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All sea animals are straight or. All marine animals, directly or indirectly

Regardless of whether they live exclusively in water bodies, or swim only occasionally, all these mammals are a real miracle of nature. They can be found all over the world and they are very different from each other. By the way, people often confuse these animals with other aquatic animals. We easily call beavers water lovers, but we often forget that whales are also mammals, and not fish.

From dolphins to moose, aquatic mammals play an essential role in their ecosystems, and they are all naturally excellent swimmers. How many of these types of animals do you know? It's time to put yourself to the test with our selection of 25 of the most amazing marine and aquatic mammals!

25. Amazonian river or freshwater dolphin

Also known as the pink dolphin, white dolphin or inya, this cetacean lives only in the fresh waters of the great Amazon and the Orinoco river system. This mammal is found there quite often, although in recent years the population of the pink dolphin has begun to decline significantly due to the destruction of their range (construction of dams).

24. Ladoga ringed seal

Photo: Alexander Butakov

Ladoga ringed seals are a very numerous subspecies and the smallest seal in the entire Arctic, which is why inexperienced observers often confuse adults with juveniles.

23. Canadian or North American beaver

Photo: Steve / Washington

It is a semi-aquatic rodent with translucent eyelids designed specifically for navigating underwater, and incredibly sharp teeth with which it gnaws at the most powerful trees and builds dams. Beavers play a very important role in the life of their habitat and help in its prosperity.

22. Amazonian manatee

Photo: Dirk Meyer

The Amazonian manatee is a seemingly rather bizarre mammal with two forelimbs and a tail instead of hind legs. It is the smallest of the manatees in nature.

21. Eurasian Otter

Photo: Catherine Trigg

This animal prefers fresh waters of Europe, feeds on fish and frogs, and sometimes even feasts on small birds.

20. Capybara

Photo: Pixabay.com

A capybara would probably get along well with an African hippo, because she loves the water and mud of the Andean and other South American river coasts. Like hippos, the eyes, ears and mouth of the capybara are located almost on the very top of the animal's head, allowing it to observe what is happening around it while being almost completely underwater.

19. North American River Otter

Photo: Sage Ross

This otter has a water-repellent coat, webbed feet and a long body. By nature, it is simply created in order to pierce water like an arrow. These funny animals can hold their breath underwater for as much as 8 minutes!

18. Platypus

Photo: Klaus

The first scientists who encountered these funny mammals thought that the beast was not real, and that one of their colleagues was clearly joking. A cross between a duck, a beaver and an otter is already something completely incredible. In addition, the platypus is the only mammal to lay eggs. Males of this species are venomous.

17. Hippopotamus

Photo: Pexels.com

They love water so much that the Greeks even called these massive animals "river horses". Despite the external bulkiness, hippos are excellent swimmers, and under water they can do without oxygen for up to 5 minutes.

16. Indian rhino

Photo: Dr. Raju Kasambe

Ranked as a vulnerable species (threatened with extinction), the Indian rhino lives mainly in Northern India and Nepal. These rhinos have a number of significant differences from their African relatives, and the main one is their unique horn.

15. Water possum or swimming marsupial rat

Photo: wikimedia.commons.com

The water possum is the only mammal in which both females and males have a special skin fold (pouch) on their belly. These animals do not like to gather in flocks and rarely live longer than 3 years.

14. Marsh or water shrew

Photo: Tim Gage

This is the tiniest warm-blooded aquatic creature in the world (average weight is about 13 grams)! The feet of the marsh shrew are hairy, which helps it to swim. By the way, shrews are even smaller.

13. Water vole or European water rat

Photo: Pixabay.com

The water vole is often confused with the common rat, but this mammal belongs to the hamster family, not the mouse family. The European water rat lives in the area of river banks, near lakes and ponds.

12. Elk

Photo: Pixabay.com

The elk is the largest member of the deer family and feels at home in the water. These animals even know how to dive!

11. Nutria

Photo: Norbert Nagel

It is a fairly large rodent from South Africa. Nutria feed on aquatic plants, but sometimes they do not disdain molluscs.

10. Walruses

Photo: wikipedia.commons.com

Walruses are typical inhabitants of the Arctic Ocean, and they are incredibly social animals (live in large colonies). Walruses are easily distinguished by their massive tusks and unique vibrissae (dense whisker-like bristles). These mammals spend most of their lives on the coast, but they are able to dive to a depth of 55 meters for their prey.

9. Dugong

Photo: Julien Willem

This animal is very similar to the manatee, but it is still allocated to a separate squad of sirens. Dugongs are found in the waters of Australia and East Africa, and they can sail for 6 months in a row.

8. Sea leopard

Photo: Cyfer13

Like the land leopard, the leopard sea is a bloodthirsty predator. These seals are excellent hunters and the only representatives of their family that feed on warm-blooded animals.

7. Cuvier's beaked or middle floater

Photo: Chris_huh

Cuvier's beaked whales are found in almost all oceans and even in some of the largest seas. During the hunt, these amazing mammals are able to descend as much as 2000 meters below the water level!

6. California porpoise

Photo: wikipedia.commons.com

This aquatic mammal is on the verge of extinction, but a rare animal was discovered quite recently - only in 1958. Californian porpoises live in the Gulf of Mexico, and due to poaching, their population has decreased dramatically over the past few years.

5. Humpback whale

Photo: Pixabay.com

These giant creatures are known for their unique songs, which can only be heard underwater, of course. Humpback whales weigh about 40 tons and grow up to 19 meters in length, but despite their enormous size, they are excellent swimmers and are able to cover considerable distances during their annual migrations.

4. Polar bear

Photo: Adam Bishop

Believe it or not, polar bears are also classified as aquatic mammals. Polar bears are simply created for life in conditions of eternal cold and for swimming in Arctic waters, because they have a fairly thick layer of subcutaneous fat, and their wool perfectly protects from moisture. Seemingly clumsy and cumbersome, these actually float perfectly and can accelerate in water to 9.6 kilometers per hour.

3. Harp seal

Photo: Claumoho

These seals love the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. In one breath they can stay under water for up to 15 minutes, and this ability allows them to successfully catch fish and crustaceans.

2. Killer whale

Photo: Pixabay.com

Killer whales are also sometimes called killer whales (due to an error in the translation of the name of the species from Spanish back in the 18th century). Killer whales are the largest members of the dolphin family and the most powerful predators in the world. They feed on other marine mammals, and are known for hunting seals, dragging them under the water directly from drifting ice floes.

1. Bottlenose dolphin or bottle-nosed dolphin

Photo: Gregory “Slobirdr” Smith

This is one of the most famous dolphin species. Bottlenose dolphins are very intelligent, sociable and perfectly trainable, and in the wild they are skilled hunters, tracking down their prey using the echolocation method.

Answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer to the right of the task number without spaces, commas, or other additional characters.

Read the text and complete assignments 1-3.

(1) All marine animals directly or indirectly depend on plant plankton, which is the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates into the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life quickly becomes scarce, since deep-sea organisms are completely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3) ______ only contaminates a small part of the top layer to kill all life in the ocean.

Which of the following sentences correctly conveyed the MAIN information contained in the text?

1. Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to contaminate only a part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to perish.

2. The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean is largely dependent on plant plankton, which is located in the upper layer of water.

3. Pollution of only a part of the deep ocean layer cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

4. Pollution of only a part of the upper layer of water entails the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - plant plankton - exists.

5. Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.

Which of the following words (word combinations) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

1. Despite this,

2. Therefore

3. Despite this,

4. Maybe

5. On the contrary,

Read the fragment of the dictionary entry that describes the meanings of the word LIFE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, -and, well.

1. The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter. The emergence of life on Earth. J. Universe. The laws of life.

2. The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. G. plants. Risk your life. Save someone f.

3. The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as at some point. its period. Short, long train At the beginning, at the end of life.

4. Activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public railway Family w. Dukhovnaya Seething railway

In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is WRONGLY highlighted. Write this word down.

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word WRONG. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

1. The flowerbeds and footpaths on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and CLOSING them up with a border means destroying the decorative effect they create.

2. A narrow strip of SANDY beach stretched for many kilometers along the coast of the ocean, to which exotic bushes descended along the slope of the hill, creating a shade.

3. I learned gymnastics, in which a sharp INHALATION is performed while moving the whole body forward.

4. The correct CHOICE of a car is a guarantee of your safety.

5. The head of the department provided the patients with a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

nightly CHALLENGES

TWO THOUSAND YEAR

HIGHEST climb

Establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

SUGGESTIONS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) Preparing for the trip, a lot depends on the organizers.	1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) The biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which he presented a few years later in his article "Topographic abilities of insects."	2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
C) Thanks to understanding from my parents and friends, I was able to overcome difficulties.	3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
D) Andryushin stayed on the terrace for a long time, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden.	4) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members
E) After the performance, the entire ensemble left the stage.	5) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial turnover
	6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
	7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech.

Write down the answer in numbers without spaces or other signs.

Identify the word missing the unstressed verifiable vowel of the root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

t .. theorist

lost .. became

elective

per. .odic

suppose

Define a row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

and ... walking, working ... beating

pr..old, pr..nick

pr..touched, pr..call

on..write, oh..dal

overshadow

orange.

plush ... out

honored

cheap ... little

Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the pass.

recognizable .. my

glued

sure

hate .. my

Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write this word out.

