Presentation steppe zone. Presentation on the topic "steppe zone"

Completed:

Student 8 "B" class

Gorlanov Vladislav

Slide 2

Steppes of Russia

Steppes are treeless spaces; they are located south of the forest zone in the European part of Russia, in the south of Western and Eastern Siberia, and in the Far East.

Slide 3

The steppes are located south of the forest zone, and there is enough heat there. But there isn't enough rain. Even if there are a lot of them, a significant part of them evaporates, leaving little for the trees. Trees do not grow in the steppes because it is dry there.

Slide 4

The length of the steppe from north to south in European Russia is about 200 km. Climatic conditions change when moving from west to east; The Siberian steppes are characterized by dryness, harsh winters and a large temperature contrast compared to European ones.

Slide 5

Humidification is insufficient and unstable. Representatives of the steppe fauna are distinguished by their adaptability to arid climates.

Slide 7

Plants

Red poppies, dark crimson peonies, pink, white and red clovers, blue-violet sage, blue violets, yellow tulips, white crocuses are blooming.

In spring, the steppe resembles a colorful carpet.

Slide 8

• The soil is very fertile. As a result of the activity of small rodents, insects, and worms, a fertile layer is formed - humus.
• In the southern steppe is the kingdom of feather grass. They are adapted to drought conditions.
• River valleys, slopes and ravine bottoms in this natural area are covered with meadow grasses.

What did the map tell us? (The steppe zone is located south of the forest zone, it stretches along the southwestern border of Russia. Its territory is interrupted by forest-steppes. This is a small zone in area, it is smaller than the forest and tundra zone. The steppe zone is located in the temperate zone, but closer to the Northern Tropic. zone is located on the East European Plain, and a small part is on the West Siberian Plain.)

Well, now you have an idea where this natural zone is located, where we are now (demonstration of the painting “In the Steppe”). This is what the steppe looks like in early spring. There are warm, long, dry summers here.

Remember what I told you about the hot wind? These are dry winds, sometimes they develop into dust storms. It rarely rains here. And the steppe becomes like this (the painting “Dry Steppe”).

And now our botanists, zoologists and ecologists are getting involved in the work.

Work in groups:

Materials for botanists (slide 10)

Herbarium, cards with pictures of plants, atlas-identifier, encyclopedia “I explore the world. Plants”, textbook (pp. 114,115). Card – “help me”:

1. General characteristics of plants.
2. Adaptability to natural conditions using the example of different plants (root, stem, leaves).

Materials for zoologists:

Pictures and cards with images of animals, atlas-identifier, encyclopedia “I explore the world. Animals”, textbook (pp. 116-118).

“Help” card:

1. A distinctive feature of steppe animals.
2. Methods of adaptation to life in the steppe using the example of various animals (size, shape, color).

Materials for environmentalists:

Cards with images of plants and animals listed in the Red Book, textbook (pp. 119, 120).

“Help” card:

1. Environmental problems of the steppe zone that arose due to
person.

2. Plants and animals listed in the Red Book.

– Imagine that you are steppe plants. Early spring (children show how quickly they grow). It’s hot, the sun is burning the earth (the plant children show how bad they feel). The wind blew - stronger and stronger, and a dust storm began (children pretend to be a storm). Suddenly everything became quiet (everyone sat down in their seats).

Botanists' story (slide 12-13)

All steppe plants are herbaceous and grow on fertile soil. Plants adapt to life in the steppe in different ways: for example, in tulips, which have beautiful flowers that resemble an inverted turban, after flowering the leaves and stems die off, and the bulb remains in the ground with a supply of nutrients until next spring. Irises and meadowsweet have also adapted. Meadowsweet has tuberous thickenings on its roots; reserve nutrients are deposited there; they can even be eaten (showing drawings, herbarium, attaching cards to a wall map). Feather grass and fescue have adapted in a completely different way (herbarium display). These plants grow in the form of a large dense bush. Below, near the ground, numerous shoots are pressed tightly against each other - The leaves of feather grass and fescue are narrow so that less moisture evaporates, the roots go deep into the ground (fixing the cards on a wall map).

– Thank you for your work, dear nerds! You have already noted that the steppe has fertile soils, this is chernozem - the most fertile soil in the world. cover the ground with a continuous carpet. Some steppe plants have fleshy stems and leaves that retain moisture. Now let’s give the floor to our zoologists.

