Anti-aircraft missile system Buk M1. "Buk": history of creation and characteristics
Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system "BUK-M2" (Russia)
"Buk-M2"- multifunctional highly mobile medium-range anti-aircraft missile system (SAM).
"Buk-M2" pintended to destroy tactical and strategic aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters (including hovering) and other aerodynamic aircraft in the entire range of their practical use in conditions of intense electronic and fire counteraction by the enemy, as well as to combat tactical ballistic, aviation missiles and others elements of high-precision weapons in flight, destruction of surface and shelling of ground radio-contrast targets.
The Buk-M2 air defense system can be used for air defense of troops (military installations), in various forms of combat operations, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.
Composition of the 9K317 "Buk-M2" complex
Military means
- anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M317
- self-propelled firing units (SOU) 9A317 and 9A318 (towed)
- launch-loading units (ROM) 9A316 and 9A320
- controls
- command post 9S510
- target detection radar 9S18M1-3
- radar illumination and missile guidance station (RPN) 9S36
The 9K317 complex provides for the use of two types of firing sections:
Up to 4 sections consisting of 1 self-propelled gun and 1 ROM, ensuring simultaneous firing of up to 4 targets (relief height up to 2m)
- up to 2 sections consisting of 1 RPN 9S36 and 2 ROMs, providing simultaneous firing of up to 4 targets (relief height up to 20m)
Ready time from march: 1st section – 5 min; 2nd section – 10-15 min.
To change positions with the equipment turned on, it takes only 20 seconds.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the BUK-M2 air defense system:
Affected area:
F-15 type aircraft
Range: 3-50 km
- height: 0.01-25 km
Lance type TBR
Range: 15-20 km
- height: 2-16 km
KR type ALCM
Range at an altitude of 30m: 20 km
- range at an altitude of 6000m: 26 km
PRR type HARM
Range: up to 20 km
- height: 0.1-15 km
surface targets: 3-25 km
radio-contrast ground targets: 10-15 km
Probability of being hit by one missile:
Non-maneuvering aircraft type F-15: 0.9-0.95
- TBR type Lance: 0.6-0.7
- KR type ALCM: 0.7-0.8
- PRR type HARM: 0.5-0.7
- helicopter: 0.7-0.8
Number of simultaneously fired targets: up to 24
Maximum speed of targets hit:
Approaching: 1100 m/s
- receding: 300-400 m/s
Rate of fire: 4 sec
Reaction time: 10 sec
Expand/collapse time: 5 minutes.
Total resource of combat weapons: 20 years
Anti-aircraft guided missile 9M317 has an expanded destruction zone of up to 45-50 km in range and up to 25 km in height and parameter, as well as a large range of targets to be hit. It provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a new semi-active Doppler radar seeker 9E420.
Performance characteristics of the 9M317 missile
| Warhead | core |
| Weight | 70 kg |
| Radius of the target engagement zone | 17 m |
| Flight speed | up to 1230 m/s |
| Overload | up to 24 g |
| Rocket mass | 715 kg |
| Wingspan | 860 mm |
| Engine | dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine |
The rocket has a high level of reliability; a fully assembled and equipped rocket does not require checks and adjustments throughout its entire service life - 10 years.
Self-propelled firing system (SOU) 9A317
Made on a GM-569 tracked chassis. In the process of combat operation, the SOU carries out detection, identification, auto-tracking and recognition of the type of target, development of a flight mission, solution of the launch problem, launch of a missile, illumination of the target and transmission of radio correction commands to the missile, evaluation of firing results. The self-propelled gun can fire at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system with target designation from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility.
Radar station SOU 9A317, unlike previous versions of the complex, is made on the basis of a phased antenna array with electronic beam scanning.
Target detection area:
in azimuth – ±45°
elevation angle – 70°
range - 20 km (RCS = 1-2 m 2, height - 3 km), 18-20 km (RCS = 1-2 m 2, height - 10-15 m)
Number of detected targets: 10.
Number of targets fired: 4.
SOU 9A317 is equipped with an optical-electronic system based on sub-matrix thermal imaging and CCD-matrix television channels, which provides the possibility of 24-hour operation and significantly increases the noise immunity and survivability of the air defense system.
