Automatic control and protection of thermal power plants of nuclear power plants - functions and subsystems of automated control systems. Photos of the control panel of the nuclear power plant control center

Let's take a closer look at the power unit control panel - the main switchboard from which the power unit is controlled.

The structure of the control room has undergone noticeable changes during the development of nuclear energy. By now it looks like this.

The control room equipment consists of one or more information panels, a control panel and operator workstations or consoles. The panels display general information: a mnemonic diagram of the unit, technological parameters, alarms. Some information and main controls are located on the control panel.

The control room room is usually divided into two zones (two circuits): operational zone, which houses information tools and equipment for controlling the main equipment in normal and emergency operating modes, as well as equipment for monitoring security systems, and non-operational zone, in which all controls and means of providing information are concentrated, allowing non-operational personnel who are not operator-technologists to carry out all the necessary actions for the maintenance of software and hardware of the automated control system, without interfering with the operator-technologist managing the unit. In new projects, it is planned to create a third zone - a supervisory circuit, which will make it possible to provide non-operational, “supporting” personnel with information about the operation of the unit and the structure of technical control objects, without interfering with the main operators. An earlier version of the general view and plan of the control room is shown in Fig. 12, perspective in Fig. 13.

Below are the general structures of switchboards and control posts for a power unit with a VVER-1000 reactor.

Rice. 12. General view of the block control panel and layout of technical equipment:

1-8 – control and monitoring panels of the reactor compartment, 9-16 – monitoring and control panels of the turbine compartment, 17 – collective use board, 18-19 – safety monitoring and control monitors, 20 – keyboard, 21 – automated workplace SIUR, 22 – controls remote individual control, 23 – security panels, 24 – control monitors, 25 – workstation of the deputy shift manager of the station, 26 – workstation of the SIUT, 27 – workstation of a crisis situation specialist.

The structure of the operational control loops of the main control room is as follows.

The automated SIUR workstation is located in front of the monitoring and control panels that serve the subsystems of automatic control systems, control systems and mimic diagrams with the most important thermal measurements. Directly on the workstation there are remote control controls for the CPS, four color monitors and one safety monitor, alarm acknowledgment buttons for the mnemonic diagram and a collective display, and emergency communication equipment.

The automated workplace of the CIUT has control and remote selective control keyboards, four color monitors and one security monitor, alarm acknowledgment buttons, mnemonic diagrams and public display boards, and emergency communication equipment.

The ZNSS workstation is equipped with information displays and a safety display, and keyboards for displaying information.

Getting to an operating nuclear power plant is an unattainable dream for many.
Multi-level security system, radiation and the seething mouth of a nuclear reactor.
...Welcome!

1. Smolensk NPP. Desnogorsk.
One of 10 operating nuclear power plants in Russia.
A nuclear power plant that provides 8% of electricity in the Central region and 80% in the Smolensk region.
And just a huge structure, the scale of which cannot fail to impress.

2. The start of construction of the nuclear power plant was announced in 1973.
And already at the end of 1982, power unit No. 1 was commissioned.
I won’t talk much about the access regime, because it’s impossible, I will only say that it is multi-level.
Each stage of entry into a nuclear power plant has its own type of security. And of course, a lot of special equipment.

3. First of all, when visiting a nuclear power plant, you need to undress.
And then put on everything white, clean...
Right down to socks and caps.

4. A wonderful souvenir from a nuclear power plant. And it's not chewing gum.
You spin the organ, and the earplugs fall into your hand.

5. In principle, there is no particular need for them, because helmets, which also need to be worn, come complete with noise-absorbing headphones.

6. Yes, shoes are also individual.

7. Ta-daaam!
The warrior of light is ready to pass!

8. A mandatory item of clothing is an individual cumulative dosimeter.
Everyone is given their own, which is returned at the end of the day and shows the accumulated dose of radiation.

9. That's it. We're inside.
This is a controlled access area. Ahead is the reactor...

10. Through passages, galleries, through security systems we go inside...

11. And we find ourselves in the control panel of the nuclear power plant.
This is the brain of the station.
Everything is controlled from here...

12. The number of buttons, circuits, lights and monitors dazzles the eyes...

13. I won’t bore you with complex technological terms and processes.
But here, for example, the reactor rods are controlled.

