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If future tense English. Subordinate clauses (when, as soon as, till, untill, after, before)

"If" and "when" conditional clauses. Conditional sentences with "if" and "when" in English.

In English, as in Russian, there are simple and complex sentences. Complex sentences are those that consist of two or more simple ones, each of which has its own subject and predicate. Simple sentences can be connected by unions, allied words or non-union words. In English, parts of a complex sentence are called "clauses". If we stipulate that some action is performed or will be performed under certain conditions, then we use conditional clauses in speech, which usually begin with the conjunctions " if(if " when(when - in the meaning if)". For example:
If the weather is good on Sunday, I always go for a walk in the park.
If the weather is good on Sundays, I always go for a walk in the park.
I often visit Martin when I go to London.
I often visit Martin when I go to London.

Moreover, if the predicate verb of the main sentence is in the form of the future tense or in the imperative mood, and the subordinate clause is in the form of the present tense, then the predicate verb of the subordinate clause expresses the future action. In other words, after the unions" if / when"in conditional sentences, the future tense is not used in English. Instead, the present indefinite tense is used. Compare the examples:
If the weather is good on Sunday, I"ll go for a walk in the park.
If the weather is good on Sunday, I will go for a walk in the park.
I"ll visit Martin when I go to London.
I'll visit Martin when I go to London.
If you read in bed, you will ruin your eyes.
If you read in bed, you will damage your eyes.
Tell him everything if he asks.

Tell him everything if he asks.

Special questions. Special questions in English. Structure of interrogative sentences.

We have already said that in an English sentence the order of words is strictly fixed; So in an affirmative sentence the subject is placed first, followed by the predicate and the object. This word order is called direct, for example:

A question about the entire sentence is called a general question. He clarifies the information and is usually answered “yes” or “no”. Moreover, in English it is not enough just the words “yes” or “no”; the answer must contain an auxiliary verb, the same as in the question, and a personal pronoun corresponding in form to the subject. The word order in the question is also strictly fixed. In a general question, the auxiliary verb (or verb ") comes first to be"in the required form), followed by a subject, predicate (in the form of an infinitive without a particle" to") and addition. For example:

Is he happy? - Yes, he is.
- He is happy? - Yes.

Do you know the man? -No, I don't.
- Do you know this man? - No.

Word order in a general question:
1. auxiliary verb (or verbs " to be, to have ").
2. subject.
3. predicate (semantic verb).
4. direct object.
5. indirect object.
6. circumstance of place and time.

A question that relates only to any member of the sentence and is asked in order to obtain new specific information is called a special question. Any special question always begins with a question word.

Question words:
who- Who
what- what, which
whose- whose
whom- whom, to whom
which- which
when- When
where- Where
where to- Where
how- how, in what way
why- Why
how much- how much
how many- How many
how long- how long

The subject always answers the question “who or what?” Definition - to the questions “which, which, whose?”; Please note that the English word " what" has two meanings. Question word " what" means "which" if followed by a noun, and "what" if followed by an auxiliary verb.

What trees grow in your garden?
What trees grow in your garden?

What is his favorite subject?
What is his favorite subject?

What do you know?
What do you know?

In the first example, the question was asked to the definition, in the second - to the subject, and in the third - to the object. Supplement - a member of a sentence that comes after the predicate and complements the meaning of the verb. In English, as in Russian, there are direct and indirect objects. The direct object is expressed by a pronoun or noun without a preposition and answers the accusative case question “whom/what?”

He reads this book every day.
He reads (what?) this book every day.

Mike loves me very much.
Mike loves (who?) me very much.

The indirect object answers the questions of the remaining cases and can be expressed by a pronoun or a noun with or without a preposition.

I gave him the book.
I gave (to whom?) him a book.

He showed the picture to his friends.
He showed the picture (to whom?) to his friends.

If the indirect object is expressed by a noun with a preposition, then it is placed after the direct object, and if it is a pronoun or noun without a preposition, then before the direct object.

I gave the book to the student.
I gave (what?) a book to (whom?) a student.

I gave the student the book.
I gave (who?) a student (what?) a book.

The adverbial denotes a sign of action and follows the complement, and if there is no complement, the predicate. The circumstance can be expressed by an adverb or a noun with a preposition, for example:

I went to the party yesterday.
I went to a party yesterday.

I see him very often.
I meet him very often.
We go to the library in the evenings.
We go to the library in the evenings.

However, in a special question to the subject, the word order remains the same as in an affirmative sentence, only in the first place of the subject we put the question word " who / what", followed by a predicate and an object.
Meg gave him a present.
Meg gave him a gift.
Who gave him a present?
Who gave him a gift?