Start-loading unit 9A316
Made on a GM-577 tracked chassis, towed by a 9A320 - on a wheeled semi-trailer with a KrAZ tractor. | Number of missiles on launch pads | 4 things |
| Number of missiles on transport supports | 4 things |
| Self-charging time | 15 minutes |
| SOU loading time | 13 min |
| Crane capacity | 1000 kg |
| Weight | 38/35 tons. |
| Dimensions | 8x3.3x3.8 m |
| Crew | 4 people |
Command post 9S510
The worst thing in war is an enemy air strike. And the best place to launch a preemptive strike is considered to be the defeat of army columns on the march. Enemy reconnaissance detects the target and directs an attack aviation group consisting of various types of aircraft. And the units moving to the front are left with pitiful, demoralized remnants. Troops on the front line do not receive proper support, planned military operations are disrupted, and the front line of defense is collapsing.
Air cover for columns is not always able to provide protection to ground troops. The way out of this situation was the introduction into the tank and rifle units of the Buk mobile anti-aircraft missile system (SAM), which provides reliable cover for its columns throughout the march.
History of creation
To fully ensure the safe movement of military convoys along the roads and improve the air defense of the main strike units and subunits of the Soviet Army, the USSR government decided to create a new mobile anti-aircraft complex.
The 9K37 Buk air defense system became such a complex. The main task for the developed complex was to fight, under enemy electronic countermeasures, against high-speed (Vmax = 830 m/s) aerodynamic objects capable of maneuvering with maximum overloads of up to 12g.
The Buk was created to replace the well-served Kub complex. All tasks for the design and creation of a new machine were entrusted to the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Making. Work started at the beginning of 1972. At the same time, development of an anti-aircraft complex for the fleet began. It received the designation "Hurricane". Both new complexes included a single anti-aircraft ammunition.
The developers of the air defense system were given strict deadlines for the work.
The complex was supposed to enter service with the troops within three years. Therefore, all work on the development and adoption of the full complex for service was divided into two stages:
- Partial introduction of self-propelled firing systems with a new guided anti-aircraft missile (SAM) into the existing 2K12 anti-aircraft systems.
- Putting into service the full 9K37 complex.
At the first stage, a new 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missile and a new 9A38 self-propelled firing system were created at an accelerated pace. This installation was mounted on the chassis of a tracked vehicle from the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant. It ensured the use of both new missiles and the 3M9M3 missiles included in the Kub complex.
One new installation from the BUK complex was introduced into the anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub complex, which were armed with new 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles. Such an extraordinary move significantly increased the combat capabilities of existing units:
- The number of simultaneously processed target channels doubled.
- The target engagement range has increased from 22 to 24 kilometers.
- The minimum altitude for using missiles has been significantly reduced from 100 to 30 meters.
- It became possible to destroy faster targets. The flight speed of the warhead increased by 100 m/s.
- The number of combat-ready anti-aircraft missiles has increased from 60 to 75.
Such a combined unit entered field testing already in 1974. The tests were successful. Four years later, the 2K12-M4 combined anti-aircraft complex was adopted for service. Simultaneously with the modernization of existing units, work was carried out to create a unified Buk complex.
At the end of the summer of 1975, a complete set of the 9K37 complex was presented for field testing. It included:
- Command post vehicle 9S470.
- Target detection and guidance station 9S18.
- Self-propelled firing system 9A310.
- Start-loading machine 9A39.
- 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile.
Tests were carried out until 1979. The commission of the military-industrial complex and the Ministry of Defense appreciated the qualities of the new complex.
It was put into service under the Buk-1 nomenclature. NATO designation SA-11 "Gadfly".
Design of the 9K37 complex
The Buk anti-aircraft missile system has a combined method of targeting the target. At the initial stage of entering the flight path, inertial guidance was carried out. The correction was carried out via radio signals from the launcher or command post. At the final branch of the trajectory, the missile's automatic homing was connected; such a system operates in a semi-active mode.