Zoologists' story: (slide 14)

There are no trees in the steppes, but there is grass cover, so many insects live in the grass: grasshopper, grasshopper, bumblebee (showing cards). If there are insects, then there are many different birds: steppe lark, bustard, gray partridge, demoiselle crane (showing pictures). Steppe birds make nests right on the ground. Animals of the steppe are small, their life is connected with the ground, in which they make holes to hide from predators. Gophers, hamsters, and field mice live in the steppe (show pictures); in burrows they make provisions for the winter. And of course, in the steppe there are predators: the steppe eagle, the steppe ferret (showing pictures), the steppe viper, which feeds on rodents. The color of steppe animals often matches the color of the vegetation (fixing cards on a wall map).

Environmentalists' story (slide 15-16)

Many plants and animals of the steppe zone are in danger of extinction. The main reason is the plowing of steppe lands. People turned the steppes into fields (the painting “On the fields of the Black Earth Region”). Another reason: cattle graze in unplowed areas of the steppes; excessive grazing leads to soil destruction (photo). The following animals of the steppe are listed in the Red Book: steppe eagle, demoiselle crane, bustard, grasshopper, steppe rack, thin-leaved peony plant (drawings). There is another problem - poaching. To prevent nests built in the fields from being destroyed during field work, scientists create special nurseries. For example, bustard eggs are collected and placed in incubators, and the chicks, when they grow up, are released into the steppe. To preserve the nature of the steppes, it is necessary to limit its plowing, limit grazing, fight poaching, and create nature reserves.

Thank you very much, dear ecologists, for your work. you by
introduced us to the problems that arose in the steppe due to human fault, and suggested ways to solve them.

We traveled with you across the endless expanses of the steppes,
got acquainted with the flora and fauna. I suggest you draw up and write down two or three food chains that have developed in the steppe.

Plants –> hamsters –> steppe viper;

Plants –> insects –> gray partridge –> steppe eagle

• How did plants adapt to life in the steppe? (Herbaceous plants; bulbous roots; long roots; tufted roots; narrow or fleshy leaves.)
• How did animals adapt to life in the steppe? (Mainly – small animals; protective coloring; terrestrial and underground lifestyle.)
• What environmental problems have arisen in the steppe due to human fault? (Plowing of land; excessive grazing; poaching.)
• Write down the plants and animals of the steppe that you remember in your notebook.

Grading.

Homework

Page 114-122.

“Test yourself” – tasks 1, 2.

The steppe is a flat landscape zone located in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Steppes are common on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica.

Unfortunately, this type of natural landscape is gradually disappearing from the face of the earth. There are many reasons: plowing of the land, poaching, intensive grazing, fires.

General characteristics of the steppe

The steppes are characterized by an almost complete absence of trees. The exceptions are artificial plantings along paved roads and forest belts near water bodies. But in the steppe a large number of herbaceous plants and shrubs grow.

However, it is worth remembering that a flat treeless area with a humid climate is no longer a steppe. This is a zone of swampy meadows, and in the north, under such conditions, tundras are formed.

Natural areas of the steppes

The steppe natural zone is located between forest-steppe and semi-desert. The steppe is a treeless space completely covered with grass. The grasses form an almost closed carpet.

Steppe plants are distinguished by their ability to tolerate drought and heat. As a rule, the leaves of steppe plants are small, grayish or bluish-green. Many plants have the ability to curl up their leaves during drought to prevent evaporation.

Since the steppes occupy vast areas, plant species are very diverse. First of all, forage plants are of great importance for humans: clover, alfalfa, corn, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke. Beets, potatoes, as well as grains: oats, barley, millet.

Among the steppe plants, medicinal herbs and honey plants are also distinguished.

Animals of the steppes are not much different from the fauna of deserts and semi-deserts. They also have to adapt to hot summers and frosty winters. The most common ungulates are antelopes and saigas, and the most common predators are foxes, wolves and manulas. There are many rodents (gophers, jerboas, marmots), reptiles and insects. Steppe eagles, bustards, larks, and harriers are commonly found among steppe birds. Most bird species fly to warmer climes in winter.

Many steppe animals and birds are on the verge of extinction and are listed in the Red Book.

Types of steppes

Types of steppes are distinguished depending on the ratio of cereals and herbaceous plants.

