Presentation on HIV infection. Presentation on HIV
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HIV INFECTION -
This is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, characterized by a specific lesion of the immune system, leading to its slow and steady destruction until the formation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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RELEVANCE
A quarter of a century has passed since the first cases of AIDS were discovered. During this time, AIDS has radically changed our world: it has killed more than 25 million men and women, orphaned millions of children, increased poverty and misery, and in some countries even reversed human development efforts. Today, about 40 million people are living with HIV – half of them are women. What was initially reported as just a few cases of a mysterious disease has now become a pandemic that is one of the most serious threats to global progress in the 21st century.
Kofi A. Annan former UN Secretary-General From the Report on the global AIDS epidemic (UNAIDS, 2006)
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AIDS = disease
HIV INFECTION = disease ending with AIDS!!!
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Hypotheses for the origin of HIV
At the moment, the main hypothesis for the occurrence of HIV infection is the transmission of the virus to humans from primates.
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History of HIV infection
1978 – the first detection of AIDS symptoms. 1983 – discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus. 1987 – the first case of HIV infection was registered in Russia. 1991 – Freddie Mercury, leader of the band Queen, died of AIDS.
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1995 – 1,200 people with HIV infection were registered in Russia. 1996 - HIV spreads among drug addicts, the number of patients grows rapidly (6 times per year) 2001 - the beginning of an epidemic is declared in Russia, more than 150,000 cases of HIV infection are registered. 2009 – more than 100 people become infected with HIV every day in Russia.
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Number of HIV-infected people in the Samara region
2009 – 40,500 people registered; Of the 100 thousand population of the Samara region, 730 people are HIV-infected.
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With intravenous drug administration
Drug addicts often share syringes, so the risk of infection is very high. The first dose may be the last
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For blood transfusions, organ and tissue transplants
From an infected donor
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When using non-sterile medical instruments
for ear piercing, piercing, tattoo
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From an infected mother
intrauterine infection during pregnancy; during childbirth; through the breast milk of an HIV-infected mother
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HIV is not transmitted:
when touching and shaking hands; when kissing; when hugging; when drinking from one glass; when using shared clothing or bedding: for insect and animal bites.
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Changes in the body during HIV infection (pathogenesis)
HIV primarily infects cells of the immune system - lymphocytes. Infected lymphocytes gradually die. When the number of cells reaches a critical level, the body becomes susceptible to various infections - AIDS develops, which ultimately causes death.
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Course of HIV infection
Incubation stage From the moment of infection until the clinical manifestations of acute infection and/or the production of antibodies (on average from 3 weeks to 3 months). There are no clinical manifestations of the disease, antibodies to HIV are not detectable. But already during this period it is possible to detect the virus using PCR.
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II. Stage of primary manifestations
2 "A" - asymptomatic. 2 “B” - acute HIV infection without secondary diseases. 2 “B” - acute HIV infection with secondary diseases (against the background of a temporary decrease in immunity, secondary diseases develop - sore throat, bacterial pneumonia, candidiasis, herpes). The duration of clinical manifestations of acute HIV infection is usually 2 - 3 weeks.
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III. Latent stage.
Slow progression of immunodeficiency. The only clinical manifestation is enlarged lymph nodes, which may be absent. The duration of the latent stage is from 2 - 3 to 20 or more years, on average 6 - 7 years.
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IV. Stage of secondary diseases
4 “A” - it is characterized by bacterial, fungal and viral lesions of the mucous membranes and skin, inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. 4 "B" - more severe and long-lasting skin lesions, Kaposi's sarcoma, weight loss, damage to the peripheral nervous system and internal organs. 4 “B” - severe, life-threatening secondary diseases.
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V. Terminal stage
cachexia (exhaustion) occurs; fever persists; intoxication is pronounced; the patient spends all the time in bed; dementia develops, the content of lymphocytes reaches critical values. the disease progresses and the patient dies.
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PREVENTION OF HIV infection
THE ONLY WAY TO NOT get HIV infection IS TO PROTECT YOURSELF FROM THE POSSIBILITY OF INFECTION
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How to prevent HIV infection through sexual contact?