The entire complex was placed on the GM-569 all-terrain tracked chassis. All chassis are equipped with:
- Communication means that provide an uninterrupted channel for receiving and transmitting data.
- Orientation and navigation devices that allow geolocation to the terrain in the shortest possible time.
- Individual power supply units that operate autonomously.
- Life support and crew protection systems that ensure combat operations in conditions of the enemy’s use of nuclear and chemical attack weapons.
All this provides greater autonomy and high maneuverability when conducting combat operations on rough terrain.
The point is designed for automated control of air defense systems by transmitting encoded signals via wired or radio communication channels. The complex's command post operates simultaneously with six firing installations and one target detection station. At the same time, he can maintain stable communication with a higher command post.
The equipment of the command post vehicle allows you to solve the following tasks:
- Automatic selection of firing mode;
- Automatic tracking of the most dangerous objects up to 15 pieces;
- Ability to process up to 75 radar marks;
- Independent distribution of targets and targeting them;
- Ensuring uninterrupted operation in conditions of strong radio interference or in the event of failure of the radar of one of the op-amps;
- Preservation of information about the combat operation of the complex;
- Monitoring the state of combat installations;
- Conducting comprehensive training with simulated air conditions.
Designed to detect an object. Determination of nationality of aircraft. Processing and transmitting information about the air situation in the combat duty area to the command post vehicle or other command posts of the air defense forces. SOC is nothing more than a three-dimensional radar in the centimeter range.
Its indicated detection range is up to 160 kilometers.
The space is viewed in two modes:
- Regular. Inspection of air territory is carried out in anti-aircraft defense mode.
- Sector. The survey is carried out in the anti-missile defense mode.
The machine operates using a single antenna and two transmitters of pulsed and continuous radiation.
One of the transmitters detects and identifies the target, and also carries out its automatic tracking.
The second transmitter highlights the selected target and the guided missile launched from the OS. The error in determining the target speed is no more than 20 m/s. The maximum range error is less than 175 meters. The error in determining the angular coordinates can be no more than half the division of the protractor.
The Kupol SOC is protected from various radar interference used by the enemy. The detection and tracking station blocking system, when accompanying its aircraft, blocks the launch system. Thus, preventing the shot from being fired.
Such a vehicle can operate either as part of a unit controlled by a command post or independently. It is designed for the following tasks:
- detection and tracking of an airborne object;
- target acquisition and determination of its coordinates;
- determining the flight mission for the rocket;
- launching missile defense systems;
- generation and transmission of commands to correct the flight path to the target;
- transmission of information about the state of the airspace, detected and tracked objects at the command post, as well as about the process of combat work;
- destruction of enemy aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles;
- ensuring training launches;
During combat work as part of a unit, it can be used as a launcher with third-party guidance on the target. It can also take part in a group determination of the location of a particular target.
The transfer to a combat state was carried out in less than 5 minutes, when changing the OP no more than 20 seconds. Reloading with four missiles takes less than 12 minutes from a ROM, and 16 minutes from a transport vehicle.
Start-loading machine 9A39
The vehicle is designed for: transportation and storage of missiles (one ammunition load on the launcher is ready for launch, the second ammunition load is located on transport supports), loading the firing installation, monitoring the technical condition of the rocket, pre-launch preparation, and conducting alternate missile launches. To solve these problems, the machine includes:
- transport-launching device;
- transport supports for transporting missiles;
- Calculating machine;
- lifting unit.
The missile is designed to destroy enemy targets in the duty zone of the air defense complex.
Rocket composition:
- head part;
- transition frame;
- propulsion system;
- tail section
The layout of the missile's components and assemblies is designed to ensure clear movement along the trajectory to the target. It has a special guidance system with a semi-active operating principle.
The propulsion system is single-stage with mixed solid fuel. The main destructive element is a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kilograms. The detonation is carried out at a distance of no more than 17 meters from the target. Damage is caused by fragments and exposure to a blast wave. The total mass of the rocket is 685 kilograms.
Complex modifications
The enemy's aviation technology is constantly being improved. New technologies are being introduced to counter anti-aircraft missile weapons. Therefore, the modernization of anti-aircraft systems is underway. The potential inherent in the basic complex allows for work to improve the system.