14. Change of control unit - 4 people. They work here for 8 hours.
It is clear that the shifts are around the clock.

15. From here both the reactor and the unit itself and the turbines of the nuclear power plant are controlled.

16. It’s also cool, quiet and calm here.

17. A serious key is AZ - “emergency protection”.
Nuclear power plant safety is paramount. The entire system is so perfect that it eliminates outside influence on management.
Automation, in the event of an emergency, can do everything without the participation of people, but it’s not in vain that professionals are on duty here.
By the way, shutting down the reactor, if something happens, is not an incident, but a controlled technological procedure.
For preventive maintenance, the reactor is also shut down.

18. Over the 32 years of operation of the nuclear power plant, not a single emergency or increase in background radiation was recorded here.
Incl. and classified above the zero (minimum) level on the international INES scale.
The level of protection of nuclear power plants in Russia is the best in the world.

19. And again - long rows of toggle switches, monitors and sensors.
I don't understand anything...

20. Professionals discuss possible emergency situations.

21. And someone is taking a selfie in a place that is unattainable for ordinary citizens...
Have you noticed that everyone is without helmets? This is so that they don't accidentally fall on anything...

22. Let's go upstairs.
You can take the elevator, or you can walk on foot to the 8th floor level using steps with special anti-radiation protection.
Looks like it's varnished...

23. High..

24. Again - several cordons of protection.
And here is the central hall of power unit 1.
There are three of these at the Smolensk NPP.

25. The main thing here is the reactor.
It itself is huge - below, but here you can only see its security plateau. These are metal squares - assemblies.
They are a kind of plug with bioprotection that blocks the technological channels of the reactor, which contain fuel assemblies - fuel assemblies with uranium dioxide. There are 1661 such channels in total.
They contain fuel elements that release powerful thermal energy due to a nuclear reaction.
Controlled protection rods are installed between them, which absorb neutrons. With their help, the nuclear reaction is controlled.

26. There is such a loading and unloading machine.

27. Its task is to replace fuel cells. Moreover, it can do this both when the reactor is stopped and when it is running..
Huge, of course...

28. While no one sees...

29. AAA! I'm standing!
There is a hum and vibration underfoot. The feeling is unreal!
The power of a boiling reactor that instantly turns water into steam cannot be expressed in words...

30. In fact, nuclear power plant workers don’t really like it when they walk on the plateau.
"No one steps on your desk..."

31. Really positive people.
See how they glow. And not from radiation, but from love for my work.

32. There is a swimming pool in the hall. No, not for swimming.
Spent nuclear fuel is stored here under water for up to 1.5 years.
And also stands with finished fuel assemblies - see how long they are? Soon their place will be in the reactor.

33. Inside each tube (TVEL) are small cylindrical tablets of uranium dioxide.
“You can sleep with fresh fuel in your arms,” say nuclear power plant workers...

34. Fuel ready for loading into the reactor.

35. The place is undoubtedly impressive.
But the question of radiation is constantly spinning in my head.

36. They called a specialist - a dosimetrist.
The real-time dosimeter in the center of the reactor showed a value slightly higher than on the streets of Moscow.

38. Powerful circulation pumps supplying coolant - water - to the reactor.

39. Here the rumble is already strongest
You can't do without headphones.

40. Let's rest our ears a little during the transition.

41. And again in a loud noise - the turbine hall of the nuclear power plant.

42. Just a huge hall with an incredible number of pipes, engines and units.

43. The steam released from the water that cools the reactor comes here - to the turbogenerators.

44. Turbine - the whole house!
Steam rotates its blades at a speed of exactly 3000 revolutions per minute.
This is how thermal energy is converted into electrical energy.

45. Pipes, pumps, pressure gauges...

46. ​​The exhaust steam is condensed and again supplied to the reactor in liquid form.

47. By the way, the heat from the exhaust steam is also used for the city.
The cost of such heat energy is very small.

48. Radiation control is a completely separate topic.
A multi-stage water filtration system, sensors throughout the nuclear power plant, city and region, constant collection of analyzes and samples from the environment and its own laboratory.
Everything is transparent - reports can be viewed on the Rosenergoatom website in real time.

49. It’s also not easy to leave the controlled access zone.
There's a full radiation check here three times until you're back in your underpants.

50. Well, after responsible work and imaginary experiences, you can have a hearty lunch.

51. The food here is delicious.
By the way, about 4,000 employees work at the nuclear power plant, and the average salary is about 60 thousand rubles.