Someone makes the decisions.
Someone makes decisions.
Who makes the decisions?
Who makes the decisions?

So, to ask a question to the subject, it is enough to put a question word in place of the subject. To ask a general question, you need to put an auxiliary verb before the subject. A special question is similar in structure to a general question, only a question word is also placed before the auxiliary verb. Compare:
Someone wants to see her.
Someone wants to see her.
Who wants to see her?
Who wants to see her? (question to the subject)
She wants to see someone.
She wants to see someone
Whodoesshewanttosee?
Who does she want to see?

The Present Indefinite Tense. Present indefinite tense in English.

We have already said that the English tense system is much more complex than in the Russian language. If in Russian there are only three tense forms (present, past and future tense), then in English such aspects as completeness and continuation are also taken into account. In addition, for the correct understanding and use of verb forms, it is important to take into account how the action we are interested in relates to the moment of speech: whether it coincides with it or does not take it into account, is completed at the moment of speech or is still in the process.

We will begin our acquaintance with tense forms of the English language with a group of simple or indefinite tenses - Indefinite Tenses (now they are more often called - Simple Tenses). The temporary forms of this group simply describe the action without indicating the nature of its occurrence.

The Present Indefinite Tense- the present indefinite tense is used to denote ordinary, regularly repeated or constant actions, for example, when we talk about someone’s habits, daily routine, schedules, etc., i.e. The Present Indefinite denotes actions that are happening at the present time, but they are not tied to the moment of speech. For example:

The lectures at the Institute begin at 9 o"clock.
Lectures at the institute begin at 9 o'clock.

I go to the Institute on foot.
I walk to college (always)

Peter swims well.
Petya swims well (in general)

The Earth goes round the Sun.
The Earth revolves around the Sun. (Constantly)

Ann goes to the South every summer.
Anna travels to the south every summer. (repeated action)

Therefore, with verbs in the Present Indefinite, adverbs such as always- Always, often- often, rarely- rarely, usually- usually, never- never, sometimes- Sometimes, every day- every day, etc.

I sometimes meet your father at the station.
I sometimes meet my father at the station.

My parents always spend their holidays at the seaside.
My parents always spend their holidays at the seaside.

Twice a year students take their exams.
Students take exams twice a year.

As can be seen from the examples, the affirmative form of the simple present tense is formed by setting the first form of the verb (infinitive without the particle " to") after the subject. However, if the subject is in the 3rd person singular form (that is, if the subject is expressed by the pronouns “he, she, it” or can be replaced by these pronouns), then the suffix " is added to the stem of the verb -s (-es)", For example:

My friend lives in a hostel.
My friend lives in a hostel.

The school year begins in September.
The academic year begins in September.

She drives a car.
She drives a car.

Rules for adding the suffix " -s (-es)" to the base of the verb completely coincide with the rules for adding the suffix " -s (-es)" plural to the base of a noun. There is a rule of opposite suffixes (a good tip for language learners) which is that if the subject suffix has a plural " -s (-es)" excludes the suffix " -s (-es)" of the predicate verb and vice versa:

My brothers live in Minsk.
My brothers live in Minsk.

My brother lives in Minsk.
My brother lives in Minsk.

Often it is this rule that makes it possible to easily determine the verb in an affirmative sentence - the predicate in the form of the simple present tense.

To form the interrogative and negative form in the simple present tense, the auxiliary verb " do", and in the third person singular the ending " -s (-es)" is added not to the semantic verb, but to the auxiliary verb. To ask a question, you need to put the auxiliary verb " do (does)" before the subject followed by a semantic verb (infinitive without " to"). For example:

Do you play chess?
Will you win chess?

Does he speak English well?
Does he speak English well?

Do trains stop at this station?
Do trains stop at this station?

Does the ship arrive soon?
Is this ship arriving soon?

We continue the theme of Future Simple.
Today we’ll talk about the most common question: is it necessary to put Will after words such as: When, As soon as, If, After, Before? If necessary, then in what cases. And when in English is Will placed after If and When?

REMEMBER: DO NOT put Will in front of the following words:

When - when,
If - if,
After - after,
Before - before,
As soon as - as soon as,
As long as - as long as,
While - bye,
Until / unless - not earlier, except
In case - in case.

Examples - when Will is not used after When, If, As soon as, Before, After

When I leave work I'll text you.
I'll text you when I get off work.

After I get home he will email you.
He will write /email/ to you when he gets home from work.

Before I leave home she will call you.
She will call you before leaving the house.

I’ll do it as soon as I get home.
I'll do it as soon as I get home.