After the basic complex was put into service, work began immediately on its modernization. In 1982 they ended with successful launches. The complex entered service and was named 9K37M1 with the 9M38M1 missile. Compared to the primary version of the complex, the area of complete damage has increased significantly.
The Buk-M1 complex has the ability to detect various types of aircraft: airplanes, helicopters, ballistic missiles. Improved counteraction to enemy missile defenses. This complex was exported under the name “Ganges”.
SAM 9K37M1-2 "Buk"-M1-2
The development of this complex was completed by 1997. This complex received a new 9M317 guided missile. Almost all facilities of the complex have been improved.
The combination of the new missile and the modernization of control and guidance units made it possible to destroy Lance-type ballistic missiles.
It also became possible to destroy surface targets at ranges of up to 25 km, as well as front-line and army command and control posts. The combat radius of hitting targets has been increased in range to 45 km and in altitude to 25 km. The efficiency of destroying air targets of various types has been increased.
SAM 9K317 "Buk"-M2
This system was the result of a deep modernization of the base complex. The target engagement area has increased significantly. The probability of hitting rotary-wing aircraft and missiles has increased to 80%. Due to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Buk-M2 complex did not go into production. The difficult financial situation of the state had an impact. After 15 years, the design documentation was updated to a modern base. In 2008, he entered the active units of the Russian Army.
SAM 9K317M "Buk"-M3
The complex was created in 2007 and entered service with the air defense units of the Russian Army in 2016. Each installation already carries six missiles. They are located in transport and launch containers. All natural elements are subject to him. Targets can be hit in the air, on land and on water. The complex works on the principle of launching and forgetting. The missile itself will reach the target. The new guidance and illumination radar implements all the capabilities of the complex.
According to experts, the probability of destroying targets is almost 100%. One millionth of a miss doesn't count. The combat mode of the complex is based on the principle of complete autonomy.
SAM 9K317E "Buk"-M2E
This system is a Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile system. But the wheelbase chosen for it was the chassis of the Minsk Automobile Plant MZKT-69221. This modification is exported to other countries.
SAM 9K37MB "Buk"-MB
The basic complex was created by the Soviet military-industrial complex. Therefore, it is the property of all CIS republics. Engineers of the Republic of Belarus carried out independent modernization of this system. It was presented to the general public in 2005 in Minsk under the abbreviation 9K37MB “Buk” -MB.
The complex was modernized at SNPO Agat. The updated system received new radio-electronic equipment. Noise immunity has been improved. A new data exchange complex with the control panel has been installed. The ergonomics of crew workstations have been improved.
Performance characteristics
| Data | 9K37 | 9K37M1 | 9K37M1-2 | 9K317 | 9K317M | 9K317E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Damage zone by range, km | ||||||
| aircraft | 3-25 | 3-32 | 3-45 | 3-50 | 2-70 | 3-40 |
| BR "Lance" | Less than 20 | Up to 20 | 2-70 | Up to 20 | ||
| Anti-missile | Less than 20 | Up to 20 | 2-70 | Up to 20 | ||
| Cruise missile | Up to 25 | Up to 25 | Up to 26 | Up to 26 | 2-70 | Up to 26 |
| Ship | Up to 25 | Up to 25 | 2-70 | Up to 25 | ||
| Damage zone in height, m | ||||||
| aircraft | 15-25000 | 15-22000 | 15-25000 | 100-25000 | 15-35000 | 100-25000 |
| BR "Lance" | 2000-16000 | 2000-16000 | 15-35000 | 2000-16000 | ||
| Anti-missile | 100-15000 | 100-15000 | 15-35000 | 100-15000 | ||
| Probability of hitting one missile | ||||||
| Airplane | 0,8-0,9 | 0,8-0,95 | 0,9-0,95 | 0,9-0,95 | 0,9999 | 0,9-0,95 |
| Helicopter | 0,3-0,6 | 0,3-0,6 | 0,3-0,6 | 0,7-0,8 | 0,7-0,8 | |
| Cruise missile | 0,3-0,5 | 0,4-0,6 | 0,5-0,7 | 0,7-0,8 | 0,7-0,8 | |
| Targets fired at simultaneously, pcs. | 18 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 36 | 24 |
| Target speed max, m/s | 800 | 800 | 1100 | 1100 | 3000 | 1100 |
All modifications of the complex are fully capable and can withstand any enemy.
