5th grade literature a short tale about Kamchatka. Myths and tales of the peoples of Kamchatka

In 2015, the Kronotsky State Biosphere Reserve in Kamchatka turned 80 years old.
On this occasion, a literary competition was announced and I took part in it.
Any scientific knowledge in itself is important for expanding ideas about the world around us. But children are a special category.
At the age of 9, children are offered the topic “Volcanoes” at school.
Why not make the lesson a little fabulous?

My fairy tale was awarded a diploma and 1st place in the "Fairy Tale" nomination at the competition.

Once upon a time, brothers lived in the world. They were the children of Mother Earth and Father Fire. Their bodies were strong and beautiful, like their mother's. And they all took after their father in character – quick-tempered and hot-tempered. All of them had the same name - Vulcans.

Many of them were born. It became too crowded for the Vulcans to stand side by side, quarreling, pushing each other. So mother told them: “Go, my children, wander around the world, take a walk. Look for places for yourself!”

Volcanoes spread all over the world. The oldest and bravest went on the journey first. And they went far. And those who were younger did not want to part with each other. They held hands and so, in a chain, they set off. No one will remember now how long or how short the brothers walked.

On the way, it happened that one of them found a place to his liking and stayed there forever.
Some liked life on the islands, when the water splashes around and in good weather you can admire your reflection for a long time, as in a mirror.

Others were very curious and climbed into the depths of the seas, and remained to live under water. And they fell asleep in the depths, only occasionally remembering themselves. (More than 5,000 active volcanoes are hidden underwater in the ocean.) Still others decided to go until they got tired, or until they came across the most beautiful place in the world.

How long did the brothers walk? Who knows? It was a very long time ago. They reached the far side beyond the swampy swamps, dense forests and wide seas. We were very tired and lay down to rest.

And the next morning they looked around and realized that they didn’t want to go any further!
They really liked this land by the Ocean. It looks like an island and there is a sea around it. There are mountains, and rivers flow fast, but the fish are cramped in them!
The lakes sparkle with cheerful eyes and reflect the sky.
Various animals roam along the banks.
Flowers and herbs decorate Mother Earth's dress in summer. And in winter the winds clean it with white, white snow.
Mountains wear green fur coats in the summer! Sundresses embroidered with gold are worn in the fall. In winter, their white shirts are starched to crispness by the frost. And the sky, not sparing the color, turns them brightly blue.

Life is not easy here; everyone has to wear white snow shirts for the longest time, the brothers noted. But it’s not for nothing that Vulcans are the sons of Fire. They decided that they would warm this harsh corner of Mother Earth with their warmth. The eldest and tallest shouted loudly towards the brothers: “The path ends here!”

Nowadays, when people want to notify about something, they call each other by phone. The volcanoes could only scream loudly. And since the brothers walked one after another in a chain, at a distance, each shouted to his neighbor what he himself heard. Therefore, the latter heard how in a game about a damaged phone:
“This is Kamchatka!!!” The brothers liked this name and decided: we will live in Kamchatka!

The brothers looked around and agreed: let’s start building ourselves the same peaked dwellings that the people here live in.* Only they will be strong, made of stone. Let's ask the Father of Fire for hot coals, and we'll help him light the underground furnaces, warm ourselves and warm the earth around us, and keep order.

All the Vulcans began to work hard. They carried stones and clay. They built their own tents. Some were strong and wanted to build their house higher than others, and therefore they dragged the stones higher and higher. Where the clouds rest.

Others had fewer forces, and their dwellings were lower. Someone was so tired that they fell fast asleep and did not notice how their underground stoves went out. Yes, they still sleep like that!

Others were lazy and very rarely did the work assigned by their father. Their stoves released clouds of ash and steam from time to time. But some of the brothers turned out to be very diligent. The tops of these volcanoes smoke and even glow with fire to this day.*

More than three hundred brothers came to Kamchatka. After looking around, everyone chose a place for themselves. Some stood in the east so as to be the first to meet the dawn.*
And others liked to look at the setting sun, and they stood on the other side - on the sunset western side.*

Still others went north.* Most of the brothers didn’t want to go far at all, and they didn’t want to separate either. The brothers are used to being close. So they stood up in groups.* Others didn’t need the proximity at all. They stood aside. (Shiveluch and Kizimen).* So that they could be easily distinguished from each other, people gave each their own name. One of the eldest sons of Fire and Earth is Uzon. It has its own special story.

HISTORY OF UZON.

One of the eldest sons of Fire and Earth is named Uzon. He was one of the strongest and most inquisitive. Therefore, he was the first to set off on a long journey to find his place. It was he who first reached the land that was later called Kamchatka.

He loved to watch the sun rise and a new day be born. Therefore, Uzon stood closer to the eastern shore. He braved the heat. But he really didn’t like the cold.

When Winter came and severe frosts began, and with them blizzards, Uzon heated his underground stove with redoubled force!

Smoke and sparks flew from the hole and illuminated the surrounding area. The snow began to melt on top of his stone tent. It turned into water and flowed down to the foot of the dwelling. Sometimes, from intense effort, he would lose his breath, and then Uzon would begin to cough and shake his chum. People call it an earthquake. And from the smoke hole, hot stone bombs scattered all over the place! Then the underground brew - lava - began to boil. Like porridge from a pot, it began to flow out. The colder the Winter was, the more Uzon stoked his stove. But Winter didn’t give up! Sent frost after frost! Blizzards and blizzards!

Uzon did not give up and heated his furnace hotter and hotter, preventing the Earth from freezing.

Only their strengths were not equal. Winter was the mistress throughout Kamchatka. But there was only one volcano: its brothers had not yet arrived. One day, when the earth had cooled down especially strongly, the diligent Uzon lit his stove, but he ran out of wood! He went to collect them in the surrounding area. The stove without an owner made the top of the stone chum so hot that it could not stand it, melted and collapsed. Only the edges remain. Uzon has become like a cauldron, not a cone!

Winter was happy. She decided that she had won and would stay here forever. It will create such snowdrifts that they won’t melt even in the summer!
But it’s not for nothing that Uzon was the son of Fire! He lost his home and did not find the strength to rebuild it again. But he can still light his stoves!
This is how Vulcan Uzon has been working for many thousands of years.

