Forgotten melodies: musical instruments of Ukrainians that few people remember. Rare photos of our celebrities from their “past lives”

The love of music is in the heart of every Ukrainian. From time immemorial, parents taught their children to play musical instruments from childhood - the people prepared future talents. And they made musical accessories from dishes, household equipment, wood, clay and even horse hair.

A variety of folk instruments that have come down to us since the times Kievan Rus, impressive. However, many of them are kept only in museums or gathering dust in the attics of old-timers. Their melodies have long been forgotten, so it is unlikely that you will be able to see them in everyday life. Let's correct this blatant injustice!

In the Carpathians you can still hear the loud sound of trembitas. The legendary musical instrument of the Hutsuls has long been the only means of communication between shepherds and the village. Something like mobile phone... 3 m long.

Trembita reported on sheep going out to pasture and warned of the approach of the enemy. They played on it when the child was born. They caroled with trembita, and they also invited her to a wedding. The sound of trembita can be heard 10 km away. The time of day was determined by its shadow, and the most experienced shepherds predicted the weather - thunderstorm or rain - by the sound of the trembita.

Although the trembita is long, it is not at all heavy - up to 1.5 kg. This makes it easy to hold while playing. To make an instrument, a spruce tree that has been struck by lightning is often chosen.

I wonder what longest musical instrument in the world was made by Ukrainians. Yes, yes, this is trembita! Its length can reach 8 m, and the production of a unique instrument takes about 2 years.

An instrument with a fantastic sound that imitates the singing of birds and the voices of wild animals is the ocarina. Translated from Italian, ocarina means “duckling.” But in Ukraine they call it cuckoo- the instrument reproduces the cuckoo’s singing so subtly.

It is made of clay or wood and is shaped like an egg. Typically the instrument has 10 playing holes. But the whistles - painted ceramic lambs, birds, horses - are simpler and have only one playing hole.

Once upon a time, these folk toys, which children love to play with, had a protective meaning. People believed that whistling drove away evil spirits from children.

Now ocarinas and whistles are a national Ukrainian brand. Just remember the whistle in the shape of a bird with a whistle tail - this is the invention of a Ukrainian master from Cherkassy, ​​Yuri Zbandut.

The sound of this unique instrument reminds me of a bull's roar. Previously, musicians made it themselves: they took a small barrel and covered the top hole with leather. A tuft of horse hair was attached to the center of the skin. Yes Yes! You put your hand in the kvass and pull your hair. The pitch of the sound changes depending on where the hand stops.

Now the bugay sounds in the countries that were part of Austria-Hungary, and is associated with Christmas holidays and carols. You can hear how the bull roars in the video for the track “Vidlik” by the Ukrainian electro-folk band “ONUKA” - the musical instrument forms the basis of the bass line of the melody.

Resembling a large bowler hat, tulumbas was an integral part of the military life of the Zaporozhye Cossacks. The formidable game of tulumbas convened a council of Cossacks or elders, reported enemy attacks and even conveyed orders during battle.

The Cossacks always took tulumbas on campaigns, tying them to the saddle. The roar of military drums and the piercing crack of tambourines sowed panic among the enemy troops.

The largest tulumbas - the alarm - were kept in the Zaporozhye Sich. Eight people could hit them at the same time.

Two cauldron-shaped drums of different sizes are called timpani. In the Sich, tulumbas (aka kettledrums) were considered sacred and belonged to the kleinods of the Zaporozhian Army. The kettledrums were in charge of a separate serviceman - Dovbysh.

I have long forgotten the sound of heels and drymba - one of the most ancient musical instruments of our ancestors. Archaeologists suggest that humanity has been using drymba since Neolithic times. This is confirmed by fragments of musical instruments on mammoth bones found in the Chernivtsi region.

The Hutsuls considered the drymba a women's instrument. The Jew's harp in the hands of the hostess was the main musical instrument at vespers in Carpathian villages. The Hutsuls had another interesting custom: guys gave drymba to girls for whom they had deep feelings.

Horn

For a long time in Ukraine they knew an instrument called a gudok or a smyk. On the frescoes of the St. Sophia Cathedral there is an image of a buffoon (musician) playing a flat pear-shaped instrument with strings and a short neck. The whistle had three strings and was played with an arched bow.

While playing, the instrument was pressed to the chest or placed vertically on the knees. The sound of the whistle could be heard in the company of wandering musicians and from court buffoons. However, there were even ensembles of horn players who performed with horns of different sizes. That’s what they were called: buzzer, buzzer, buzzer, buzzer.