Combat use and results
The Buk air defense systems were successfully used during the first Chechen campaign, when the small aviation force of the rebellious republic was crushed. In the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, the plane of the commander of the air defense of Abkhazia was shot down by an air defense missile system. The Russian Air Force lost four aircraft in South Ossetia. They were destroyed by Buk fire. Even the destruction of a Boeing 777 aircraft in Ukrainian airspace is attributed to this complex.
The air defense system is one of the main components of the operational capability of not only army units, but also civilian facilities.
Anti-aircraft systems of the Soviet and Russian times are also used in modern reality.
In places of concentration and on the march, columns of armored vehicles can feel confident under the cover of these complexes. Not a single rocket, not a single bomb should fall on the location. Moreover, this is not a bad contribution to the state budget, since the complex is in demand on the arms market.
Video
Army self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system "Buk"(GRAU index - 9K37) is designed to destroy, under conditions of intense radio countermeasures, aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s at low and medium altitudes (from 30 m to 14-18 km), at ranges up to 30 km, maneuvering from overloads up to 12 units.
The development of the Buk complex began in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972, it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, the main structure corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (“Hurricane”) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, integrated with the “Buk” air defense system.
The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NKO (research and design association) Phazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - Rastov A.A., CP (command post) 9S470 - Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), self-propelled firing system 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.
PZU (start-loading unit) 9A39 was created at the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), headed by A.I. Yaskin.
The unified tracked chassis for the complex's vehicles was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.
The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.
SOC 9S18 (detection and target designation station) (“Dome”) was developed at the NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of Vetoshko A.P. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.). A set of technical tools was also developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on the automobile chassis. Completion of the development of the anti-aircraft missile system was planned for the second quarter of 1975.
To quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Army - tank divisions - with increasing the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions, by doubling the channel capacity for targets (and, if possible, ensuring complete autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), it was prescribed to carry out the creation of the Buk air defense system in 2 stages:
- First step provided for the introduction into the 2K12 “Kub-M3” complex of a 9A38 self-propelled firing system with 9M38 missiles in each battery. In this form, the 2K12M4 “Kub-M4” air defense system was adopted for service in 1978;
- second phase assumed the full adoption of the entire complex consisting of the 9S18 detection station, the 9S470 command post, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A39 launcher-loader and the 9M38 missile defense system. Joint testing of the complex began at the Emba training ground in November 1977 and continued until March 1979, after which the complex was put into service in its entirety.
For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to include a Kub-M3 regiment in each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces), in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The self-propelled firing installation provided search in the established sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homing 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, coupled with her. The combat operation of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing system consisted of:
— digital computing system;
- Radar 9S35;
— a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
— television-optical viewfinder;
— ground-based radar interrogator operating in the “Password” identification system;
— telecode communication equipment with SURN;
— wire communication equipment with SPU;
— autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
— navigation, topographical reference and orientation equipment;
- life support systems.
The weight of the self-propelled firing system, including the weight of the combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 tons.
The progress that has been made in the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, and digital computers has made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation.
The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous radiation transmitter was used to illuminate targets and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search using the electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out using the monopulse method, and signal processing was carried out by a digital computer.
The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds.
The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's direction-finding and surveillance receivers is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds.
The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; ensure selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system was used to block the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when accompanied by a helicopter or aircraft.
The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with replaceable guides, designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.
The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile used a dual-mode solid propellant engine(total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in passive sections of the trajectory and instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in the creation of the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.
The general design of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled American-made naval anti-aircraft missiles of the Standard and Tartar families. This corresponded to strict restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.
The rocket was carried out according to the normal design and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active hydroelectric pump, autopilot equipment, power supply and warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. The diameter of the 9M38 rocket is 400 mm, length - 5.5 m, rudder span - 860 mm.
