Beech M1 rocket speed. Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk-M2E"

Cooperation of enterprises led by "NIIP named after V.V. Tikhonravov" in 1994-1997. Work was carried out to create a modernized Buk-M1-2 complex based on the 9K37 Buk air defense system. At the same time, the complex turned into a universal fire weapon.

Through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time it is possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance" type, aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, surface ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launch installations, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of defeating aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles has been increased. The boundaries of the affected zones have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications lies in the fact that, with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameters, the combat mission can be carried out by the autonomous use of only one ground-based fire weapon - a self-propelled firing system. This quality makes it possible to ensure surprise in the firing of air targets from ambushes, and autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.

Currently, the developers are proposing a new version of the family, designated Buk-M2.

Compound

The Buk-M1-2 complex differs from its predecessor the Buk-M1 air defense system primarily in the use of the new 9M317 missile (see photo). In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is planned to introduce a new tool into the complex - a radar for target illumination and missile guidance with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device (see photo).

With the introduction of target illumination and guidance radars, the complex's combat capabilities to engage low-flying targets, in particular modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

Composition of the complex:

• command post 9S470M1-2 (see photo , , , , )
• six self-propelled firing systems 9A310M1-2 (see photo)
• three launch-loading installations 9A39M1 (see photo)
• target detection station 9S18M1 (see photo)
• maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with spare parts trailer 9T456
• maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1
• repair and maintenance machines (MRTO):
  • MRTO-1 9V883M1
  • MRTO-2 9V884M1
  • MRTO-3 9V894M1
• transport vehicle 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (KTO) 9T3184
• automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1
• missile repair machine (workshop) 9T458
• unified compressor station UKS-400V
• mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1 (see photo).

The complex is offered in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transported on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter option, with a slight reduction in cost, the maneuverability indicators deteriorate and the deployment time of the air defense system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.

The 9A310M1-2 self-propelled firing system includes:

• radar station (radar)
• launcher with four missiles
• digital computing system,
• television-optical viewer,
• laser rangefinder,
• navigation and communication equipment,
• radio interrogator "friend or foe",
• built-in trainer,
• documentation equipment.

The location of the radar and launcher with missiles on one rigid platform allows, using an electro-hydraulic drive, their simultaneous rotation in azimuth with the raising and lowering of the artillery unit. In the process of combat operation, the SOU carries out detection, identification, auto-tracking and recognition of the type of target, development of a flight mission, solution of the launch problem, launch of a missile, illumination of the target and transmission of radio correction commands to the missile, evaluation of firing results. The self-propelled gun can fire at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system with target designation from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. Firing of targets can be carried out both from the self-propelled gun itself and from the launch-loading unit (PZU) attached to it.

The 9A310M1-2 SOU can be equipped with both the standard 9M38M1 missile and the newly developed 9M317 missile.

The 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missile was developed as a single anti-aircraft missile for the air defense of the ground forces and the air defense of naval ships (the Ezh air defense system). It hits tactical ballistic missiles, strategic and tactical aircraft, including those maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units, cruise missiles, fire support helicopters (including those hovering at low altitudes), remotely piloted aircraft, anti-ship missiles in intense conditions. radio countermeasures, as well as radio-contrast surface and ground targets.

The 9M317 missile, compared to the 9M38M1, has an expanded destruction zone of up to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height and parameters, as well as a larger range of targets to be hit.

Externally it differs from the 9M38M1 by a significantly shorter wing chord length; it provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker 9B-1103M with guidance using the proportional navigation method.

The technical solutions contained in it made it possible, based on recognition results, to adapt the control system and combat equipment of the missile to the type of target (ballistic target, aerodynamic target, helicopter, small target, surface (ground) target) and increase the probability of destruction. Due to the technical solutions implemented in the missile’s onboard equipment and the complex’s equipment, it is possible to fire at radio-contrast surface and ground targets and defeat them through a direct hit. The missile can hit targets flying at ultra-low altitudes. Target acquisition range with EPR = 5 m² - 40 km.

A fully assembled and equipped rocket is explosion-proof and does not require checks and adjustments during its entire service life. The missile has a high level of reliability. Its service life is 10 years and can be extended after special work.

The high efficiency, versatility and possibility of using the 9M317 missile defense system have been confirmed during military exercises and firing.

