speeds of up to ten meters per second.

Rice. 1. Homemade wind vane board Wilda:
1 – vertical tube (600 mm long) with a welded pointed upper end, 2 – front horizontal rod of the weather vane with a counterweight ball; 3 – weather vane impeller; 4 – upper frame; 5 – horizontal axis of the board hinge; 6 – wind measuring board (weighing 200 g). 7 – lower fixed vertical rod with cardinal direction indicators fixed on it, in eight directions: N – north, S – south, 3 – west, E – east, NW – northwest, NE – northeast, SE – southeast, SW – southwest; No. 1 – No. 8 - wind speed indicator pins.

The weather vane is installed at a height of 6 - 12 meters, above an open, flat surface. Under the weather vane there are arrows indicating the direction of the wind. Above the weather vane, to tube 1 on the horizontal axis 5, a wind measuring board 6 measuring 300x150 mm is hinged to frame 4. Board weight – 200 grams (adjusted using a reference device). Moving back from frame 4 is a segment of an arc attached to it (with a radius of 160 mm) with eight pins, of which four are long (140 mm each) and four are short (100 mm each). The angles at which they are fixed are with the vertical for pin No. 1-0°; No. 2 - 4°; No. 3 - 15.5°; No. 4 - 31°; No. 5 - 45.5°; No. 6 - 58°; No. 7 - 72°; No. 8-80.5°.
Wind speed is determined by measuring the angle of deflection of the board. Having determined the position of the wind measuring board between the pins of the arc, turn to the table. 1, where this position corresponds to a certain wind speed.
The position of the board between the pegs gives only a rough idea of ​​the wind speed, especially since the wind strength changes quickly and frequently. The board never remains in any one position for long, but constantly fluctuates within certain limits. By observing the changing slope of this board for 1 minute, its average slope is determined (calculated by averaging the maximum values) and only after that the average minute wind speed is judged. For high wind speeds exceeding 12-15 m/sec, the readings of this device have low accuracy (this limitation is the main drawback of the considered scheme)...

Application

Average wind speed on the Beaufort scale in different years of its use

table 2

Point	Verbal characteristic	Average wind speed (m/s) according to recommendations
		Simpson	Köppen	International Meteorological Committee
		1906	1913	1939	1946	1963
0	Calm	0	0	0	0	0
1	Quiet wind	0,8	0,7	1,2	0,8	0,9
2	Light breeze	2,4	3,1	2,6	2,5	2,4
3	Light wind	4,3	4,8	4,3	4,4	4,4
4	Moderate wind	6,7	6,7	6,3	6,7	6,7
5	Fresh breeze	9,4	8,8	8,7	9,4	9,3
6	Strong wind	12,3	10,8	11,3	12,3	12,3
7	strong wind	15,5	12,7	13,9	15,5	15,5
8	Very strong wind	18,9	15,4	16,8	18,9	18,9
9	Storm	22,6	18,0	19,9	22,6	22,6
10	Heavy storm	26,4	21,0	23,4	26,4	26,4
11	Fierce Storm	30,0		27,1	30,6	30,5
12	Hurricane			29,0	33,0	32,7
13					39,0
14					44,0
15					49,0
16					54,0
17					59,0

The Hurricane Scale was developed by Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson in the early 1920s to measure the potential damage of a hurricane. It is based on numerical values ​​of maximum wind speed and includes an assessment of storm surges in each of five categories. In Asian countries, this natural phenomenon is called a typhoon (translated from Chinese as “great wind”), and in North and South America it is called a hurricane. When quantifying wind flow speed, the following abbreviations are used: km/h / mph– kilometers / miles per hour, m/s- meters per second.

table 3

Tornado scale

The tornado scale (Fujita-Pearson scale) was developed by Theodore Fujita to classify tornadoes by the degree of wind damage caused. Tornadoes are characteristic mainly of North America.

table 4

Category	Speed, km/h	Damage
F0	64-116	Destroys chimneys, damages tree crowns
F1	117-180	Tears prefabricated (panel) houses from the foundation or overturns them
F2	181-253	Significant destruction. Prefabricated houses are destroyed, trees are uprooted
F3	254-332	Destroys roofs and walls, scatters cars, overturns trucks
F4	333-419	Destroys fortified walls
F5	420-512	Lifts houses and moves them a considerable distance

Glossary of terms:

Leeward side object (protected from the wind by the object itself; an area of ​​​​high pressure, due to strong deceleration of the flow) faces where the wind is blowing. In the picture - on the right. For example, on the water, small ships approach larger ships from their leeward side (where they are protected from waves and wind by the larger ship's hull). “Smoking” factories and enterprises should be located in relation to residential urban areas - on the leeward side (in the direction of the prevailing winds) and separated from these areas by sufficiently wide sanitary protection zones.