The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.
The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 m to 20 km at a range of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units. The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.
The design of the missile ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in the 9YA266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.
From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system, consisting of the 1S91M3 SURN, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as the 9V881 MTO (maintenance vehicle) underwent state testing Embensky training ground.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was obtained - from 65 to 77 km; at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 km. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a range of 21-35 km.
When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 km and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of a self-propelled firing system (from the moment of target detection to the launch of a guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading/discharging time for three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.
When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the destruction of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 km, at an altitude of 30 m - 5-15.4 km. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of the heading parameter - 18 km. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name “Kub-M4” (2K12M4). The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the SV SA.
The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.
Command post 9С470
installed on the GM-579 chassis provided:
— receiving, displaying and processing target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
— selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in automatic and manual modes, assignment of sectors of their responsibility;
— display of information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters for firing installations, about work on targets, about the operating mode of the detection and target designation station;
— organizing the operation of the complex in the event of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles;
— documentation of training and work of calculation of CP.
The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per station review cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing systems (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters ). The weight of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is no more than 28 tons.
Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station “Dome” (9C18) centimeter range having electronic scanning of the beam according to the elevation angle in a sector (set to 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or an electric drive). The Kupol station was intended to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.
Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of viewing the space during a circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when viewing in a 30-degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20′, in range - no more than 130 m, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 m.
All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar station was initially intended to be developed outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional air defense unit of the Ground Forces.
The time it took to transfer the Kupol station between traveling and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The weight of the station (including a crew of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.
According to its structure and purpose self-propelled firing system 9A310 It differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that it communicated using a telecode line not with SURN 1S91M3 and self-propelled launcher 2P25M3, but with the command post 9S470 and PZU 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time it took to transfer the installation from traveling to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds.
Loading the 9A310 firing system with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launch-loading installation took 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (in working position - 9.03 m), height - 3.8 m (in working position - 7.72 m).
Launch-loading installation 9A39 installed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed mounts - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading the 8th missile defense system from a transport vehicle (charging time 26 minutes), from ground cradles and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles.
Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-loading installation consisted of a starting device with a servo power drive, a crane, supports, a digital computer, equipment for topographical referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. The mass of the installation, including a combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons. Dimensions of the launch-loading installation: length - 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.
The complex's command post received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (automated control system Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that carried out search and capture for automatic tracking goals. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched.
For missile guidance, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, upon command, the warhead was detonated. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.
Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems The Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
— simultaneous firing of up to 6 targets by a division, and, if necessary, execution of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater detection reliability thanks to the organization of a joint survey of the space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
— increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency in hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of the anti-aircraft guided missile.
Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system can fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 km at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m /s - up to 30 km) with a heading parameter of up to 18 km with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.
The Buk complex was adopted by the ground forces' air defense forces in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in the cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 air defense system. New equipment - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing systems 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, launch-loading installations 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. Kalinina.
MODERNIZATION OF THE BUK ADAM
In accordance with the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated November 30, 1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities and the protection of the complex's radio-electronic equipment from anti-radar missiles and interference.
As a result of tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Emba test site, it was found that modernized Buk-M1 compared to the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, it provides a larger engagement area for aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of being hit by one guided missile of more than 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0.4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 km.
The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies instead of 36, which helps to increase protection from intentional and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.
Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control post of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training for crews of anti-aircraft missile systems.
Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 installation provides target detection and acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30%), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.
The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station “Kupol-M1” (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation.
The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with similar weapons of the Buk complex without modifications. The standard organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.
The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983. and its serial production was established in cooperation between industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system. In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, also entered service. Complexes of the Buk family called “Gang” were proposed to be supplied abroad.
During the Defense 92 exercise, the Buk family of anti-aircraft missile systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and the Smerch MLRS missile.
Cooperation of enterprises led by Tikhonravov Research Institute in 1994-1997, work was carried out on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons and surface ships at a range of up to 25 km and ground targets (large command posts, launch sites installations, aircraft at airfields) at a distance of up to 15 km.