Examples in which cases Will is used after If and When

1. When there is a certain condition of the promise:

I will be very happy if you will come to my party.
I will be happy if you come to my party.

We should finish the job early if Ted will help us.
If Tad helps us, we should finish the job early.

If you will be nice we will go to the park.
If you behave, we'll go to the park.

2. When If has the meaning: - LI -.

Do you know if Anna will go with us?
Do you know if Anna will come with us?

3. When a sentence implies an answer to the question “what?”

I’ll tell you when Mark will fly to Moscow.
I'll tell you when Mark arrives.
I'll say what? fact - when Mark arrives.

4. When time is implied:

Could you tell me when you will know the results?
Could you tell me when / what time / you will get the results?

Compare, the same sentence without will has a different meaning:

Could you tell me when you know the results?
Let me know when you get the results.

Another example, very ours, Russian.

Usually we say:
“Text me when you get home.”
Those. When you arrive, write to me that you have arrived.
In English it will sound like this: Write me when you get home.

But if you write this sentence to a foreigner with will: Write me when you will get home- “Write to me when you arrive,” he will answer you like this:
I'll get home in two hours. I'll be home in two hours.
He will not understand that you asked him to write to you that he arrived. He will understand that you are asking him: “How long will it take you to arrive home, please write.”

Now, let's consolidate the material.

Exercise 1

Put the verbs in the correct form.
Say these sentences in Russian.

1. I (go) to the dentist as soon as I (have) a toothache.
2. I (come) home when I (finish) work.
3. Your sister (be) angry when she (come) back.
4. I (stay) at home until you (call) me.
5. As soon as Tom (lose) his job, he (find) another one.

Correct answers to exercise #1

1. I’ll go to the dentist as soon as I have a toothache.
2. I’ll come home when I finish work.
3. Your sister will be angry when she somes back.
4. I’ll stay at home until you call me.
5. As soon as Tom lost his job, he found another one.

1. When my tooth hurts, then I’ll go to the doctor.
2. I will go home when I finish work.
3. When your sister returns, she will be angry.
4. I will be at home until you call me.
5. When Tom lost his job, he immediately found another one.

Exercise 2

Choose the correct completion of the sentence.

1. I’ll do it as soon as ….

I will finish cleaning.
I finish cleaning.

2. I have to tidy the room before….

My mum will come.
My mum comes.

3. I… to him about it when we meet.

I will talk.
I talk.

4. I refuse to go there unless you … with me.

You will come.
You come.

5. He is going to stay in our flat while ...

We are in Moscow.
We will be in Moscow.

6. I’ll call you up after…

they repaired my telephone.
they have repaired my telephone.

7. If I ... my house, I will take a long holiday.

If I will sell.
If I sell.

8. You should read the contract carefully before you...
Will sign it.
Sign it.

9. I’ll speak to him about it when I… him.

I will see.
I see..

10. If I lose my job, I looking another one.
I will start.
I start.

Correct answers to exercise #2

1. I’ll do it as soon as I finish cleaning.
2. I have to tidy the room before my mum comes.
3. I will talk to him about it when we meet.
4. I refuse to go there unless you come with me.
5. He is going to stay in our flat while we are in Moscow.

6. I’ll call you up after they repaired my telephone.
7. If I sell my house, I will take a long holiday.
8. You should read the contract carefully before you sign it.
9. I’ll speak to him about it when I see him.
10. If I lose my job, I will start looking another one.

Exercise #3

Make up the correct sentences.

1. We'll get there. We'll send a message. (soon after)
2. I would like to finish it. It will get dark. (before)
3. We are going to have the rest. We'll be on holiday. (while)
4. He will not regret it. She'll move away. (until)
5. Can you water the flowers? We'll leave the house. (when)

6. Get in touch with him. I'm going to write to him. (as soon as)
7. Come to see me. You'll feel alone. (whenever)
8. I will find the opener. I will open the bottle. (the moment)
9. We will go to the shop. We will be walking the dog. (while)
10.I’ll have finished my lesson by noon. I'll come round. (after)

Correct answers to exercise #3

1. Soon after we get there, we will send a message.
2. I would like to finish it before it gets dark.
3. We are going to have a rest while we are on holiday.
4. He will not regret it until she moves away.
5. Can you water the flowers when we leave the house.

6. Get in touch with him as soon as I write to him.
7. Come to see me whenever you feel alone.
8. The moment I find the opener, I will open the bottle.
9. We will go to the shop while we are walking the dog.
10. After I have finished my lesson by noon, I will come round.
2. We’ll stay here till she returns.
3. Please call us when you arrive.
4. I don’t know when the party will start.
5. He'll drive you there whenever you need.

