Vowel stressed letter sounds. Vowels

Repetition

To remember the topics we have already covered in the Russian language, let’s solve a crossword puzzle. To do this, we will write words vertically in empty cells, guessing them by meaning.

Rice. 1.Crossword

1. I hear sounds, but will I hear letters?...
2. Emphasizing a syllable in a word by using stronger voice or raising the tone.
3. Sounds that form a syllable.
4. Icons for recording sounds.
5. We write and read letters, and we pronounce and hear...?
6. The smallest pronunciation unit.
7. A collection of words located in alphabetical order, with explanations, references, interpretations, translations into other languages.

Let's check ourselves.

Rice. 2. Completed crossword puzzle with code word

In the selected horizontal cells we have the word RULE.

Let us repeat: speech consists of sounds. The sounds are vowels and consonants. They help each other. Vowel sounds combine consonants into syllables. And words are built from syllables, like bricks. In every word one brick is the most important. This is a stressed syllable. If the emphasis is placed incorrectly, the word will be difficult to understand.

Stressed and unstressed vowels

Let’s complete the task: look at the photos and name what is shown on them.

Rice. 3()

Flowers, pine, balls. Let's put stress in the words and show the vowels that are in an unstressed position by emphasizing them. Flowers, from sleep, ball. Let's read these words not syllable by syllable, but quickly. It is noticeable that unstressed vowels were pronounced less clearly.

Vowels under stress - stressed vowels - are in strong position. Vowels without stress, they are called unstressed - in weak position . Letters that represent sounds in weak positions are called spellings. Spelling - (from the Greek orthos - correct and gramma - writing) - writing words according to some spelling rules.

Spelling - (from the Greek word: “orthos” - correct, and “grapho” - “write”) - rules of written speech (i.e. writing words). In Russian they say "spelling".

Pronunciation of unstressed vowels

Let's look at the words:

mushrooms, flowers- I hear And what should I write? I or E?

water, grass- I hear A, what should I write? A or O?

balls, rows- I hear an unclear sound. And what should I write? I? E? AND?

Conclusion - in the unstressed position we do not hear a clear sound and can make a mistake when writing.

In the modern Russian language there is a law - in unstressed syllables the sound O is not pronounced. The sound A works instead. And it will return to its place only when it becomes percussive. This is how sounds work in turn. Compare : sea - seas, table - tables, elephant - elephants. Other vowel sounds behave the same way: in unstressed syllables, each of them is replaced by some other one.

Unstressed syllables do not have the vowel sound E. Say the word floors. It is not pronounced as it is written. It is not difficult to notice that the sound U in words is not dangerous; it is pronounced well and clearly even in an unstressed position.

For competent writing, it is very important to learn to identify unstressed vowels by ear without errors in order to anticipate the place in the word where a mistake can be made. Sometimes they say - find a dangerous place in a word. Let's write down the proposals.

The squirrel was on a twig. We hear unstressed sounds clearly and understand all words.

Children play with a ball. It is not clear what the children are playing with: a ball or a sword.

Checking an unstressed vowel

To understand written speech, it is important to learn how to write words without errors. There is a law in the Russian language: check a weak position with a strong one.

Let's read the sentences and find a clue in them.

The cat - to? Daddy. Cat - Oh, that means kittens are also Oh.

The tiger has t? dirty. Tiger - And, that means the cubs are also I.

Here's an elephant. Does he have sl? Nyata. Elephant - Oh, that means baby elephants are also Oh.

Remember the rule: To check the spelling of a weak position, you need to change the word. How to do it?

Step 1: Say the word being tested.

Does it have vowels in unstressed syllables?

If there are, what are they?

Step 2: Choose a test word, change the word so that the sound being tested is stressed.

Step 3: Write the vowel letter in accordance with the sound that is heard under the accent.

Step 4: Check what you have written, read the word syllable by syllable.

Now we will go to the zoo. All animals are listed here so visitors know what they are looking at. Here different birds. Let's sign their names.

This owl. Impact sound A. How to write without error - owl or sava ? How will we proceed? Let's select a test word, change the word owl on With O You, Now under the accent O, that means we’ll write owl. Then we proceed in the same way.