. Mountain- characterized by lush forbs. An example is the mountain steppes of the Caucasus and Crimea.

. Meadow, or forbs - the largest number of species of steppe plants grow here. Meadow steppes are in contact with forests, and their soils are rich in black soil. Most of the steppes of the European part of Russia and Western Siberia belong to this species.

. Xerophilous- with an abundance of turf grasses, mainly feather grass. This type of steppe is often called feather grass. For example, the southern steppes in the Orenburg region.

. Desert, or deserted. There is a lot of wormwood, tumbleweed, twigs and ephemerals here. This is what the once rich, mixed-grass steppes of Kalmykia have become, which as a result of human activity are gradually turning into deserts.

Steppe climate

The main feature of all steppes is aridity. The climate type is from moderate continental to sharply continental. The average annual precipitation rarely exceeds 400 mm. Windy weather prevails in the steppes, and summer is characterized by a large number of sunny days. Winters have little snow, but snowstorms and blizzards are frequent.

Another feature of the steppes is the sharp difference in day and night temperatures, since at night the temperature can drop by 15-20ºC. These conditions make steppes similar to deserts.

Dust storms often occur in the steppes, which affect soil erosion and lead to the formation of gullies and ravines.

The soils of the steppes located in the temperate climate zone are very fertile and are actively used in agriculture. The basis is black soil, only closer to the southern latitudes chestnut soils are found.

In different countries, steppes have their own name. In Australia and Africa it is savannah, in South America it is llanos and pampas, or pampas, in North America it is prairie, and in New Zealand it is tussock.

In Europe, steppes have been preserved mainly in protected areas. But in Siberia there are still virgin steppes - Kuraiskaya, Chuiskaya.

For 1 sq. km of steppe space is inhabited by more insects than people in the whole world.

The largest birds live in the steppes. In Russia there are bustards, and in Africa there are ostriches.

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Slide captions:

Natural area STEPPE

The steppe is an endless plain covered with grassy vegetation

Oh, you are a wide steppe, you are a free steppe, you are so wide, mother, you stretch out...

Steppe, and steppe all around. The path is long. In that deaf steppe the coachman froze...

Steppes of Russia

In winter, the temperature drops to - 20-30°. The snow cover is thin. Winds, snowstorms.

Spring is short with a lot of moisture in the soil. The steppe comes to life, becomes covered with a carpet of tulips and irises.

Summer is long and dry (+ 23-25) Dry wind is a drying wind. Blows at a speed of 5 to 20 m/s (dust storms). Showers.

The soils in the steppe are fertile, covered with black soil.

Steppe plants iris sage tulip poppy

Steppe plants sedum fescue sleep-grass wormwood

Steppe plants feather grass rocking young bruise

Animals of the steppe

Insects of the steppe butterflies jumping beetles ladybug mosquitoes grasshopper ants locusts gadflies, horse flies dragonflies flies

Steppe Kestrel Steppe Harrier Crane Demoiselle Little Bustard Steppe Eagle

Speckled ground squirrel Gray hamster Steppe mousebird Steppe marmot Steppe pika Jerboa

Hedgehog Tur Steppe fox Saiga Steppe wolf Tarpan

Predators Rodents Ungulates How did animals adapt to the harsh living conditions in the steppe? Running birds birds of prey

How did running birds adapt to the harsh conditions of life in the steppe? Keen vision Tall height Protective coloring Caution

How did birds of prey adapt to the harsh living conditions in the steppe? Keen vision Powerful claws Wide wings Flight speed

How did rodents adapt to the harsh living conditions in the steppe? Coloniality Life in the underground layer Storing food for the winter Hibernation

How did ungulates adapt to the harsh living conditions in the steppe? Camouflage coloring Fast running Herding

How did predators adapt to the harsh living conditions in the steppe? Masking color to match the color of grass and earth

Predators Rodents Ungulates Ability to go without drinking water for a long time Running birds Birds of prey

Steppes and people

Homework Use additional literature. Prepare reports about reptiles of the steppe.

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Tsareva Natalia Alexandrovna

Program: “School of Russia”

“The world around us” - A.A. Pleshakov, E.A. Kryuchkova - 4th grade

Lesson type – combined.

Topic: “Steppe zone”.

The purpose of the lesson : to form students’ idea of ​​the natural zone of the steppes.