The secrecy of the operation of the SDA has been improved due to the introduction of a laser rangefinder, which, paired with a television-optical sighting device, provides passive direction finding of ground (NGTs) and surface (NVTS) targets. The modified software of the digital computer system provides optimal angles of missile flight to the target, at which the influence of the underlying surface on the missile homing head is minimized. To increase the effectiveness of the missile warhead when working against surface (ground) targets, the radio fuse is turned off and a contact fuse is connected. To improve the noise immunity of the complex, a new mode has been introduced - “coordinate support”. In this mode, range coordinates from other means of the complex are used to fire at the active jammer. Thus, compared to the previously used “Triangulation” mode, in which two SDA were involved, the number of firing channels for the active jammer doubles.

SOU 9A310M1-2 can be interfaced with the means of the "Cube" complex. Moreover, the “Cube” complex can simultaneously fire at two targets instead of one. One target channel is the SOU 9A310M1-2 with an attached self-propelled launcher (SPU) 2P25, the second is a standard channel, that is, a reconnaissance and guidance control station (SURN) 1S91 with a SPU 2P25.

In recent years, the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering and related organizations have successfully completed a number of development work on further modernization of the anti-aircraft missile system as a whole and its individual elements.

Main directions of modernization:

• increasing the number of simultaneously fired targets through the use of a phased antenna array (PAR);
• improving noise immunity by adapting the phased array beam to the tactical and jamming environment.
• increasing the efficiency of the radar by increasing the transmitter power and the sensitivity of the microwave receiver (new electronic devices);
• the use of high-speed computers and modern digital signal processing.

A modernized self-propelled gun with phased array can be interfaced with the BUK-M1-2 complex, as a result of which the number of targets simultaneously fired by it can be increased from 6 to 10 - 12.

During World War II, the main enemy of tanks on the battlefield was enemy artillery or armored vehicles, but soon the situation changed dramatically and enemy aircraft increasingly became one of the main enemies of tanks. The threat from the air has especially increased with the appearance of combat helicopters over the battlefield. These vehicles have become real “tank hunters”. In October 1973, eighteen Israeli Air Force Cobra helicopters destroyed ninety Egyptian tanks in one mission without losing a single helicopter.

It became clear that the air defense forces must not only cover populated areas and fixed objects as before, but also cover their troops on the march. The Soviet military very quickly came to understand this fact. Work on the creation of MANPADS was intensified, and at the end of the 50s, the development of the Kub self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system began in the USSR. Its main task was to protect ground troops, including tank formations, from enemy aircraft and helicopters operating at medium and low altitudes. The complex was put into service in 1967. But already at the beginning of 1972, a resolution was adopted ordering the development of a new self-propelled air defense system to begin, which was to replace the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. Thus began the creation of the Buk, one of the most effective air defense systems in the world.

History of the creation of the Buk air defense system

The main developer of the new air defense system was the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (this organization was involved in the creation of the “Cube”). At the same time, work began on the development of the Uragan anti-aircraft complex for the needs of the Navy using a single missile.

The developers had to invest in a very short time frame, so the commissioning of the complex was divided into two stages. Initially, all efforts were devoted to creating a new 9M38 anti-aircraft missile (SAM) and a self-propelled firing system (SFA). They became part of the batteries of the “Cube” complex and significantly increased its combat power. It was in this form that the 2K12M4 “Kub-M4” air defense system was adopted by the USSR Ground Forces in 1978.

The new modernized “Cube” had much better technical characteristics: the number of target channels increased (from 5 to 10), the range and height of destruction of air targets increased, and now the complex could destroy faster targets.

The second stage of creating a new air defense system involved the creation of an integral complex consisting of a 9A310 self-propelled launcher armed with new M938 anti-aircraft missiles, a 9S18 target detection station, a 9S470 command post and a 9A39 charging unit. In 1977, testing of the new air defense system began, which continued until 1979. The tests were successful, and the complex was put into service. It received the designation "Buk-1".

The new anti-aircraft missile system was intended to combat air targets at low and medium altitudes (25-18,000 meters) and at a range of 3 to 25 kilometers. The probability of hitting the target was 0.6. All elements of the complex are placed on unified tracked vehicles with increased cross-country ability.

Almost immediately after the 9K37 air defense system was put into service, work began on its modernization in 1979. They were completed in 1982, in the same year they successfully conducted tests and the modernized Buk-M1 air defense system was put into service. The new anti-aircraft missile system has had a number of basic characteristics significantly improved. The affected area was significantly increased, the probability of hitting cruise missiles and helicopters increased, and it became possible to recognize targets. In addition, the Buk-M1 has become much less vulnerable to anti-radar missiles.