In the middle of the 17th century. one of the oldest stringed bowed instruments of the Eastern Slavs suffered a great tragedy. By decree of Patriarch Nikon, the whistle and other “demonic instruments”, which were created by the hands of talented craftsmen, were taken from people and burned. Subsequently, another bowed instrument, the violin, finally replaced the whistle.

Bagpipes

Duda, ram, fur, goat - all these are popular names for bagpipes - a favorite musical instrument of Ukrainians. The tanned skin of a goat or calf is used to make a continuous fur - a reservoir for air. Having filled the bagpipe with air, the musician presses it with his elbow and causes the shrill sound of the peeps of the playing pipe. At the same time, the performer can sing one verse of the song, accompanying the singing by playing the pipe.

The origins of bagpipes go back to antiquity. IN Ancient Rome bagpipes were played in theaters and in military bands. In Ukraine, the instrument was part of the orchestra of the Zaporozhye Army. But most of all, shepherds loved to play the pipe.

The making of bagpipes was treated with love - the fur was decorated with tassels, rattles, horn carving and metal chasing were used. Sometimes the bagpipes were decorated with a sculptured goat's head.

Torban

Barskaya bandura is what people once called torban. And for good reason: the instrument was expensive and required careful handling and virtuoso play by the performer.

They say, Ukrainian hetmans Ivan Mazepa and Petro Doroshenko liked to play on it. Torban was considered a decoration for concert evenings, but in late XIX V. the tool disappears. Its complex design, high cost and impressive dimensions made it inconvenient to use and inaccessible to ordinary people.

Of course, these are not all ancient musical instruments of Ukrainians. The lyre, cymbals, tambourine, and goat bass will make anyone dance. We will definitely tell you about these and other folk instruments that delighted the ears of our ancestors in one of the following stories.

In the meantime small bonus for those who read the article to the end - an impeccable playing of the dulcimer from the musician and composer Miron Paliychuk in the National Museum of Architecture and Life "Pirogovo".

Few people remember now, but it’s a fact: in 1991, the annual Victory Parade was simply cancelled.

For several years it was not carried out at all.

In fact, they then adopted the “Victory is Dead” concept as official. The Victory contained too many values ​​that were irrelevant for the era. It could not be canceled like November 7, but it had to be hidden deeper.
The rigidity of this concept was softened by an increase in the intensity of sentimentality. Yes, the central media sighed. There is no longer a victorious country. But all that remained were veterans! And no matter how monstrous our country was in that war (the monstrosity of the USSR was then an almost certainly recognized fact), the veterans still fought honestly. Let's honor them, because every year there are fewer of them left. Let them finish the celebration.

This concept of “temporariness,” the residual nature of the Day, seems to be best expressed in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the defeat of the Nazis. When it was impossible not to note, and it was impossible to demonstrate “nostalgia for Soviet power.”

The authorities, I remember, turned out in a cunning way: the canceled parade was held - but without military equipment, in the form of a strictly costumed procession. The Historical Museum - so that no one at a higher authority would suspect that Russia is “nostalgic for power” and wavers in its allegiance to the new world leaders - was hung with a poster of a Soviet soldier falling to his American ally. The TV was filled with inserts “Happy holiday, dear veterans!”, the whole holiday was strictly forced into a tearful farewell format.

The officialdom persistently signaled: be patient, this won’t last long. The “festival of Soviet superiority” will soon end. With the last one who fought.

In fact, this farewell sentimentality acted in close conjunction with the so-called Terrible Truth. Along with the “penal battalions”, rezunism, SMERSHEV vampires roaming the screens and raped German women. Both of them are The Terrible Truth and Farewell Sentimentality - worked harmoniously to knock Victory out from under the feet of today's citizens. And so that they don’t feel like they have a right to something in this world today.

...The most interesting thing is that the second life of Victory Day did not begin in Russia. It began in the “Soviet diaspora”, in the newly formed independent republics. It was there and precisely in the 90s that the Day for the first time turned from a “holiday with tears in our eyes” into a holiday of modernity and the present day. For it became a day, if you like, for demonstrating civilizational identity, a “Russian holiday” - from Tallinn to Sevastopol.