Tasks:

Educational: introduce the geographical location of the steppe zone, climate, flora and fauna;

- develop the ability to work with a map, textbook, additional literature;

Foster a love for nature and your small homeland;

Equipment:

Map of natural areas;

Physical card;

Costumes for the scene;

Cards (image of plants);

Card (features of steppe plants)

Textbooks “The World Around Us” Part 1 A.A. Pleshakov

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

The road awaits us today,

And we need to find out a lot.

So let's get to work, guys, quickly,

So as not to waste time.

And how hard they worked at home,

Let's hasten to tell you.

II. Checking homework.

What natural area was studied in the last lesson?

(We studied the forest area)

Show the forest area on the map. Tell us about its location.

(The forest zone is located south of the tundra zone. It stretches from West to East. It occupies the East European, West Siberian Plain, and the Central Siberian Plateau. It consists of three parts: taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests).

Place animals and plants in natural areas (work at the board).

III. Working on a new topic.

Where will the road lead us? Want to know about it? Then try to solve the crossword puzzle as soon as possible.

Guess the plants and animals of the forest zone.

1. Leaves – glossy.

Berries - with blush,

And the bushes themselves -

Not higher than a hummock. (Cowberry)

2. Christmas tree or not a Christmas tree?

Green needle,

And not a peg at all. (Larch)

3. The owner of the forest

Wakes up in the spring.

And in winter, under the snow howl

He sleeps in a snow hut. (Bear)

4. Takes from my flower

The bee has the most delicious honey.

But they still offend me:

The thin skin is torn off. (Linden)

5. There are earrings,

Yes, not a girl;

There are also cones

Yes, not pine;

And he lives in the lowlands,

Near the vine. (Alder)

The key word is STEPPE.

Communicate lesson objectives.

Today in class we will study the steppe zone.Such great Russian poets as A. Koltsov, I. Bunin, S. Yesenin wrote poems about the steppe. The steppe was depicted on their canvases by such great artists as A.I. Kuindzhi, A.M. Vasnetsov, and lesser-known artists, for example, Zverkov and others. The steppe is sung about in the song “Steppe and steppe all around.” Steppes without end and edge I , smooth, boring, loose,wavy, hilly... The steppe, like a living creature, changes its outfits. Different poets, different artists - different perceptions of the steppe (the teacher accompanies his story by showing reproductions)

1. Practical work No. 1

Look at the map of natural zones of Russia. What color is the steppe zone on the map?

(The steppe zone is indicated in yellow. It is located south of the forest zone).

Compare the area of ​​the forest zone and the steppe zone. What do you think?

(The steppe zone is much smaller than the forest zone.)

Now let's look at the physical map of Russia. Where is the steppe zone located?

Teacher. (Most of the steppe zone is located on the East European Plain, and it is also found in Western and Eastern Siberia).

2. A student’s story about climate (the assignment was given on the eve of studying the topic).

The steppe zone is located in the temperate climate zone. Summer is long and dry. In July +22 - +25 degrees, the heat can reach up to +40 degrees. The weather is dry and sunny. Dry hot winds often blow - hot winds. Sometimes dry winds turn into dust storms. The rains are torrential in nature. The rainfall passes quickly, and most of the water, not having time to saturate the soil, flows down in streams and evaporates. Winter is short and warm, but there are cold temperatures down to -20 -30 degrees.

3. Fauna of the steppe.

Sketch “Green Theater” - 3 students participate.

Author. Hot summer day. The steppe stretches far, far away. The feather grass sways like a silver sea. An eagle soars high in the sky, looking for prey on the ground. Here he moves away, turning into a black dot, and disappears. And in the thickets of feather grass we met a jerboa and a gray partridge. They are not afraid of each other, because the jerboa feeds on plants, and the partridge eats insects.

Jerboa. Finally the eagle flew away. Otherwise I was afraid to run across the steppe.

Partridge. And I’m afraid of the eagle, I’ve been sitting hungry for two hours now. I just don’t understand, why should you be afraid of him? How fast you run. Will the eagle catch you?

Jerboa. That's why I run fast so that I don't get caught. Who knows, it’s better not to take risks.

Partridge. Who else in our steppe runs as fast as you?