The next stage of modernization of the Buk air defense system occurred in the early 90s of the last century. The anti-aircraft complex was equipped with a new 9M317 anti-aircraft missile, which had much more “advanced” characteristics compared to its predecessor (although the complex can also be armed with the standard 9M38M1 missile for the Buk). This missile hit air targets at an altitude of up to 25 kilometers and at a range of up to 50. The new anti-aircraft missile system was designated 9K37M1-2 “Buk-M1-2”. Work on the air defense system took place from 1993 to 1996. In 1998, the Buk-M1-2 was adopted by the Russian army. Also, the Buk-M1-2 complex provides for the introduction of a new component - a special vehicle with a radar used to illuminate targets and guide missiles. In this case, the radar antenna is located on a telescopic lift, which raises it to a height of 22 meters. This additional element significantly increases the effectiveness of the air defense system, especially against low-flying, high-speed targets (cruise missiles).

Since the mid-80s, work has been in full swing on another modification of the Buk complex, which was supposed to be able to fire at 24 air targets and have a much larger destruction radius (up to 50 kilometers). This modification was called 9K317 Buk-M2. This modification was also planned to be equipped with the 9M317 missile. In the 90s, tests of the new complex were carried out, however, due to the difficult situation in the country and in the Russian economy, it never went into production. Only fifteen years later, the Buk-M2 was finalized and began to be delivered to the troops only in 2008.

Currently, work is underway on the next modification of the legendary air defense system - 9K317M Buk-M3. It will be able to track and engage up to 36 targets simultaneously. They plan to equip the complex with a new missile with a radar guidance system. The complex will be able to operate successfully in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures. The new anti-aircraft missile system is planned to be put into service in 2015.

Description of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system

The Buk-M1 air defense system is designed to destroy army, tactical and strategic aviation aircraft, fire support helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles. This complex is capable of effectively resisting massive raids by enemy aircraft and reliably covering troops or military-industrial facilities. This complex can successfully operate under electronic jamming conditions and in any weather conditions. The Buk-M1 air defense system has a circular radius of destruction of targets.

One Buk battery consists of six self-propelled firing systems, three charging vehicles, a target acquisition station and a command post. The GM-569 tracked chassis is used as the base for all vehicles of the complex. It provides the Buks with high maneuverability, maneuverability and speed of deployment of the complex. All systems of the complex have an autonomous power supply.

The command post (CP) of the Buk complex is designed to control the operation of the complex. Can operate in conditions where the enemy actively uses electronic interference. The command post can process information about 46 air targets; it provides reception and processing of data from six fire control systems and a target detection station, as well as from other air defense units. The command post identifies air targets, determines the most dangerous of them and assigns a task to each SDA.

The target acquisition station (TDS) is a 9S18 “Dome” radar operating in the centimeter range, capable of detecting air targets at an altitude of up to 20 and a range of up to 120 kilometers. The station has a high level of noise immunity.

The Buk-M1 self-propelled firing system (SOU) is equipped with four missiles and a 9S35 centimeter-range radar. The self-propelled gun is designed to search, track and destroy air targets. The installation contains a digital computer complex, communication and navigation equipment, a television-optical sight, and an autonomous life support system. The SOU can operate autonomously, without being tied to a command post or target detection station. True, in this case the affected area is reduced to 6-7 degrees in angle and 120 degrees in azimuth. The SOU can perform its functions in conditions of radio-electronic interference.

The charging installation of the Buk complex can store, transport and load eight missiles.

The complex is armed with a 9M38 anti-aircraft solid-fuel single-stage missile. It has a radar guidance system with a semi-active operating principle and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. At the initial stage of the flight, correction is carried out by radio signals, and at the final stage - due to homing.

To destroy air targets, a warhead weighing 70 kilograms is used, which is detonated using a proximity fuse 17 meters from the target. The damaging elements of a missile are the shock wave and fragments. The length of the rocket is 5.5 meters, its largest diameter is 860 mm, and the total weight is 685 kilograms. The rocket is equipped with a solid propellant engine operating in two modes, with a total operating time of 15 seconds.

Specifications

At the moment, more than ten countries are armed with the Buk air defense system of various modifications. Negotiations are currently underway with several other countries. There are several export versions of the complex. Further work is being carried out to modernize it.

The Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system is one of the best medium-range air defense systems in the world. At the shooting tests held at the Kapustin Yar training ground in September 2010, the Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) demonstrated 100 percent effectiveness. They hit five targets with five shots. This was announced by the press secretary of the commander of the North Caucasian Military District, Lieutenant Colonel Andrei Bobrun. The firing was carried out by the anti-aircraft missile brigade, which was the first to receive the Buk-M2E air defense system into service in the Russian army.