6. He will wait for you until you are back.
7. Don't worry! I’ll watch you while you are swimming in the lake.
8. Will you recognize him the moment you see him?
9. Do you know when the shop will open?
10. I’ll be with you while you are waiting for the bus.

Exercise #4

Place will in front of verbs where required.

He rent this flat as long as he lives in Moscow.
As soon as you meet Janet, you love her.
Until you are eighteen, you not drive a car.

If Barcelona win tomorrow they will be champions.
I come tomorrow unless I have to look after the children.

Correct answers to exercise #4

He’ll rent this flat as long as he lives in Moscow.
As soon as you meet Janet, you will love her.
Until you are eighteen, you will not drive a car.
You must wait here until your father comes.
They are coming after they have had dinner.
If Barcelona win tomorrow they will be champions.
I will come tomorrow unless I have to look after the children.

We are often asked: what do English Speaking Club meetings look like? We'll tell you:) We meet and speak English for 3 hours every day. We are fun, cozy and cultural - everything you need to practice English. Want to join? It's easy - we work every day, and the first meeting is free. Just sign up - through the schedule or the registration form below.

The most common question that potential guests ask us over the phone sounds something like this: “What is your English Conversation Club anyway?” Here, for example, is one of our meetings at Coffeshop Company. We sit, chat, drink coffee, discuss pressing problems in English. Like? Join our meetings!

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Friends, there is always a moderator and administrator at Club meetings. The moderator organizes the discussion, and the administrator registers guests, orders drinks and resolves all other technical issues. Everything so that you can talk for 3 hours without being distracted!

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Friends, at a meeting of the English Language Club, in addition to the host, there is always a person ready to take care of you, our administrator. The administrator meets you at the beginning of the meeting, registers guests, and resolves all issues. For example, Anastasia is the administrator of our meetings on Wednesdays.

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Friends, have you never been to the English Speaking Club before? This is what it looks like: everyone sits, discusses questions on the topic, the presenter corrects the participants if necessary. We are always very fun, cozy and cultural - in general, the atmosphere that is needed to practice English!

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Speaking English for 3 hours can be difficult, but it only seems so. Because at every meeting there is a topic for discussion and a moderator who not only helps and corrects, but also creates an atmosphere in which 3 hours fly by unnoticed!!!

In English, as in Russian, there are simple and complex sentences. Complex sentences are those that consist of two or more simple ones, each of which has its own subject and predicate. Simple sentences can be connected by unions, allied words or non-union words. In English, parts of a complex sentence are called "clauses". If we stipulate that some action is performed or will be performed under certain conditions, then we use conditional clauses in speech, which usually begin with the conjunctions “if (if)” and “when (when - in the meaning, If)". For example:

If the weather is good on Sunday, I always go for a walk in the park.
If the weather is good on Sundays, I always go for a walk in the park.

I often visit Martin when I go to London.
I often visit Martin when I go to London.

If the weather is good on Sunday, I"ll go for a walk in the park.
If the weather is good on Sunday, I will go for a walk in the park.

I"ll visit Martin when I go to London.
I'll visit Martin when I go to London.

If you read in bed, you will ruin your eyes.
If you read in bed, you will damage your eyes.

Tell him everything if he asks.
Tell him everything if he asks.

To make it easier for a beginner learning English to navigate tenses, time markers are used. These are words that in most cases are used exclusively in 1 tense. Let's consider such markers as the simple adverb of time soon and the compound adverb as soon as. What tense should be used after them, and how are such sentences translated? These are very interesting questions in English philology.

Using as soon as in speech. Examples

The subordinating conjunction as soon as in English refers to time conjunctions, and is translated as the Russian expression - “as soon as” or “no later than.” This service phrase consists of 2 words. The adverb as means a characteristic of a course of action. The adverb soon is translated as “soon”.

In speech, sometimes we cannot do without such expressions when we ask someone to perform an urgent matter, or when we are talking about the actions of a third party.

As soon as he came home, he called her. - He called her as soon as he came home.

Or in first person.

I will go for a walk as soon as I finish my work. - I'll go for a walk as soon as I finish work.

There is also such a turn of phrase as as soon as possible - as quickly as possible. Such a union expresses an even more or more important task that must be completed urgently.

Unions of time

There are sentences where the first part characterizes some condition in the present, and the second event - in the future. And as a union between them appears if, when or as soon as. Which tense should I use: present or future? In complex sentences, a rule always works, which we will talk about in more detail.