He learned to brew such drugs that even severe frost cannot turn them into ice. In the midst of winter silence, among the snow, streams and clouds of steam rise into the sky. He cooks colorful clay in silver and red cauldrons. Everything will come in handy when he starts building his own house.
It envelops the birches with its breath, and they dress up in a fur coat of frost and also warm themselves.
His friends don't let Uzon get bored. The bears do not part with him. They only sleep in winter.

Swans and ducks rinse their paws in warm water. They don’t let Uzon be sad. And he not only heats water for them, but also grows soft mulberry* for lunch.
And when summer comes, there is no end to Uzon’s bounty! In his gardens he grows black-eyed crow*, blue-eyed blueberries*, and sweet pine nuts. And he generously treats them to birds and mother bears with their cubs. He allows everyone to trample in the Blue Chloride Lake and leave footprints wherever they want!

Uzon shows the guests all his talents. He paints on a palette with white clay and blows beautiful roses out of it.
He flooded streams and lakes everywhere and filled them with such different types of water that people never cease to be amazed at his imagination.
For fun, Uzon started a geyser in the caldera* and, opening the valve, releases excess steam with its help.

Uzon did not store all his miracles in one place. He hid the remaining geysers in a valley among the mountains. That’s what people called this place: “Valley of Geysers.” In winter and summer, the earth swirls with clouds there. Releases steam and water from griffins* to different heights. People come from all over the world to admire the beauty of these places.

Uzon is kind. He can even grow flowers! When Ivan-tea blooms, it seems that everything around is covered with hot coals. Uzon likes the bright outfits of his Mother Earth. And he adds bright colors to his waters so that they sparkle like jewels on her colorful sundress.

This is how Uzon lives. Still struggling with cold and snow for many months. He briefly defeats Winter and invites those who are not afraid of the long journey to visit. Summer is short on Uzon! But he generously reveals what he hides from people under the snow.

And people know how difficult life is sometimes for Uzon, who has lost a roof over his head. Therefore, they guard Uzon all year round. They monitor his health and even take his temperature like a child.

*Chum is a pointed dwelling made of deer skins and poles.
* Caldera - (translated from Spanish) - cauldron.
*griffin - a hole in the ground from which a hot mixture of water and steam bursts out.
* geyser - a mixture of hot water and steam, which are forcefully thrown out of the ground to different heights.
* mulberry is a type of algae that grows in non-freezing mineral lakes and serves as food for waterfowl.
** shiksha and blueberry are berries.

*INFORMATION FOR THE CURIOUS

Volcanoes on the map. Active volcanoes:

Shiveluch, Klyuchevskoy, Bezymyanny, Plosky Tolbachik, Kizimen, Karymsky, Zhupanovsky, Avachinsky, Koryaksky, Gorely, Mutnovsky, Ksudach.

And many, many fell asleep.

*Volcanoes that love to watch the sunrise:

Kozelsky, Avachinsky, Koryaksky, Aag, Arik are standing in a group. Klyuchevskaya, Kamen, Bezymianny, Ushkovsky, Ostry and Plosky Tolbachiki - also did not separate. The cocky Shiveluch stepped aside from them. The volcanoes of Udin and Zimin stood nearby. Standing aside from them is the handsome Kizimen. The eastern mountain range is home to the Dzendzur, Zhupanovsky, Karymsky, Maly and Bolshoy Semyachik volcanoes. Uzon, Taunshets, Unana, Kikhpinych, Krasheninnikova, Kronotsky, Schmidta, Gamchen, Vysoky, Prikhodchenko, Conradi.

*Volcanoes that love to watch the sunset:

2 active: Ichinsky and Khangar.

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The volcanoes of Kamchatka are an unforgettable sight. On Kamchatka there are approximately 30 active and about 1000 extinct volcanoes (figures differ in different sources), which occupy about 40% of the peninsula’s territory. Active volcanoes mean not only active ones that emit magma, but also those exhibiting fumarolic activity. In general, during the historical period there were not many eruptions that were dangerous to human life. Volcanoes and the areas around them are constantly changing.

In total, there are currently about 600 active and many thousands of extinct volcanoes on Earth. No one can give the exact figure.

The Kamchatka Peninsula is part of the Pacific volcanic ring. To the east of it there is a subduction zone - the subduction of the Pacific plate under the continental one. In Kamchatka, it’s as if you are transported into the geological past of our planet - similar processes took place everywhere millions, billions of years ago. However, the subsoil of the peninsula is geologically young.

Over the course of geological history, volcanic activity in Kamchatka shifted from west to east, as a result of which two volcanic belts were formed, running almost parallel to each other: the older Middle and the younger East Kamchatka. The Middle volcanic belt was formed in the Pleistocene (2.5 million - 11.7 thousand years ago), and the East Kamchatka - in the Pleistocene and Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago - to the present). Most volcanoes are concentrated in the East Kamchatka belt. In Kamchatka, volcanoes are called “hills”, and sometimes simply mountains.

In 1996, the volcanoes of Kamchatka were included in the list of natural sites of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and in 2001 it was supplemented. The “Volcanoes of Kamchatka” include not only the volcanoes themselves, but also the territories adjacent to them, as well as more than 150 mineral and thermal springs. “Volcanoes of Kamchatka” is divided into 6 sections with a total area of ​​3.7 million hectares.

Maly Semyachik- a volcanic ridge that stretches for 3 thousand meters. It contains three craters. Yuzhny (Troitsky crater) is filled with an acidic lake - a solution of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Solution temperature from +27°C to +42°C.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, view of the “home” volcanoes

Volcano Koryaksky (Koryak Hill)- one of the most beautiful stratovolcanoes, whose height is 3456 m above sea level. Its slopes are cut through by barrancos, and even in summer glaciers do not melt. It is located just 35 kilometers from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The last eruption occurred at the end of December 2008.

Avachinsky volcano, Avacha- symbol of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The height of this active volcano is 2751 m. Previously, there was a crater at its top, which after the 1991 eruption was filled with lava. Active processes continue: fumaroles deposit sulfur.

Kamchatka, Nalychevo, travertines on the Goryachaya River

Along Vilyucha there is a road to the Mutnovskaya geothermal station. Further on there are two interesting volcanoes - . Gorely Volcano is a chain of 11 craters. There are lakes, fumaroles, side cones.