The shooting once again confirmed the unique combat characteristics of the Buk-M2E air defense system. This is a multifunctional, mobile, multi-purpose medium-range anti-aircraft missile system. The main developer is the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering named after V.V. Tikhomirov, the main manufacturer is OJSC Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (UMZ).

SAM "Buk-M2E" (in NATO classification - SA-17 "Grizzly") - a multi-purpose medium-range anti-aircraft missile system designed to destroy any aerodynamic targets, including maneuvering tactical and strategic aircraft, fire support helicopters, including hovering ones, a wide range of missile targets: tactical ballistic, anti-radar, cruise. The air defense system is also capable of attacking surface targets (destroyer and missile boat class). The Buk-M2E air defense system provides fire at ground-based radio-contrast targets both in a noise-free environment and in conditions of intense radio countermeasures.

According to specified requirements The Buk-M2E air defense system was modernized in the following areas:
— modern specialized digital computers (DSVMs) have been introduced into the complex’s combat assets, which, thanks to their high performance and memory capacity, provide not only the solution of combat missions, but also the functioning of training modes and training for crews of the complex’s assets;

— the teleoptical sighting device (TOV) has been replaced by a tele-thermal imaging system that provides detection, acquisition and automatic tracking of targets in passive mode both at night and in difficult weather conditions;

— the system for documenting the operation of the complex was replaced with an integrated (built-in) objective control system (ISOC) based on modern computer technologies;

— signal processing and display equipment, previously made on the element base of the 70s...80s, to increase the reliability of operation, was transferred to processor processing with information output to liquid crystal monitors;

— communication means have been replaced with modern digital radio stations, providing reception and transmission of both speech information and encoded target designation and target distribution data;

— operator workstations with indicators based on cathode ray tubes (CRT) have been replaced with automated workstations.

The basis of the Buk-M2E air defense system is the launch-loading installation(PZU 9A39), the main purpose of which is to transport, store and launch anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM). The 9A39 vehicle is capable of launching 4 missiles located on the launcher, as well as loading it from fixed cradle on which 4 more missiles are placed.

In addition, the ROM is capable of charging and discharging a self-propelled firing system (SFA). The 9A39 launch-loading installation combines the functions of a transport-loading vehicle and a launcher. Charging ROMs with anti-aircraft guided missiles can be carried out from a transport vehicle. A full reload cycle with 8 missiles takes 26 minutes.

The PZU 9A39 launch-loading installation includes the following components:
- Starting device;
— Power supply units;
— Power servo drive;
— Telecode communication system;
— Topographical reference and orientation equipment;
— Digital computer;
- Tap.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

Combat weight - 35.5 t
Crew - 3 people.
Armor type – bulletproof
Complex reaction time: 10-12 sec.
Probability of hitting a target with one missile: 0.9-0.95.

Mobility:
Engine power - 710 hp.
Highway speed - 65 km/h
Speed ​​over rough terrain - 35..45 km/h
Cruising range on the highway - 500 km
The climbability is 35 degrees.
Ditch to overcome - 1.5 m
Fordability – 1 m

The affected area of ​​the complex is:
— in range — from 3 to 45 km;
— in height — from 15 m to 25 km.

The anti-aircraft complex uses modern phased antenna arrays with an effective command method of phase control, allowing you to simultaneously track and hit up to 24 targets with a minimum time interval. The presence of an OLTC illumination and guidance radar in the air defense system with an antenna post rising to a height of 21 m ensures the destruction of targets flying at low and extremely low altitudes, in wooded and rough terrain.

Placing combat assets on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis makes it possible to deploy and collapse air defense systems in no more than 5 minutes. It only takes 20 seconds to change positions with the equipment turned on. All this indicates the high mobility of the complex.

Modern hardware and software implementation of noise protection channels ensures reliable operation of the complex's combat weapons in conditions of intense noise barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz.

The possibility of 24-hour operation of the main combat weapon of the complex - the self-propelled gun in the mode of an optical-electronic system, implemented on the basis of sub-matrix thermal imaging and CCD-matrix television channels, significantly increases the noise immunity and survivability of the air defense system.

High efficiency of the complex has been repeatedly confirmed by repeated successful firing tests at the firing ranges of the Russian Federation and foreign customers in conditions as close as possible to combat. The Buk-M2E anti-aircraft missile system is one of the best medium-range air defense systems in the world. It is in increasing demand on the global arms market.