Rice. 11. Crane ()

Crossbills? Blackbirds? Cranes? Rooks?

What to do with words sparrow, nightingale, crow, magpie?

Using a spelling dictionary

Worth taking advantage spelling dictionary , with which you can check spelling.

Rice. 17. Spelling dictionary ()

You just need to know the secrets of the dictionary and remember the alphabet well. Very often, short spelling dictionaries can be found at the end of Russian language textbooks. If you don’t have a dictionary at hand, ask an adult or a teacher for the spelling. Remember, the main thing is not to write with an error. It is better to leave space for the letter, marking it with a dot, and enter the letter when there is no doubt at all.

Let's draw a conclusion. The position of an unstressed vowel sound in a word is a danger that requires proof. Unstressed vowels cannot be trusted. Today in class we learned how to check them different ways: by strong position, i.e., by selecting a test word, and by the dictionary, if there is no test word. Remember this:

Unstressed vowel sound
Causes a lot of pain.
So that there is no doubt,
We put emphasis on the sound. Or check it using a spelling dictionary.).

Tutrus.com ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M.: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 26, ex. 2; Page 28, ex. 3.
2. Finish the word. Which letter will you insert? Fur hat - what kind of hat? (m.khovaya- E). Here is the garden, what kind of strawberries grow there? ( garden- A). Here is the forest, what kind of strawberries are there? ( forest- E).
3. Read words with unstressed vowels. Select test words, name the vowel: s.va, star, sh.ry, b.ly, ts.kidney. (Sl.va - word- Oh, the stars - the stars- E, sh.ry - ball- A, b.ly - pain- Oh, c.kidney - chain- E.)
4. * Using the knowledge acquired in the lesson, compose 5 sentences with missing unstressed vowels in words, explain the spelling.

which are indicated in the letter 10 letters:

1. The use of vowels as part of a word has some features in the Russian language:

Vowel [s] As a rule, it does not appear at the beginning of words; elementary [s] possible in rare borrowed proper nouns.

Oyya, Ynykgan.

Sound [s] used only after hard consonants.

Smoke[smoke], rear[rear].

Sound [And] used only after soft consonants.

Physicist[physicist].

Writing letters and after f, w, c (these sounds are always hard) not determined by pronunciation: letter combinations zhi, shi, qi pronounced like [zhy], [shy], [tsy].

Vowel [s] pronounced at the place of the letter and also at the beginning of the word after a preposition for a hard consonant (the preposition does not have its own stress and is adjacent to the subsequent word).

From and rice– [from] rice

Vowel [e] used in most cases after soft consonants.

Children[d'et'i], weight[v'es].

But there are digressions here. Sound [e] combines with hard consonants:

after [zh], [w], [ts];

Gesture[gesture], six[shes’t’], prices[prices].

in some foreign words;

Test[test], pace[tempo].

in some compound words.

HPP, VTEK.

2. A characteristic feature of Russian pronunciation is the different sound of vowels under and without stress.

A vowel in a stressed position is in strong position, that is, it is pronounced most clearly and with the greatest force. A vowel in an unstressed position is in weak position, that is, pronounced with less force and less clearly.

3. In an unstressed position (in a weak position), all vowel sounds are pronounced with less force, but some of them retain their qualitative characteristics, while others do not:

vowel sounds do not change the sound quality in unstressed position [i], [s], [y](letters and, y, y, yu );

Mil[m’il] – sweetie[m'ila], lived[zhyl] – lived[vein], jester[jester] – (no) jester[jester].

Exception makes up sound [And]: at the beginning of a word, if in the flow of speech the word merges with the preceding word ending in a hard consonant, it sounds in place [s];

IN And exile[V s exile].

change the sound quality in unstressed vowels [a], [o], [e](letters a, I, o, e, e, e ).

4. Russian literary pronunciation is usually called “akay” and “hiccuping”.

In the pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants in place of vowels [a], [o], [e](in the position after hard words this sound is rarely found in the Russian language) the sound usually sounds close to [A][A], although this sound is not so open, therefore in linguistics a special sign is used to denote it [Λ] .