For any Russian resident of Riga at the turn of the millennium, going to Victory Park on May 9, buying flowers and laying them at the monument to the liberators of the city, and then walking in a crowd of one hundred thousand until the evening meant not honoring the past, but making it clear to the present: “We are the ones who won. And we are alive, and we are still here." Moscow guests who arrived to relax and became random witnesses were touched: “What a lively holiday you have. But for us it’s just like that – go and watch the fireworks.”

However, a few years later, the second life of Victory Day began in Russia. Since one day the first few hundred thousand citizens decorated themselves St. George's ribbons. That is, they took to the streets with those very signs of self-identification, with the statement “Grandfather’s Victory is my Victory.”
Today it is useful to remember what wild opposition there was to these first modest signs.

The main argument used was “it wasn’t you who fought.” “This is part of an order that you are not worthy of.” “It would be better to help veterans.” “It would be better if they set up a military cemetery.” “It would be better to deserve it than to be proud of ourselves” - millions of similar remarks were voiced from blogs to radio broadcasts.

All this was, in fact, defensive reaction the very “concept of self-denial” that was introduced in the 90s. For those who promoted this concept and for those who wholeheartedly accepted it, it was deeply unpleasant to watch how Victory, instead of dying quietly, returned on new media.

It is curious that at that time there was no reason to blame the authorities for “pumping up Soviet nostalgia.” The authorities in the 2000s, on the contrary, simply stopped pumping citizens up with any kind of ideology, sharply reducing the intensity of revelations of the damned past. And in fact, she allowed the people to independently choose their symbols and holidays.

The people chose, and the authorities simply followed them. After which the process of returning Victory became unstoppable.

In our age modern technologies photography seems to have completely lost its value: to get a lot of pictures, you just need to press a button on your smartphone or camera many times. But before, when digital photos could only be dreamed of, every frame was worth its weight in gold!

It's great that many people still treasure old archival photos, with which you can plunge into the past and remember the old days. Celebrities are no exception to this rule, so we invite you to enjoy rare photographs our celebrities before they began to bask in the glory.

Anna Semenovich has not changed at all since then!

Leonid Agutin at the evening in memory of Konstantin Simonov. Moscow, 1984

Alika Smekhova with her father Veniamin Smekhov, famous actor and director

Do you recognize the girl driving? Yes, this is Lera Kudryavtseva herself in her youth!

Cute blonde in the photo - Maria Kozhevnikova with her friend at McDonald's

Nastya Zadorozhnaya and Sergei Lazarev in the early 90s. The guys often toured with the group “Fidgets” in the countries of the post-Soviet space.

Roza Syabitova with children 20 years ago

Larisa Guzeeva in her youth

Young and green Vladimir Presnyakov and Leonid Agutin

Alla Pugacheva during filming in Tallinn, 1978

Philip Kirkorov and Vyacheslav Dobrynin

Natasha Koroleva and Igor Krutoy in the early 1990s

Meeting of Joseph Kobzon with Yuri Gagarin

These photos are from " past life» stars allow you to plunge into the atmosphere when the past was the present. It is true what they say is that images captured on film have a special mood; they resemble a still from a film. And if over digital photographs professionals work for hours, giving the desired contrast, brightness and saturation, correcting color correction and defects, then the pictures of bygone times are beautiful without any changes or interventions.

Any freelancer in his work is guided by a number of rules. Rules bring order and certainty to our lives - after all, it is much easier to live and work if you know what to do in a particular case. For example, a freelancer may be guided by the 100% advance payment rule. This useful rule, which will help you avoid contact with various scammers and scammers. There may be many similar rules, but among them there are some that are not always obvious, so few people know or remember about them. But in vain, many of these rules are of great importance, since they are the ones that affect the career of a freelancer. If a freelancer wants to grow and develop, if he wants to earn more, he needs to develop a strategy for his promotion and be guided by not tactical, but strategic rules. What are these rules?

Rule 1. Freelancing is not a job

Many freelancers perceive their freelance activities as work. Difficult, often even unloved work. It is unlikely that you will succeed with this approach. If you perceive freelancing solely as a way to earn a living, sooner or later it will end in career failure. Because freelancing is not a job or a career. It's a way of life. And the more accurately freelancing matches your lifestyle, the more successful and happier a person will be. In order for the development of your freelance business to not stop for a minute, you need to subordinate your entire life to the business you are doing. This does not mean mental slavery or self-torture. Quite the contrary, it means taking responsibility for your life. Understanding this, a freelancer can move exactly in the direction that he considers most comfortable for himself.