Kamchatka, Gorely volcano and the caldera in front of it

Mutnovsky volcano called the “small valley of geysers” because fumarole fields and sulfur deposits are concentrated in it. When I was in Kamchatka, the volcano was active, the top was covered with a cloud of steam.

At the foot of Mutnovka - Canyon Dangerous, where a waterfall falls from a height of 100 meters.

I talked about a small part of the volcanoes of Kamchatka - only those that I personally had the opportunity to see, and even then, not all. Each of them has their own temper. Volcanoes give us the opportunity to look into the depths of our planet, to understand what processes take place in the mantle, under a thin layer of the earth’s crust. We owe the appearance of life on Earth to volcanoes: they are the creators of the continents and the ocean, the creators of the air. Volcanic gases containing carbon are the starting material for the formation of coal, oil and combustible gas. The basis of all living organisms is carbon, the primary source of which on the surface of the Earth is volcanoes. Ultimately, we are children of volcanoes.

I would like to complete my story about the volcanoes of Kamchatka with a quote from E.K. Markhinin’s book “Pluto’s Chain” (Moscow, 1973. P.324):

... we cannot help but come to the following conclusion: the entire geochemical evolution of the current layers of the Earth - the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, as well as the emergence and development of life, is ultimately the transformation of primary volcanic products.
Mighty Pluto - the ruler of the underworld - appears before us as a great creator. And the words of the great philosopher of Ancient Greece, Heraclitus of Ephesus, which he said almost 2500 years ago, take on a new meaning: “The origin of all that exists is Fire.”

If you have the opportunity, be sure to go to Kamchatka. I talked about how to save on air tickets in the article ““.

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Among the volcanoes there are many active ones, the eruption of which causes admiration and fear at the same time. Volcanoes attract hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. Kamchatka volcanoes are not as bloodthirsty as some describe them. There are practically no eruptions here. And those that do happen do not pose any danger to local residents. If the volcano has a dark tint in the morning, this does not mean that trouble will come soon; on the contrary, it is a sign of good weather throughout the day. It is clear that almost every tourist who is near them is in a state of anxiety, although in fact they do not pose any danger. Volcanoes are an amazing sight; it seems as if you are in a completely different world with its own laws and attitude.

Which volcano can be called the most beautiful in Kamchatka

No one can give objective assessments, since they are all special and beautiful in their own way. But the volcanoes that stand out the most are Klyuchevskoy, Koryaksky and Kronotsky, which claim to be the symbols of the Kamchatka Peninsula. All three stand out for their size and unusual cone shape. In general, all Kamchatka volcanoes are unique and have their own special history.

Uzon Caldera

This unusual name was given to the ring-shaped failure on the territory of the Uzon volcano. It was formed 40 years ago on the site of a huge volcano destroyed by a terrible eruption. The latest natural disaster created a crater one kilometer in diameter in the caldera. And finally, over the course of several decades, an amazing natural formation was formed, which was recently classified as a protected area.

The diameter of the entire caldera is 10 kilometers. Its entire territory is simply strewn with the numerous riches of Kamchatka: mineral springs, mud baths, lakes, tundra and a beautiful birch forest. Many scientists and researchers want to get to Uzon. The hot springs are rich in minerals, which have become a favorable environment for amazing algae and microorganisms. Formidable bears roam in the forests on the territory of the volcano, and swans swim in the lakes. Amazing landscape, don't you think?

I doubt there is another place like it in the world. The autumn landscape on the volcano is an amazing sight. Birch trees and the entire tundra are painted in extraordinary shades of gold, red and other autumn colors. Every morning in the birch grove you can hear the music of nature created by the rustling of leaves and the singing of birds.

Volcano Klyuchevskoy

The Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano is considered the most famous natural formation in Russia. It was formed about 7 thousand years ago in the Holocene. The volcano is a huge cone created by the layering of basaltic lava. All tourists are amazed by this clarity of lines and correct shape created by nature. If you look at it from the side, it seems as if Klyuchevskaya Sopka rises in splendid isolation. However, this is not at all true. As you approach, you can see the small volcanoes Kamen, Ploskaya Nizhnyaya and Ploskaya Dalnyaya fused with a large formation.

The volcano has barrancos - small grooves bordering the entire Klyuchevsky cone. Its peculiarity is considered to be a column of smoke constantly rising from the crater. This is due to numerous explosions inside the volcano.

Scientists have established that its height is 4750 meters. But it can vary depending on the power of the explosions. The foot of Klyuchevskaya Sopka is covered with coniferous forests, in which mainly spruce and Okhotsk larch grow.

The first inhabitants appeared here during the Stone Age. These were Koryaks and Itelmens. According to some sources, the first people appeared in the Neolithic era. For many centuries, the main way to survive was fishing and hunting.

The 17th century was marked by the beginning of the development of Kamchatka. It all started with the discovery of springs with clean water. Then the researchers created the settlement of Klyuchi here and named the volcano by the same name.

The Russian traveler Vladimir Atlasov was the first to mention the volcano in 1697. The first conqueror of the peak was the military man Daniil Gauss, who arrived on the territory of Kamchatka as part of a Russian expedition. According to historical data, he and two of his comrades (names unknown) climbed to the very top without special equipment. The idea was very risky, but everything went well. Some time after the ascent, the national park, together with Klyuchevskaya Sopka, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Today it is one of the few volcanoes active in Russia. At its foot is the station of the Institute of Vulcanology. The local population calls the volcano the home of the dead. According to them, when it erupts, it means that the dead are drowning whales caught in the underground sea.

Scientists studied the volcano for a long time and found that it erupts approximately once every 6 years. Larger and more destructive eruptions occur once every 25 years. Over three millennia, 50 lava eruptions have been recorded. At this point, huge columns of dust and smoke disperse throughout the surrounding area, and the flames last for a week. There is a case where a week turned into three years.

There is only one settlement left near the volcano, Klyuchi. Local residents engage in agriculture, raise livestock and fish. The most ordinary life, despite the proximity to a huge active volcano. Every year it attracts thousands of tourists, who are attracted, in addition to its history, by an unusual phenomenon: sometimes a strange cloud forms above the volcano, completely covering the crater, like a mushroom cap.