1. Rooks walked in the (NOT) YELLOWED rye.

2. In the house, (NOT) LOOKING at the evening chill, it was stuffy.

3. When leaving, the father (NOT) CLOSED the windows, and the house became cool.

4. Sonya ran out into the street with her head (NOT) COVERED with a kerchief.

Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

1. (FROM) BEGINNING ask who has seen this book. (ON) VISIBLY, no one except Seryozha could take it!

3. (B) FOR THE WHOLE MORNING Kirill did not leave the feeling that (HOW) WOULD the air be washed with spring water.

4. (B) DALI the slender sails of fishing boats towered, and they looked pink BECAUSE (THAT) they were illuminated by the setting sun.

5. Many ancient works that were rewritten (IN) DURING VIII-IX centuries, preserved (IN) FLESH until recent years.

Indicate all the numbers in the place of which НН is written.

The term "herbarium" appeared in the 16th century to denote arid (1) plants collected (2) for collection and intended (3) for scientific work on floristry and selection.

Arrange punctuation marks. Specify the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. A good professional relies on fundamental knowledge and is distinguished by the ability to find the necessary information and the ability to work hard.

2. For festive illumination, both electric garlands and lanterns were used.

3. At night the wind gets angry and knocks on the window.

4. In the thickets all night long the corncrake or some other birds were crying plaintively.

5. The coastal grasses were heated by the damp heat, and over them innumerable clouds of pale green moths hovered low.

The sun (1) bypassing the house (2) looked under the pines and fir (3) with its branches (4) shading the balcony.

Arrange punctuation marks: include all numbers, in place of which in sentences must be commas.

A.S. Pushkin named M.V. Lomonosov "our first university." All his scientific achievements M.V. Lomonosov (1), as is known (2), tried to apply in practice. So (3) for example (4) he created the mosaic "Battle of Poltava", having developed methods of grinding and casting smalt.

Arrange punctuation marks: include all numbers, in place of which in the sentence must be commas.

Literary parody (1) the main task (2) of which (3) is irony (4) has served as a means of polemics since the times of Lomonosov and Sumarokov.

Arrange punctuation marks: include all numbers, in place of which in the sentence must be commas.

The minutes of waiting dragged on for agonizingly long (1) and (2) when the arrows got close to eight (3) it seemed to Sergeev (4) that he had spent an eternity on this bench.

Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by excluding the extra word. Write this word down.

The heroes of the film are not alike, what brings them together?

Read the text and complete assignments 21-26.

(1) Money is a means of distributing material wealth according to work, and is by no means the goal of existence, not the basis of the prestige and influence of an individual.

(2) However, for all its service role, money is constantly present in our relationships, and issues related to money represent a wide field for the formation of such qualities as honesty, nobility, modesty, delicacy, commitment. (3) In addition, fostering a correct view of the role of money is to instill in children their true meaning, to show their real place in a number of basic life values: knowledge, creative work, spiritual and intellectual communication. (4) This is probably why today parents are very worried about the influence of the family on the attitude towards material values, towards money. (5) What should and what can a family do in order to prevent manifestations of philistine self-interest, possessiveness, and "materialism" in children? (6) What should and what can a family do so that children who grow up in material prosperity, surrounded by many good and beautiful things, do not end up in spiritual captivity?

(7) At first, no one in the family attached any importance to the fact that little Alyonka, when asked: "Give me a toy," invariably answered with a decisive refusal, energetically clutching a rattle or a rubber animal to her chest. (8) Soon, Alyonka's character began to cause some concern: she began to constantly quarrel with children over toys.

(9) Indulgent acquaintances delicately reassured anxious parents: “Come on, this is a child! (10) Ordinary childish greed. (11) Don't worry. "

(12) There is a dubious theory that the so-called childish greed belongs to the category of natural, almost obligatory age characteristics. (13) Indeed, many "little greedy" grow up to be quite normal, even kind people. (14) Under the influence of upbringing and the environment, sometimes even without a special parental "aim" in the forming character, positive traits take over - kindness, generosity. (15) But this is not always the case. (16) Large greedy ones grow, as a rule, from small greedies.

(17) Alyona's greed, it was decided to declare war - a bloodless and "nerveless" war. (18) Yes, Alena did not have bad examples before her eyes, in her loved ones she could not observe either pettiness or self-interest. (19) But, apparently, more clear examples of kindness were needed and not humorous, but serious explanations.

(20) Now in the family, as often as possible, they tried to show each other signs of attention with gifts, and with Alena they often discussed the upcoming gift to relatives or friends. (21) They tried to make the girl see how loved ones easily, with pleasure, yield to each other even what she wanted to take for herself. (22) My grandmother bought a blouse, figured it out - it fits well and fits her face well. (23) And in the evening she offered her daughter-in-law, for whom this blouse was more suitable. (24) Another time my mother came in a new kerchief, but put it on her grandmother's coat, saw how the kerchief fits well, and gave it to her grandmother.

Oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic) with their basins occupy almost 70% of the earth's surface.

The seas are the largest and "densest" ecosystems, since, obviously, there is phytoplankton under every square meter of the surface and some life forms are widespread to the depths. Biologically, they are also the most diverse.

Marine organisms

exhibit a huge number of adaptations, ranging from formations that allow tiny plants to stay in the upper layers of water, to the huge mouths and stomachs of deep-sea fish living in a dark, cold world, where food organisms are large, few and widely scattered in space.

Areas of the continental shelf are highly productive especially where vertical circulation is observed; The "fruits of the sea" harvested here are an important source of protein and minerals for humans.

However, the endless expanses of deep water should be considered semi-desert with a significant total energy flow (due to the size of the area), but with a low power per unit area.

The autotrophic layer (light zone) is so small compared to the heterotrophic layer that the supply of nutrients in the first layer is very limited. Even if a person cannot get a lot of food from deep water, nevertheless, the seas are important for him as a giant regulator that helps to soften the Earth's climate and maintain a favorable concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.

The deep water is also a repository of valuable minerals transported from land.

Physical factors determine life in the ocean. Waves, ebbs and flows, currents, salinity, temperature, pressure and illumination intensity largely determine the composition of biological communities, which in turn have a significant effect on the composition of bottom sediments and dissolved gases. The food chains of the sea begin with the smallest known autotrophs and end with the largest animals (giant fish, cephalopods, and whales).

The study of physics, chemistry, geology and biology of the sea is being combined into a "super-science" called oceanography, which is gaining importance as an important international force.

Although sea exploration is not as expensive as space exploration, significant funds are needed for ships, onshore laboratories, equipment and specialists. The main scientific work is now carried out by relatively few large institutions supported by government funds. But despite significant research work, the seas still keep many secrets that will excite mankind for a long time to come.

One of the mysteries that will soon be solved concerns the "deep scattering layer", the phantom barrier, or false bottom, which reflects the sound waves of the ship's echo sounders.

The layer appears to be composed of organisms, but what these organisms are is not yet known.

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The harm caused to the national economy by marine animals and plants is immeasurably small in comparison with the benefits they bring.

You can distinguish between direct and indirect harm.

We have already talked about the harm that; cause starfish to oyster and mussel farming, Chinese crab to fisheries and earthen coastal structures, some other crustaceans to fish caught in nets and the nets themselves. Many other similar examples can be pointed out.

For example, a tiny sponge of a clion dissolves lime and grinds it into shells of molluscs, especially oysters (Fig.

159), small holes, causing the death of molluscs.

Figure 159. Oysters worn out with a sponge kliona.

In some parts of the sea, the massive development of sponges on the bottom makes it extremely difficult to work with a fishing trawl.

We also have such areas in the Barents Sea. Sometimes organisms develop strongly - competitors in food for commercial fish. So, for example, in our southwestern part of the Barents Sea, ctenophores develop in huge numbers, eating up calanus crustaceans (Fig.

160). Herring arriving here later for fattening does not find food here.

Figure 160. Ctenophores eating calanus.

Not all marine plants and do not always play a positive role for humans. There are many forms in both plankton and benthos that are not consumed as food by other organisms, and sometimes disgust them.

The migration routes of herring sometimes undergo unexpected changes for industrialists and very difficult for the fishery.

It has already been reported that the reason for this may be the massive development of "blooming" of the unicellular planktonic algae pheocystis (Fig.

Figure 161. Water bloom with flagellated pheocystis.

Figure 162. Pheocystis blooming area in the North Sea and measurement of herring migration routes.

Plants that are useless to humans and not fodder for various animals have a negative meaning for humans already in that, choosing a mass of nutrients from the water for their development, they themselves are not directly consumed by anyone and are thus weeds.

It is very likely that from this point of view, a negative role is played by thickets of deltaic spaces, sometimes producing tens of millions of tons of hard plants per year, which are not eaten by anyone, but taking away from the river water huge masses of nutrients that accumulate in the lower layers and for geological periods withdrawn out of the cycle. Thickets of macrophytes in the coastal zone of the seas can serve as a great obstacle in the maneuvering of small vessels, such as boats and submarines, winding around the propeller and rudder.

Many marine animals threaten human health and even life.

Some jellyfish and siphonophores cause severe burns.

Russian language tests with answers. USE-2016. Option 1, part 1

If a swimmer receives such a burn in a deep place, he may die due to the resulting temporary paralysis resulting from the burn. A similar effect can be caused by a discharge of electricity received from fish such as an electric eel or an electric ray (Fig. 163).

Figure 163. Electric eel and stingray - sea cat, and at the top of the jellyfish gononemus.