Freelancing is very flexible, so you can choose a variety of paths for yourself. You can work just three to four hours a day, you can create a distributed team or you can start a digital agency. And if a person is attracted individual development, he can become a niche expert and thereby significantly increase his fees. The main thing is to always remember that freelancing is a way of life.

Rule 2. The customer life cycle is the most important indicator in business

A freelancer makes money by providing services to other people. In this sense, it is entirely dependent on clients. There are customers, which means there is money, which means there is a means to live. But the customer is different from the customer. Many freelancers believe that the more clients the better. It’s hard to disagree with this, but still, in a strategic sense, a freelancer’s success is influenced not by the number of clients, but by their quality.

Many people somehow lose sight of the fact that there is such a thing as the customer life cycle. What it is? The customer life cycle is an indicator of his activity over a certain period of time. How longer cycle– the more stable the freelancer’s position. If you look at freelancing from this point of view, it becomes clear that it is much more profitable to work with two or three clients and work at the same time for years. And if the client life cycle is from several days to a month, in the long term this will mean constant negotiations and an endless series of different types of tasks. Some people even like this style of work, but there are too many nerves and risks in such work. So it’s better to look for customers with a long life cycle. This will make your freelance business stable and predictable.

Rule 3: Operate like a business or fail.

What is attractive about freelancing is its incredible degree of freedom. You can work anywhere and anytime – all you need is a computer and an Internet connection. But in fact, this freedom is very conditional if a freelancer treats his work as a business. With a serious approach, all the activities of a freelancer are subordinated to the requirements of business, and not the simplest business. A freelancer pays a high price for his freedom, especially in bad times. But if you look at freelancing as a business, then everything will be fine.

Any operating business implies the presence of consumers, therefore, in his work, a freelancer must be guided by the concepts of supply and demand. There is demand - that means there are people who need certain services. And if there is no demand, then this means that the market has changed and urgent measures need to be taken to stabilize financial flows.

Rule 4: Invest in product, service, marketing and branding

Investing in yourself is a very sensitive topic for many freelancers. First of all, because it is often unclear how to do it correctly. What is needed for such investments? Money? Or time? Or maybe something else? If a freelancer perceives himself primarily as a businessman, he must invest all available resources in the development of his product, in the quality of the services provided, as well as in marketing and branding. What is a freelancer's product? Of course, these are his skills. The higher the skills and the more diverse the skills, the more attractive the product looks in the eyes of potential customers. A freelancer needs to constantly develop and improve, so you need to devote a fair amount of time to honing your skills.

You also need to invest in customer service. The quality of service greatly influences factors such as repeat business, for example. If a freelancer was able to quickly solve a client’s problem, then a satisfied customer will definitely turn to the freelancer he liked for help again. When it comes to marketing and branding, everything is simpler here. You need to advertise and promote your services, and it will be easier to do this if the freelancer has a name. In any type of freelancing there are people, as they say, widely known in narrow circles. A freelancer does not need wide fame at all, it is enough to be known about him potential clients. This is what you should strive for when creating a personal brand.

Rule 5. The client wants to earn and save

Very often, freelancers complain that customers do not want to adequately evaluate their services. The tasks of such clients are difficult, but they pay pennies. And it is often unclear what criteria they are guided by. Yes, customers are very different and among them very often there are real misers. But you need to understand that sometimes the client cannot pay much because his budget is very limited. Whether or not to agree to work at low rates is a freelancer’s personal choice. But the client's motives must be respected. If a client wants to earn money, but at the same time seeks to save on labor costs, this is good client. And very often, cooperation with such clients can be very profitable if the right customer comes across, who will increase the amount of the fee as the project develops.

Rule 6. A freelancer must have a mentor

In order for a freelancer’s career to develop quickly and effectively, he needs to constantly gain new experience. And this can be done much easier if we act together. A freelancer needs a mentor if he wants to succeed. A mentor is a person whose knowledge is much broader than that of a freelancer; he is a person who can teach something new. Many freelancers believe that they don’t need a mentor, but in vain. It’s never too late to learn, besides, a mentor, from the height of his experience, sees much further than a freelancer and can give in time wise advice. Yes, communication with a mentor can often be painful, especially if the mentor likes to criticize. But the benefits of mentoring are enormous, especially early in your career.

Rule 7. Don't sell services, sell value.