Volcano Karymsky

This volcano is the most active among all the others. Over the course of a century, more than twenty eruptions occurred. Moreover, many of them continued for years, replacing one after another. The eruptions here are explosive. The strongest of them occurred in 1962, lasting for three whole years. More than 3000 cubic meters flew out in one explosion. meters of dust and gases. In total, about nine hundred such emissions could occur in a day. Before climbing to the top, it is worth stopping at the Maly Semyachik ridge, as it offers an amazing view of the surrounding area.

An eruption at night looks unusual. Glowing clouds of smoke, fire and ash burst upward, illuminating everything around. With particularly strong explosions, the spectacle looks even more exciting.

The history of its origin is quite complex, but it is worth understanding it in order to understand the specificity of the rock formation. Before Karymsky, there was the Dvor volcano here. It stopped developing after a powerful eruption, which destroyed it almost completely. In the caldera that appeared immediately after the explosion, the Karymsky volcano formed over time. But he too suffered a sad outcome. Due to a similar eruption, the central part of the volcano was destroyed. Over time, a new cone rose on the new caldera, which has survived to the present day. At its foot, a volcanological station was built to maintain safety.

Volcano Maly Semyachik

This volcano stretches for three kilometers and is famous for its three craters. In one of them, an acidic lake formed over time. Its temperature ranges from 27 to 45 degrees. The large amount of salt and other minerals made its composition similar to sulfuric acid. The lakes also surprise with their mark of almost a kilometer. According to assumptions, the lake was formed relatively recently during one of the eruptions.

Today the volcano is considered one of the wonders of Kamchatka. If you do get to him, then you simply must climb to the top. There you will see a huge acid green lake. In sunny weather, you can go straight down to the crater to the beach and more carefully examine the waters of the lake. But soon you will have to go back, as it will begin to spit out its waters.

Gorely Volcano

It would be more appropriate to call the volcano the Burnt Range. This name most accurately describes its structure. It is elongated in a western direction, and is considered a typical volcano formed from a caldera. Gorely rises to 1829 meters and has 11 craters. They intersect in such an interesting way that a funny picture is created. Those craters that have ever erupted are ring-shaped and filled with acidic lakes. In one of its parts, the caldera sank due to faults and formed a kind of gate on its walls. In these places, lava flowed freely outside the volcano. Later these holes were blocked by lava.

Volcano Avachinsky

It has a complex structure similar to the Vesuvius volcano. It rises at an altitude of 2751 meters. The Avachinsky crater has a diameter of 350 meters and a depth of 220. But at the end of the 20th century, during a strong eruption, the crater crater was filled almost completely with lava with the formation of fumaroles depositing sulfur.

Volcano Koryaksky

This is a stratovolcano with a surprisingly regular even cone, rising to 3256 meters. Numerous glaciers descend from its summit. Fumaroles form near the top, heating the inside of the crater. The volcano is amazing with its abundance of numerous rocks and volcanic rocks.

Volcano Dzenzursky

The Dzenzursky volcano has long been destroyed. A glacier formed in its crater. In the southeast of Dzenzursky there is a fumarole center with an area of ​​100 square meters. meters. Thanks to it, the temperature of internal waters is almost 100 degrees.

Volcano Vilyuchinsky

It is located not far from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The volcano is considered extinct long ago. Its top seems to have been cut off, forming small areas filled with ice. The lava that flowed from the volcano became multi-colored due to the fumarole. The volcanic slopes are completely covered with barrancos filled with ice and firn.

Volcano Ostry Tolbachik

It has a sharp roof formed by a glacier. Its height is 3682 meters. The foot of Tolbachik is covered with glaciers. The most prominent of them is the Schmidt Glacier. From here you can clearly see the barrancos cutting up the ledges of Tolbachik. In the west they have unusual dikes of basaltic origin. They are of interest to both researchers and ordinary tourists. From the outside, dikes are very reminiscent of battlements and stocks.

Volcano Ksudach

The volcano is a truncated cone, the craters of which are filled with acidic lakes. They have a low altitude of only 1000 meters. The volcano was formed during the Pleistocene and then had a height of 2000 meters. Volcanic activity continued with some interruptions. In this regard, numerous calderas of different ages and sizes were formed.

Ksudach is considered the most unusual volcano in Kamchatka. And all because on its territory there are lakes with clean water, alder forests grow, and a waterfall originates from the caldera.

Volcano Mutnovsky

This is a structurally complex volcanic massif with a height of 2323 meters, surrounded by fumarole zones. It has several craters, next to which there is a hot mineral spring, famous for its bubbling cauldrons and warm ponds. The Vulkannaya River, which forms a huge waterfall, is also located nearby.

Life in the harsh conditions of the North, the hard work of fishermen, endless wanderings across the tundra with herds of deer, the risk of hunting - all this made people dependent on the elemental forces of nature. Man found himself defenseless against disease, hunger, and earthquakes. But fishing, reindeer herding, hunting and gathering allowed people to experience nature in a variety of ways. At the same time, man was not freed from the feeling of powerlessness in the face of its formidable phenomena; he could not explain them. All this gave rise to fantastic ideas about the world around us. Animals, plants, and natural phenomena were endowed with supernatural properties and spiritualized by people. Fishermen, hunters, and reindeer herders believed that good and evil creatures lived in the mountains, tundra, forests, rivers and seas. According to the Itelmens, for example, spirits lived inside volcanoes - gamules, and the smoke from the volcanoes meant that they were preparing food for themselves.

The Itelmens, Koryaks, and Chukchi had similar ideas about the world and its creation. In addition to the earthly world in which people lived, there were also upper and lower worlds. In the upper one there was a “heavenly being” (among the Koryaks - nayninen), which observed people, patronized them, but rarely interfered directly in their affairs. The “heavenly being” seemed similar to the sky, to the sun, that is, to the “top.” It promoted goodness, harmony, and world order.

The peoples of Kamchatka believed in the existence of benevolent creatures, masters of the sea, forests, mountains, rivers, land and sea animals, birds, and fish. The Itelmens were considered the master of the sea Utleygana. The fish-shaped god was respected Mitg, the owner of the fish, who settled them in the rivers. The “master of the sea”, in the minds of the Koryaks and Chukchi, looked like a half-walrus and half-man. The Itelmen revered the owner of the earth's animals, Pil-chucha, a little man living in the clouds, who wears a parka made of wolverine fur and flies on birds. The Koryaks and Chukchi also had a deity corresponding to Pea-chuchu, - patron of animals, primarily deer, Pisvusyn. He is also short and rides on kites or mice.