MO th[moj] – mO I[mΛja] or [maja], dA l[gave] – dA la[dΛla] or [gave].

In the pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants in place of vowels [a], [o], [e] sounds close to [And]. In the school version of the transcription it is usually denoted as [And], although this sound sounds more like [And] with an overtone [e] – [i uh ] .

Wed: vzI l[vz’al] – vzI la[v’i e la] or [v’ila], ne With[nose] - ne sla[n'i e sla] or [n'isla], be l[b'el] – be la[b'i e la] or [b'ila].

It is with these features of Russian pronunciation that the need to check unstressed vowels with the help of related words, in which this vowel is stressed, that is, in a strong position.

The position of the vowel in the first pre-stressed syllable is called I weak position: the force of exhalation when pronouncing a pre-stressed syllable is approximately one and a half times less than when pronouncing a stressed syllable.

Yandex.Direct

5. Exception can form some words with vowels [a], [o], [e] in I weak position after hissing ones [f], [w] and after the sound [ts]:

after hard [zh], [w], [ts] before a soft consonant in place [A] Usually the sound is between [s] and [e](denoted [s uh ] );

ANDA fly[and s uh l'et'], LoshA dey[lush s uh d'ej], twentyA you[dvats s uh t'iʁ].

in place of the letter e after [zh], [w], [ts] there is a sound between [s] And [e], – [s uh ] ;

Wife[zhyena], sixth[shyestoj], price[tsyena].

after hard [f], [w] on the spot [A] sounds close to [A] – [Λ] , as after other hard consonant sounds.

ShA R[ball] – wA ry[shΛrý].

6. In other unstressed syllables (second, third pre-stressed syllables, over-stressed syllables) vowels [a], [o], [e] sound even weaker and fuzzier.

The position of the vowel in other unstressed syllables (not in the first prestressed) is usually called II weak position: the force of exhalation when pronouncing such syllables is three times less compared to a stressed syllable.

IN school course these sounds are not specifically mentioned.

In linguistics, such sounds are usually called reduced, that is, “weakened.” The signs most often used to denote them are: “er” [ъ]– after hard consonants, “er” [b]- after soft consonants. (This resource uses a simplified version of vowel transcription, that is, the pronunciation features of vowels [o], [a], [e] in closed and open overstressed syllables are not taken into account, the difference in pronunciation [o], [a], [e] in overstressed syllables syllable, etc.)

For example:

after hard consonants: dO language[d ъ mavoj], fishA [fish ъ], roofsA [roofs ъ], tse face[ts ъ l'ikom];

after soft consonants: RI Dovoy[R' b davoj], floore [floor' b], hA scooper[h’ b sΛfsch’ik].

7. Exception constitutes II weak position of vowels at the absolute beginning of a word [a], [o]. In place of these vowels at the beginning of the word, an unreduced “er” sounds [ъ], and the sound is close to [A] – [Λ] , as in I weak position after hard consonants.

ABOUT gherkin[Λgur’ets]; O monkey[Λb'iez'jan].