A stingray - a sea cat - can inflict heavy injections with its needle, as a result of which very painful wounds that do not heal for a long time are obtained.

In the warm seas, human life is threatened by some sharks.

However, all these forms of harm are significantly inferior to the negative activity of some organisms that destroy stone and wooden underwater structures, or those that overgrow the underwater parts of ships and other hydraulic structures.

We will dwell in more detail on the harmful activity of woodworm and stone-moths and on the phenomena of fouling in the sea.

Classification of marine organisms by habitat and their role in breed formation.

Various animals and plants are concentrated in the water column of the World Ocean.

The ocean is inhabited by representatives of all types and classes of organisms: there are 150 thousand species of animals and 50 thousand species of plants.

According to the living conditions, among marine organisms there are:

— plankton (from the Greek.

wandering) organisms passively floating in the water column, stay in suspension in the water, are divided into phytoplankton(unicellular plants) and zooplankton (protozoa - crustaceans, worms, etc.);

— nekton (from the Greek.

floating) - actively swimming organisms (fish, seals, cetaceans, etc.), the mass of nekton is 23 times less than the mass of plankton;

— benthos (from the Greek. depth) - the totality of organisms living on the seabed is divided into mobile benthos (sea urchins, stars, many molluscs, some fish) and motionless or sessile benthos (corals, bryozoans, sponges, algae, etc.);

Role-forming role

Rock-forming fossils are called, which make up 30-40% or more of the total volume of sediments.

Both skeletal remains and waste products take part in the formation of organogenic rocks. An indispensable condition for the formation of rocks is the "crowded" nature of the habitat of organisms. This property is mainly possessed by attached, sedentary and burrowing forms that form thickets, banks, reefs and other mass settlements.

Already during life, such organisms make up the bulk of the biocenosis. Among the mineral skeletons of fossils, the most widespread are calcareous, siliceous and phosphate rocks. There are especially many organogenic rocks of calcareous (carbonate) composition: limestones, marls, writing chalk, dolomites. For the name of organogenic rocks, the adjective is taken from those groups of organisms that are the main rock-forming ones, for example, limestones - crinoid, foraminiferal, archaeocyate, brachiopod, ostracod, etc.

e. Calcareous rocks, consisting of clusters of bivalve shells, are called shell rock, oyster horizons. Organogenic limestones can also arise as the end products of the vital activity of cyanobionts (blue-green algae) and bacteria. From them there are layered bedded, nodular, concentric formations - stromatolites, oncolites, catagraphies.

Plants with carbonate skeletons give rise to algal, charov and coccolith limestones (writing chalk). Mineral skeletons of siliceous composition are less common than carbonate ones. They are known in unicellular animals like radiolarians, in multicellular primitive animals (sponges), and also in lower algae (diatoms).

Siliceous rocks - radiolarites, consist of radiolarian skeletons, spongolites - from sponge spicules, diatomites - from valves of diatoms.

Pure phosphate skeletons are rare, but calcium phosphates CaPO4 as an impurity or main constituent are known in many organisms.

Due to the concentration of biogenic phosphate, phosphorite deposits arise. In the Moscow region, the centers of phosphoritization are the shells of the Late Jurassic ammonoids, and in Estonia, the shells of the brachiopods of the Ordovician genus Obolus.

The phosphate component is concentrated in the form of nodules, oolites, nodules.

Due to the vital activity of bacteria, ferruginous, manganese, cuprous and sulfide deposits are formed, such as ferruginous quartzites (jaspilites) of Krivoy Rog, cuprous sandstones of Dzhezkazgan. Bacteria are involved in the accumulation of bauxite and phosphorite.

Higher plants play the most important role in organic rock formation.

Their mass accumulations during certain burial processes lead to the emergence of combustible minerals (caustobiolites) such as peat, coal, oil, oil shale, and gas. The origin of oil and gas is associated with deep destruction of the primary organic composition caused by both the vital activity of bacteria and cyanobionts, and geological processes.

Resins (amber) are formed due to the vital activity of higher plants. Organisms also take part in the formation of special calcareous landforms of the oceans and seas - reef structures of various types: coastal and barrier reefs, atolls, biostromes, bioherms. Reef structures have a complex structure. They consist of a complex of calcareous rocks: organogenic, clastic-organogenic and chemogenic. Reef structures rise in the relief in the form of ridges, hills and other uplifts.

Various organisms are involved in the formation of fossils and modern reefs. In the Precambrian, reef-forming organisms were stromatolites, in the Cambrian - archaeocyates, from the Late Ordovician to Permian - stromatoporates, tabulates, rugoses, sponges, in the Meso-Cenozoic - six-rayed corals and bryozoans. Brachiopods also took part in the formation of the Permian reefs, and bivalves in the Cretaceous ones.

Throughout the Phanerozoic, calcareous red and green algae participated in the structure of the reefs. Fossil reefs served as reservoirs for oil and gas (Devonian oil fields of Orenburg, Perm, Gomel). In addition, underground fresh and saline waters can accumulate in fossil reefs.

Dynamics of sea waters.

Ocean waters are in constant motion.

There are two main types of movements of the waters of the World Ocean - unrest and currents.

Ocean waves

Excitement is the oscillatory motion of water. It is perceived by the observer as the movement of waves along the surface of the water. In fact, the water surface oscillates up and down from the average level of the equilibrium position.

The waveform during excitement constantly changes due to the movement of particles in closed, almost circular orbits.

Each wave is a smooth connection of elevations and depressions. The main parts of the wave are: crest- the highest part; sole - lowest part; slope - profile between the crest and base of the wave.

The line along the crest of the wave is called front of the wave(fig. 1).

Rice. 1. The main parts of the wave

The main characteristics of waves are height - the difference in the levels of the crest and the bottom of the wave; length - the shortest distance between adjacent crests or troughs of waves; steepness - the angle between the slope of the wave and the horizontal plane (Fig.

Rice. 1. The main characteristics of the wave

Waves have very high kinetic energy.

Everyone was shocked when they opened the dead sperm whale

The higher the wave, the more kinetic energy is contained in it (proportional to the square of the increase in height).

Under the influence of the Coriolis force, a water wall appears on the right downstream far from the mainland, and a depression is created near the land.

Wind waves are caused by wind waves of friction at the boundary of air and water.

The height of wind waves does not exceed 4 m, but during strong and prolonged storms, it increases to 10-15 m and more. The highest waves - up to 25 m - are observed in the westerly winds of the Southern Hemisphere.

2. Wind waves and surf waves

A wave near the coast, mainly in shallow waters, based on translational movements, was called surf(see fig. 2).

Deep waves arise at the boundary of two layers of water with different properties.

They often arise in straits with two flow levels, near river mouths, at the edge of melting ice. These waves stir the sea water and are very dangerous for sailors.

Tsunami occur under the influence of tremors and coastal earthquakes.

These are very long and low waves in the open ocean, but the force of their propagation is quite large. They are moving at a very high speed. At the coasts, their length decreases, and their height increases sharply (on average, from 10 to 50 m). Their appearance entails human casualties. First, the fruit drink retreats several kilometers from the coast, gaining strength for a push, and then waves splash onto the coast at a tremendous speed with an interval of 15-20 minutes (Fig.

Rice. 3. Tsunami transformation

The seismic belt of the Pacific Ocean is the main region of tsunami formation.

Tidal waves- these are the movements of ocean waters, performed under the influence of the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun.

The reverse reaction of sea water to high tide - low tide.

Even with a calm surface, waves occur in the ocean water column.

These are the so-called internal waves - slow, but very significant in scope, sometimes reaching hundreds of meters. They arise as a result of external action on a vertically heterogeneous mass of water. In addition, since the temperature, salinity and density of ocean water change with depth not gradually, but abruptly from one layer to another, specific internal waves arise at the boundary between these layers.

Sea currents

- permanent or periodic streams thicker world ocean and seas.

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20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 … 32

LESSON 15
Read the text and complete assignments 1-3.

(3) it is enough to pollute only a small part of the upper layer to kill all life in the ocean.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveyed the MAIN information contained in the text?
1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to contaminate only a part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to perish.
2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean is largely dependent on plant plankton, which is located in the upper layer of water.
3) Pollution of only part of the deep ocean layer cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.
4) Pollution of only a part of the upper layer of water entails the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - plant plankton - exists.
5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.

Which of the following words (word combinations) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
Despite this, Therefore, in spite of this, Maybe, on the contrary,

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meanings of the word LIFE.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
LIFE, -and, well.
1) The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter.

The emergence of life on Earth. J. Universe. The laws of life.
2) The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. J.

USE-2017-Russian. Option 35

plants. Risk your life. Save someone n. f.
3) The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as at some point. its period. Short, long train At the beginning, at the end of life.
4) The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public
f. Family w. Dukhovnaya Seething railway

4. In one of the words given below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is incorrectly highlighted.

Write this word down.
clala cakes adolescence raising orphans

5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is WRONG. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
The flowerbeds and walkways on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and CLOSING them up with a border means destroying the decorative effect they create.
A narrow strip of SANDY beach stretched for many kilometers along the coast of the ocean, to which exotic bushes descended along the slope of the hill, creating a shade.
I learned gymnastics, in which a sharp INHALATION is performed while moving the whole body forward.
The correct CHOICE of a car is a guarantee of your safety.
The head of the department provided the patients with a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

Establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column

SUGGESTIONS
A) Preparing for the trip, a lot depends on the organizers.
B) The biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which he presented a few years later in his article "Topographic abilities of insects."
C) Thanks to understanding from my parents and friends, I was able to overcome difficulties.
D) Andryushin stayed on the terrace for a long time, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden.
E) After the performance, the entire ensemble left the stage.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
4) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members
5) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial turnover
6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech with the corresponding letters.