Windward side object (hill, sea vessel) - on the side from which the wind blows. On the windward side of the ridges, upward movements of air masses occur, and on the leeward side, a downward airfall occurs. The greatest part of precipitation (in the form of rain and snow), caused by the barrier effect of the mountains, falls on their windward side, and on the leeward side the collapse of colder and drier air begins.

In meteorology, when indicating the direction of the wind, the circle is divided into sixteen parts, according to 16-ray rose of rhumbs(after 22.5 degrees). For example, north-northeast is designated as NNE (the first letter is the main direction to which the bearing is closest). Four main directions: North, East, South, West.

Approximate calculation of dynamic wind pressure per square meter of advertising board (perpendicular to the plane of the structure) installed near the roadway. In the example, the maximum storm wind speed expected in a given location is assumed to be 25 meters per second.

Calculations are carried out according to the formula:
P = 1/2 * (air density) * V^2 = 1/2 * 1.2 kg/m3 * 25^2 m/s = 375 N/m2 ~ 38 kilograms per square meter (kgf)

Notice that the pressure increases as the square of the speed. Take into account and include in the construction project sufficient margin of safety, stability (depending on the height of the support post and the critical angles of inclination of each specific pillar), resistance to strong gusts of wind and precipitation, in the form of snow and rain.

At what wind strength are civil aviation flights canceled?

The reason for disruption of flight schedules, delays or cancellations of flights may be storm warnings from weather forecasters at the departure and destination airfields.

The meteorological minimum required for the safe (normal) take-off and landing of an aircraft is the permissible limits for changes in a set of parameters: wind speed and direction, line of sight, condition of the airfield runway and the height of the lower cloud limit. Bad weather, in the form of intense precipitation (rain, fog, snow and blizzards), with extensive frontal thunderstorms, can also cause the cancellation of flights from the airport.

The values ​​of meteorological minimums may vary for specific aircraft (by their types and models) and airports (by class and the availability of sufficient ground equipment, depending on the characteristics of the terrain surrounding the airfield and the high mountains present), and are also determined by the qualifications and flight experience of the crew pilots , the ship's commander. The worst minimum is taken into account and for execution.

A flight ban is possible in case of bad weather at the destination airfield, if there are not two alternate airports nearby with acceptable weather conditions.

In strong winds, airplanes take off and land against the air flow (taxiing, for this purpose, to the appropriate runway). In this case, not only safety is ensured, but also the takeoff run distance and landing run distance are significantly reduced. Limitations on the lateral and tailwind components of wind speed, for most modern civil aircraft, are approximately 17-18 and 5 m/s, respectively. The danger of a large roll, drift and turn of an airliner during its takeoff and landing is represented by an unexpected and strong gusty wind (squall).

https://www.meteorf.ru – Roshydromet (Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring). Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation.

Www.meteoinfo.ru is the new website of the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation.

193.7.160.230/web/losev/osad.gif – Watch a video animation with a forecast synoptic weather map - precipitation, dynamics of cyclones and anticyclones for the coming days, showing horizontal movements of isobars (atmospheric pressure isolines) of the calculated weather model.

Www.ada.ru/Guns/ballistic/ wind/index.htm – For hunters about the effect of wind on the flight of a bullet, a ballistic calculator.

Directory ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Moscow - metropolitan weather stations and statistical data on average monthly values ​​of the main weather parameters (temperature, wind speed, cloudiness, precipitation in the form of rain and snow), days when absolute temperature records were recorded, as well as the coldest and warmest years in Moscow and the region.

Https://meteocenter.net/weather/ – Russian weather from the Meteorological Center.

Https:// www.ecomos.ru/kadr22/ postyMeteoMoskwaOblast.asp – Meteorological network (stations and posts) in the Moscow region. and in neighboring regions (Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions)

Https:// www.ecomos.ru/kadr22/ sostojanieZagrOSnedelia.asp – environmental reports on the state of environmental pollution in Moscow (weather stations VDNKh, Balchug and Tushino) and the region over the past week.