/Based on materials oborona.ru And www.confpubs.ru /

The military anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (9K37) is designed to destroy aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 meters per second, at low and medium altitudes, at ranges of up to 30,000 m, maneuvering with overloads of up to 12 units, under radio countermeasures conditions. in the future - Lance ballistic missiles. Development began in accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972. it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (Hurricane) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, integrated with the Buk air defense system.

The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NKO (research and design association) Phazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - Rastov A.A., CP (command post) 9S470 - Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), self-propelled firing system 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.

PZU (start-loading unit) 9A39 was created at the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), headed by A.I. Yaskin.

The unified tracked chassis for the complex's vehicles was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.

The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.

SOC 9S18 (detection and target designation station) ("Dome") was developed at the NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of Vetoshko A.P. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.).

A set of technical tools was also developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on the automobile chassis.

Completion of the development of the anti-aircraft missile system was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

But in order to quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Army - tank divisions - with increasing the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channel capacity for targets (and, if possible, ensuring complete autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 22, 1974 prescribed the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system in 2 stages. At first, it was proposed to rapidly develop an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing system for the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, capable of launching 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex. On this base, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, they were supposed to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) anti-aircraft missile system, and ensure its entry into joint testing in September 1974. At the same time, the previously prescribed deadlines and volumes of work on the Buk air defense system in its full prescribed composition were maintained.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to include a Kub-M3 regiment in each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces), in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The 9A38 self-propelled firing system provided search in the designated sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homing 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, associated with it. The combat operation of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system consisted of:
- digital computing system;
- Radar 9S35;
- a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
- television-optical viewfinder;
- ground-based radar interrogator operating in the “Password” identification system;
- telecode communication equipment with SURN;
- wire communication equipment with SPU;
- autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
- navigation, topographical reference and orientation equipment;
- life support systems.

The weight of the self-propelled firing system, including the weight of the combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 thousand kg.

The progress that has been made in the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, and digital computers has made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous radiation transmitter was used to illuminate targets and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search using the electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out using the monopulse method, and signal processing was carried out by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds. The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's direction-finding and surveillance receivers is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds. The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; ensure selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system was used to block the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when accompanied by a helicopter or aircraft.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with interchangeable guides designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile used a dual-mode solid propellant engine (the total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in passive sections of the trajectory and instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in creating the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.

The general design of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled American-made naval anti-aircraft missiles of the Standard and Tartar families. This corresponded to strict restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.

The rocket was carried out according to the normal design and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active hydrodynamic pump, autopilot equipment, power supply and warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. The diameter of the rocket was 400 mm, the length was 5.5 m, and the span of the rudders was 860 mm.

The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 to 20 thousand m at a range of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units.

The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.

The design of the missile ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in the 9YA266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system, consisting of the 1S91M3 SURN, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as the 9V881 MTO (maintenance vehicle) underwent state testing. tests at the Embensky test site (head of the test site Vashchenko B.I.) under the leadership of a commission headed by Bimbash P.S.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was obtained - from 65 to 77 km; at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 kilometers. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a range of 21-35 km. When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range for aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 kilometers and for targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of a self-propelled firing system (from the moment of target detection to the launch of a guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading/discharging time for three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.

When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the destruction of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 kilometers, at an altitude of 30 meters - 5-15.4 kilometers. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of the heading parameter - 18 kilometers. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.

The complex entered service in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name "Kub-M4" (2K12M4).

The 9A38 self-propelled firing systems were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles were produced by the Dolgoprudny Machine-Building Plant MAP, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.

The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the SV SA.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its full set of assets took place from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embensky training ground (chief V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.

The 9S470 command post installed on the GM-579 chassis provided the reception, display and processing of target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in automatic and manual modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters of firing installations, about work on targets, about the mode operation of the detection and target designation station; organizing the operation of the complex in the event of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles; documentation of training and work of calculation of CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes of up to 20 thousand m in a zone with a radius of 100 thousand m per station review cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing systems (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters). The weight of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is no more than 28 tons.

Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station "Dome" (9С18) of the centimeter range, which has electronic scanning of the beam according to the elevation angle in the sector (set to 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or electric drive). The 9S18 station was intended to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of viewing the space during a circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when viewing in a 30-degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20", in range - no more than 130 meters, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 meters.