Analysis algorithm when transcribing a word

	Break the word into syllables and add stress. Regret - so-zha-le-ni-e.
	Underline the stressed vowel with two lines. So-zha-le-no-e. A stressed vowel does not change its sound. Just keep in mind that the letters e, e, yu, i may mean: or one sound [e], [o], [a], [y]– after soft consonants (as in the word regret); or two sounds: consonant [j]+ vowel [e], [o], [a], [y]– at the beginning of a word, after a vowel and after separators ъ And b . Explicit – I-evny, development – ​​pro-I-vka, shooting – sem-ka.
	Place the number of the weak position above the unstressed vowels: first pre-stressed syllable – I weak position; the remaining unstressed syllables are II weak position. Co II - lady I - l e- neither II - e II. If among these vowels there are sounds [i], [s], [y](letters and, y, y, yu ), then emphasize them with one feature: they do not change their sound in an unstressed position. Co II - lady I - l e- nAnd II - e II – in an overstressed syllable neither sounds vowel [i].
	Determine which vowel sounds sound in weak position I (first pre-stressed syllable) in place of letterse, e, o, a : after hard consonants - [Λ] ; after soft consonants - [And uh ] ; after f, w, c may sound [And uh ] . Co II - lady I - l e- nAnd II - e II – in a syllable lady sounds vowel [ы и]. Please note that if the letters e, I [j]+ vowel [e], [a] j e, I there will be a sound [And uh ] . Showed up - oh II - byya I - wil-xia II – first pre-stressed syllable byya I will sound like [b'ji e].
	Determine which vowel sounds sound in the second weak position (any unstressed syllable, except the first pre-stressed one) in place of the letters e, e, o, a : after hard consonants - [ъ]; after soft consonants - [ъ]; at the absolute beginning of the word in place of the letters O And A – [Λ] . Please note that if the letters e, I denote two sounds: consonant [j]+ vowel [e], [a], then these vowels also change according to general rules: j – a soft consonant, which means after it in place of the letters e, I there will be a sound [b]. Co II - lady I - l e- nAnd II - e II – syllable with with a hard consonant it sounds like [съ]; syllable e([j] + vowel) sounds like [b]; o II - byya I - wil-xia II – O at the absolute beginning of the word it will sound like [Λ], the syllable Xia with a soft consonant it will sound like [s'ь].

Peculiarities of pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions

Features of the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions depend on a number of conditions:1) places in relation to the stressed syllable,2) positions at the absolute beginning of the word,3) hardness/softness of the preceding consonant.

The place in relation to the stressed syllable determines the degree of vowel reduction. In phonetics, it is customary to name syllables not according to their order in a word, but according to the place they occupy relative to the stressed syllable. All unstressed syllables are divided into prestressed and overstressed. The numbering of pre-stressed syllables is carried out in the direction from the stressed syllable, that is, from right to left.

In the first pre-stressed syllable, four vowels are possible - unstressed [u], [i], [s], [a]: n[u]zhdaneed , [h"i]s y´watch , sh[y]lkasilks , n[a]chnoynight .

In the remaining unstressed syllables (second, third prestressed and post-stressed) strongly reduced vowels [ъ], [ь], as well as the sound [у] are pronounced. In the second pre-stressed syllable: d[ъ]movoy smoke Andbrownie , [m"b] sorubkameat grinder , [h"y]dotvornymiraculous .

In overstressed syllables: bolot[ъ]мswamp Andswamps , tendergentle Andtender , si[n"b]mblue Andblue , pó[l"l]mfield , horsehorse .

In overstressed syllables at the absolute end of the word, along with the sounds [ъ], [ь] and [у], the vowel [ы] is fixed, only very short: note[y] notes , note[b] note, but[t"b]note , note[y]note .

The position at the absolute beginning of a word after a pause also affects the characteristics of vowel reduction. In this position, the sounds [у], [и], [а] are pronounced, regardless of their distance from the stressed syllable: [у] take away take away , [and] exporterexporter , [a]speakstipulate .

Features of the distribution of unstressed vowels in a word can be presented in the form of a table.

In a stressed syllable: stressed [ý], [i´], [ы´], [e´], [ó], [á]

In the 1st pre-stressed syllable,

at the absolute beginning of the word: unstressed [u], [i], [s], [a]

In the 2nd, 3rd pre-stressed syllable,

in unstressed syllables: unstressed [ъ], [ь], [у] + [ы] (at the absolute end of the word)

Hardness/softness of the preceding consonant - important factor, which determines the possibility of the appearance of certain vowels: 1) after solids there may be [u], [s], [a], [b]: [lu]govoimeadow , [ly] networkgo bald , [la]retscasket , [l]shadayhorses ; 2) after soft ones, [u], [i], [b] are pronounced: [l "u]ubovátsyaadmire , [h"i]rnetturn black , [l "b]dorýbice ax ; 3) pre-stressed [a] and [b] after soft ones are impossible: [r"i]dy´ranks , [p"i]ti´ five, [r"b]dovoyprivate , [p"t]tiletkafive year plan ; 4) [ъ] after soft ones appears only in reflexive -sya, in endings and formative suffixes. Such pronunciation is possible, not obligatory, and is associated with the task of conveying grammatical information about case, number, etc.: received i´l[s"b]it worked out - at the granny's [s"b]at grandma's ; drip[l"b] drop - drip[l"b] drop;bear[d"b]mbears - bear[d"b]mbear ; in vy´sa[d"b]slanding - in vy´sa[d"b]sdisembark .