52. Well, what can I say - I’m no longer scared.
There is a lot of control. There is order, cleanliness, labor protection and safety everywhere.
After all, Man is a great man - to invent and use something like this...

Visit a nuclear power plant - DONE!
Thanks to Rosenergoatom Concern for this incredible opportunity.

The Kola Nuclear Power Plant is the northernmost nuclear power plant in Europe and the first nuclear power plant in the USSR built beyond the Arctic Circle. Despite the harsh climate of the region and the long polar night, the water near the station never freezes. The nuclear power plant does not affect the state of the environment, this is evidenced by the fact that in the area of ​​the outlet canal there is a fish farm where trout are bred all year round.

1. The history of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant began in the mid-1960s: residents of the union continued to actively develop the northern part of the territories, and the rapid development of industry required large energy costs. The country's leadership decided to build a nuclear power plant in the Arctic, and in 1969, builders laid the first cubic meter of concrete.

In 1973, the first power unit of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant was launched, and in 1984, the last one, the fourth power unit, was put into operation.

2. The station is located above the Arctic Circle on the shore of Lake Imandra, twelve kilometers from the city of Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region.

It consists of four VVER-440 power units with an installed capacity of 1,760 MW and provides electricity to a number of enterprises in the region.

The Kola Nuclear Power Plant generates 60% of the electricity in the Murmansk region, and in its area of ​​responsibility there are large cities, including Murmansk, Apatity, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk and Kandalaksha.

3. Reactor protective cap No. 1. Deep below it is the nuclear reactor vessel, which is a cylindrical vessel.
The body weight is 215 tons, diameter is 3.8 m, height is 11.8 m, wall thickness is 140 mm. The thermal power of the reactor is 1375 MW.

4. The upper block of the reactor is a structure that is designed to seal its body, accommodate control system drives, and protect
and in-reactor control sensors.

5. Over the 45 years of operation of the station, not a single case of exceeding natural background values ​​has been recorded. But a “peaceful” atom remains so only
with proper control and proper operation of all systems. To check the radiation situation at the station, fifteen control posts have been installed.

6. The second reactor was put into operation in 1975.

7. Case for moving 349 fuel cassettes at KNPP.

8. Mechanism for protecting the reactor and station from internal and external factors. Under the hood of each KNPP reactor there are forty-seven tons of nuclear fuel, which heats the primary circuit water.

9. The control panel (MCC) is the nerve center of a nuclear power plant. Designed to monitor power unit performance and control technological processes at a nuclear power plant.

10.

11. The shift in the control room of the third power unit of the Kola NPP consists of only three people.

12. Such a large number of controls makes your eyes wide open.

13.

14. Sectional model of the VVER-440 reactor core.

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16.

17. A career as a nuclear specialist requires serious technical training and is impossible without the pursuit of professional excellence.

18. Engine room. Turbines are installed here, to which steam is continuously supplied from a steam generator, heated to 255°C. With their help, a generator is driven, which produces electric current.

19. An electric generator, inside which the rotational energy of a turbine rotor is converted into electricity.

20. The generator turbine, assembled in 1970 at the Kharkov Turbine Plant, has been in use for forty-five years. Its rotation frequency is three thousand revolutions per minute. Eight turbines of the K-220-44 type are installed in the hall.

21. More than two thousand people work at KNPP. To ensure stable operation of the station, staff constantly monitors its technical condition.

22. The length of the machine room is 520 meters.

23. The pipeline system of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant stretches for kilometers throughout the entire territory of the power plant.

24. With the help of transformers, the electricity generated by the generator enters the network. And the steam exhausted in the turbine condensers becomes water again.

25. Open switchgear. It is from here that the electricity generated by the station goes to the consumer.

26.

27. The station was built off the shores of Imandra, the largest lake in the Murmansk region and one of the largest lakes in Russia. The territory of the reservoir is 876 km², depth is 100 m.

28. Chemical water treatment area. After processing, chemically desalted water is obtained here, which is necessary for the operation of power units.

29. Laboratory. Specialists of the chemical workshop of the Kola NPP ensure that the water chemistry regime at the station meets the plant operating standards.

30.

31.

32. The Kola NPP has its own training center and a full-scale simulator, which are designed to train and improve the skills of plant personnel.