To ensure protection from targeted interference, we used tuning of the carrier frequency between pulses, from response interference - the same plus blanking of range intervals via the automatic recording channel, from asynchronous pulse interference - blanking of range sections and changing the slope of linear frequency modulation. The detection and target designation station with noise barrage of self-cover and external cover of specified levels ensured detection of a fighter at ranges of at least 50 thousand m. The station ensured the tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of passive interference and local objects using a scheme for selecting moving targets with automatic wind speed compensation. The detection and target designation station was protected from proto-radar missiles by software tuning the carrier frequency in 1.3 seconds, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signal or to flicker mode (intermittent radiation).

Station 9S18 consisted of an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile and a feed in the form of a waveguide ruler (providing electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane), a rotating device, and an antenna folding device; transmitting device (average power 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise factor up to 8) and other systems.

All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis "ob. 124" of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station was different from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system; it was different, since the Kupol radar station was initially intended to be developed outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional air defense of the Ground Forces.

The time it took to transfer the station between traveling and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The weight of the station (including a crew of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.

In its design and purpose, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that, using a telecode line, it communicated not with SURN 1S91M3 and self-propelled launcher 2P25M3, but with the command clause 9C470 and ROM 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time it took to transfer the installation from traveling to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds. Loading the 9A310 firing system with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launch-loading installation took 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons.

The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 meters, width - 3.25 meters (in working position - 9.03 meters), height - 3.8 meters (7.72 meters).

The 9A39 launch-loading installation installed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing eight anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed cradle - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading 8- yu missile launcher from a transport vehicle (charging time 26 minutes), from ground cradle and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles. Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-loading installation consisted of a starting device with a servo power drive, a crane, supports, a digital computer, equipment for topographical referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. The mass of the installation including a combat crew of 3 people is 35.5 tons.

Dimensions of the launch-loading installation: length - 9.96 meters, width - 3.316 meters, height - 3.8 meters.

The complex's command post received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (automated control system Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed them and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that carried out search and capture for automatic tracking targets. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched. To guide the missiles, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, the command was carried out detonation of the warhead. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems, the Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by a division, and if necessary, execution of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater detection reliability thanks to the organization of a joint survey of the space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency in hitting targets due to the increased power of the anti-aircraft guided missile warhead.

Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system can fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 kilometers at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m /s - up to 30 km) with a heading parameter of up to 18 kilometers with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk anti-aircraft missile systems were consolidated into missile brigades, consisting of: a command post (a combat control post from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own command posts 9S470, a detection and target designation station 9S18, a platoon communications and three anti-aircraft missile batteries (each with two 9A310 self-propelled firing installations and one 9A39 launcher-loading installation), maintenance and support units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was controlled from the army air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the ground forces' air defense forces in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in the cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 air defense system. New means - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing systems 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, launch-loading installations 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. Kalinina MAP.

In accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities and the protection of the complex's electronic equipment from anti-radar missiles and interference.

As a result of tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Embensky training ground (chief - V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by B.M. Gusev, it was found that the modernized "Buk-M1" compared to the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" provides a large area of ​​destruction of aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of being hit by one guided missile of more than 0.4, "Hugh-Cobra" helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0, 4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 kilometers.

The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies instead of 36, which helps to increase protection from intentional and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.

Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control post of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training for crews of anti-aircraft missile systems.

Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 installation provides target detection and acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30 percent), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station "Kupol-M1" (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation.

The detection and target designation station has the following dimensions: length - 9.59 meters, width - 3.25 meters, height - 3.25 meters (in working position - 8.02 meters), weight - 35 tons.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures for protection against anti-radar missiles.

The combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with similar assets of the Buk complex without modifications. The standard organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

The technological equipment of the complex consists of:
- 9V95M1E - automated control and testing mobile station vehicles based on ZIL-131 and a trailer;
- 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9V881E - maintenance vehicle based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9T229 – transport vehicle for 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (or six containers with guided missiles) based on the KrAZ-255B;
- 9T31M - truck crane;
- MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop based on ZIL-131.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983 and its serial production was established in cooperation with industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex on 9M38 guided missiles, also entered service.

Complexes of the Buk family called "Gang" were proposed to be supplied abroad.

During the Defense 92 exercise, anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk family successfully fired at targets based on the R-17, Zvezda ballistic missiles and Smerch MLRS missiles.

In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on further modernization of the Buk air defense system - the creation of an anti-aircraft missile system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name "Ural".