IA website.

Beaufort scale

0 points - calm
Mirror-smooth sea, almost motionless. The waves practically do not run onto the shore. The water looks more like a quiet lake backwater than a sea coast. There may be haze over the surface of the water. The edge of the sea merges with the sky so that the border is not visible. Wind speed 0-0.2 km/h.

1 point - quiet
There are light ripples on the sea. The height of the waves reaches up to 0.1 meters. The sea can still merge with the sky. You can feel a light, almost imperceptible breeze.

2 points - easy
Small waves, no more than 0.3 meters high. The wind speed is 1.6-3.3 m/s, you can feel it with your face. With such wind, the weather vane begins to move.

3 points - weak
Wind speed 3.4-5.4 m/s. Slight disturbance on the water, whitecaps appear occasionally. The average wave height is up to 0.6 meters. The weak surf is clearly visible. The weather vane spins without frequent stops, leaves on the trees, flags, etc. sway.

4 points - moderate
Wind - 5.5 - 7.9 m/s - raises dust and small pieces of paper. The weather vane spins continuously, thin tree branches bend. The sea is rough and whitecaps are visible in many places. Wave height is up to 1.5 meters.

5 points - fresh
Almost the entire sea is covered with whitecaps. Wind speed 8 - 10.7 m/s, wave height 2 meters. Branches and thin tree trunks sway.

6 points - strong
The sea is covered with white ridges in many places. The height of the waves reaches 4 meters, the average height is 3 meters. Wind speed 10.8 - 13.8 m/s. Thin tree trunks and thick tree branches bend, telephone wires hum.

7 points - strong
The sea is covered with white foamy ridges, which from time to time are blown off the surface of the water by the wind. The height of the waves reaches 5.5 meters, the average height is 4.7 meters. Wind speed 13.9 - 17.1 m/s. The middle tree trunks sway and the branches bend.

8 points - very strong
Strong waves, foam on every crest. The height of the waves reaches 7.5 meters, the average height is 5.5 meters. Wind speed 17.2 - 20 m/s. Walking against the wind is difficult, talking is almost impossible. Thin branches of trees break.

9 points - storm
High waves on the sea, reaching 10 meters; average height 7 meters. Wind speed 20.8 - 24.4 m/s. Large trees bend, medium branches break. The wind tears off poorly reinforced roof coverings.

10 points - severe storm
The sea is white. The waves crash onto the shore or against the rocks with a roar. The maximum wave height is 12 meters, the average height is 9 meters. The wind, with a speed of 24.5 - 28.4 m/s, tears off roofs and causes significant damage to buildings.

11 points - severe storm
High waves reach 16 meters, with an average height of 11.5 meters. Wind speed 28.5 - 32.6 m/s. Accompanied by great destruction on land.

12 points - hurricane
Wind speed 32.6 m/s. Serious damage to permanent structures. The wave height is more than 16 meters.

Sea state scale

Unlike the generally accepted twelve-point wind rating system, there are several ratings of sea waves.

The generally accepted ones are British, American and Russian assessment systems.

All scales are based on a parameter that determines the average height of significant waves.

This parameter is called Significance Wave Height (SWH).

In the American scale, 30% of significant waves are taken, in the British 10%, in the Russian 3%.

The height of the wave is calculated from the crest (the top point of the wave) to the trough (the base of the trough).

Below is a description of the wave heights:

• 0 points - calm,
• 1 point - ripple (SWH< 0,1 м),
• 2 points - weak waves (SWH 0.1 - 0.5 m),
• 3 points - light waves (SWH 0.5 - 1.25 m),
• 4 points - moderate waves (SWH 1.25 - 2.5 m),
• 5 points - rough seas (SWH 2.5 - 4.0 m),
• 6 points - very rough seas (SWH 4.0 - 6.0 m),
• 7 points - strong waves (SWH 6.0 - 9.0 m),
• 8 points - very strong waves (SWH 9.0 - 14.0 m),
• 9 points - phenomenal waves (SWH > 14.0 m).

The word “storm” does not apply in this scale.

Since it determines not the strength of the storm, but the height of the wave.