The effectiveness of destroying cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 km and in height - up to 25 km. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a radar semi-active homing head with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The rocket has a launch mass of 710-720 kg with a warhead mass of 50-70 kg. Externally, the new 9M317 missile differed from the 9M38 in its shorter wing chord length.
In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the installation of an antenna at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system to destroy low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.
The Buk-M1-2 complex includes a command post and two types of firing sections:
— four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing unit each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loading unit with 8 guided missiles;
— two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, which can also provide simultaneous fire at four targets, and two launch-loading installations (each with eight guided missiles).
Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter option, the cost was reduced, but maneuverability deteriorated and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15 minutes.
In particular, the Start MKB, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), developed the 9A316 launcher-loader and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.
The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of anti-aircraft missile systems as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, ensuring a continuous increase in the air defense capabilities of the ground forces at relatively low costs. This path of development, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag.
For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, the more reliable and safe scheme for continuous operation of missile defense systems in a transport and launch container, and all-angle vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced in other second-generation air defense missile systems, have not been used. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development must be considered as the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the Buk and Kub family complexes as the correct one.
Main characteristics of the BUK type air defense system:
Name – “Buk” / “Buk-M1”;
Damage zone in range - from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
Damage zone in height – from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter – up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6 / 0.3..0.6;
Probability of hitting a cruise missile – 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m/s;
Reaction time - 22 seconds;
Anti-aircraft guided missile flight speed - 850 m/s;
Rocket mass – 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel – 2;
SAM channel (per target) – up to 3;
Expansion/collapse time – 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle is 4;
Year of adoption: 1980/1983.
/Alex Varlamik, based on materials en.wikipedia.org And topwar.ru /
The development of the Buk complex was started according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 Uragan air defense system for the Navy was determined using a missile defense system common to the Buk complex.
The military air defense system "Buk" was intended to fight in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles.
Developers of the complex and its systems
The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (General Director V.K. Grishin). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.
Launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau (MCB) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lyulev. The detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 (“Dome”) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).
In the west the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".
Compound
The Buk air defense system includes the following combat weapons:
- SAM 9M38;
- Command post 9S470;
- Detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome";
- Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
- Start-loading installation 9A39.
SAM 9M38
The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is made using a dual-mode solid fuel engine (total operating time is about 15 seconds), according to a normal aerodynamic configuration with “X” placement of low aspect ratio wings.
In the front part of the missile, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are successively located. To reduce the dispersion of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implemented homing missiles using the proportional navigation method. The warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation type.
Command post 9С470
The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided:
- receiving, displaying and processing information about targets received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
- selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters of self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets, about operating modes of the detection and target designation station;
- organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the enemy’s use of anti-radar missiles;
- documentation of work and training in calculation of CP.
The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per review cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing systems with an accuracy of 1° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range.
The weight of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons.
Detection and target designation station 9S18 ("Dome")
Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station 9S18 (“Dome”) of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in a sector according to the elevation angle (set to 30° or 40°) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using an electric drive or hydraulic drive) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 control post.
The rate of viewing the space, depending on the established sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s for all-round viewing and from 2.5 to 4.5 s for viewing in a 30° sector. Radar information was transmitted via telecode line to the 9S470 control panel in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 s). The root mean square errors (RMS) of measuring target coordinates were: no more than 20" - in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130m - in range, range resolution no worse than 300m, in azimuth and elevation - 4°.
To protect against targeted interference, we used tuning of the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from response ones - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel, from non-synchronous pulses - changing the slope of linear-frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. With noise barrage interference from self-cover and external cover at specified levels, the detection and target designation station ensured detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station ensured tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection circuit with automatic wind speed compensation. The station was protected from anti-radar missiles by implementing a software tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 s, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signals or to the intermittent radiation (flicker) mode.
The station included an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile, a feed in the form of a full-flow line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotating device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position; transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW); receiving device (with a noise figure of no more than 8) and other systems.
The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with a crew of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.
Self-propelled firing system 9A310
The transfer time from traveling to combat position was no more than 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, was no more than 20 s. Loading a 9A310 self-propelled firing system with four missiles from a launcher-loading installation was carried out in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes.