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 … 32

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BioDat Information Resources

5. Ecosystems of the seas and coastal ecosystems

5.1.
General characteristics and features of ecosystems

Russia is the largest maritime power in the world. The shores of Russia are washed by the waters of 13 seas (Baltic, Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka, Beringov, Okhotsk, Japanese, Caspian, Azov, Black).

They belong to three oceans - the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific. Russia has the world's longest continental coastline of about 60,000 km (Figure 36).

Rice.

36.Russia is the largest maritime power in the world

The preservation of the biodiversity of marine and coastal ecosystems and the organization of the sustainable use of marine biological resources are impossible without a systematic consideration of them as integral systems and an understanding of the phenomena and processes occurring in them. Marine ecosystems are complex multi-level formations, they cover the entire multi-kilometer water column (pelagial) and the seabed (benthal).

Within these ecosystems, thanks to food chains, passive and active migrations of organisms over many hundreds and thousands of kilometers, colossal flows of matter and energy are carried out - from plankton and benthos through fish to birds and marine mammals.

The most active life activity of the biota is confined to upwelling zones, the edge of sea ice and polynyas, estuaries of large rivers, areas of underwater hydrothermal fluids and tops of the seabed relief.
When developing measures to preserve the biodiversity of the seas, it is necessary to take into account the long-term dynamics of marine ecosystems caused by climatic fluctuations and life cycles of marine biota.

Fluctuations in the number of individual generations of marine fauna reach enormous values, both in commercial species and in species that are not subject to harvesting. Global climatic changes fundamentally affect the biological productivity of the seas.

Sharp climatic anomalies are of particular importance for the functioning of marine ecosystems. It is during these periods that the mismatch of trophic and other intra-ecosystem relations occurs.

Book 2 part. Notebook for preparing for the exam in Russian language 2 part 10 grade 2 semester theory

These processes are becoming extremely important today - against the background of the growing instability of the climatic system of the Northern Hemisphere.
An important role in the rhythm of the biota is played by inter- and intrasecular climate fluctuations, for example, cold hydrological years, which have a cyclicality of 11, 21, 33, 90 and more years.

Only during the 20th century 4 times (1902, 1933, 1965, 1998, 1999) the usually non-freezing Kola Bay froze or anomalous "emissions" of icebergs from the areas of their usual drift in the Barents Sea occurred.
The particular complexity of marine ecosystems is given by the fact that the main species of fauna have different reproduction cycles.

For example, sturgeons do not breed annually. They go to spawn at the age of 10-18 years, the intervals between spawning vary within fairly large limits, on average about 4-5 years. Most species of marine mammals also have non-annual offspring.

On the other hand, many fish species breed annually or 1-2 times in life.
Natural periodic fluctuations in the number of fish generations and climatic changes can coincide in time and have a complex impact that is difficult to predict.

When periods of their low productivity coincide with intensive fishing, a rapid collapse of populations occurs. Examples are the dramatic events of the almost complete disappearance for many years and decades of the Atlantic herring, Barents Sea capelin, Arctic cod.
There is convincing evidence that the dynamics of stocks even under anthropogenic pressure of species depends not only on intensive fishing, but also on the variability of natural conditions, primarily climatic and oceanological.

Thus, the current decline in Japanese kelp stocks in coastal waters was associated with unfavorable hydrological conditions, and then with irrational fishing. Sharp temperature fluctuations were especially unfavorable for this species, which had a detrimental effect on zoospores and gametophytes, which slowed down the process of restoring algae reserves.

Powerful ocean currents have a huge impact on the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Thus, the influx of water from the Atlantic, causing changes in the temperature and salt balance, is one of the most important factors affecting the productivity of the Barents and Baltic Seas.

For example, in the 1970s-1980s. in the North Atlantic, a significant salinity anomaly was observed, which reached the Barents Sea with the waters of the North Atlantic Current 7 years after its inception. Interannual minimums and maxima of temperature and salinity of waters on the shelf of this sea are associated with a powerful influx of this cold, relatively fresh water.
The hydrochemical regime, especially salinity, plays a vital role in the enclosed southern seas and the Baltic.

The Caspian and Azov Seas are brackish water basins, the salinity of which (up to 10-13% o) is almost three times less than the normal ocean salinity (35% o). For the Black Sea, typical salinity values are 15-19% o. In the Baltic basin, the salinity of waters varies in a wider range - from 5-9% o to 10-14%. Recently, there has been a desalination of water in the Baltic.
Even minor changes in salinity drastically affect the local biota.

For example, the shortage of fresh runoff in the Sea of Azov as a result of the regulation of rivers caused an increase in the salinity of its waters by an average of 3%.

For the ocean, this is only a tenth, and for the Azov Sea - a third of the norm. As a consequence, the biomass of the Black Sea jellyfish sharply increased, the structure of biocenoses was disrupted.

In the Arctic seas during the polar day, organisms receive an almost annual rate of solar radiation. An abnormal excess of ultraviolet radiation doses through the so-called "holes" in the ozone layer can damage the genetic pool of aquatic organisms. When exposed to high doses of ultraviolet radiation, a significant decrease in the growth rate is observed, up to its complete suppression and the death of organisms.

Organisms in the early stages of development are especially susceptible to the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. The levels of ultraviolet radiation observed in the Barents Sea in recent years significantly reduce the growth rate of algae (for some species by 80%) and reduce the possibilities of natural reproduction of almost all mass species of the Barents Sea algae.

There are other natural hazards in the southern seas. The shallow Sea of Azov is most susceptible to the influence of dust storms and very strong surging sea level fluctuations.
Cyclical changes in the level of the Caspian Sea are even more striking.

In the 19-20 centuries. the range of fluctuations here reached 3 m (up to 15 cm per year). The well-known and widely discussed in the 60-70s, the drop in sea level was replaced in 1978 by its rise, but in 1997 another decrease in the level began.

Such large-scale fluctuations in sea level lead to significant ecosystem restructuring and changes in fish productivity in the Northern Caspian and the Volga delta. During periods of sea level rise, productivity increases.
The Black Sea is a completely unique system.

This is the largest reservoir of hydrogen sulfide, which saturates waters deeper than 70-150 m. Here, beyond these depths, there is no rich bottom fauna characteristic of other seas.
In terms of biodiversity in the first place among the seas of Russia are the seas of the Far East, especially the Sea of Japan off the coast of southern Primorye; the biodiversity of the Russian Far Eastern seas generally decreases from south to north.

This is followed by the northern seas, in which biodiversity decreases from the west and east, from the Barents and Chukchi seas, to the East Siberian. This is followed by the Black and Caspian Seas within the borders of Russia and, in the last places, the Azov and Baltic Seas.

On the contrary, the Caspian Sea is richer in local endemics, followed by the Far East (especially the middle Kuriles and, to a lesser extent, the north of the Sea of Okhotsk), and in the Azov and Baltic seas, there are no endemic waters of Russia at all.

Table 18. Assessment of the species richness of the main groups of organisms in the coastal marine ecosystems of Russia

Sea coasts are located practically in all natural zones of Russia - from polar deserts and arctic tundras to Far Eastern broad-leaved forests, semi-deserts of the Caspian coast and xerophilous red wheels of the Mediterranean type on the shores of the Black Sea.

The sea coast of Russia is represented by an extremely wide range of coastline types, which is important for the formation of the biodiversity of coastal ecosystems.
The coasts, as zones of separation of land and marine ecosystems, are of exceptional biological diversity.

So, it is to the sea coasts that the regions with the highest level of species richness of flora and fauna are confined: in the Far East, the local flora and fauna of mammals reach 1200 and 75 species per 100 km2, respectively, on the Black Sea coast - 1100 and 70 species per 100 km2.

The largest wetlands of international importance are located on the sea shores, in which tens of millions of waterfowl are concentrated at nesting sites, during migrations and during wintering (Volga delta, Murmansk coast, etc.).

The coastal fauna and flora are most developed on the coast of the Barents Sea, where at a tide height of 3-5 meters, the width of the littoral zone can be hundreds of meters. Several vertical zones stand out here: dominance SEMIBALANUS BALANOIDES, LITORINA SAXSATILIS, development of macrophytes (ASCOPHILLUM NODOSUM, FUCUS VESICULOSUS).

On soft soils, most of the littoral zone is occupied by communities FABRICIA SABELLA, ARENICOLA MARINA, and sublittoral - communities LAMINARIA SP.SP.
In the high Arctic seas (Kara, Laptev and others), littoral communities are weakly expressed due to severe ice conditions (in particular, due to the abrasive action of ice) and an insignificant height of tides (30-60 cm), the formation of the littoral here is due to significant surf (surge wave and storm).

In the coastal, shallow, mainly southern, part of these seas, which receives river runoff, along with marine forms, a significant, and sometimes predominant, role is played by the brackish-water fauna, which is also mixed with freshwater euryhaline forms.
In the Far East, due to the diversity of the coastal strip and tidal levels, a rich fauna and flora of the littoral and sublittoral zones is presented.