People asked their patrons for successful hunting, fishing, pastures for deer, and in gratitude they “treated” them with sacrificial food. They carried images of some guardian spirits with them and kept them in their homes.

Along with the good, which manifested itself in human well-being, in the balance of all the forces of nature (light, heat, sun, day), there was also evil - everything that caused people pain, hunger, death (death of animals, non-arrival of fish, cold , darkness, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes). Evil principles, evil spirits were called by the Itelmens - kana, among the Koryaks - feces, ninvita, kamaku, among the Chukchi - Kale. They live underground or in deserted places, are able to penetrate into human homes through a smoke hole, climb into the hearth on the left side, steal people's souls, cause illness and even death.

The appearance of lizards, which they mistook for spies of the ruler of the underworld, did not promise anything good for the Itelmens. Gaecha. According to the Itelmens, earthquakes were produced Tuil when his dog Kozey shook herself, throwing off the snow. Meetings with dwarfs were considered unsafe - pihlachami.

Evil spirits also had to make sacrifices. They were protected from them with the help of guardian spirits in the form of amulet figures made of stone, wood, bone. Each village had its own guardians in the form of a wooden pillar with roughly carved images of a human face. A guard could also be a wooden device for making fire; there were guardians of boats and nets. The boat itself, as well as the notched log that served as a staircase in the semi-dugout dwelling, could protect against evil spirits.

Patron ancestors also acted as protectors of families. Some of them, probably of more ancient origin, were called by the Koryaks yllapil(grandmother), others - later - appapil(grandfather). Ancestors patronized their descendants in all their affairs. Families and villages preserved legends about their ancestors; they spoke and remembered them with respect.

If people were unable to fight evil creatures themselves, they resorted to the help of shamans, believing that they could communicate with spirits and even command them. It was assumed that shamans were able to help hunters and fishermen, could drive away diseases, pacify bad weather, and drive out evil spirits. Along with fantastic ideas about the universe, shamans used the experience accumulated by people and knowledge about nature. Often shamans were deep experts on a person’s emotional experiences, his inner world.

If we take into account the difficult living conditions of the peoples of Kamchatka, their beliefs in good and evil creatures will become clear. But this did not exclude the active activity of people, hope in their own will and strength.

The main character in the mythology of the Itelmens, Koryaks, and Chukchi is the ancestor Crow. The Itelmens called him Kutkh, Koryaks - Kutkinnyaku (Kuikynnyaku), Chukchi - Kurkyl. Probably the original image Crow-Kutha originated among the Itelmen. Then the Raven appeared in the myths of not only the Koryaks and Chukchi, but also in the legends of the Eskimos and Indians of the North-West of America.

According to Itelmen myths, Kutkh created the world: brought the earth down from heaven; mountains and valleys are also traces of his actions. In Koryak myths, the Raven does not create the world, but defeats evil spirits. The Chukchi believed that Crow created dogs, deer, whales, birds.

Having become its resident after the creation of Kamchatka, Kutkh got a wife Mitya (Mity). Of their children, the son is most often mentioned in Itelmen tales Ememkute and daughters Sinanevt. People were not afraid of Kuthom, they could even blame him for the fact that, in their opinion, he did not create Kamchatka very successfully. Kutkh good-natured, sometimes capable of pranks, funny but harmless pranks, often finds himself in a comical position. IN Kuthe The features of both a raven and a human are combined. Having created life, he himself became a participant in it.

Of great interest is the oral creativity of the indigenous population of Kamchatka - historical legends of ancient and relatively recent times, everyday tales, tales about animals endowed with human traits. Much in fairy tales is explained by man's closeness to nature. Therefore, heroes easily transform into animals, and vice versa. In fairy tales, natural phenomena and objects are spiritualized. Man and beast are on friendly terms, because the beast is the source of existence and cannot be the enemy of man. Animals in fairy tales are endowed with human qualities; they can quarrel and make friends, cook food, hunt, and build houses.

In many fairy tales, people have to fight harmful spirits ( ninvitami, Kale) and defeat them not only with the help of miracles, but also thanks to your own strength, ingenuity, and resourcefulness. In some Itelmen fairy tales there is a hero Tylval, protecting his people from enemies. Each of the narrators “settled” Tylvala in an area that was close to himself and his listeners. All this gave special authenticity to the legends. In the legends about Tylvale There is nothing fabulous or magical.

Fairy tales contain many everyday details, allowing you to better imagine the past of the peoples of Kamchatka.

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Explanatory note.

Goal and tasks.

Equipment.

Preliminary work.

Musical accompaniment.

Progress of the lesson.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Photo report

Applications: (disk)

Presentation “Love and know your native land!”

Photos of the preparation and holding of the event.

Musical composition “Dawn”, Phonograms of the songs “Anthem of Vilyuchinsk”, “My home is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky”.

Methodical piggy bank for events: presentation of Kamchatka species.

Open lesson (video)

Methodological development of extracurricular activities “Love and know your native land”

SLAD KUTKH

The indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka have many fairy tales and legends about how their country came to be. It was a long time ago, so long ago that no one remembers when... One day the raven Kutkh was flying over the big water - over the sea, he flew and was very tired. Where to relax? There is water all around. Then Kutkh folded his wings and fell into the sea. He dived deep, deep and pulled out a huge stone from the bottom. He sat down on it, rested, and looked around. And what? Kutkh pulled out a large earth-stone from the large water. The whole country. The raven Kutkh decided to stay here forever. He steeled himself to build fire-breathing mountains, to hollow out riverbeds with his beak. He released all kinds of animals, fish and birds into the forests. And so that all living things on the land he gave birth would not freeze, Kutkh breathed his hot spirit into the high mountains... And Kutkh created people so that they could live in harmony with nature. He taught them crafts and endowed them with a cheerful disposition, so that they could live longer without sadness and sadness.

SLIDE

This is a fragment of my extracurricular activity “Love and know your native land!”