A storm is defined by Beaufort.

For the WH parameter for all scales, it is the part of the waves that is taken (30%, 10%, 3%) because the magnitude of the waves is not the same.

At a certain time interval there are waves, for example, 9 meters, as well as 5, 4, etc.

Therefore, each scale had its own SWH value, where a certain percentage of the highest waves is taken.

There are no instruments to measure wave height.

Therefore, there is no exact definition of the score.

The definition is conditional.

On the seas, as a rule, the wave height reaches 5-6 meters in height and up to 80 meters in length.

Visual range scale

Visibility is the maximum distance at which objects can be detected during the day and navigation lights at night.

Visibility depends on weather conditions.

In metrology, the influence of weather conditions on visibility is determined by a conventional scale of points.

This scale is a way of indicating the transparency of the atmosphere.

There are day and night visibility ranges.

Below is the daily visual range scale:

Up to 1/4 cable
About 46 meters. Very poor visibility. Dense fog or snowstorm.

Up to 1 cable
About 185 meters. Bad visibility. Thick fog or wet snow.

2-3 cables
370 - 550 meters. Bad visibility. Fog, wet snow.

1/2 mile
About 1 km. Haze, thick haze, snow.

1/2 - 1 mile
1 - 1.85 km. Average visibility. Snow, heavy rain

1 - 2 miles
1.85 - 3.7 km. Haze, haze, rain.

2 - 5 miles
3.7 - 9.5 km. Light haze, haze, light rain.

5 - 11 miles
9.3 - 20 km. Good visibility. The horizon is visible.

11 - 27 miles
20 - 50 km. Very good visibility. The horizon is clearly visible.

27 miles
Over 50 km. Exceptional visibility. The horizon is clearly visible, the air is transparent.

Wind(the horizontal component of air movement relative to the earth's surface) is characterized by direction and speed.
Wind speed measured in meters per second (m/s), kilometers per hour (km/h), knots or Beaufort points (wind force). Knot is a maritime unit of speed, 1 nautical mile per hour, approximately 1 knot is equal to 0.5 m/s. The Beaufort scale (Francis Beaufort, 1774-1875) was created in 1805.

Direction of the wind(from where it blows) is indicated either in points (on a 16-point scale, for example, north wind - N, northeast - NE, etc.), or in angles (relative to the meridian, north - 360° or 0°, east - 90°, south – 180°, west – 270°), fig. 1.

Name of the wind	Speed, m/s	Speed, km/h	Nodes	Wind force, points	Wind action
Calm	0	0	0	0	The smoke rises vertically, the leaves of the trees are motionless. Mirror smooth sea
Quiet	1	4	1-2	1	The smoke deviates from the vertical direction, there are slight ripples in the sea, there is no foam on the ridges. Wave height up to 0.1 m
Easy	2-3	7-10	3-6	2	You can feel the wind on your face, the leaves rustle, the weather vane begins to move, there are short waves at sea with a maximum height of up to 0.3 m
Weak	4-5	14-18	7-10	3	The leaves and thin branches of the trees are swaying, light flags are swaying, there is a slight disturbance on the water, and occasionally small “lambs” are formed. Average wave height 0.6 m
Moderate	6-7	22-25	11-14	4	The wind raises dust and pieces of paper; Thin branches of trees sway, white “lambs” on the sea are visible in many places. Maximum wave height up to 1.5 m
Fresh	8-9	29-32	15-18	5	Branches and thin tree trunks sway, you can feel the wind with your hand, and white “lambs” are visible on the water. Maximum wave height 2.5 m, average - 2 m
Strong	10-12	36-43	19-24	6	Thick tree branches sway, thin trees bend, telephone wires hum, umbrellas are difficult to use; white foamy ridges occupy large areas, and water dust is formed. Maximum wave height - up to 4 m, average - 3 m
Strong	13-15	47-54	25-30	7	Tree trunks sway, large branches bend, it is difficult to walk against the wind, wave crests are torn off by the wind. Maximum wave height up to 5.5 m
Very strong	16-18	58-61	31-36	8	Thin and dry branches of trees break, it is impossible to speak in the wind, it is very difficult to walk against the wind. Strong seas. Maximum wave height up to 7.5 m, average - 5.5 m
Storm	19-21	68-76	37-42	9	Large trees are bending, the wind is tearing tiles off the roofs, very rough seas, high waves (maximum height - 10 m, average - 7 m)
Heavy storm	22-25	79-90	43-49	10	Rarely happens on land. Significant destruction of buildings, wind knocks down trees and uproots them, the surface of the sea is white with foam, strong crashing waves are like blows, very high waves (maximum height - 12.5 m, average - 9 m)
Fierce Storm	26-29	94-104	50-56	11	It is observed very rarely. Accompanied by destruction over large areas. The sea has exceptionally high waves (maximum height - up to 16 m, average - 11.5 m), small vessels are sometimes hidden from view
Hurricane	More than 29	More than 104	More than 56	12	Serious destruction of capital buildings