The Sea of Okhotsk has the highest tidal fluctuations among the Russian seas, the population of the littoral area is rich and diverse, and the littoral area itself is vast. The coastal region of the Sea of Okhotsk is richly populated with macroalgae, and we can say that it is the center of the quantitative abundance of algae in Russian waters; the Kuril Islands (including the Pacific side) and the northwestern part of the sea stand out especially in this sense.

It is for these areas that the expressions about underwater meadows and forests, which are usually used to describe thickets of kelp algae, are primarily applicable. Among the thickets of brown algae in the littoral and, especially, in the sublittoral, there is a species-rich zoobenthos. In the Sea of Japan, in the sublitho-ral, the diversity of invertebrates and fish sharply increases due to the penetration of warm waters from the south.

Algae and seagrass in the Sea of Japan have long been the objects of fishing, at times significant and irrational. On the composition of macrophytobenthos, a significant imprint can be imposed by anthropogenic disturbance of the environment, in particular pollution, for some species it can be negative and even destructive.
The Black and Azov Seas are devoid of a littoral area - there are no tidal fluctuations here.

Under the influence of the wave impact, a pseudolittoral band with poor biodiversity is formed here.
The Caspian Sea is characterized by long-term level fluctuations. In recent years, a transgression has been noted, which leads to the formation of pioneer communities in the flooded areas of the coastal strip.

Introduced species dominate here NEREIS, ABRA, who have moved in relatively recently.
The coasts of the Barents, Bering and Okhotsk seas are unique due to the huge colonies of seabirds - “bird colonies”.

In the Barents Sea, bazaars are located on small islands and on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. The most typical species for the base moat are guillemots (URIA AAGLE, U. LOMVIA), guillemots ( CEPPHUS GRYLLE, C. COLUMBA), lyuriki ( PLAUTUS ALLE), dead ends ( FRATERCULA ARCTICA) and kittiwake (RISSA TRYDACTYLA). In the north of the Far East, Ipatka is added to them. (FRATERCULA CORNICULATA), hatchet ( LUNDA CIRRHATA), auklets (AETHIA SP.SP.), old man (SYNTLIBORAMPHUS ANTIQUIS).

The coastal shallow waters of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Japanese seas play an important role as nesting sites, stops during migrations and wintering grounds for sea and waterfowl.
The seas and coasts of Russia are the habitats of many rare and endangered species of plants and animals included in the Red Book of Russia: 17 species of invertebrates, 15 species of cyclostomes and fish, about 20 species of birds, 29 species and subspecies of mammals.

From unique marine ecosystems of the seas of Russia, the following should be noted:

- ecosystem of shallow marine hydrothermal eruptions of Craternaya Bay (Yankicha Island, middle Kuril Islands);
- ‘island’ settlements of low-boreal organisms in high-boreal regions, in particular, the Busse lagoon on southern Sakhalin;
- Areas of large habitats of marine mammals on the Commander Islands and near Tyuleniy Island (Sea of Okhotsk);
- Areas of influence of subtropical marine fauna in the extreme south of Primorye, including the outer islands of Peter the Great Bay, Posyet Bay and Gamov Peninsula.

OPTION 2 USE-2015

Part 1

Answers to tasks 1-24 are a number, word, phrase or sequence of words, numbers ... Write the answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer

in ANSWER FORM №1 to the right of the task number, starting from the first cell, Write each letter and number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Read the text and complete tasks 1 - 3.

(1) All marine animals, directly or indirectly depend on the plant plankton underlying the food chain, and plant plankton can exist only where sufficient sunlight penetrates into the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life quickly becomes scarce, since deep-sea organisms are entirely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3)<...>it is enough to pollute only a small part of the upper layer to kill all life in the ocean.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveyedHOME information contained in the text?

1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to pollute only a part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to perish.

2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean is largely dependent on plant plankton, which is located in the upper layer of water.

3) Pollution of only part of the deep ocean layer cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

4) Pollution of only a part of the upper layer of water entails the death of all life in the ocean, since it is in the upper layer of water that the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms exists - plant plankton.

5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.

2. Which of the given words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

Despite this, Therefore, in spite of this, Maybe, on the contrary,

Answer:_______________________________________

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry that describes the meanings of the word LIFE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, -and, well.

1) The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter.The emergence of life on Earth. J. Universe. The laws of life.

2) The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things.G. plants. Risk your life. Save someone f.

3) The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as at some point. its period.Short, long train At the beginning, at the end of life.

4) The activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations.Public

f. Family w. Dukhovnaya Seething railway

Answer:_______________________________________

4. In one of the words below, there was a mistake in the stress setting:NOT RIGHT the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted. Write this word down.

clala cakes adolescence raising orphans

Answer:_______________________________________

5. In one of the sentences belowWRONG used the highlighted word.Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

The flowerbeds and footpaths on the site were originally created for decorative purposes, and CLOSE them with a border– means to destroy the decorative effect they create.

A narrow strip of SANDY beach stretched for many kilometers along the coast of the ocean, to which exotic bushes descended along the slope of the hill, creating a shade.

I learned gymnastics, in which a sharp INHALATION is performed while moving the whole body forward.

CHOOSING THE RIGHT CAR– guarantee of your safety.

The head of the department provided the patients with a COMFORTABLE stay in the hospital.

Answer:_______________________________________

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form.Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

NIGHT CALL MORE STRONGER VOICE

TWO THOUSAND YEAR HIGHEST climb five SPRINGS

Answer:_______________________________________

7. Establish a correspondence between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

SUGGESTIONS

A) Preparing for the trip, a lot depends on the organizers.

B) The biologist Malyshev made interesting observations, the results of which he presented a few years later in his article "Topographic abilities of insects."

C) Thanks to understanding from my parents and friends, I was able to overcome difficulties.

D) Andryushin stayed on the terrace for a long time, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden.

E) After the performance, the entire ensemble left the stage.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

8. Identify the word missing the unstressed verifiable vowel of the root.

Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

Answer:_______________________________________

9. Define a row in which in both words the prefix is missing the same

letter. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

and..walking, worked..beaten pos..yesterday, p..read

pr..old, pr..nik pr..touched, pr..call

on..write, oh..dal

Answer:_______________________________________

10. AND .

eclipse .. honoring .. orange. .hy cheap .. some plush .. out

Answer:_______________________________________

11. Write out a word in which a letter is written at the place of the passAND .

recognizable .. my prokle. .y sure..ny hate..wash..wash

Answer:_______________________________________

12. Define a sentence in which NOT with a word is writtenMUCH . Expand the parentheses and write this word out.

Rooks walked in the (NOT) YELLOW Rye.

In the house, (NOT) LOOKING at the evening chill, it was stuffy.

Leaving, the father (NOT) CLOSED the windows, and the house became cool.

Sonya ran out into the street with her head (NOT) COVERED with a kerchief.

Answer:_______________________________________

13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are spelledMUCH ... Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

(FROM) BEGINNING ask who has seen this book. (ON) VISIBLY, no one except Seryozha could take it!

Martyn trudged to the river and listened as the sounds of the flute died (ON) BEHIND him (ON).

(B) FOR THE WHOLE MORNING Cyril did not leave the feeling that (HOW) IT WAS the air washed with spring water.

(B) IN THE BEGINNING, the slender sails of the fishing boats towered, and they looked pink BECAUSE (THAT) they were illuminated by the setting sun.

Many ancient works that were rewritten (B) DURING VIII-IX centuries, preserved (B) FLESH until recent years.

Answer:_______________________________________

14. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) are writtenNN .

The term "herbarium" appeared in the 16th century to denote arid (1) plants collected (2) for collection and intended (3) for scientific work on floristry and selection.

Answer:_______________________________________

15. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of the offers in which you want to putONE comma.

1) A good specialist relies on fundamental knowledge and is distinguished by the ability to find the necessary information and the ability to work hard.

2) For festive illumination, both electric garlands and lanterns were used.

3) At night, the wind flutters and knocks on the window.

4) In the thickets all night long the corncrake or some other birds were crying plaintively.

5) The coastal grasses were heated by the damp heat, and over them innumerable clouds of pale green moths hovered low.

Answer:_______________________________________

16. Arrange punctuation marks:

The sun (1) bypassing the house (2) looked under the pines and fir (3) with its branches (4) shading the balcony.

Answer:_______________________________________

17. Arrange punctuation marks: specify all numbers in the place of which must be commas.

A.S. Pushkin called MV Lomonosov “our first university”. M.V. Lomonosov (1), as is known (2), tried to apply all his scientific achievements in practice. So (3) for example (4) he created the mosaic "Battle of Poltava", having developed methods of grinding and casting smalt.

Answer:_______________________________________

18. Arrange punctuation marks: indicate the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Literary parody (1) the main task (2) of which (3) is irony (4) has served as a means of polemics since the times of Lomonosov and Sumarokov.

Answer:_______________________________________

19. Arrange the punctuation marks: include all numbers that must be followed by commas in the sentence.

The minutes of waiting dragged on for agonizingly long (1) and (2) when the arrows got close to eight (3) it seemed to Sergeev (4) that he had spent an eternity on this bench.

Answer:_______________________________________

Read the text and complete assignments 20 - 25.