All the features of vowel pronunciation analyzed above relate to the phonetics of commonly used significant words. Conjunctions, prepositions, particles, interjections, rare borrowings may not obey the described patterns. They allow, for example, the following pronunciation of non-high vowels: slept, But]not for long , b[o]á , andant [uh].

In unstressed syllables, vowels are pronounced differently than under stress - more briefly and with less muscular tension of the speech organs (this process in linguistics is called reduction). In this regard, vowels without stress change their quality and are pronounced differently than stressed ones.

In addition, fewer vowels are distinguished without stress than under stress: vowels that differ under stress in the same morpheme (for example, in the root) in an unstressed position cease to differ, for example: sama and soma - [sama], fox and forests - [l "isa] (this process is called neutralization).

In the Russian language, there are 4 vowel sounds in the unstressed position: [a], [u], [ы], [i]. Unstressed [a], [i] and [s] differ in pronunciation from the corresponding stressed ones: they are pronounced not only shorter, but also with a slightly different timbre, which is caused by less muscle tension during their pronunciation and, as a consequence, a shift of the speech organs to more neutral position (resting position). Therefore, their designation using the same transcription signs as stressed vowels is to a certain extent arbitrary.

The sounds [o] and [e] in Russian occur only under stress. The only exceptions are a few borrowings (cocoa [kaќao], canoe [canoe]) and some function words, for example the conjunction but (cf., for example, the pronunciation of the preposition na and the conjunction but: I went to the exhibition, but the exhibition was closed).

The quality of an unstressed vowel depends on the hardness/softness of the preceding consonant.

After hard consonants the sounds [u] (hand [ruќa]), [a] (milk [malayo]), [y] (soap maker [mylavar], belly [zhivot], yellow [zhylt "́et", horses [lashyd] are pronounced "Hey"]).

After soft consonants, the sounds [u] (to love [l "ub" ́it"]), [i] (worlds [m "iry], hours [h "is", lie [l "izhat"]) are pronounced.

As can be seen from the above examples, the same unstressed vowel can be displayed in writing in different letters:

[y] - letters y (empty [empty"]) and yu (bureau [b"uro]),

[a] - letters a (heat [heat]) and o (bed [pas "t" el"]),

[s] - with the letters s (thinker [mysl "́it"il"]), and (life [zhyz"n"]), and (regret [zhal"́et"] / [zhyl"́et"] - in some words after hard unpaired [zh], [sh], [ts] pronunciation variability is possible), e (iron [zhyl "eza]),

[i] - letters and (piston [p"iston]), e (honey [m"idok]), a (hour [h"isok]), i (rows [p"ida]).

What has been said above about the correspondence of unstressed vowels and the letters denoting them can be generalized into a diagram convenient for use when transcribing:

After a hard consonant, except [zh], [sh], [ts]:

u [u] hand [hand]

a [a] herself [sa]ma

o [a] soma [sa]ma

s [s] wash you [we]t

e [s] test [you] test

After [zh], [w], [ts]:

make noise

e [s] sixth [s] stop

o [s] chocolate [shy] colad

o [a] shock [shock]

a [a] balls [balls]ry

and [s] horses horses

s [s] chick [tsy] films

and [s] wide [sh] wide

After a soft consonant:

yu [u] love [l "u] kill

y [y] wonderful [h "y] gum

and [and] worlds [m"ry]

e [i] change [m"i] take

I [and] nickel [p"and]so

a [and] watch [h"i]sy

At the beginning of a phonetic word:

have [y] lesson [lesson] lesson

a [a] arba [a] arba

o [a] window [a] window

and [and] game [and] game

uh [and] floor [and] floor

These phonetic laws regulate the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in all unstressed syllables, except for individual borrowings and function words (see above), as well as the phonetic subsystem of unstressed endings and formative suffixes. Thus, these morphemes represent the pronunciation of the unstressed [a] reflected in the letter I after a soft consonant: storm [bur"a], wash [my"s"a], reading [ch"itai"a].