Beaufort scale - a conventional scale that allows you to visually assess the approximate strength of the wind by its effect on ground objects or by waves at sea. Developed by the English admiral and hydrographer Francis Beaufort. Francis Beaufort) in 1806.

Since 1874, it has been officially adopted for use in international synoptic practice. Since 1926, the Beaufort scale has been supplemented by the wind force in meters per second at a height of 10 meters from the surface. In the USA, in addition to the international 12-point scale, since 1955 a scale expanded to 17 points has been used, used for more accurate gradation of hurricane winds.

Wind strength and average speed				Verbal definition	Manifestation on land	Manifestation at sea	Approximate wave height, m	Visual manifestation
Beaufort points	meters per second	kilometers per hour	nodes
0	0-0,2	0,0-0,7	0-1	Calm	The smoke rises vertically or almost vertically, the leaves of the trees are motionless.	Mirror-smooth water surface.	0
1	0,3-1,5	1,1-5,4	1-3	Quiet wind	The smoke deviates from the vertical direction, the weather vane does not rotate or turn	Light ripples in the sea, no foam on the crests of the waves.	0,1
2	1,6-3,3	5,8-11,9	4-6	Light breeze	The movement of the wind is felt by the face, the leaves rustle, the movement of the weather vane is observed	Short waves with a glassy crest, do not capsize when moving.	0,3
3	3,4-5,4	12,2-19,4	7-10	Light wind	Flags and leaves sway.	Short waves with clearly defined boundaries, wave crests form foam when overturning, and whitecaps appear on some waves.	0,6
4	5,5-7,9	19,8-28,4	11-16	Moderate wind	The wind raises dust and light debris. Leaves and thin branches are constantly in motion.	The waves are elongated, light lambs appear everywhere	1,5
5	8,0-10,7	28,8-38,5	17-21	Fresh breeze	Branches and thin tree trunks sway, bushes sway. The wind can be felt by hand.	Not very large waves, whitecaps are visible everywhere.	2,0
6	10,8-13,8	38,9-49,7	22-27	Strong wind	Thin branches bend, thick tree branches sway, the wind hums in the wires.	Waves are visible across the entire surface, with splashes falling from their foamy crests. Sailing in light boats is not safe.	3,0
7	13,9-17,1	50,1-61,6	28-33	strong wind	The trunks and thick branches of the trees sway. It is difficult to go against the wind.	The waves pile up, the crests break off, and are covered with foam. Sailing on light motor boats is not possible.	4,5
8	17,2-20,7	61,9-74,5	34-40	Very strong wind	The wind breaks dry tree branches, it is very difficult to walk against the wind, it is impossible to talk without screaming.	High long waves with splashes. Rows of foam lie in the direction of the wind.	5,5
9	20,8-24,4	74,9-87,8	41-47	Storm	Large trees bend and break, light roofing is torn off roofs.	High waves with rows of foam. Spray makes visibility difficult.	7,0
10	24,5-28,4	88,2-102,2	48-55	Heavy storm	Trees are uprooted and individual buildings are destroyed. It's impossible to go.	Very high waves with downturned crests. The surface of the water is covered with foam, small ships disappear from view behind the waves.	9,0
11	28,5-32,6	102,6-117,4	56-63	Fierce Storm	Catastrophic destruction of light buildings, uprooting of trees.	High waves covered with flakes of white foam. Medium ships disappear from view.	11,5
12	>32,6	>117,4	>63	Hurricane	Destruction of stone buildings, complete destruction of vegetation.	Loss of visibility due to splashes, the surface of the water is covered with foam. Destruction of light ships.	12,0