In 1994-1997, a cooperation of enterprises led by Tikhonravov Research Institute carried out work on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 thousand meters, elements of high-precision and surface ships at a range of up to 25 thousand meters and ground targets (large command points, launchers, aircraft at airfields) at a range of up to 15 thousand meters. The effectiveness of defeating cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 kilometers and in height - up to 25 kilometers. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar homing head with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The rocket had a launch mass of 710-720 kilograms with a warhead mass of 50-70 kilograms.

Externally, the new 9M317 missile differed from the 9M38 in its shorter wing chord length.

In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the installation of an antenna at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system to destroy low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex includes a command post and two types of firing sections:
- four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing installation each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loading installation with 8 guided missiles;
- two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, capable of also providing simultaneous fire at four targets, and two launch-loading installations (each with eight guided missiles).

Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter option, the cost was reduced, but maneuverability deteriorated and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15.

In particular, the Start MKB, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), developed the 9A316 launcher-loader and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.

The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of anti-aircraft missile systems as a whole represents an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, ensuring a continuous increase in the air defense capabilities of the ground forces at relatively low costs. This path of development, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for gradual technical behind. For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, the more reliable and safe scheme for continuous operation of missile defense systems in a transport and launch container, all-angle vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced in other second-generation air defense missile systems, have not been used. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development has to be considered the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the Buk and Kub family complexes is the correct one.

For the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system: Rastov A.A., Grishin V.K., Akopyan I.G., Zlatomrezhev I.I., Vetoshko A.P., Chukalovsky N.V. and others were awarded the USSR State Prize. The development of the Buk-M 1 anti-aircraft missile system was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. The laureates of this prize were Kozlov Yu.I., Ektov V.P., Shchekotov Yu.P., Chernov V.D., Solntsev S.V., Unuchko V.R. and etc.

The main tactical and technical characteristics of the BUK type anti-aircraft missile systems:
Name - "Buk"/"Buk-M1";
The affected area in range is from 3.5 to 25-30 km/from 3 to 32-35 km;
Damage zone in height – from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter – up to 18/up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9/0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6/0.3..0.6;
Probability of hitting a cruise missile – 0.25..0.5/0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m/s;
Reaction time - 22 seconds;
Anti-aircraft guided missile flight speed - 850 m/s;
Rocket mass – 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel – 2;
SAM channel (per target) – up to 3;
Expansion/collapse time – 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle is 4;
Year of adoption: 1980/1983.

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Today, Russian short- and medium-range air defense systems remain one of the most effective air defense systems at the operational-tactical and tactical levels. We are talking about the air defense systems "Tunguska-M1" (missile and artillery) and "Buk-M2" and its export modification "Buk-M2E" (missile). These complexes are still significantly superior to their foreign counterparts in terms of tactical and technical characteristics, as well as in terms of cost/effectiveness criteria. Next we will talk about the Buk-M2E medium-range complex.

The development of this air defense system was fully completed already in 1988, however, due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation in the country, its serial production was not launched. After 15 years, all design documentation for this complex was modified to accommodate a modern element base. Since 2008, the complex has been in service with the Russian army and is being supplied to the troops. The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria acted as the starting customer for this complex; the contract was concluded in 2007 and is estimated at $1 billion. All systems under this contract have already been delivered.

The Buk-M2E medium-range air defense system belongs to the 3rd generation systems (according to the NATO codification SA-17 “Grizzly”). Due to the use in this model of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays, the number of simultaneously tracked air targets increased to 24. The introduction into the air defense complex of an illumination and guidance radar with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of up to 21 m, ensured an increase in the effectiveness of the complex in the fight against low flying targets.

The main manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system is Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant OJSC. The lead developer of design documentation for the main combat weapons and the Buk-M2E complex as a whole is OJSC Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the SOC - target detection station 9S18M1-3E - was carried out by NIIIP OJSC (Novosibirsk).

The Buk-M2E complex is a modern multi-purpose medium-range air defense system, which is characterized by high mobility. This anti-aircraft missile system is able to ensure the successful solution of combat missions in any situation, even in conditions of active radio countermeasures from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic targets, the air defense system is able to combat a wide range of missiles: cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-radar missiles, and special air-to-surface missiles. It can also be used to destroy naval surface targets of the missile boat or destroyer class. The complex is also able to provide shelling of ground-based radio-contrast targets.

Automated control of the conduct of combat operations of the Buk-M2E complex is carried out using a command post (CP), which receives the necessary information about the air situation from a target acquisition station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP). The command post is responsible for transmitting control and target designation commands to 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled firing unit (SOU) with 4 missiles and the 1st launch-loading unit (PZU) attached to it; the battery may also include 1 illumination and guidance radar (RPN).