(1) Money– it is a means of distributing material wealth according to work, and is by no means the goal of existence, not the basis of the prestige and influence of the individual. (2) However, for all its service role, money is constantly present in our relationships, and issues related to money represent a wide field for the formation of such qualities as honesty, nobility, modesty, delicacy, commitment. (3) In addition, fostering a correct view of the role of money is to instill in children their true meaning, to show their real place in a number of basic life values: knowledge, creative work, spiritual and intellectual communication. (4) This is probably why today parents are very worried about the influence of the family on the attitude towards material values, towards money. (5) What should and what can a family do in order to prevent manifestations of philistine self-interest, possessiveness, and "materialism" in children? (6) What should and what can a family do so that children who grow up in material prosperity, surrounded by many good and beautiful things, do not end up in spiritual captivity?

(7) At first, no one in the family paid attention to the fact that little Alyonka, when asked: "Give me a toy,"– invariably responded with a decisive refusal, energetically clutching a rattle or a rubber animal to her chest. (8) Soon, Alyonka's character began to cause some concern: she began to constantly quarrel with children over toys. (9) Indulgent acquaintances delicately reassured anxious parents: “Come on, this is a child! (10) Ordinary childish greed. (11) Don't worry. "

(12) There is a dubious theory that the so-called childish greed belongs to the category of natural, almost obligatory age characteristics. (13) Indeed, many "little greedy" grow up to be quite normal, even kind people. (14) Under the influence of upbringing and the environment, sometimes without a special parental "sight" in the developing character, positive traits take over– kindness, generosity. (15) But this is not always the case. (16) Large greedy ones grow, as a rule, from small greedies.

(17) Alena's greed, it was decided to declare war– a bloodless and "nerveless" war. (18) Yes, Alena did not have bad examples before her eyes, in her loved ones she could not observe either pettiness or self-interest. (19) But, apparently, more clear examples of kindness were needed and not humorous, but serious explanations.

(20) Now in the family, as often as possible, they tried to show each other signs of attention with gifts, and with Alena they often discussed the upcoming gift to relatives or friends. (21) They tried to make the girl see how loved ones easily, with pleasure, yield to each other even what she wanted to take for herself. (22) Grandma bought a blouse, figured– and fits well in size, and fits well to the face. (23) And in the evening she offered her daughter-in-law, for whom this blouse was more suitable. (24) Another time my mother came in a new kerchief, but put it on her grandmother's coat, saw how the kerchief fits well, and gave it to her grandmother.

(25) Maybe someone will dismissively answer: "Theater!" (26) But what is theater? (27) Where it is said that in family education "theater" – less worthy means than a "lecture hall"? (28) It is important that the “play” has a noble content.

(29) Pretty soon it became clear: Alena ceased to be a “spectator”. (30) Took out into the courtyard even the most senior representatives of the puppet society and an elegant carriage on thick tires. (31) Even the chocolate wedges were already shared automatically. (32) From a brand new embroidery kit, I readily "gave out" a skein of thread to my mother or grandmother of some special, scarce tone at that time. (33) From her richest collection of scraps, she gave very valuable exhibits for decoration or repair.

(36) It has been noted more than once that in response to the question of sociologists and teachers: "What qualities do you try to bring up in children?"– parents call courage, hard work, will, honesty and much less often– kindness. (37) However, in recent years, kindness has begun to be remembered more often.– about kindness that opposes anger, coldness, cruelty. (38) But the word "kind" has another meaning: "not greedy, generous." (39) The most common and also very necessary meaning for life.

(According to G.L. Mogilevskaya *)

* Galina Lvovna Mogilevskaya – modern publicist, author of the popular brochure Children and Money.

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.

1) Discussion of issues related to money can be used as a means of developing the best human qualities.

2) Greed is a common age-related feature that always goes away as we get older.

3) Kindness and selflessness must be formed from childhood.

4) You can cultivate kindness and selflessness in a person if the parents are interested in their child having these qualities.

5) Alena showed greed because she saw bad examples of this quality.

Answer:_______________________________________

21. Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.

1) Proposals 1-3 present the reasoning.

2) Sentence 13 confirms the content of Sentence 12.

3) Sentences 17-19 contain a description.

4) Sentences 22-24 illustrate the content of Sentence 21.

5) Sentences 38-39 are narrative.

Answer:_______________________________________

22. Write out a phraseological unit from sentence 14.

Answer:_______________________________________

23 ... Among sentences 1-8, find one that is related to the previous one using union and lexical repetition. Write the number of this sentence.

Answer:_______________________________________

Read the fragment of the review based on the text that you analyzed in completing tasks 20 – 23.

This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the places of the gaps (A, B, C, D). Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Write down the sequence of numbers in the ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the task number 24, starting from the first cell, no spaces, commas, or other additional characters.

Write each number in accordance with the samples provided in the form.

24. “In an effort to describe in detail the role of money in the life of society, the author uses the syntactic means – (A) ____________ (sentences 1, 2, 3). Lexical remedy – (B) ____________ ("greedy" in sentences 16, 35) – reveals the author's negative attitude to the manifestation of greed in a person, even a child. Reflecting on the essence of the concept of kindness, the author also uses lexical means: (B) ____________ ("kindness"– "Malice", "cruelty" in sentence 37) and (D) _____________ ("kind" – "Not greedy", "generous" in sentence 38) ".

List of terms:

1) contextual synonyms

2) comparison

3) colloquial word

4) rows of homogeneous members

5) dialogue

6) opposition

7) metonymy

8) antonyms

9) parceling

Answer:

Part 2

25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid overquoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reading experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The length of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without reference to the text read (not according to this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such a work is scored zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

ANSWERS

OPTION 2 USE-2015

to the tasks of part 1

№ tasks

25 or > 52

take over top take over top

INFORMATION ABOUT TEXT

PART 2

Approximate range of problems

"OPTION 10. (1) All marine animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plant plankton, which is the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can ..."

OPTION 10.

(1) All marine animals directly or indirectly depend on plant plankton, which is the basis of the food chain, and plant plankton can only exist where sufficient sunlight penetrates into the water column for photosynthesis. (2) Below this layer, life quickly becomes scarce, since deep-sea organisms are completely dependent on the remains of plants and animals coming from above. (3)<...>it is enough to pollute only a small part of the upper layer to kill all life in the ocean.

Task 1 Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Since plant plankton - the basis of the food chain of marine animals and deep-sea organisms - exists in the upper layer of water, it is enough to contaminate only a part of the upper layer for all life in the ocean to perish.

2) The life of marine animals and deep-sea organisms in the ocean is largely dependent on plant plankton, which is located in the upper layer of water.

3) Pollution of only part of the deep ocean layer cannot lead to the death of all life in the ocean.

5) Since deep-sea organisms depend on animals living on the surface of the ocean, life is concentrated only in its upper layers.

Task 2. Which of the following words (word combinations) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

Despite this

May be

Vice versa

Task 3. Read a fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meanings of the word LIFE.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

LIFE, -and, well.

1. The totality of phenomena occurring in organisms, a special form of the existence of matter. The emergence of life on Earth. J. Universe. The laws of life.

2. The physiological existence of man, animal, all living things. J. Plants, Risking your life. Save someone f.

3. The time of such existence from its inception to the end, as well as at some point. its period. Short, long train At the beginning, at the end of life.

4. Activity of society and man in one or another of its manifestations. Public railway Family w. Dukhovnaya Seething railway

Write this word down.

Exhaust katAlogotQuarter Quarter AlkilomEtr Task 5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is INCORRECT. Correct the lexical error by matching the selected word with a paronym. Write down the chosen word.

The impression I got from a new acquaintance was very DUAL.

The editor demanded from the correspondent to revise the article so that the material was as INFORMATIVE as possible, but at the same time small in volume.

Laureate and DIPLOMANT of many theater festivals, the national theater studio decided to update the repertoire and in the near future will invite the audience to the premiere of the performance.

Before me stood Dourov, calm, well-groomed Dourov, a man who, apparently, was not too worried about my intolerable attitude towards him.

Where the tanks made sharp turns, frozen CLAYY dust rose into the air together with the snow.

LOOKING FORWARD

best HAIRDRESSERS

about THREE STAFF participants

about two KILOGRAMS

all ages

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

B) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

C) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

D) an error in the construction of a complex sentence

E) violation of the temporal correlation of verb forms

SUGGESTIONS

1) The teacher supervised the graduation work of a group of students interested in contemporary literature.

2) Thanks to the hostess for the warm welcome, we began to say goodbye to her.

3) When the crimson sunset light flashed in the windows, the music stopped.

5) It was quiet all around; so quiet that the buzzing of a mosquito could follow its flight.

6) Everyone who has studied the biography of Pushkin knows about the extraordinary flowering of his work in the autumn.

8) This year, pupils of the Suvorov schools will be keeping watch of memory at the memorial.

9) The boat appeared and disappeared behind the frequent bends of the river.

floor..michesp..ctivadecl..reation

score..reach from ... rowTask 9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

extreme..dimensional, and..subtle;

pr..hill, pr..passionate (judge)

at .. open, n .. installation;

once..have, gray..significant;

with .. feeling, r .. position.

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.

night..watting

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the gap.

install..shvklin..stel..sittingmoving..mynot remember..still Task 12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write this word out.

There is an amazing, (un) broken silence all around.

The humid air was filled with the (un) repeatable smell of approaching spring.

No sunrise is (is) like another.

(Not) waiting for my brother, I left.

The (not) one who knows the measure will grieve in wealth.

Task 13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

Whatever critics assert, Fet's poems are unusually melodic, (BY) many of them formed the basis of romances.

(C) DIFFERENCE from other representatives of the liberal camp, Pavel Petrovich is always firm in upholding his principles, and (BY) he boldly opposes Bazarov.