Complex 3 describes the system of unstressed vowels differently. It says that under stress, vowels are pronounced clearly; the sounds [i], [s], [u] are pronounced clearly and in unstressed syllables. In place of the letters o and a in unstressed syllables, a weakened sound [a] is pronounced, characterized by less distinctness (denoted as [a]). In place of the letters e and i in unstressed syllables after soft consonants, [ee] is pronounced, that is, the middle sound between [i] and [e] (p[ie]terka, s[ie]lo). After hard hissing [zh], [sh] and after [ts] in place of e, [ye] is pronounced (zh[ye]lat, sh[ye]ptat, ts[ye]na). In some unstressed syllables, instead of [a], a short vowel [ъ] is pronounced, close to [ы] (m[ъ]loko); after soft syllables, a short vowel [ь], close to [i] is pronounced (reads - [ч "и́аj" ьт]).

It seems that this material requires some comment.

First, it is necessary to identify the names of these vowels: [ie] (“and, inclined to e”), [ые] (“ы, inclined with e”), [ъ] (“er”), [ь] (“ fuck").

Secondly, it is necessary to explain when the sounds [a], [ые] and [ъ] are pronounced, and when [ie] and [ь]. Their differentiation depends on the position in relation to the stress and to the beginning of the phonetic word. Thus, in the first prestressed syllable (the syllable before the stressed vowel) and in the position of the absolute beginning of the word, the unstressed vowel is longer than in the remaining unstressed syllables (non-first prestressed and unstressed); It is in these positions that the vowels [a], [ые] and [е] are pronounced.

The sounds [a] and [ые] occur after hard consonants ([ые] - only after [zh], [w], [ts]) and are designated in writing by the letters a (sama [sama], horses [lshied "́еj"] ), o (soma [sama]), e (turn yellow [zhyelt "́et"]).

The sound [ie] occurs after soft consonants and is denoted by the letters e (blizzard [m"iet"́el"), a (clock [h"eeśy]), i (row [r"edok]).

The sound [ъ] is pronounced after hard consonants in non-first prestressed and post-stressed syllables and is denoted by the letters a (locomotive [рару́ос]), о (milk [malaќo]), e (yellowness [zhalt "iznа]).

The sound [b] is pronounced after soft consonants in the first pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables and is denoted by the letters e (transition [п "ьр" ихо́т]), я (ordinary [р "ьда́оj"]), а (hour [ч "ьса́оj"]) .

The pronunciation of unstressed vowels presented in this complex is called “ekany” in linguistics and, representing the so-called “senior” pronunciation norm, is outdated (see also the following subsection “Orthoepy”).

Thus, vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced differently than in stressed syllables. However, this change in the quality of vowels is not reflected in writing, which is due to the basic principle of Russian orthography: only independent, meaningful features of sounds are reflected in writing, and their change, caused by the phonetic position in a word, is not reflected in writing. It follows from this that the unstressed position of the vowel is a signal of the spelling. From the point of view of spelling rules, unstressed vowels can be divided into three groups: those checked by stress, unchecked by stress (dictionary), vowels in roots with alternations.

How to identify vowel sounds?
What letters represent vowel sounds in writing?

Differences between a vowel and a consonant:

• the vowel sound consists only of the voice;

• when pronouncing a vowel sound, air passes through the mouth freely, without obstructions;

• a vowel sound forms a syllable: u | cha | ta .

Note! The word vowel is formed from the obsolete word glas (voice). Therefore, we can say that a vowel sound means “vocal”.

Spelling words with an unstressed vowel sound at the root.

Remember! A vowel sound in a stressed syllable (under stress) is called stressed. A vowel sound in an unstressed syllable (without stress) is called unstressed.