33. Students are supervised by an instructor who teaches them how to interact with the control system and what to do in the event of a malfunction of the station.

34. These containers store non-radioactive salt melt, which is the final product of liquid waste processing.

35. The technology for managing liquid radioactive waste from the Kola NPP is unique and has no analogues in the country. It allows reducing the amount of radioactive waste that must be disposed of by 50 times.

36. Operators of the liquid radioactive waste processing complex monitor all stages of processing. The entire process is fully automated.

37. Discharge of treated wastewater into the outlet canal leading to the Imandra reservoir.

38. Water discharged from nuclear power plants is classified as normatively clean and does not pollute the environment, but has an impact on the thermal regime of the reservoir.

39. On average, the water temperature at the mouth of the outlet canal is five degrees higher than the water intake temperature.

40. In the area of ​​the KNPP diversion channel, Lake Imandra does not freeze even in winter.

41. For industrial environmental supervision at the Kola NPP, an automated radiation monitoring system (ASMC) is used.

42. The mobile radiometric laboratory, which is part of ASKRO, makes it possible to conduct gamma surveys of the area along designated routes, take air and water samples using samplers, determine the content of radionuclides in the samples and transmit the received information to the ASRO information and analytical center via radio channel.

43. Collection of atmospheric precipitation, sampling of soil, snow cover and grass are carried out at 15 permanent observation points.

44. The Kola Nuclear Power Plant also has other projects. For example, a fishery complex in the area of ​​a nuclear power plant discharge canal.

45. The farm raises rainbow trout and Lena sturgeon.

47. Polyarnye Zori is a city of power engineers, builders, teachers and doctors. Founded in 1967 during the construction of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant, it is located on the banks of the Niva River and Lake Pin-Lake, 224 km from Murmansk. As of 2018, the city has a population of approximately 17,000 people.

48. Polyarnye Zori is one of the northernmost cities in Russia, and winter here lasts 5-7 months a year.

49. Holy Trinity Church on the street. Lomonosov.

50. In the city of Polyarnye Zori there are 6 preschool institutions and 3 schools.

51. The system of lakes Iokostrovskaya Imandra and Babinskaya Imandra flows into the White Sea through the Niva River.

52. The White Sea is an internal shelf sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean, in the European Arctic between the Kola Peninsula of the Holy Nose and the Kanin Peninsula. The water area is 90.8 thousand km², depths up to 340 m.

It is difficult for modern people to imagine life without electricity. We prepare food, use lighting, and use electrical appliances in everyday life: refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners and computers; listening to music, talking on the phone - these are just a few things that are very difficult to do without. All these devices have one thing in common - they use electricity as their “power”. 7 million people live in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region (*according to Rosstat as of January 1, 2016), this number is comparable to the population of the states of Serbia, Bulgaria or Jordan. 7 million people use electricity every day, where does it come from?

Leningrad NPP is the largest electricity producer in the North-West; the share of electricity supply for the period from January to October 2016 was 56.63%. During this period, the power plant produced 20 billion 530.74 kW ∙ hours of electricity into the energy system of our region.

LNPP is a sensitive facility and it is not possible for a “random” person to get to it. Having completed the necessary documents, we visited the main premises of the power plant:

1. Block control panel

2. Reactor room of the power unit

3. Machine room.

Sanitation checkpoint

Having gone through a two-level identity control system, we found ourselves at the sanitary checkpoint.

We are equipped with: safety shoes, a white coat, trousers and a shirt, white socks and a helmet. Passing through the sanitary checkpoint is strictly regulated. Safety is a key corporate value of Rosatom.

An individual dosimeter is required. It is of a cumulative type, leaving the LNPP building we find out what dose of radiation we received during our stay at the power plant. The natural radioactive background that surrounds us ranges from 0.11 to 0.16 μSv/hour.

Filming in the corridors of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant is strictly prohibited; only specialists know how to get from room A to room B. Let's move to the first point of the tour.

Block Control Panel

Each power unit is controlled from the block control panel (MCC). The Block Control Panel is a control room in which information about the measured parameters of the power plant operation is collected and processed.

Denis Stukanev, shift supervisor at power unit No. 2 of the Leningrad NPP, talks about the work of the Nuclear Power Plant, the installed equipment, and the “life” of the power plant.