Ceramic products from Gzhel end up in different ends of the planet, THAT (WOULD) decorate the life of people, and SO (SAME) bring up a sense of beauty.

I told Ivan Petrovich everything that had happened, and wanted to know his opinion (ON) ACCOUNT of predestination, SO (AS) it was very important.

Yesterday it was (B) FIRST warm (ON) SUMMER.

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which NN is written.

Weight (1) water brings traces of a person's stay from the upper reaches: a ditch (2) nets, broken (W) oars and other unwise (4) accessories for fishing use.

Task 15. Arrange the punctuation marks. Specify the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) The cranes flew low in the gloomy sky and chirped loudly and protractedly.

2) Stepushka either sits on a radish, gnaws a bucket of water somewhere and grunts, then in his closet he taps a piece of wood.

3) Somewhere nearby there was a "shadow" of finches and a short trill of bunting.

4) His old and quarrelsome wife the whole day did not leave the stove, incessantly grumbled and scolded.

5) The underground passage was closed and this immediately put Dmitry Olegovich in front of an insoluble problem.

The “terrible world” of the city created by Blok (1) and its Stranger (2) frightening (3) and irresistibly attracting to itself (4) suppress the poet.

Task 17. Arrange punctuation marks: include all numbers, in place of which in the sentence must be commas.

Dostoevsky was very proud of the fact that he invented, or (1) it is better to say (2) introduced the verb "to obscure" into the Russian language. He was so proud of this that he wrote (3) as you know (4) a whole chapter about it in the "Diary of a Writer".

Task 18. Arrange the punctuation marks. Indicate the number (s), which should be replaced by a comma in the sentence.

A tall man (1) at one appearance (2) of whom (3) people respectfully fell silent (4) went to the table and spoke.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

The weather was fine (1) and (2) although October was in full swing (3) green foliage was still trembling in the trees (4) and the sun was warming like summer.

(1) In the old days, when I was younger, I had some fondness for fishing. (2) Then I often left my town house, stocked up with fishing rods and worms and went to the village on a fishing trip. (H) I spent whole days until late at night on the river, and went to sleep with the peasants or at the mill. (4) It was at that time that I first became acquainted with one of the mysterious phenomena of our life, which revealed to me some of the secrets of the Russian soul - vagrancy in Russian, or wandering.

(5) Once, when I came to the miller to spend the night, I noticed a man in the corner of the hut. (6) In shabby gray clothes and in felted boots full of holes, although it was in the summer, he was lying right on the bare floor. (7) He slept with a knapsack under his head and with a long staff under his arm. (8) I lay down opposite the door on the hay spread out for me. (9) I couldn't sleep. (Yu) Excited the future dawn. (11) I wanted dawn. (12) Fish bite well in the morning. (13) But in the summertime you don't have to wait long for the dawn. (14) It soon began to dawn. (15) And with the first light, the gray lump in felt boots stirred, somehow grunted, stretched, sat down, yawned, crossed himself, got up and went straight to the door. (16) On the porch, he went to the washstand, which was hanging on a string. (17) From my bed, I watched with curiosity how he poured water on his hands, how he moistened his gray beard with it, rubbed it, wiped himself with the sleeve of his mantle, picked up the staff, crossed himself, bowed on three sides and went.

(18) I was about to talk to the old man, but did not have time - he left. (19) I regretted it very much, and I wanted to at least look at it one more time. (20) Somehow the old man attracted me to him. (21) I got up on my knees, leaned on the windowsill and opened the window. (22) The old man went into the distance. (23) I looked after him for a long time. (24) The figure of the old man, as he receded, became smaller and smaller and finally completely disappeared in the morning fog. (25) But in my eyes and in my brain his image remained forever, alive.

(26) This was the vagrant wanderer. (27) In Russia from time immemorial there were people who had no home, no shelter, no family, no business. (28) Not being gypsies, they led a gypsy lifestyle. (29) We walked across the vast Russian land from place to place, from edge to edge. (ZO) We wandered around the farmsteads, looked into taverns, reached out to fairs. (31) Lived on alms. (32) We rested and slept anywhere. (ЗЗ) The purpose of their wanderings was always defined in different ways and very vaguely - "to holy places", "to suffer", "to atone for sins", to find a place "where it is easier to breathe." (34) I, frankly, am convinced that if each of them is individually asked where and for what purpose he is going, he will not answer. (35) Why should he think about it?

(36) They seem to be looking for something. (37) It seems that in their souls there is a vague idea of some unknown land where life is righteous and better. (38) But it would be even more accurate to say that they are running from something. (39) And, of course, they are fleeing from melancholy - this very special, incomprehensible, inexpressible, sometimes unreasonable Russian melancholy.

(40) In Boris Godunov, Mussorgsky draws with tremendous power a peculiar representative of this vagrant Russia - Varlaam. (41) Mussorgsky, with incomparable skill and power, conveyed the attitude of this vagabond - not that of a monk with a haircut, or just some former church minister. (42) Longing in Barlaam is bottomless, like an ocean. (43) Wherever this vagabond goes, he goes with a ready consciousness of his absolute uselessness. (44) So Barlaam walks from monastery to monastery, staggers from city to city for the miraculous icon in church parishes. (45) In a handful he holds a wax candle so that it does not blow out, and yells in a hoarse bass, imitating the protodeacons: (46) "Crush the fierce serpent with two to ten trunk wings."

(47) He has a matted and disheveled gray beard that splits in two at the end like a corkscrew. (48) Puffy, anemic, but with a gray-red nose, he walks around the cities, all shabby and rumpled, in his cap quilted on cotton wool, similar to a kamilavka. (49) People like him are shunned, not wanting to meet wet, begging eyes that see right through a person. (50) ... I don't know, of course, if such people are needed. (51) Is it necessary to arrange so that they become different, or not? (52) I can only say one thing: these people are one of the most wonderful, albeit, perhaps, sad colors of Russian life. (53) No, they themselves are not righteous, but in some miraculous way they make us cleaner and better. (54) If there were no such vagabond-wanderers, "kalik passers-by", it would be more difficult for all of us to live ...

(* According to F.I. Shalyapin)

* Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin (1873 - 1938) - famous Russian opera and chamber singer.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

1) We must do everything we can to get the tramps to change their way of life and do something useful.

2) People who wander aimlessly on the earth are disliked.

3) Looking at vagabonds, we often feel a sense of superiority.

4) Wanderers help us get better.

5) Wanderers flee from melancholy.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

1) Proposals 1-3 present the reasoning.

2) Sentences 6-7 contain a description.

3) Sentences 15-17 include narration.

4) Sentences 29-32 disclose the judgment expressed in sentence 28 of the text.

5) Sentences 53-54 contain a description.

Task 22. What word is used in the text in a figurative sense? Write it down.

paints (offer 52)

figure (proposal 24)

fairs (offer 30)

performance (proposal 37)

Task 23. Among sentences 37-43, find one that connects to the previous one using demonstrative pronouns, synonyms, and lexical repetition.

An excerpt from F. I. Shalyapin's book "Mask and Soul" is distinguished by confidential simplicity and unpretentiousness, which are combined with stylistic richness and refined poetry of the author's language. This is facilitated by such a stylistic device as (A) _____ (sentences 36, 37), as well as such a syntactic means of expressiveness as (B) _____ (sentences 35, 51). The text also uses lexical means, in particular, (B) _____: “younger” in sentence 1, “staggering” in sentence 44. Of the tropes, the author widely uses (D) _____: “across the vast Russian land” in sentence 29, “With wet, begging eyes” in sentence 49.

List of terms:

1) book vocabulary

2) comparison (s)

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) parceling

6) interrogative sentences

7) antithesis

8) epithet (s)

9) anaphora

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Option 10

5informative

9 aperture staging 10 convalesce

11 get tired

12unrepeatable

13 to also 1413

Option 11

4 adolescence

5ORGANIC

8 grow up

9 aimless split 10 get stuck

11 hated

12 misunderstood

13 thereafter 14 123

22 changed in the face 2313

Option 11

(1) Sometimes in the mountains, not small fragments are broken off, but huge blocks of rock; falling down, they break into smaller parts, cluttering the valleys. (2)<...>the phenomenon is called a collapse. (3) Most often, this is how rocks collapse, composed of layers of sedimentary rocks, and these layers should not lie horizontally, but at an angle to the horizon - along these layers, there are cracks leading to a collapse. Task 1. Indicate two sentences in which it is correctly conveyed MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) A collapse is a blockage of valleys with huge blocks of rocks, which broke into smaller parts.

2) A collapse - the collapse of rocks and cluttering them with debris of the valleys - usually leads to the appearance of cracks in layers of sedimentary rocks, lying at an angle to the horizon.

3) Rocks, composed of layers of sedimentary rocks, always collapse into valleys and clutter them with huge boulders.

4) As a result of the formation of cracks in layers of sedimentary rocks, lying at an angle to the horizon, the rocks are collapsed and cluttered with debris of the valleys, or, in other words, a collapse.

5) A collapse is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of the collapse of small fragments of sedimentary rocks into the valleys.

Task 2. Which of the following words (word combinations) should be in place of the gap in the second sentence? Write this word down.

Unlike him

Hence

Task 3. Read a fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meanings of the word PHENOMENON.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

APPEARANCE, -I, cf.

1. see to appear.