The weight of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system was 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).
Launch-loading installation 9A39
The 9A39 launcher-loading unit, located on the GM-577 chassis, was intended for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching 4 missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. In addition to the launching device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradle, the launch-loading installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, telecode communication, energy supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people is no more than 35.5 tons.
The length of the launch-loading installation was 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.
Performance characteristics
| Damage zone, km: - by range - in height - by parameter |
3,5..25-30 0,025..18-20 before 18 |
| Probability of hitting a target with one missile - fighter type - helicopter type - cruise missile type |
0,8..0,9 0,3..0,6 0,25..0,5 |
| Maximum speed of targets hit m/s | 800 |
| Reaction time, s: | 22 |
| SAM flight speed, m/s | 850 |
| Rocket mass, kg | 685 |
| Weight of warhead, kg | 70 |
| Rocket length, m | 5.55 |
| Case diameter, m | 0.4 |
| Starting weight, kg | 685 |
| Warhead weight, kg; | 70 |
| Channel by target | 2 |
| SAM channel | 3 |
| Expansion (collapse) time, min | 5 |
| Number of missiles on a combat vehicle | 4 |
Testing and operation
Joint tests of the Buk complex with its full set of equipment were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emben test site (head of the test site V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.
The command post of the complex received information about the air situation from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (ASU "Polyana-D4") and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued it to self-propelled firing units, which searched and captured targets for automatic tracking. Upon entry The missiles were launched into the affected area. The missiles were guided using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of pointing at the target. When approaching the target, the seeker issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching the target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead was detonated on command. If the radio fuse did not activate, the missile defense system self-destructed, and if the target was not hit, a second missile defense system was launched at it.
Compared to previous systems of similar purposes (Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems), the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, carrying out up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board seeker computer and a special type of illumination signal;
- greater efficiency in hitting a target due to the increased power of the missile defense warhead.
Based on the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m/s) with a course parameter of up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.
Organizationally, the Buk air defense missile systems were consolidated into anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: a command post (the brigade's combat control point from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own 9S470 command posts, a 9S18 detection and target designation station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader each, as well as technical support and maintenance units.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.
The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1980.
"Buk-M3" (factory code 9K317M) is a medium-range air defense system. According to NATO classification, these air defense systems are called SA-17Grizzly. The highly mobile multifunctional complex is designed to solve the following combat missions: destroying aircraft of all types in all ranges of their practical use, firing at radio-contrast ground targets and hitting surface targets in conditions of intense counteraction, both fire and electronic.
Military experts classify the complex as the main means of the military component of the air defense/air defense of the Russian Federation in the theater of operations and consider it as a system-forming one. On the tactical side, it is complemented by a short-range complex such as “Tor-M2” (currently) or “Pantsir-S1” (in the near future). From the operational-tactical side - long-range air defense systems of all classes in service. The Buk-M3, as the main means of countering missiles flying at ultra-low altitude, demonstrates the best efficiency-cost ratio in comparison with all analogues of Russian and foreign production.
Peculiarities.
The air defense system is equipped with the latest digital control system, which provides not only the solution of combat missions, but also operation in the training simulator mode for training and training crews. The telethermal imaging system has replaced teleoptical sights and is used to detect targets, capture them and passively track them in automatic mode. The documentation system has been replaced by an integrated objective control system, created on the basis of modern software using the latest digital control system.
The signal processing equipment and display equipment are also computerized and equipped with LCD monitors. For communications, the complex is equipped with modern digital communications equipment that ensures uninterrupted exchange of both voice information and encoded target distribution and target designation data.
Each division armed with the Buk-M3 air defense system has 36 target channels and is equipped with the latest model missiles with active seekers. The complex has all-aspect visibility due to the fact that the new rocket has a vertical launch. The 9Р31М missile used to equip the complex is capable of destroying all currently existing aerodynamic targets, including highly maneuverable ones, in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures, as well as surface and ground ones. The on-board systems of the Buk-M3 complex are created on a completely updated element base. When supplied to the Russian Navy, the complex is called “Hurricane”. The export name of the marine version is “Calm”.