There are 5 unique workplaces in the room: 3 operators, a supervisor and a deputy. shift supervisor. The control room equipment can be divided into 3 blocks responsible for: control of the reactor, turbines and pumps.

If the main parameters deviate beyond the established limits, a sound and light alarm is issued indicating the deviation parameter.

The collection and processing of incoming information is carried out in the SKALA information and measurement system.

Power unit reactor.

Leningrad NPP contains 4 power units. The electric power of each is 1000 MW, the thermal power is 3200 MW. The design output is 28 billion kWh per year.

LNPP is the first station in the country with RBMK-1000 reactors (high power channel reactor). The development of the RBMK was a significant step in the development of nuclear power in the USSR, since such reactors make it possible to create large, high-power nuclear power plants.

Energy conversion in a nuclear power plant unit with RBMK occurs according to a single-circuit scheme. Boiling water from the reactor is passed through separator drums. Then saturated steam (temperature 284 °C) under a pressure of 65 atmospheres is supplied to two turbogenerators with an electric power of 500 MW each. The exhaust steam is condensed, after which circulation pumps supply water to the reactor inlet.

Equipment for routine maintenance of RBMK-100 type reactors. It was used to restore the resource characteristics of the reactor.

One of the advantages of the RBMK reactor is the ability to reload nuclear fuel while the reactor is running without reducing power. A loading and unloading machine is used for reloading. Controlled by the operator remotely. During overload, the radiation situation in the hall does not change significantly. The installation of the machine over the corresponding reactor channel is carried out according to coordinates, and precise guidance is carried out using an optical-television system.

Spent nuclear fuel is loaded into sealed tanks filled with water. The holding time of spent fuel assemblies in pools is 3 years. At the end of this period, the assemblies are disposed of - sending them to spent nuclear fuel storage facilities.

The photographs show the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect, in which a glow occurs caused in a transparent medium by a charged particle that moves at a speed exceeding the phase speed of light in this medium.

This radiation was discovered in 1934 by P.A. Cherenkov and explained in 1937 by I.E. Tamm and I.M. Frank. All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 for this discovery.

Engine room

One RBMK-1000 reactor supplies steam to two turbines with a capacity of 500 MW each. The turbo unit consists of one low-pressure cylinder and four high-pressure cylinders. The turbine is the most complex unit after the reactor in a nuclear power plant.

The principle of operation of any turbine is similar to the principle of operation of a windmill. In windmills, the air flow rotates the blades and does work. In a turbine, steam rotates blades arranged in a circle on a rotor. The turbine rotor is rigidly connected to the generator rotor, which, when rotated, produces current.

The LNPP turbogenerator consists of a saturated steam turbine type K-500-65 and a synchronous three-phase current generator TVV-500-2 with a speed of 3000 per minute.

In 1979, for the creation of the unique K-500-65/3000 turbine for the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, a team of Kharkov turbine builders was awarded the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology.

Leaving LNPP...

The main premises of the Leningrad NPP have been examined, we are again at the sanitary checkpoint. We check ourselves for the presence of radiation sources, everything is clean, we are healthy and happy. While at the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, my accumulated radiation dose was 13 μSv, which is comparable to an airplane flight over a distance of 3000 km.

Second life of LNPP

The problem of decommissioning power units is a very pressing topic, due to the fact that in 2018 the operating life of power unit No. 1 of the Leningrad NPP expires.

Ruslan Kotykov, Deputy Head of the Department for Decommissioning of LNPP Units: “The most acceptable, safest and most financially profitable option for immediate liquidation has been chosen. It implies the absence of deferred decisions and delays in observations after the unit is stopped. The experience of decommissioning RBMK reactors will be replicated at other nuclear power plants.”

A few kilometers from the operating Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, the “construction site of the century” is taking place. Russia is implementing a large-scale program for the development of nuclear energy, which involves increasing the share of nuclear energy from 16% to 25-30% by 2020. To replace the capacity of the Leningrad NPP being decommissioned, a new generation nuclear power plant with a VVER-1200 type reactor (water-water power reactor) of the AES-2006 project is being created. “AES-2006” is a standard design of a Russian nuclear power plant of the new generation “3+” with improved technical and economic indicators. The goal of the project is to achieve modern safety and reliability indicators with optimized capital investments for the construction of the station.

Nikolai Kashin, head of the information and public relations department of power units under construction, spoke about the LNPP-2 project being created. This project meets modern international safety requirements.