Currently, there is an increased interest in studying the national history of our native land. A small homeland gives a person much more than he is able to realize. We can agree that children know little about their native land and are not sufficiently familiar with its past and present. But popular wisdom says that you cannot build the future without studying and knowing the past. And in order to increase cognitive interest in the history of the region, its past, present and future, that is, the use of the national-regional component in extracurricular activities has enormous educational potential and requires the teacher to be aware of issues of history, art, literature, traditions that make up the ethnic environment of students. After all, the most important thing is in our hands - the future of a large country.

This topic is especiallyrelevant in our time, since we live in a multinational state and our school is multinational. Therefore, in extracurricular activities in elementary school, it is necessary to study not only national culture and art, but the culture and art of the peoples living in Kamchatka (Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Evens).

SLIDE “National Museum”

The event includes students in the environment of national folk culture. It was held in the form of a game of a real national museum with exhibits.

In front of you Itelmen Doll- women sewed such toys with their own hands and gave them to their children.

Rug- with national ornaments and exquisite decorations, such products were very valuable in every family and were passed on from generation to generation.

Previously, there were no photographs and therefore family portraits were made by hand.

In front of you Koryak national family.

And look how beautiful this is Chukchi girl, dressed in luxurious furs, and around her expensive beaded jewelry.

You see Shaman- in every settlement there lived a wise shaman, to whom people turned for advice, amulets, talismans, and also to improve their health.

Museum exhibits are made by the hands of children attending the “I Create Miracles” club.

At an extracurricular event, theatrical techniques are used when the hero of fairy tales and legends, Raven Kutkh himself, unexpectedly comes to class in the national Itelmen costume, dancing with a tambourine.

This is how the children get acquainted with oral folk art, they learn worldly wisdom, never tire of being amazed at the beauty of their native language, and try to compose fairy tales, riddles, and poems themselves.

SLIDE - Novelty and significance b

Focus on the regional component determinesnovelty and significance The approach to such extracurricular activities at school, as well as in the system of additional education, is an appeal to folk culture, ancient monuments, traditions, the study of fairy tales and legends, visiting a local history museum; by participating in them, students realize their knowledge. Now we are celebrating a period of revival of spiritual culture, when special attention is paid to the formation of a growing personality.

SLIDE

For the younger generation, it is very important to restore cultural and historical ties with their native land, their small homeland. This process must begin from childhood, from what is most accessible to children - the personality of the child himself, the life of his family. By getting acquainted with the biography of their parents and grandmothers, children begin to understand the connection of times, the continuity of generations, and begin to understand their involvement in historical events.

SLIDE - Unconventional approach

The true effectiveness and fruitfulness of the perception of folk culture occurs when children themselves directly participate in the search work. Immersion in the history of one’s native land through reading literary works and library events helps not only to study and understand one’s native land, but also to become more deeply aware of one’s involvement in the history and fate of one’s people.

An unconventional approach is a subjectively new creative product using a regional component. It gives positive results in a variety of aspects: schoolchildren who study folklore and ethnography are active in various competitions and olympiads, and morally, children become kinder and more attentive to each other.

SLIDE - Combination

The methodological development lies in the interrelation of the use of modern ICT, multimedia presentation and music video materials. This is nAllows children to more clearly develop a cognitive interest in the world around them, their native nature, to cultivate an emotional, positive attitude towards nature, and the ability to see beauty.

SLIDE - METHODS AND FORMS

Z The lesson is designed taking into account the age characteristics of children.To facilitate children’s understanding of the material, game forms are offered during all extracurricular activities. The following will be used in the lesson:forms of work : exhibitions, competitions, theatrical performances, and also used during eventsmethods : story, conversation, game, quiz, local history stories and folk tales, legends, which are easily perceived by children and make them think and draw conclusions.

This event uses previously acquired knowledge. In special extracurricular activities, during walks, excursions, aimed at general development, as well as the development of observation and attention.

In the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education, one of the main requirements is extracurricular activities. The extracurricular activity I present is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.

Each stage is aimed at the formation of certain universal educational actions, i.e. personal, meta-subject results.

SLIDE - Forms.

This allows children to more clearly develop a cognitive interest in the world around them, their native nature, develop a love for people of different nationalities, and the ability to see beauty.

SLIDE - Purpose

The goal of my methodological development is the formation of basic knowledge aimed at realizing the need to study local history and care for the region; Promote a conscious attitude towards historical and cultural monuments; to awaken educational interest in the city and its natural environment, to give ideas about the life of the population of Kamchatka in the context of historical conditions.

SLIDE - Tasks

In this case, the following tasks are solved:

expand knowledge about the world around us;

develop and train memory (when learning songs, riddles, poems), motor activity of schoolchildren, the emotional sphere (bringing children the joy of communication);

develop the inclinations of self-control in children’s behavior;

cultivate goodwill and sociability;

to develop children’s ability to listen and hear;

act according to the algorithm.

SLIDE RULES

When selecting local history information for classes, you should adhere to the following rules:

Events of local history and culture should be important for the region, pleasant and accessible, emotionally rich;

Provide opportunities for students to make small “discoveries;

To develop the ability to observe the surrounding reality and look for the unknown in the known, the unfamiliar in the familiar;

Arouse interest in native places, city, street, home, school, promote the formation of patriotic feelings.

SLIDE - Stages of the event

This scenario was compiled taking into account the age characteristics of children, therefore it consists of two parts: theoretical part is offered in the form of intellectual games “Collect the word - the name of the indigenous peoples”, “Match the picture with the riddle”, blitz polls: “Name the largest volcano in Kamchatka”, “What is the shape of the peninsula like?”

At the same time, knowledge about the world around them expands, and students’ readiness and ability for self-development is formed.

Second part - practical, which includes a theatrical performance, a concert - these are songs, dances, and outdoor games. As a result, children receive knowledge about their people about the beauty of Kamchatka nature, historical data of the city in an interesting and entertaining form, where communication skills, emotional openness, emancipation, self-confidence are formed, and students also receive a positive emotional charge, because in this sphere, all children are successful.

SLIDE

The extracurricular event “Love and Know Your Native Land” was developed and conducted as an introductory part of an integrated lesson with an additional education teacher for primary school students.

The material of this methodological development can be used by primary school teachers and educators of preschool organizations, teachers of additional education, both in class and outside class activities.