Note! Words tiger and tigers, birch and birches are forms of the same word. The words tiger and tiger cubs, birch and birch are words with the same root.

Note! The same vowel sound in an unstressed syllable can be represented by different letters.

[a] [a] [a] [a]
Shafts, rooks, tables, dew.

Note! An unstressed vowel sound in the root of words with the same root and forms of the same word is denoted by the same letter that denotes a stressed vowel sound in the same root: snow - snow - snowman - Snow Maiden.

Word being checked - this is a word in which the spelling of the letter denoting an unstressed vowel sound is checked: To oh ver , page e la , P and smo .
Test word - this is a word in which the letter being tested indicates a stressed vowel sound: To o scream , arrows , arrow , letters .

To choose a test word to indicate by letter unstressed vowel sound at the root, you need:

a) or replace the form of the word (m o rya - sea, by the sea) ;
b) or choose a single root word (tr and vá - grass, green - green) - so that the unstressed vowel sound becomes root percussion.

In the test and test words, vowels in the stressed and unstressed syllables of the root spelled the same.

Note! If the letter e is written under stress at the root of a word, then the letter e is written without stress in the forms of the same word and in words with the same root: tears - tears, bee - bee, sisters - sister.

When do you need to remember the spelling of letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds at the roots of words?

Remember! There are words in the Russian language in which the spelling of the letter denoting the unstressed vowel sound in the root is can't be verified: l O pata, k A artina, p A lto, O hope The spelling of such words is necessary either remember, or check according to the spelling dictionary.
At school such words are sometimes called vocabulary. But this is not a scientific name. In each class you will be introduced to new vocabulary words.

Note! We have already talked about words in which letters are highlighted or missing. These are spelling letters. Their writing follows the rules that you learn in Russian lessons.
Spelling we will call letter, which needs to be written check or remember.

The letter denoting the unstressed vowel sound at the root of a word is an orthogram. Its spelling must be checked or memorized.

1. A a a
2. B b b b b
3. In in ve
4. G g g
5. D d d e
6. E e e
7. Yo yo yo
8. Zhe zhe
9. Z ze ze
10. And and and
11. Thy and short
12. K k ka
13. L l el
14. Mm um
15. N n en
16. Ooo
17. P p pe
18. R r er
19. S s es
20. T t teh
21. U u u
22. F f ef
23. X x ha
24. Ts ts tses
25. Ch h wh
26. Sh sh sha
27. Shch shcha
28. ъ hard sign
29. s s
30. b soft sign
31. Uh uh
32. Yu yu yu
33. I I I

42 sounds
6 vowels		36 consonants
[a] [i] [o] [y] [s] [e]		Doubles		Unpaired
Drums	Unstressed	Voiced	Deaf	Voiced	Deaf
		[b] [b"] [in] [in"] [g] [g"] [d] [d"] [and] [z] [z"]	[n] [n"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [w] [s] [s"]	[th"] [l] [l"] [mm"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"]	[x] [x"] [ts] [h"] [sch"]
		Doubles		Unpaired
		Solid	Soft	Solid	Soft
		[b] [V] [G] [d] [z] [To] [l] [m] [n] [P] [R] [With] [T] [f] [X]	[b"] [V"] [G"] [d"] [z"] [To"] [l"] [m"] [n"] [P"] [R"] [With"] [T"] [f"] [X"]	[and] [ts] [w]	[th"] [h"] [sch"]

How do letters differ from sounds?

Sound is elastic vibrations in any medium. We hear sounds and can create them, among other things, with the help of the speech apparatus (lips, tongue, etc.).

A letter is a symbol of the alphabet. It has a capital (excl., ь and ъ) and lowercase version. Often a letter is a graphic representation of the corresponding speech sound. We see and write letters. To ensure that the writing is not affected by the peculiarities of pronunciation, spelling rules have been developed that determine which letters should be used in the word in question. The exact pronunciation of the word can be found in phonetic transcription words that are shown in square brackets in dictionaries.