The electrical capacity of each power unit is 1198.8 MW, heating capacity is 250 Gcal/h.

The estimated service life of LNPP-2 is 50 years, the main equipment is 60 years.

The main feature of the project being implemented is the use of additional passive safety systems in combination with active traditional systems. Provides protection against earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and plane crashes. Examples of improvements include the double containment of the reactor hall; a “trap” for the core melt, located under the reactor vessel; passive residual heat removal system.

I remember the words of Vladimir Pereguda, director of Leningrad NPP: “The design of power units with VVER-1200 reactors has unprecedented multi-level safety systems, including passive ones (which do not require personnel intervention and power supply), as well as protection from external influences.”

At the construction site of the new power units of the Leningrad NPP, the installation of equipment for the pumping station of turbine building consumers continues; three housings of circulation pump units have been installed and concreted. Pumping units are the main technological equipment of the facility and consist of two parts - pumps and electric motors.

The power supply to the power system from power unit No. 1 of LNPP-2 will be carried out through a complete gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) at 330 kV, from power unit No. 2 of LNPP-2 it is expected for voltages of 330 and 750 kV.

The control panel (CR) is a technical means of displaying information about the technological process of operation of power units at power plants and containing the necessary technical means for controlling the operation of an electrical installation (instruments, devices and control keys, signaling and control devices). The control panel (control panel) serves to control the operation of all equipment of the units and coordinated operation management. Senior operators and unit operators located in the control room premises ensure the normal operation of the station units.

The control room is used to start turbines, start a generator, bring it to power, synchronize generators, remote control of safety systems, and also turn on auxiliary systems.

The control panel is located in the main building of the power plant. Switchboards used to be equipped with vertical panels and inclined panels on which control and monitoring devices were located. These consoles and panels are arranged in an arc for better visibility. To the right and left of the consoles there could be non-operational circuit panels with protection devices for the boiler, turbine, and generator.

The control panel of a nuclear power plant has its own characteristics. Since operating personnel at a nuclear power plant cannot familiarize themselves with the state of the radioactive circuit equipment on site, the volume of technological information at nuclear power plants is more extensive than at thermal power plants.

The control panel of a nuclear power plant consists of operational and non-operational parts. In the operational part there are consoles, panels with controls, remote control and regulation. In the non-operational part there are panels for periodic control, electronic regulation, logical control, and technological protection.

Main, central and block control panels are installed in special rooms, which must meet the requirements for convenient placement and maintenance. Block control panels, which contain control and monitoring devices not only for electrical but also technological equipment, are usually located in the main building of the station. To ensure normal working conditions for the personnel on duty, air conditioning installations are provided in the control room.

Main, central and block control panels usually occupy a special room, which must satisfy diverse requirements both in terms of providing the on-duty personnel with comfortable working conditions and in terms of rational arrangement of panels.

Light signals for equipment status are displayed on the control panel (MCR). The appearance of light signals is accompanied by an audible process alarm.

The control panel rooms are soundproof and provided with a supply of conditioned air.

The block control panels also provide an emergency process alarm, notifying the person on duty.

At power plants such as combined heat and power plants, control of auxiliary electric motors is carried out from local (unit, workshop) panels: in the boiler department - from the boiler panel, in the turbine department - from the turbine panel, etc. The main elements of the main circuit are generators, transformers, HV lines, auxiliary power supply elements are controlled from the main control panel of the main control room.

At block power plants, IES are provided with block control panels (MCC) and a central control panel (CCC). The control room controls the electrical installations of one or two adjacent power units, including their own needs, as well as control and monitoring of the operating mode of boiler units and turbines.

The central switchboard controls high-voltage circuit breakers, backup auxiliary transformers, backup mains, and also coordinates the operation of power plant power units.

Control at hydroelectric power stations is carried out mainly from the control room. Many hydroelectric power plants are controlled by a power system dispatcher using telemechanics.

At substations with simplified schemes (without HV switches), special control panels are not provided. Switching at such substations is partially or completely carried out from control centers using telemechanics. Complex operations are carried out by an operational field team (OTB).

At powerful substations of 110 kV and above, according to schemes with HV switches, general substation control points (SCU) are built, from the central panel of which transformers, lines of 35 kV and above, the battery are controlled and the operation of the main elements of the substation is controlled. Control of 6-10 kV lines is carried out from the 6-10 kV switchgear. Local control panels are installed near the controlled object. For them, closed-type panels or 0.5 kV switchgear are used.