Drawing a conclusion, we can say with confidence that extracurricular activities allow a school student to find himself, self-determinate and get closer to the standard of a graduate. A modern child today must not only be able to use and assimilate ready-made information, he must become an active participant in the learning process and be able to apply the acquired knowledge. This means that at present extracurricular activities are most relevant, because it involves a variety of organizational forms and taking into account the individual characteristics of each student, it ensures the growth of the child’s creative potential, and creates the basis for independent successful learning.

SLIDE

Harsh, but unique.

Volcanoes of white indifference

And although your beauty is silent,

But the waves wash the shore,

And only sometimes, for many days,

3) Equipment :

computer;

presentation;

berry basket;

golovnushki (national head decorations made of birch bark);

museum exhibits made on the “I Create” mug;

cutaway paintings (volcano, shape of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kutkh the raven);

cards with images of berries (blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, honeysuckle, rowan, rosehip);

riddle cards about berries;

riddles about animals;

entrance tickets to the museum;

Class design:

the class is decorated in the form of museum exhibits (Itelmen family, fur doll, portraits, shaman, dog sled racing, underwater world of Kamchatka)

a place for team competitions;

Form: extracurricular activity.

Type of methodological development: combinatorial.

Methods : verbal, visual, game.

Location: a classroom or small hall for viewing presentations and playing games.

4) Preliminary work: visit to the Museum of Local Lore, excursion around the city, study literature on the topic “Love and know your native land” Kamchatka, learn poems, songs, dance with Kutkh in advance, listen to songs and musical works of little-known composers.

5) Musical accompaniment : musical composition with the national traditions of the indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka “Zarya”, the song “My Home is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky”, the song “Anthem of Vilyuchinsk”.

6) Progress of the lesson:

Teacher: Today we have an unusual activity, I invite you to “ National Museum", where you will learn a lot of interesting things about the indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka.

We distribute entrance tickets to all visitors, with images of national ornaments. Keep them until the end of the excursion. (distribute tickets)

So , please go to our museum exhibits.

The excursion takes place:

Museum exhibit “By the Bystraya River”

Teacher:You see an Itelmen family located near their home on the banks of the Bystraya River. The men brought their loot from fishing and hunting, and the women brought gifts of nature

Itelmen Doll - women sewed such toys with their own hands and gave them to their children.

A rug with a national ornament and exquisite decorations; such products were individual in each family.

Previously, there were no photographs and therefore family portraits were made by hand. Before you is the Koryak national family.

And look how beautiful the Chukchi girl is, dressed in luxurious furs, and expensive beaded jewelry around her.

You see Shaman- in every settlement there lived a wise shaman, to whom people turned for advice, amulets, talismans, and to improve their health.

Museum exhibit "Beringia"

Teacher: The indigenous people traveled by dog ​​and reindeer sleds. They organized games-competitions, in front of you are dog sled races, which are controlled by a musher, sitting on a sled. When the dogs were tired and it was very difficult for them to run when getting up, the musher himself pushed the sleds and helped his favorites.

Every year in Kamchatka there are such races called Beringia, the start of Beringia takes place from the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and goes far, far to the North.

Workshop “I create miracles”

Teacher: In our museum there is a workshop “I create miracles”, in front of you are the products of students of our school.

This is a craft from the Kamchatka Peninsula, made from natural material.

The underwater world of our seas is rich and beautiful; you see sea animals and fish.

Here is a picture of Itelmen celebrating the holiday. It is customary for the Itelmens to celebrate their national holiday ALKHALALAY every autumn. Maybe some of you have been to such a holiday, what did you like about it?

Game “Gather the name of a people from letters”

Teacher: We are at the National Museum. What nations have you just heard about from my story?

You can check this by dividing into 3 teams in accordance with the pattern shown on the ticket. (divided into teams)

Teacher: Explain the rules for working in groups.

Take out the letters from the yellow envelope and collect the word-name of the indigenous people of Kamchatka. To complete the work - 1 minute.

ITELMENS CHUKCHI KORYAKS

U reader: What do you know or have heard from your parents about such people? ITELMENS?

Student(prepared) : I used to live on the coast of Kamchatka and I know that the name of this people means “resident”, “living here”. Actually, the Itelmens, descendants of Russian Cossacks and peasants resettled to Kamchatka in the 18th century.

U reader: It really was a mixed Russian-Itelmen population.

They coped with the task perfectly, for this you will receive these beautiful jewelry that the Itelmen wear as a gift from our Museum. (distribute the heads) Look at yourself, how beautiful and elegant you have become!

U reader: Let's go to "Historical Hall" our museum. The true wealth of our region is the legends and traditions created by the indigenous inhabitants: Koryaks, Itelmens, Chukchis and Ainu. These legends are passed down from generation to generation, from mouth to mouth, and only from them can one understand how the local peoples lived, what they did, and how their Earth came to be.

U reader: The pride of our National Museum"- This KUTKH, a hero from legends and fairy tales about the creation of the world and man, very revered among the peoples of Kamchatka.

The fairy-tale hero Kutkh appears.(dances with a tambourine to the music).

Teacher: This only happens in our museum, when the Legend itself comes to life, we are very lucky guys!

Kutkh tells the legend:(national melody sounds)

It was a long time ago, so long ago that no one remembers when. One day the raven Kutkh was flying over the big water - over the sea, he flew and was very tired. Where to relax? There is water all around. Then Kutkh folded his wings and fell into the sea. He dived deep, deep and pulled out a huge stone from the bottom. He sat down on it, rested, and looked around. And what? Kutkh pulled out a large earth-stone from the large water. The whole country.

The raven Kutkh decided to stay here forever. He began to build fire-breathing mountains, and hollow out riverbeds with his beak. He released all kinds of animals, fish and birds into the forests. And so that all living things on the land he gave birth would not freeze, Kutkh breathed his hot spirit into the high mountains... And Kutkh created people so that they could live in harmony with nature. He taught them crafts and endowed them with a cheerful disposition, so that they could live longer without sadness and sadness.

Kutkh:And now it’s time for me to fly away, my mountains, rivers, seas and oceans are waiting for me, but we will meet again (rings a tambourine, leaves)

Teacher: Let's move on to the next museum hall " Geographical"

Kutkh told you that he pulled out a stone earth from a large water, so what kind of earth was it?

Teacher: What is our peninsula like? Fish. The name of the peninsula comes from the surname of the Cossack explorer Ivan Ivanovich Kamchatov . At first it was called that river - Kamchatka, it is the longest and flows through the middle of the peninsula, and then the peninsula itself was called Kamchatka. Do you know poems about your native land?