Delay entering into sexual relations. If a person decides to engage in sexual relations, then safe sex should be practiced. You should use a condom during penetrative sexual intercourse, remembering the rules for quality purchase, storage and use of a condom:
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buy condoms in pharmacies and good supermarkets, where the rules for storing condoms are observed; buy condoms from well-known European, American and Russian companies; pay attention to the expiration date indicated on the packaging so that it is not expired; it is necessary to use only water-based lubricants, since fat-based lubricants (vaseline, cream, lipstick, etc.) destroy latex and impair the reliability of the condom; Only latex or polyurethane condoms protect against HIV and other infections, which should be indicated on the packaging; the condom should be used only once; It is necessary to carefully open the condom package without damaging the condom itself with your nails; Birth control pills and suppositories only prevent pregnancy, but do not protect against HIV.
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Safe sex is like self-love
Accepting your sexuality. Acceptance of sex without drugs and alcohol. Integrity. A high self-evaluation. Respect. Health concerns. Self confidence.
Despite all the differences, people who practice only safe sex, in most cases, have several common features:
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How to prevent infection through blood, through injections?
Intact skin is a reliable barrier to the virus. Disposable and/or sterile instruments should be used. for medical and cosmetic services Refuse any use of drugs.
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HIV infection is a disease of behavior
It is possible to avoid infection by following certain rules of safe behavior.
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16 rules of safe behavior regarding HIV infection:
I do physical exercise or sports every day. I can cope with stress. I do not smoke. I know how HIV is transmitted and how I can protect myself. I keep a daily routine. I never use drugs. I do not use non-sterile instruments for ear piercing, tattooing, piercing, or shaving. I don't drink alcohol.
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I strive to ensure that my diet is balanced. I always follow the rules of personal hygiene. I exclude casual sexual contacts. I will refuse medical services if I am not sure that the instruments are sterile. When having sexual intercourse, I use a condom. For manicure or shaving I use only my personal tools. If I have been/will be at risk of contracting HIV, I will get my blood tested. I will/have a regular sexual partner.
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When should you get tested for HIV?
after having sex with a new partner without a condom after sexual assault if your sex partner has had sex with someone else if your current or past sex partner is HIV positive after sharing needles or syringes to inject drugs or other substances, and also for tattoos and piercings after any contact with the blood of an HIV-infected person if your partner used someone else's needles or was exposed to any other risk of infection after the discovery of another sexually transmitted infection
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If you are not sure of your safety and want to be tested for HIV infection, you can do this at the clinic at your place of residence. If you want to undergo an anonymous examination, you can contact the regional center for the prevention and control of AIDS at the address: Samara, st. L. Tolstoy, 142 tel. 242-69-38
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Treatment of HIV infection
Currently, there is no vaccine that can prevent HIV infection and no medicine that can destroy HIV in the body. At the moment, drugs have been developed that make it possible to maintain the health of HIV-infected people for some time and delay the final stage of the disease.
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Currently, there are many support centers for HIV-infected citizens, which provide social, medical and psychological assistance.
Samara Regional Center "Family" tel.: 958-32-90 District Center "Family", located at the place of residence Samara Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, tel.: 332-36-57 Regional public organization "Unity" for the provision of support for HIV-infected women, tel.: 8-917-144-39-10 Mutual help groups for women living with HIV, Marina Vladimirovna Bogacheva, tel.: 8-917-105-65-33 “Medical Prevention Center” - organized 24/7 hotline telephone service. For all questions, please call: 337 – 49 – 49, 337 – 05 - 11
HIV infection is an infectious disease of viral etiology with a long asymptomatic stage, characterized by a slowly progressive defect of the immune system, which leads to the death of the patient from secondary lesions, described as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This is an infectious disease of viral etiology with a long asymptomatic stage, characterized by a slowly progressive defect of the immune system, which leads to the death of the patient from secondary lesions, described as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
History of development Twenty years ago, most doctors did not know what HIV was. The first reports of a mysterious deadly disease appeared in the United States in 1978. In 1983, scientists managed to isolate the causative agent of the disease, called HIV. In twenty years, 16 million people have died as a result of AIDS, the final stage of the disease caused by HIV. Twenty years ago, most doctors did not know what HIV was. The first reports of a mysterious deadly disease appeared in the United States in 1978. In 1983, scientists managed to isolate the causative agent of the disease, called HIV. In twenty years, 16 million people have died as a result of AIDS, the final stage of the disease caused by HIV.