Target detection radar

Firing of air targets accompanied by a complex is carried out using both single and salvo launches of missile defense systems. The Buk-M2E air defense system uses highly effective anti-aircraft guided missiles with a solid-fuel rocket engine, which have combat equipment that is flexibly adapted to various types of targets. The use of these missiles makes it possible to confidently hit air targets over the entire range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km in range, from 0.015 to 25 km in altitude. At the same time, the missile defense system is able to provide a flight altitude of up to 30 km and a flight range of up to 70 km.

The Buk-M2E air defense system uses the 9M317 missile defense system. This missile uses an inertial-corrected control system, which is complemented by a nose-mounted semi-active Doppler radar homing head 9E420. The missile's warhead is rod-based, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the area affected by fragments is 17 m. The maximum flight speed of the missile is up to 1230 m/s, withstandable overloads are up to 24g. The total weight of the 9M317 missile defense system is 715 kg. The rocket uses a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine. Its wingspan is 860 mm. The missile has a high level of reliability. A fully equipped and assembled rocket does not require any adjustments or checks throughout its entire service life, which is 10 years.

The complex uses modern phased array antennas (PAA), which have an effective command control method, which allows the air defense system to simultaneously track up to 24 different air targets, which can be hit with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the probability of hitting an aircraft that does not perform evasive maneuvers is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their capabilities to carry out effective work against missiles. "Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy such targets that have an effective reflective surface (ERS) of up to 0.05 m2 with a probability of destruction of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of the affected ballistic missiles is up to 1200 m/s.

The destruction of enemy cruise missiles and other targets, for example, drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes in difficult, rugged and wooded terrain, is ensured by the air defense system due to the presence in its composition of a special illumination and guidance radar (RPN), equipped with an antenna post, raised to a height of 21 m.

In 2009 and 2010, the complex underwent real testing in conditions as close as possible to combat conditions, with extensive, multilateral firing and flight tests carried out at the training grounds of the Russian Ministry of Defense, as well as foreign customers of the complex. The Buk-M2E air defense system is able to operate in the most difficult weather and meteorological conditions.

For him, air temperatures up to +50°C, wind gusts up to 25-27 m/s, and increased air dust are not a hindrance. The modern hardware and software implementation of anti-jamming channels used in the complex allows the complex's combat assets to operate confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out at both single and multiple targets simultaneously located in the affected area of ​​the complex. At the same time, targets of various classes and purposes were fired upon. The tests became a real test of the maximum capabilities of the Russian air defense system and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by the designers at the development stage.

Target illumination and missile guidance radar

Placing the combat assets of the Buk-M2E air defense system on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheeled ones can also be used) provides the ability to quickly roll up and deploy the complex, this standard is within 5 minutes. To change position with all the equipment turned on, the complex requires no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. On highways, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at speeds of up to 65 km/h, and on dirt roads - 45 km/h. The power reserve of the combat vehicles included in the complex is 500 km.

At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system is a 24-hour air defense system. The main combat weapon of the complex - the self-propelled gun - operates in 24-hour mode through the use of an optical-electronic system, which is built on the basis of a CCD-matrix television and sub-matrix thermal imaging channels. The use of these channels can significantly increase the survivability and noise immunity of the complex.

The Buk-M2E air defense system can be operated in a wide variety of climatic zones; at the request of the customer, the vehicles are equipped with air conditioners. The combat vehicles of the complex can be transported without any restrictions (distance and speed) by all types of transport: rail, water, air.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Buk-M2E complex:
Range of destruction of air targets:
maximum - 45 km;
minimum - 3 km.
Air target engagement altitude:
maximum - 25 km;
minimum - 0.015 km.
The number of tracked targets is 24.
The maximum speed of targets hit is 1100 m/s (approaching), 300-400 m/s (retreating).
Probability of hitting a target with one missile:
tactical aircraft/helicopter - 0.9-0.95;
tactical ballistic missile - 0.6-0.7.
Number of missiles - 4 pcs.
The reaction time of the complex is 10 s.
The rate of fire is once every 4 s.
Deployment time to combat position - 5 minutes.

Information sources:
http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-miss/buk-m2e-i-tunguska-m1
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml
http://bastion-karpenko.ru/buk-m2
http://army-news.ru/2011/01/zenitnyj-kompleks-buk-m2e
http://ru.wikipedia.org