Student: Kamchatka is our native, beloved land,

Harsh, but unique.

You beckon into the distance with your greatness

Volcanoes of white indifference

And although your beauty is silent,

But the waves wash the shore,

And only sometimes, for many days,

Shuddering a little, you will say about her.

Teacher: (melody sounds) In the Geography Hall there is a wonderful Picture Gallery with landscapes about our region, look how beautiful it is! Kamchatka is one of the richest and most beautiful places in the world. Thermal and mineral springs, volcanoes and glaciers, the famous Valley of Geysers. The peninsula is unique and distinctive, it still remains a mysterious land for most people.

Teacher: In this room you must show your knowledge and skills.

Teacher: You need to collect the picture. You will work in groups. Let's repeat the rules for working in groups. Take out the orange envelopes. To complete the task 3 min.

Volcano Raven Kutkh map of Kamchatka

Presentation of paintings:

Team 1: - What is the largest volcano in Kamchatka? What is its height?

Avachinsky

Klyuchevskaya Sopka

Team 2: According to legend, what did the raven Kutkh do? Who is KUTKH?

Land (Kamchatka Peninsula)

Team 3: - What is the shape of the peninsula like? What is the longest river on the peninsula?

Fish

6. Teacher: Covered with mountains and volcanoes, surrounded on all sides by water, Kamchatka amazes many travelers from around the world with the richness of its flora and fauna. Let's go to " Local History Hall.

In this room you will learn more about what the indigenous people did in everyday life? What did the Itelmens do?

Student: The Itelmens were engaged in fishing, caught fish with nets woven from nettle fibers, beat them with spears, and built locking traps on rivers.

Teacher: There are a lot of all kinds of fish in the seas and rivers of Kamchatka.

Teacher: Guess which fish we are talking about?

Riddles about fish:

A fish's life is short

She swims in the sea.

And how it swims into the river

He abandons all his fry (salmon)

This fish is just a miracle!
Very flat, like a dish.
Both eyes on the back
And he lives at the very bottom.
Very strange things.
This is a fish - ... (flounder)

Teacher: Hunting was also a long-standing occupation of the Itelmens, although not as significant as fishing. Residents of the coasts hunted sea lions, seals, and sea otters.

Riddles about animals:

Has two powerful fangs,

Two flippers and two fins,

But don't touch this guy,

The fat guy lay down to rest...

(Walrus)

He loves to eat raspberries

And sleep in the den all winter.

He can roar terribly,

And his name is ... (bear)

His horns are branchy,

And the sides are a little spotty.

He’s not too lazy to give everyone a ride,

Pulls a sleigh... (deer)

Teacher : Women and children in Itelmen families collected mushrooms, berries, edible plants and roots, preparing them for the winter.

I invite the teams to go into the forest and pick berries.

Take out the pictures and riddle poems from the pink envelope, read the riddle and find the answer picture for it.

Don't forget the rules for working in groups. 3 minutes to complete the task.

Teacher: All the berries you named are very tasty and healthy!

Teacher: I invite you to the next room " Vilyuchinsky."

More than 250 years ago, Kamchatka explorer Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov visited Itelmen settlement called "Ostrojek Tarein". This is where the name came from - Tarja. And more than 110 years ago, in Seldevaya Bay, the first fish canning plant in Kamchatka was built.

Our city was formed from 5 villages in 1968. At first it was called Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky -2, then Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky -50 and now for 20 years - Vilyuchinsk. Talented residents write poems and songs about their wonderful city. Listen to the poems written by our school teacher V.N. Marandych.

Student performances:

There is on our Kamchatka land

My heart's favorite corner.

It is decorated with a ridge of hills,

And far from the mainland.

The roots go back centuries,

The Itelmens once settled here,

Now, an outpost of military sailors.

Where only birches rustled,

The village grew, the plant

Fishing collective farms

They changed their way of life.

Near snow-capped volcanoes,

surrounded by Tarya Bay,

In the land of cyclones and fogs

Vilyuchinsk city was built.

The coast was persistently settled

Romantics of other latitudes,

And gradually our land was transformed

A stronghold in civilization...

Glory to Vilyuchinsk! Grace lives in him,

And move forward with progress.

So that our city can be equal to the capital.

So that everyone can say, without lying, with their soul.

Vilyuchinsk, dear, we are proud of you (together)

8. Teacher: Our excursion has come to an end. Guys, which room did you like best? What do you remember?

The National Museum recently opened the “I Create Miracles” workshop, I invite you to visit it and you will again meet the heroes of fairy tales and legends. And I say goodbye to you, until we meet again.

7) Conclusion

A modern child today must not only be able to use and assimilate ready-made information, he must become an active participant in the learning process and be able to apply the acquired knowledge. This means that at present extracurricular activities are most relevant, because it involves a variety of organizational forms and taking into account the individual characteristics of each student.

The true effectiveness and fruitfulness of the perception of folk culture occurs when children themselves directly participate in the search work. Various excursions, visiting museums, and meeting interesting people help you learn the history of your hometown. Immersion in the history of one’s native land through reading literary works, library events, and excursions to a local history museum helps not only to study and understand one’s native land, but also to become more deeply aware of one’s involvement in the history and fate of one’s people.

The regional component produces positive results in a variety of aspects: schoolchildren who study folklore and ethnography are active in various competitions and olympiads, and morally, children become kinder and more attentive to each other.

8 ) Bibliography:

Sergeev V.D. Pages of the history of Kamchatka: educational and methodological manual. / V.D. Sergeev. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Far Eastern Book Publishing House: Kamchatka Branch, 1992;

Kamchatka. XVII-XX centuries : historical and geographical atlas / Ed. N. D. Zhdanova, Doctor of Historical Sciences B. P. Polevoy - M.: Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia, 1997;

Love and know your land: atlas / Answer. ed. S. V. Savina. - M.: Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia, 1995;.

Kostyrya A.V. Lesson developments for the program "History of Kamchatka". 8-9 grades. Book for teachers. In 2 books. / A.V. Kostyrya. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Holding company "New Book", 2008.

Kostyrya A.V. History of Kamchatka from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. Workbook. / A.V. Kostyrya. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Holding company "New Book", 2008.