Incubation period The incubation period lasts from 3 to 14 days, clinical manifestations: headache, malaise, general fatigue, excessive sweating, fever, sore throat, pharyngitis, diarrhea. Antibody production begins between three weeks and three months, but can take up to a year. Incubation period
Symptoms of HIV infection The presence of HIV infection in a person does not mean that he will immediately develop AIDS. The virus can remain in the body for ten years or more before an infected person shows clear symptoms of the deadly disease. During this period, the person may look normal and feel healthy. At the same time, he can transmit HIV to others. In this way, you can become infected with HIV without knowing it and unintentionally spread HIV to others. According to the criminal code, for deliberate infection - 5 years in prison.
Once in the body, the virus gradually destroys the immune system. Over time, she becomes weak. The development of numerous diseases: pneumonia, cancer, infectious diseases that do not usually occur in people with a healthy immune system. The development of numerous diseases: pneumonia, cancer, infectious diseases that do not usually occur in people with a healthy immune system. Sudden weight loss (10% or more) Sudden weight loss (10% or more) Elevated body temperature Elevated body temperature Severe night sweats Severe night sweats Chronic fatigue Chronic fatigue Swollen lymph nodes Swollen lymph nodes Persistent cough Persistent cough Intestinal upset Intestinal upset Eventually, there comes a point , when the body’s resistance is completely lost, and numerous diseases become so aggravated that the patient dies. Eventually, a moment comes when the body's resistance is completely lost, and numerous diseases become so aggravated that the patient dies.
Routes of transmission of HIV infection The first way is unprotected (without a condom) sexual contact with an infected person. The more partners a person has sexual relations with, the higher the likelihood that sooner or later he will become infected with HIV. During sexual contact, HIV can be transmitted from man to woman, from woman to man, from man to man and from woman to woman.
The second way The second way is the entry of the blood of an HIV-infected or AIDS-infected person into the body of a healthy person. This can occur through blood transfusions from HIV-infected donors and through the use of non-sterile medical instruments. Blood used for medical purposes is tested for the presence of the virus, and the instruments, primarily syringes, are disposable.
The third way The third way is the transmission of HIV from an infected or AIDS-sick mother to her child. This can happen during pregnancy. HIV passes through the placenta into the fetus. During the birth process, as the child passes through the mother’s birth canal, HIV, along with the blood, can enter the newborn’s body through easily vulnerable skin. BUT IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE YOU CAN BE CURED.
Treatment - Hospitalization according to clinical indications, isolation is not carried out. Azidothymidine, a drug that blocks viral replication, has been proven effective in treating HIV infection. - Hospitalization for clinical indications, isolation is not carried out. Azidothymidine, a drug that blocks viral replication, has been proven effective in treating HIV infection. -Treatment of secondary lesions is carried out depending on their etiology and also usually gives a temporary effect. Although developed countries have developed drugs that make it possible to maintain the health of those infected with HIV for some time and delay the final stage of the disease, they are very expensive, are not always available to everyone, and most importantly, do not eliminate the cause of the disease and, therefore, do not save from death. -Currently, there is no vaccine that can prevent HIV infection and no medicine that can destroy HIV in the body.
The spread of HIV/AIDS through blood can be prevented by: Testing donated bloodTesting donated blood People creating their own blood banks People creating their own blood banks Sterilizing medical instruments and using disposable medical instruments Sterilizing medical instruments and using disposable medical instruments Using personal equipment and instruments for manicure, pedicure, piercing, shaving Use of personal devices and tools for manicure, pedicure, piercing, shaving Strict adherence to the rules of safe behavior and use of personal protective equipment Strict adherence to the rules of safe behavior and use of personal protective equipment
16 rules of safe behavior regarding HIV/AIDS 1. I exercise or play sports every day. 2.I can cope with stress. 3.I don't smoke. 4.I know how HIV is transmitted and how I can protect myself. 5.I keep a daily routine. 6.I never use drugs. 7. I do not use non-sterile instruments for ear piercing, tattooing, piercing, or shaving. 8.I don't drink alcohol.