Vowels and sounds

Vowel sounds (“glas” is the Old Slavonic “voice”) are the sounds [a], [i], [o], [u], [s], [e], in the creation of which the vocal cords are involved, and on the way no barrier is erected to the exhaled air. These sounds are sung: [aaaaaaa], [iiiiiiiii] ...

Vowel sounds are designated by the letters a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, yu, i. The letters e, e, yu, i are called iotized. They denote two sounds, the first of which is [th"], when

1. are the first in the phonetic word e le [y" e ́l"e] (3 letters, 4 sounds) e sche [th" and ш"о́] (3 letters, 4 sounds) еж [й" о ́ш] (2 letters , 3 sounds) Yu la [y" u ́l"a] (3 letters, 4 sounds) I block [y" a ́blaka] (6 letters, 7 sounds) I ichko [y" and ich"ka] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
2. follow after the vowels birdie d [pt "itsy" e ́t] (7 letters, 8 sounds) ee [yiy" o ́] (2 letters, 4 sounds) kayu ta [kai" u ́ta] (5 letters, 6 sounds) blue [with "in" a] (5 letters, 6 sounds)
3. follow after ь and ъ е зд [вй" е ́ст] (5 letters, 5 sounds) rise m [fall" о ́м] (6 letters, 6 sounds) lyu [л"й" у ́] (3 letters, 3 sounds ) wings [wing "th" a] (6 letters, 6 sounds)

The letter and also denotes two sounds, the first of which is [th"], when

1. follows after ь nightingale [salav "й" and ́] (7 letters, 7 sounds)

In a word, vowel sounds that are emphasized during pronunciation are called stressed, and those that are not emphasized are called unstressed. Stressed sounds are most often both heard and written. To check which letter needs to be placed in a word, you should select a single-root word in which the desired unstressed sound will be stressed.

Running [b"igush"] - running [b"ek] mountain [gara] - mountains [mountains]

Two words united by a single accent make up one phonetic word.

To the garden [fsat]

There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. The division of a word into syllables may not correspond to the division during hyphenation.

e -e (2 syllables) to -chka (2 syllables) o -de -va -tsya (4 syllables)

Consonants and sounds

Consonant sounds are sounds that create an obstruction in the path of exhaled air.

Voiced consonants are pronounced with the participation of the voice, and voiceless consonants are pronounced without it. The difference is easy to hear in paired consonants, for example, [p] - [b], when pronounced, the lips and tongue are in the same position.

Soft consonants are pronounced with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and are indicated in transcription by an apostrophe " what happens when consonants

1. are always soft [th"], [ch"], [sch"] ai [ai" ] (2 letters, 2 sounds) ray [ray" ] (3 letters, 3 sounds) bream [l "esch" ] (3 letters, 3 sounds)
2. followed before the letters e, e, i, yu, i, b (excl., always hard [zh], [ts], [sh] and in borrowed words) mel [m "el"] (4 letters, 3 sounds) aunt [t"ot"a] (4 letters, 4 sounds) people [l"ud"i] (4 letters, 4 sounds) life [zh yz"n"] (5 letters, 4 sounds) circus [ts yrk] (4 letters, 4 sounds) neck [sh eyya] (3 letters, 4 sounds) tempo [t emp] (4 letters, 4 sounds)
3. come before soft consonants (some cases) pancake [bl"in" ch"ik]

Otherwise, consonant sounds will predominantly be hard.

Sibilant consonants include the sounds [zh], [sh], [h"], [sch"]. Speech therapists rule their pronunciation penultimately: the tongue must be strong and flexible to resist exhaled air and be held against the roof of the mouth in the shape of a cup. The last ones in line are always vibrating [p] and [p"].

Do schoolchildren need phonetics?

Without dividing into vowels, consonants, stressed and unstressed, of course, it is impossible. But the transcription is clearly too much.

Speech therapists are required to know phonetic analysis of words, and it can probably be useful to foreigners.

For students (from 1st grade!) who have not yet mastered the rules of spelling, a fairly in-depth study of phonetics only hinders, confuses and contributes to incorrect memorization of the spelling of words. It is “back” that the child will associate with the pronounced “run”.