2. In philosophy: manifestation, expression of essence, what it is found in. I. and essence.

3. In general, any detectable manifestation of something. Physical self. Natural phenomena. Social phenomena.

4. Event, occasion. Strange, mysterious me.

5. In the play: part of the act, in which the cast of the characters does not change.

Exercise 4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the stress setting: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is WRONGLY highlighted.

Write this word down.

adolescence (tip) is pulled blind and turned on and sunk (into the ground)

Exercise 5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is incorrectly used.

Correct the lexical error by matching the selected word with a paronym. Write down the chosen word.

The winning collective demonstrated an ORGANIC mix of dance and music.

Irritability is the tendency to react disproportionately to everyday stimuli, expressing in words and actions dissatisfaction and dislike of others.

Potential investors continue to WAIT for the right moment to invest money, evaluating the most promising areas of investment.

The course of cultural studies, which is studied at the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, was introduced with the aim of FILLING the gaps in knowledge of the requirements of military and civil etiquette.

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form.

Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

package of TOMATOES

experienced DOCTORS

kilogram of SOSISEK

in THEIR report

look YOUNGER

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first list, select the corresponding position from the second list.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

B) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

C) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members

D) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial turnover

E) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech

SUGGESTIONS

1) At first it rained sparsely, weakly, but then it intensified, got stronger and turned into a real downpour.

2) The sister told her brother that "put saucers and cups on the table."

3) Seeing the light in Alexandra's window late at night, I felt uneasy.

4) Three girls walked along a forest path and sang something softly.

5) According to forecasts of weather forecasters, spring this year will be early.

6) Looking at the green valley spread below, I almost choked with delight that overwhelmed me.

7) Olesya stood in the garden and admired the flowers: phlox, daisies, irises.

8) I decided to pay for my training at the courses of confectioners at once, in one payment, and not in installments.

9) Everyone who was familiar with Fyodor Ivanovich noted his extraordinary mind and ability to smooth out any conflicts.

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Task 8. Identify the word missing the unstressed alternating vowel of the root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

program..mem ...

Task 9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words.

Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

wh ... whole, ra ... col

not ... visual, z..walked pr..bought, pr..belyraz..skay, on..ssapt..become, oh..bruising Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the pass.

end..smart..smeets..shy shy..off

pencil..k Task 11. Write out the word in which the letter Y is written at the place of the pass.

re..tstel..sybor..sysyanhad..shimky..shchiy Task 12. Define a sentence in which NOT with a word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write this word out.

He ran (not) quickly, but slowly.

A (un) busy person can never enjoy complete happiness.

Remnants of (un) melted snow in the fields are still visible.

Two days later, a far (not) easy conversation took place.

The motives of his actions remained (not) understood.

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

At first, we THAT (SAME) did not understand each other, and (B) CONSEQUENCES became very friends.

At night they made a huge bonfire (ON) TOP of the mountain, and I tried to explain to everyone (FOR) WHAT it needed to be done.

He made an effort over himself to fall asleep, but in the dream the very dead space with ridges of gray clouds appeared in the dream.

Father, (IN) FORCE of his high position, previously traveled only by car with a personal chauffeur, (FROM) WHAT for a long time could not figure out how to get on the metro and where to pay for the fare.

(BECAUSE of) what my uncle was saying, it was not clear whether he HAS BEEN RETAINING the word.

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which NN is written.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

We saw only the foaming (1) crests of the furious (2) waves and heard the cries of (3) alarmed birds, madly (4) about rushing over the sea.

Task 15. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Summer comes out of spring and leaves in late autumn.

2) My head was noisy, either from the howling and whistle of the storm, or from joyful excitement.

3) We saw several trees in the distance and the shadows of wind-driven clouds running through the wet grass.

4) Listen to the silence and then the forest autumn will show you all its riches.

5) To check the spelling of an unstressed vowel of a root, you need to change the word or find a related one.

Task 16. Arrange the punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which in the sentence must be commas.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

The road went through a huge field (1) sown with spring crops (2) and (3) turning to the right (4) went deep into the forest.

Task 17. Arrange the punctuation marks. List all numbers in ascending order, in place of which must be commas.

In that small gorge (1), according to Igor (2), it was so narrow that (3) it seemed (4) even the heart in the chest was getting cramped.

Task 18. Arrange the punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which in the sentence must be commas.

Throughout the centuries-old development of the art of batik (1), master engravers selected and polished patterns (2) whose main motive (3) (4) was flowers and leaves.

Task 19. Arrange the punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which in the sentence must be commas.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

In the evening it started raining (1) and (2) while we were driving along the country road (3) the horses barely stepped over (4) as if they had lost their last strength.

(1) I saw it on a suburban dance floor. (2) Cheerful, hump-nosed, flexible, with a purple tint of black eyes, he invited her to dance with such a brutal, greedy look that she was frightened even, glancing at him with the pathetic, confused look of an ugly girl who did not expect attention to herself.

(3) - What are you, what are you!

(4) - Do you mind? - he repeated insistently and showed large white teeth with a fake smile. (5) - It will be very pleasant for me.

(6) She looked around, as if in search of help, quickly wiped her fingers with a handkerchief, said with a stammer:

(7) - Probably, we won't succeed. (8) I'm bad ...

(9) -Nothing. (10) Please. (11) Somehow.

(12) The handsome man danced dispassionately, dapperly and, full of cold arrogance, did not look at her, she stomped awkwardly, shaking her skirt, aiming her strained eyes at his tie, and suddenly jerked her head up - they stopped dancing around, left the circle, a whistle was heard ; apparently his friends were watching them and making remarks with caustic mockery, mimicking her movements, shaking and writhing with laughter. (13) Her partner portrayed a city gentleman in stone, and she understood everything, all the unforgivable baseness, but she did not push away, did not run out of the circle, only took her hand from his shoulder and, blushing alo, knocked her finger on his chest, as they usually knock on the door ... (14) Surprised, he bent down to her, raised his eyebrows, she slowly looked upwards into his pupils with an impenetrable contemptuous expression of an experienced beautiful woman, confident in her irresistibility, and said nothing. (15) One cannot forget how his face changed, then he let her go and, in confusion, somehow too defiantly led her to the column where her friends were standing.

(16) She had thick lips, gray and very large, as if immersed in the shadow of wild eyes. (17) She would have been ugly if not for her dark long eyelashes, almost yellow rye hair, and that look from the bottom up, which transformed her into a beauty and remained forever in my memory.

(According to Yu.V. Bondarev *)

* Yuri Vasilievich Bondarev (born in 1924) - Russian writer, screenwriter, author of numerous works about the Great Patriotic War.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

1) Having said: "It will be very pleasant for me," the young man told the truth.

2) All ugly girls are smart and know how to stand up for themselves.

3) The girl understood for what purpose this handsome man invited her to dance.

4) The unexpected behavior of the girl discouraged the gentleman.

5) The narrator will forever remember the eyes and gaze of this girl.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 15 contains an explanation of what sentences 411 say.

2) Proposition 12 contains reasoning.

3) Sentence 16 provides a description.

4) Sentence 17 includes a description.

5) Sentence 14 includes a description.

Task 22. From sentence 15 write out a phraseological unit.

Task 23. Among sentences 7-15, find one that is related to the previous one using a possessive pronoun and a contextual synonym. Write the number of this sentence.

Task 24. Read a fragment of the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks.

"NS. Bondarev really speaks about only one moment, but it turns out that sometimes this is enough to understand the truth. The text is built on such a technique as (A) _____ ("the handsome man danced ... smartly ..." - "she trampled awkwardly ..." in sentence 12). Syntactic means (B) _____ (“let her go and led her to the column” in sentence 15) and trope - (C) _____ (“with a brutal, greedy look” in sentence 2) - give a moral assessment to the hero of the text. Proposition 13 acquires a culminating meaning, in which the trope - (D) _____ ("as usual, knocks on the door") - helps the author to emphasize the meaning of the girl's act. "

"On the basis of: Federal Law of the Russian Federation" On Personal Data "No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 687" On ... "

"TEST 1. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMAA1. Discovered the cathode rays, proving that the composition of the atom includes a previously unknown particle - an electron: 1) Rutherford 2) Boron 3) Thomson 4) X-rays A2. Proposed a planetary model of the atom 1) Bohr 2) Becquerel 3) Rutherford 4) Curie A3. An atom consists of 1) n ... "

“Description of key changes to the project of updated programs from the Ukrainian language class. 1. Reading of the book was taken over by the number of years taken by those "Umovno meaningful words", "Ways of clever speech", "Folding speech for a given graphical scheme". Naturalness: practical knowledge ... "

“Pickets for the distribution of St. George ribbons District Date of the picket Time of the picket Place of the picket Aleksinsky 04/27/2014 17.00-18.00 Aleksin, st. Rebar (near the Dixy Trading House) 04/28/2014 17.00-18.00 Aleksin, st. Bolotov (near the shop "Mo ..."

"273050215265000 INCLUDEPICTURE http://worldskills.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Logotip_MP_itog_blue_white.jpg \ * MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE http://worldskills.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/0bMP2/Logitogo * MERGEFORMATINET INCLUDEPICTURE http: //worldskills.ru ... "

«Perennial plants Spring 2016 Name Photo Adonis spring (adonis) This is one of the first spring plants. Blooms from late April to early June, height can reach 60 centimeters. Medicinal. Aquilegia Blooms in June-July. It is one of the most unpretentious ornamental plants ... "

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