9. I strive to ensure that my diet is balanced. 10. I always observe the rules of personal hygiene. 11. I exclude casual sex. 12. I will refuse medical services if I am not sure that the instruments are sterile. 13. When having sexual intercourse, I use a condom. 14. For manicure or shaving I use only my personal tools. 15. If I have had/will be at risk of contracting HIV, I will get my blood tested. 16. I will/have a regular sexual partner.
Initially, antibodies are detected by ELISA. If the ELISA result is positive, the blood serum is examined by immunoblotting. It allows you to detect specific antibodies to particles of the protein structure of HIV that have a strictly defined molecular weight. When they are identified, a final diagnosis is made. A negative immunoblotting result in the presence of clinical and epidemiological suspicions of HIV infection does not exclude the possibility of this disease and requires repeating the laboratory test. This is explained, as already mentioned, by the fact that during the incubation period of the disease there are no antibodies yet, and in the terminal stage, due to the depletion of the immune system, they cease to be produced. In these cases, the most promising is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which makes it possible to detect RNA particles of the virus. When a diagnosis of HIV infection is made, multiple studies of the immune status are carried out over time to monitor the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.
1. Incubation period (the period of seroconversion - before the appearance of detectable antibodies to HIV) - from 3 weeks to 3 months (according to other sources - from 2 weeks to 1 year). 2. Prodromal period - the stage of primary infection, up to 1 month. Clinical manifestations: low-grade fever, urticaria, stomatitis, inflammation of the lymph nodes - they become enlarged, soft and painful (passes under the guise of infectious mononucleosis). The maximum concentration of virus and antibodies appears only at the very end of the prodromal period. 3. The latent period is 5-10 years, the only manifestation is a persistent enlargement of the lymph nodes (dense, painless) - lymphadenopathy. 4. Pre-AIDS - duration 1-2 years - the beginning of suppression of cellular immunity. Often recurrent herpes - long-term non-healing ulcerations of the oral mucosa, genital organs, stomatitis. Leukoplakia of the tongue (proliferation of the papillary layer - “fibrous tongue”). Candidiasis - oral mucosa, genital organs. 5. Terminal stage - AIDS - 1-2 years.
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Stage 2 - hyperreactivity of humoral immunity, lasting up to 3-5 years. Stage 3 - - compensated immunodeficiency (the number of T-lymphocytes is not less than 400 in 1 μl., T4:T8 is not less than 0.6). In the pathogenesis of HIV infection, a number of authors distinguish 6 stages: “zero” - the incubation period or primary latent - seronegative, lasting up to 3 months or more. Stage 1 - pronounced viral reproduction and primary immune response - seropositive, lasting up to 6-12 months. .