In such sentences you can use one of if, as soon as, when. What is the difference between conjunctions that seem to perform the same function: indicate a time frame as a condition of an event? The difference is that they still have different meanings. “If” gives you a choice when answering. The conjunction “after” indicates the order of events, but not specific dates. But as soon as implies immediate fulfillment of the condition.

As soon as we got out of the car, it started raining. - As soon as we got into the car, it started to rain.

The context of the sentence gives a clear idea: it began to rain at the same minute that the people hid in the car, but did not have time to get wet. It is in this context that this compound adverb is used.

Native speakers can easily cope with and often omit the adverbs that define it. But language learners do not immediately understand all the tense rules. For example, how do you understand: after the words “as soon as” (as soon as) what tense should be used - past, present or future when translating a sentence? “I’ll be ready as soon as I deal with this report from yesterday.”

In complex sentences where there is a tense condition, we use the agreement rule. According to this grammatical rule, will is placed after the conjunction, and then the entire sentence is constructed in the simple present tense.

As soon as we get off the train, I will see sister. - As soon as we get off the train, I will see my sister.

The main part here is I will see, this phrase is composed in the future tense. And the subordinate part of the sentence is in the present.

There are times when the wording is used in the past tense. The actions of both the subordinate and main clause occurred in the past. But one of the events happened earlier and served as a condition for the fulfillment of the second. The past simple is used to denote actions that have already completed before the present moment of speech.

As soon as they reached the house Tom called the girl. — As soon as they got to the house, Tom called the girl.

As soon as I came up, they got into a taxi and went away. - As soon as I approached, they got into a taxi and left.

Sometimes I wouldn’t see Dad until I got back from Kingdom Hall on Sundays, but as soon as I ran into the house he’d be telling me what he’d seen the night before. “At times I didn’t see my father until Sunday, when I was returning from church, but as soon as I ran into the house, he began to tell me about what he saw the day before.

All of these examples use the Past simple tense.

The as soon as construction and the perfect tense

But the perfect tense is used to express an action that has already happened up to a clearly indicated time. This must be taken into account when there are doubts about how to translate a sentence with “as soon as” into English. What time should I use it?

How the Past Perfect is formed is shown in the figure. It schematically depicts all perfect tenses.

Here's an example: As soon as she had got married, she became happier. - As soon as she got married, she immediately became happier.

The construction had got married indicates precisely the Past Perfect tense.

This time can be called pre-past. The perfect tense puts more emphasis on the fact that the action in the subordinate sentence took place before the action of the main part began.

Adverb soon

Another important adverb in speech is soon, which can be interpreted in a sentence in several ways, depending on the context. Russian adverbs soon, early or with readiness- all are translated as soon. These pointer words are sometimes called time markers.

So, soon: what time indicator is this adverb? Soon refers to adverbs of time, and usually indicates that an action will occur in the future. But there is no specification of the date of the event.

The doctor will soon be here. - The doctor will be here soon.

However, the presence of this adverb does not always reflect the future. To use the correct tense, it is better to rely on the context, on the meaning of the expression.

How to create a question with this adverb of time? To construct an interrogative sentence, how is put forward. Then - the adverb, after it all the other parts of the sentence.

How soon can you finish the job? - How quickly can you finish this work?

The adverb soon is a marker of what time?

As already indicated, the adverb soon is used to denote various characteristics of the time of action. And it does not always express the future. What other tenses can be used? Let's figure it out now.

Let's give an example of several compound adverbs with the word soon. What tense in English is expressed by the phrase as soon as not (so likely) - is it the future or the present? The expression The sooner the better (The sooner the better); or the phrase "soon after"? All these nuances of speech need to be memorized first, as it is quite difficult to understand. Let's look at examples:

She found a job soon after graduation. - She found a job after she graduated.

This time is past, and the adverb in this sentence does not mean a possible future, but a short period followed by a certain event. In this case, soon is translated as right after.

How to consolidate knowledge?

By doing some simple exercises on the chosen topic being studied every day, it is easy to learn any complex rule. Let's imagine several sentences where it is necessary to use the marker soon or as soon as. What tense should I use when translating? Think about it.

As soon as it gets dark, the street will be empty. - As soon as it becomes dark, the street will empty.
Call me as soon as you get home. - Call me as soon as you will arrive home.
I will arrive as soon as there is free time.
Immediately after reading the letter, she tore it up. - After she had read the letter, she tore it into pieces.

However, first you need to understand Russian grammar. Then it will be easier to perceive theoretical information regarding the coordination of tenses in English. For example, how are complex sentences constructed? What are the subject and predicate in a sentence?

By simultaneously studying grammar and practicing translating sentences, it is possible to master English speech in a short time.

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