The main and central control panels at modern power plants are located in a special room in the main building on the side of the permanent end or in a special building adjacent to the main switchgear (at a thermal power plant), or near open switchgears (at a power plant).

The location of consoles and panels, lighting, painting, temperature of the switchboard room, location and shape of instruments, control keys are selected based on creating the best working conditions for operating personnel.

NPPs are equipped with block control rooms (main control room), backup control rooms (control control rooms) and central control panels (central control rooms).

Each reactor unit requires a control room designed for centralized control of the main process units and. main process equipment during start-up, normal operation, planned shutdown and emergency situations. The control room controls the switches of generators and transformers. n., backup power inputs with. n. 6 and 0.4 kV, switches for electric motors. power units, generator excitation systems, diesel generator sets and other emergency sources, fire extinguishing devices for cable rooms and power unit transformers.

The control room of each nuclear power plant unit is located in a separate room (the main building or a separate building).

For each reactor unit of a nuclear power plant, a reserve control panel (RCR) is provided, from which it is possible to emergency stop the reactor installation and emergency cool it down while ensuring nuclear and radiation safety, if for some reason this cannot be done with the control room. The control room must be isolated from the main control room so that both panels are not affected for the same reason. The control panel controls diesel generator sets and other emergency sources, as well as sectional switches in the 6 kV switchgear for auxiliary needs.

For elements of the security system, duplicated independent remote control is provided from the main control room and control room.

The NPP control room controls switches of high-voltage lines, communication autotransformers, generator-transformer units, as well as switches of backup transformers. n., including sectional switches for backup lines. The fire extinguishing devices of the plant's cable rooms and transformers controlled from the central control room are controlled from the central control room.

Initially, the control room was located in the main building of the first unit of the nuclear power plant. Currently, the control room is located in a separate building, separate from the main buildings of the power units.

At a nuclear power plant, the control room consists of operational and non-operational parts. In the operational part there are consoles, panels with controls, remote control and regulation. In the non-operational part there are panels for periodic control, electronic regulation, and logical control of technological protections.

Control panel lighting requirements

The control panel (CR) monitors and controls the operation of the power plant (substation). The work of the duty personnel in the control room is to monitor the readings of devices and signals, carry out operations for switching and commissioning units, maintaining permanent records, etc. The readings of almost all devices must differ over a significant distance. While on duty, control room personnel must be constantly prepared to respond to emergencies.

Lighting must be uniform throughout the room; There should be no glare or shadows on devices. High-brightness luminous surfaces, glare, and sharp contrasts in the brightness of different surfaces should not come into the field of view of the duty personnel. The surrounding background and architectural design of the room should be measured, not distracting the attention of the staff on duty. The brightness of the luminous surfaces of lighting devices should be low. In the control room room, it is necessary to ensure the illumination required by the standards on the horizontal, especially on the working vertical surfaces of the switchboard panels.

Depending on the plan of the designer and lighting engineer, the control room can be illuminated by luminous surfaces (light ceiling, strip, etc.), reflected light, or a system combining these devices.

When lighting with luminous surfaces or a reflected light device, appropriate structures must be provided for the hidden placement of lighting fixtures and lighting wiring. It is very important to ensure comfortable and safe maintenance of the lighting device, because in the control room rooms, which are often quite high, there are a huge number of switchboard panels, critical devices and apparatus.

The most suitable conditions for operation are created when servicing lighting devices from the walk-through technical floor. But the implementation of lighting installations with large luminous surfaces, serviced from a walk-through technical floor, is associated with more complex structures, increased costs and increased energy consumption for lighting. For these reasons, at substations and small power plants, the lighting of the control room room is carried out with hanging, ceiling or fluorescent lamps built into the ceiling with screening meshes or diffusers. Such a lighting system for the control panel is also adopted in those cases where it is structurally impossible to install complex lighting devices in the room.

As mentioned above, in order to create normal working conditions in the control panel room, it is necessary to eliminate the possibility of reflected glare on the glass and the appearance of shadows on switchboard devices, as well as reflections and reflections on objects and parts of the control panel equipment. To create better conditions for observing different device readings and not tire your eyes, you should not create a sharp difference between the brightness of different elements of the room.