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Stage 4 - pronounced suppression of cellular immunity and the beginning of decompensation of humoral immunity with the extinction of 3 out of 4 skin allergic reactions. Stage 5 - complete absence of delayed hypersensitivity reactions and the development of local opportunistic infections. Stage 6 - terminal - with profound impairment of cellular and humoral immunity and generalized opportunistic infections
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Routes of transmission of HIV infection: Natural - sexual (during sexual intercourse), vertical (from an HIV-infected mother to child) Artificial - parenteral (during medical interventions, injecting drugs) Conditions for transmission of HIV: For transmission to occur, HIV must be in biological fluids of the human body with whom contact has occurred Not all biological fluids of the body contain a sufficient amount of HIV for infection. For infection to occur, HIV must enter the right place (into the bloodstream or on the mucous membrane) and in the right quantity. The infectious dose of the virus is about 10,000 virions (from 0.1 to 1 ml of blood)
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Contacts associated with the risk of HIV infection: - Contact of biological fluids of an HIV-infected person with damaged skin of a healthy person (needle prick, cut with a sharp instrument or object, skin diseases - wounds on the hands, exudative skin lesions, weeping dermatitis. - Contact with biological fluids of HIV -infected on the mucous membranes of a healthy person -When wound surfaces and mucous membranes come into contact with biological fluid containing HIV, the risk of infection is on average 1% -The risk of infection when biological fluid containing HIV comes into contact with intact mucous membranes and skin is minimal (approximately 0.09%)
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Group 1: Acute infection Group 2: Asymptomatic infection Group 3: Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy Group 4: Other diseases Subgroup A: Constitutional diseases Subgroup B: Neurological diseases Subgroup C: Secondary infectious diseases Classification of conditions in HIV infection Category C1: Secondary infectious diseases listed Listed by the CDC as AIDS-related Category C2: Other secondary infectious diseases Subgroup D: Secondary malignancies Subgroup E: Other diseases
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A person can become infected with HIV only through contact with certain body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal discharge and breast milk) that contain large amounts of the virus. The risk of infection is greatest during unprotected sexual contact and when using unsterile medical instruments (especially during injection drug use). The virus itself is quite simple. It consists of: an outer shell with connection points to establish contact with the host cell. internal capsule containing the blueprint for the construction of HIV. This blueprint is called the hereditary substance or viral RNA. Special tools - enzymes that ensure the reproduction of HIV. The human cells that HIV uses as host cells are special cells of the immune system. They are called CD4 helper cells.
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Origin and evolution of HIV
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Various types of acquired, that is, not associated with unfortunate heredity, immunodeficiencies that develop, in particular, as a result of adverse environmental influences or after illnesses, were well known even before the discovery of HIV, but did not lead with such inevitability to death. Never before or after the discovery of HIV has the discovery of a virus caused such widespread public outcry. A direct consequence was unprecedentedly high funding for development, prevention, treatment of people with HIV, as well as basic research. In the mid-80s, both outstanding world-famous scientists and young specialists from many countries joined them. As a result, very soon much more was known about HIV than about some other long-described infections. The study of HIV has made it possible to make many discoveries, not only in virology, but also in related disciplines - immunology, epidemiology, molecular biology. However, there are still no drugs that can completely cure HIV-positive people, and the possibilities of vaccine prevention still remain the subject of heated debate.
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Interestingly, the earliest blood sample containing HIV-1 (type “M”), discovered in the city of Kinshasa (now the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo), dates back to 1959. In 2001, American experts, having studied the genetic differences between the virus present in a blood sample from forty years ago and modern representatives of the “M” group, expressed the following opinion: the common predecessor of all subtypes of this group could have entered the human population from chimpanzees somewhere around 1940 . However, many scientists believe that the rate of HIV evolution depends on a large number of different factors that have not been taken into account. Therefore, although the origin of HIV-1 from its simian relatives is beyond doubt, the estimated date (1940) is not definitive and may be pushed back many years. The absence of older blood samples infected with HIV is easy to explain: the virus was circulating in African villages at that time, remote from medical centers. It is unclear, however, why only four infected chimpanzees have been found so far.
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Finally, the question remains of how exactly the virus got from monkeys to humans. In the case of HIV-2, everything is quite clear: in African villages, many mangobeys are the same as Russian mongrels. Tamed monkeys constantly communicate with people, play with children... Moreover, in some areas of West Africa, monkeys of this type are eaten. Chimpanzees are quite rare, and their size and disposition are not conducive to friendly communication. We have to admit: either those chimpanzees - carriers of the virus - have not yet been caught, or a virus resembling HIV-1 came to them and to humans from some other African monkeys (possibly already extinct)
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Living with HIV
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At the first moment when receiving a diagnosis of HIV infection, most people experience a severe shock, and then they are faced with the question of how their future life will turn out, how long it will last and how all this will affect the people close to them. There is no typical or uniform response to this diagnosis; everyone perceives it differently. Many are overcome by anger, depression, despair, fear for themselves or for loved ones. Some people think about suicide at first. Others, on the contrary, are absolutely calm. Often a person does not believe his diagnosis at first. Knowing about your HIV infection almost always leads to changes in a person’s life. First of all, his/her ideas about HIV and AIDS, which exist in society, and therefore are present in the person himself, change. Having HIV does not make a person sick; he can remain healthy for many years. HIV infection does not make a person helpless: many people with HIV lead an active lifestyle, make important decisions for themselves, defend their rights and help others do the same. This diagnosis no longer sounds like a death sentence, and the duration of a healthy, asymptomatic life with HIV infection is constantly increasing thanks to new treatment methods.