It is quite natural for a freelancer to perceive himself as a specialist providing services. Some people program, others create designs or write custom texts. These are all services. But in order to succeed in freelancing, it is not enough to simply “trade services.” This is a tactical approach that has a short-term effect. In order for your career to develop successfully in the long term, you need to perceive your services as value. The value is primarily for the clients, because they are the ones who ultimately pay the freelancer. And the higher this value is in the eyes of the client, the more the freelancer will earn. A change of point of view will be very useful - because this is the only way a freelancer can adequately assess the demand for his skills.

Rule 8. Fear is normal

Freelancing is a business, and business involves risk. And this is where many freelancers run into problems. They are afraid to take risks, trying to make their work as stable as possible. The aspiration is laudable, but this approach often leads to business stagnation. A freelancer locks himself in his comfort zone and stops developing. In fact, fear is normal. Any successful freelancer can remember dozens of cases when he was afraid to take on a particular project. But by overcoming your phobias, you can achieve very high goals. Many fears of freelancers are often irrational and can be overcome.

Rule 9. Refusal is Feedback

Refusal to cooperate often demotivates a freelancer. If a person is ambitious or believes that he has all the necessary skills, rejection can be a big blow to his ego. In fact, there is nothing particularly terrible about refusal. Business is business, as they say. Nothing personal. Any rejection can teach a freelancer a lot. This is very powerful feedback not only from a specific customer, but also from the entire market as a whole. The main thing is to recognize the signal in time and find out the real reason refusal.

Rule 10. It's never too late to start

Any successful business has an important quality - he is sensitive to constantly changing situations. Freelancing is no exception - here the market situation changes very quickly. This means that many skills that made it possible to earn good money in the past may no longer be in demand. To remain successful, a freelancer needs to constantly learn and master new skills. And sometimes he may need to radically change his field of activity. Starting over is quite difficult, but sometimes it is inevitable. And if your freelance business is in trouble, you need to take action. It's never too late to start.

Now few people remember who Zhanna Bolotova is, although in the 70s she was considered one of the most beautiful actresses Soviet Union. In the late 80s, she suddenly disappeared from the screens. Only now has it become known why Bolotova left the profession.

By the way, she recently turned 76 years old. I would like to congratulate people's artist Happy holiday to the RSFSR and remind a wide audience about it.

At the age of 16, Bolotova played in a movie for the first time. It was a film directed by Lev Kulidzhanov and Yakov Segel “The House in Which I Live.” After this, the girl entered VGIK, where she studied with such beauties as Natalya Kustinskaya, Svetlana Svetlichnaya, Larisa Kadochnikova, Galina Polskikh and Larisa Luzhina.

Compared to these girls, Bolotova considered her appearance not so attractive. But directors, students and spectators thought differently. Her teacher Sergei Gerasimov more than once invited the girl to appear in his films. In addition to her attractiveness, the director noticed remarkable acting abilities in the girl.

After studying, Zhanna began working at the Film Actor's Studio Theatre. Both in films and on stage she had to play the roles of gentle beauties with strong character. Bolotova succeeded in this, probably due to the fact that there was practically nothing to play, because in Everyday life That's exactly what she was.

As for her personal life, the actress never felt a lack of fans. For the first time, Bolotova got married very early. Her chosen one was the young actor Nikolai Dvigubsky. Just a year later, Zhanna’s former boyfriend Nikolai Gubenko got her to return to him. They still live together.

In the late 80s, Zhanna stopped acting in films, and her husband stopped working as a director. The couple spent six months at a time at the dacha, returning to Moscow only for the autumn-winter period.

They do not participate in social events and do not give interviews. Only once, in 2005, Bolotova made an exception, starring in the film “Zhmurki”. The reason for this action is simple: the woman considered Balabanov one of the few modern directors who made decent films.

Bolotova once admitted that she and her husband could not come to terms with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The woman says that they still have a small USSR at home, and she will never be as happy as then.

“I don’t want to do braces. And I don’t like the roles that are offered to me, given my current appearance. Let the viewer better remember me as a sophisticated young beauty from Soviet films,” says Bolotova.

As for the actress’s husband, he at one time became a politician and was even the last Minister of Culture of the USSR, and then became a deputy. Zhanna realized that she needed to completely switch to caring for the house and her husband.

It is also interesting that Bulat Okudzhava dedicated his songs to Zhanna Bolotova. I suggest you listen to one of them...

Fans of the actress’s work can only come to terms with her choice and review the films in which Jeanne played: “Wounded Animals”, “People and Beasts”, “And Life, and Tears, and Love”, as well as many others.

If you liked the article, be sure to share it with your friends and acquaintances!