Jerboa. Saiga. And mice, hamsters and gophers hide in holes. (Slide show)

Partridge. There were few eagles, but foxes and wolves also appeared. (Slide show)

Jerboa. Do not say. I'm tired of being here, I'm thinking maybe I should move to the northern steppe. And here there are feather grass and feather grass, and there are a lot of flowers and herbs of all kinds. (Slide show)

Partridge. I don’t know, I’m fine here too. Look, the bustard is running, it’s hilarious! The legs are long, it flies somehow. (Slide show)

Jerboa. It takes her a long time to run away. And it flies not so bad.

Partridge. A real bird should fly higher. It may be that I am a gray partridge, or a demoiselle crane, or a pink starling, or a steppe lark. (Slide show)

Jerboa. Or an eagle. (Slide show)

Partridge. Don't tell me about the eagle! It rises high, high, and then from there it rushes at everyone... No, a real bird doesn’t do that.

Jerboa. Look, the grasshopper has jumped!

Partridge. This is not a grasshopper. This is a filly. Grasshoppers have long antennae, while fillies have short antennae. Grasshoppers eat insects, just like me, even though they are insects themselves. And the fillies are plants.

What animals live in the steppe?

View slides about animals.

1. The steppe eagle is a bird of prey. Nests on the ground. The fingers are weak, the claws are short, it feeds on small animals (rodents, birds). Wingspan up to two meters.
2. The kestrel is a bird of prey.
3. Steppe lark - we hear its song in early spring. Only the male sings. They feed on insects and carrion.
4. The bustard is the largest bird, weighing from 16 to 21 kg. Runs well and flies well. It rises into the air with difficulty from a running start. It flies against the wind, low, gradually gaining altitude.
5. The gray partridge looks like a small chicken. It also clucks and rakes the ground with its paws. Destroys many harmful insects for agriculture.
6. Gophers do not stray far from their holes. Rising on their hind legs, they look around all the time, and noticing a person or animal, they hide in a hole with a squeak.
7. Steppe viper - in weeds and ditches. They feed on rodents and insects.

4 . Flora of the steppe. Practical work No. 2

To identify steppe plants, you will split into groups of 5 people, and each group will receive a task.

(The teacher distributes tasks. 3 groups receive 5 cards with images of plants.)

1 group. Dwarf birch, tulip, feather grass, fescue, lady's slipper.

2nd group. Blueberry, thin-leaved peony, fescue, iris, strawberry.

3rd group. Blueberry, iris, feather grass, tulip, moss.

Open your textbook. Read the information about steppe plants in the textbook and choose from the plants suggested that belong to this zone. Stick them on the sheet where it says “Steppe” and sign their names.

4th group. You have been given a text about the characteristics of plants in the “Steppe” zone. Read and answer using the “helper” card:

a) Plants of the steppe are trees, shrubs, herbs.

b) Leaf shape – narrow, wide. Why?

c) Leaf color – light dark. Why?

d) Root system – bulb, bunch, rhizome. Why?

Generalization - slide show (flora of the steppe).

All steppe plants are herbaceous and grow on fertile soil. They adapt to life in the steppe in different ways; for example, in tulips, after flowering, the leaves and stem die off, and the bulb remains in the ground with a supply of nutrients until next spring. Fescue and feather grass adapt in a completely different way. These plants grow in the form of a large dense bush. This way the root system better collects and retains moisture from the surface of the earth. The leaves of feather grass and fescue are narrow so that less moisture evaporates. The leaves are light in color and reflect the sun's rays better.

IV. Summing up.

I want to end the lesson with the following lines.

What space and freedom there is here!

Everywhere you look there is freedom!

South of the forest strip

There is a carpet of herbs and flowers.

There is room for winds and birds, Rodents and wolves. Foxes.

Here the dry winds love to sing!

And it’s called – this is the steppe!

What did you learn about the steppe today?

Photo “Steppe and steppe all around”, “Feather grass steppe” - author Alesing

…..The beauty of Don nature in the vast steppes. The more you peer into the discreet beauty of your native landscapes, the more you absorb the feeling of unprecedented space and breadth. Both the paints and the colors in nature are somehow special here. The Don flows widely in the open spaces of green steppes. It meanders like a mirrored ribbon of shining silver among the fields along the wide expanse of the steppe. And its flow is slow and smooth. Don seems to be sleeping. No wonder they called him Quiet..." (M. Sholokhov)

V. Homework.

Prepare a short report about representatives of the animal or plant world of the steppe. And then from your messages we will compile a book - “Fauna and Plants of the Steppe.”