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The diagnosis of HIV infection is a serious crisis, which is accompanied by acute feelings from the first day. Most HIV-positive people go through difficult periods, which are characterized by depression, anxiety, fear, sleep disturbances, nightmares, difficulty concentrating, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and thoughts of death. Emotional crises interfere with taking care of your health and sometimes lead to mistakes that are difficult to correct. There are several critical moments in the life of an HIV-positive person: · Receiving a diagnosis. · Appearance of the first manifestations. · The need to start taking medications regularly. · Severe painful symptoms and need to go to hospital. · Serious illness or death of an HIV-positive friend. Despite numerous difficulties, a diagnosis of HIV infection does not mean that a person should give up his plans and interests, study, work and entertainment, love and sex. More and more people are finding solutions to their HIV problems, and many are finding that their lives have not changed dramatically.
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Economics and demography World experience shows that the AIDS epidemic undermines the national economy: it reduces the number of working people, qualified personnel are lost, and labor productivity decreases. To prevent AIDS in just one HIV-infected person, it is necessary to spend 8-12 thousand dollars a year. Treatment of AIDS patients also requires huge amounts of money and expenses. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) need not only treatment, but also support. Therefore, social workers and psychologists are required to work with them. Among PLWHA, the majority are young people aged 15-25 years. Currently in Russia, only 10% of HIV-infected people receive the necessary treatment. But even those for whom modern medicines prolong their lives die prematurely. Scientists have calculated that society's losses from the epidemic are much higher than from local armed conflicts.
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Social sphere and discrimination People with AIDS become unable to work and need constant care. As a rule, care is provided by family members, depriving them of the opportunity to work fully. The main burden falls on the shoulders of women. The family budget is redistributed in favor of treating the patient. Millions of children whose parents died of AIDS are becoming orphans. Families of PLWHA are experiencing tragedy, the inevitability of the premature death of a loved one, and suffer due to discrimination against PLWHA, including children. All this together leads to the breakdown of families. Any epidemic creates tension in society, a feeling of loss of control over what is happening. Fears, suspicion arise, irrational behavior leads to panic and demands to take immediate and decisive measures against PLWHA.
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Myths about HIV/AIDS become grounds for discrimination against PLWHA, expressed in violations of human rights and unprofessional actions of a specialist. Discrimination results in insults, accusations, denial of employment, educational institutions, and sometimes failure to provide assistance. PLWHA do not lose their jobs and loved ones because they are dangerous to others. Their illness is considered “indecent” or “deserved” by society. As a result, PLWHA are forced to hide the disease from others, preventing the spread of the epidemic.
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Epidemic and risk behavior. The spread of the epidemic is associated with risky behavior. Most often, infection occurs through unprotected sexual intercourse and intravenous drug use with unsterile needles. These are two types of risky behavior that every person can control. Research has shown that the majority of sexually active people are aware of safe sex and believe that men and women bear equal responsibility for each other's health. However, many take risks contrary to their knowledge and beliefs. Therefore, prevention remains the only means of containing the epidemic; its goal is to change people’s risky behavior.
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International principles for HIV prevention among drug users. “AIDS is not spread by drug addicts, but by dirty syringes” - this slogan of the French organization of drug users ASUD emphasizes that persecuting drug users is not a solution to the problem of the spread of HIV. The real solution to the problem is to give everyone the opportunity to protect themselves from infection, no matter what situation they are in at any given time in their lives. More than 20 years of experience in preventing HIV infection in the world clearly shows that the spread of the virus through drug use can be reduced and even stopped if adequate and comprehensive preventive measures aimed at injection drug users (IDUs) are taken in a timely manner.
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Recognizing the need to assist countries with rapidly developing HIV epidemics, the World Health Organization, in collaboration with the Joint United Nations Program on AIDS (UNAIDS) and the Council of Europe, has prepared a document entitled “Basic principles for effective prevention of HIV infection among people who inject drugs.” , in which, based on the positive practical experience of various countries, the principles of effective prevention of HIV infection among IDUs are formulated. The principles set out in this document generally boil down to the following: · informing and educating the population and individual groups; · active work among IDUs; · providing IDUs with sterile injection instruments and disinfecting materials; · providing IDUs with the opportunity to receive substitution therapy.
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A baby living with HIV Typically, transmission of the virus to a child occurs during pregnancy or childbirth. All children are born with their mother's antibodies, so a child born to an HIV-positive woman will test positive for HIV. To establish the HIV status of a child under one and a half years old, PCR, antigen and other tests can be used. For example, PCR analysis can be quite reliable in children older than 3 months. However, a final diagnosis can only be made by the age of one and a half years, when maternal antibodies disappear from the baby’s body.
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It is incredibly difficult for a mother to find out that her child has HIV. Many women experience severe depression, blame themselves for infecting the child, and are ashamed that the child is HIV-positive. A child living with HIV is no different from a child with other chronic diseases. He needs care, love, upbringing, education. An HIV-positive child, if his health allows, should go to school, eat regular food and relax with his family. At the same time, the child may have special emotional needs that are not found in either HIV-negative children or HIV-positive adults. The immune system of children is not yet sufficiently developed, so HIV infection in a child can progress very quickly. In 20% of HIV-positive children, symptoms of opportunistic infections appear in the first year of life. The risk of early AIDS largely depends on the mother's health during pregnancy, her immune status and viral load. In 80% of children, HIV infection develops similarly to HIV infection in adults.
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HIV-positive children need regular medical examination and various blood tests. Special requirements apply to vaccination of HIV-positive children; it must be carried out in close cooperation with a doctor who knows the child’s HIV status. In order to prevent the development of opportunistic diseases in children, it is necessary to carefully monitor the cleanliness of the house and pay attention to any changes in the child’s well-being. It is very important to ensure that the child regularly takes prescribed medications and to teach him from an early age to follow the doctor’s instructions. At the same time, concern for the child’s quality of life, his communication with peers and the atmosphere in the family play no less a role than treatment.
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Prevention of HIV transmission from mother to child Research shows that a fetus can be infected with HIV as early as 8-12 weeks of pregnancy. However, in most cases, infants become infected during childbirth. One of the major advances in HIV prevention over the past few years has been the development of methods to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from an infected mother to her child during childbirth. If, without special treatment, the average risk of having a child with HIV infection is 15-25% in Europe and the USA and 30-40% in Africa, then with the help of a preventive course of treatment with AZT and cesarean section, the risk can be reduced to 1%. In this case, treatment is not carried out with the goal of achieving sustainable improvement in the mother's health, but to reduce the risk of having a child with HIV. Mothers with HIV are not recommended to breastfeed their children as this increases the risk of HIV transmission. A long-term study conducted in Malawi by US specialists showed that the risk of infection of a child through mother's milk is 10% when breastfeeding for 2 years.
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HIV is a virus that multiplies in the human immune system. A person can become infected with HIV only through contact with certain body fluids (blood, seminal fluid, vaginal discharge and breast milk) that contain large amounts of the virus. The risk of infection is greatest during unprotected sexual contact and when using unsterile medical instruments (especially during injection drug use). The virus itself is quite simple. It consists of: an outer shell with connection points to establish contact with the host cell. internal capsule containing the blueprint for the construction of HIV. This blueprint is called the hereditary substance or viral RNA. Special tools # enzymes that ensure the reproduction of HIV. The human cells that HIV uses as host cells are special cells of the immune system. They are called CD4 helper cells.
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