Law enforcement policy. Morals, Politics and Law Enforcement

A.V. MALKO, Doctor of Law, Professor, Director of the Saratov branch of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, V.A. TEREKHIN, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Head. Department of Justice, Penza State University, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation. Problems of functioning of the law enforcement system of the Russian Federation are studied; conclusions are drawn that it is in a state of deep crisis...

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A.V. MALKO,

Doctor of Law, Professor, Director of the Saratov branch of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation,

V.A. TEREKHIN,

Candidate of Legal Sciences, Head. Department of Justice, Penza State University, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation

The problems of functioning of the law enforcement system of the Russian Federation are studied; conclusions are drawn that it is in a state of deep crisis; measures are proposed for its reform, formation and implementation of law enforcement policy as the basis of all modernization processes.

Key words: law enforcement agencies, law enforcement system, law enforcement activities, modernization, law enforcement policy.

Law-enforcement policy as a basis for development of law-enforcement activities

Malko A., Teryokhin V.

The law-enforcement system functioning of the Russian Federation is studied in the article. The authors come to the conclusion that it is in deep crisis at the moment. Since the law-enforcement policy turns out to be the basis of all the development processes, a set of steps is proposed to its administration, formation and reformation.

Keywords: law-enforcement agencies, law-enforcement system, law-enforcement activities, development, law-enforcement policy.

Extremely negative recent events associated with a series of offenses by employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (mass “cleansing operations” in Blagoveshchensk, the murder of a teenager in Tyva and a journalist in Tomsk, the shooting of civilians by Major Evsyukov in Moscow, an unprecedented special operation to create a “human shield” of private cars on the Moscow Ring Road, the detention of an entire company of traffic police officers in Astrakhan for extortion, the falsification of criminal and administrative cases against innocent citizens of many regions of the country), gave rise to serious doubts in the Russian public consciousness about the ability of these bodies to fulfill the human rights function of the state.

In addition, publications appeared in the central media with conclusions not only about the alienation of the police from society, but about their direct confrontation. A legal paradox has emerged, the main contradiction of our time: employees of these services “see their task as “protecting” themselves, or, in extreme cases, their corporate interests, and not citizens.” There are calls, including from State Duma deputies, for the abolition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the creation of people's squads “to protect the population from the police,” and the Minister of Internal Affairs “authorized defense against the police.”

Along with this, the daily flow of information reported by the media about corruption in all government structures, about numerous violations of socio-economic rights, systemic violations of the rights of children left without parental care, obvious and gross disregard for the current standards for the operation of especially dangerous objects of vital activity clearly show, on the one hand , the absolute defenselessness of a person, and on the other hand, the weakness and ineffectiveness of the domestic law enforcement mechanism.

According to many expert estimates, the country's entire law enforcement system is in a state of deep and systemic crisis. In the new conditions, it is not capable of fully fulfilling the tasks assigned to it to ensure the legal security of our citizens, public and state interests. There has been a professional and moral deformation of many representatives of the relevant structures. There was an obvious conflict between their personal and public interests. Public trust in the entire law enforcement department seems to have been undermined. Thus, according to sociological research by the analytical center of Y. Levada, now “there are only three very stable institutions in the zone of trust: Putin and Medvedev, the army and the church... and the police, the court, political parties, the prosecutor’s office, and the deputy corps are assessed by people extremely negatively and enjoy preferential treatment.” mistrust."

Therefore, it is not at all by chance that on February 18, 2010, the President of the Russian Federation issued Decree No. 208 “On some measures to reform the Ministry of Internal Affairs.” In fact, this legal act is about the beginning of transformations in one of the most important areas of government activity. A little earlier, in 2007, structural changes were made in the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, under which the Investigative Committee was formed (Federal Law dated 06/05/2007 No. 87-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “On the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation” "), and in 2008, the President of the Russian Federation announced the beginning of the next stage of reform of the judicial system (Order of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 20, 2008 No. 279-rp “On the formation of a working group on improving the legislation of the Russian Federation on the judicial system”).

In this regard, a natural question arises: can the implementation of the planned measures lead to an improvement in the state of law enforcement? The question posed will most likely be answered in the affirmative. Or rather, this will to some extent contribute to changing the current situation.

At the same time, it is not difficult to assume that the modernization of government areas specified in these legal acts will not in itself lead to radical changes, a significant increase in the efficiency of the entire law enforcement complex and the high results expected by society. And this is explained by the fact that the decisions made, as can be seen from their content, are strictly substantive, relatively speaking, departmental in nature. The range and scope of reform measures are somewhat targeted and limited. It does not affect the entire law enforcement system and is isolated from many other law enforcement issues.

In our opinion, one of the important and indispensable conditions for overcoming such large-scale and profound social and legal phenomena is the conceptual approach. Therefore, appropriate efforts are required, systematic and consistent work on the formation and implementation of doctrinal foundations in the field of protection of law and legal values. In other words, we need a state law enforcement policy. And on its basis, it is possible to more successfully solve the problems of increasing the efficiency of all law enforcement activities, ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, the interests of society and the state.

Law enforcement policy, of course, should become one of the varieties of legal policy that is well thought out, officially adopted and actively implemented in society. In other words, law enforcement policy is one of the components of a more capacious and broader concept, which is legal policy in general.

Let us note that, in contrast to legal policy in general, which has recently attracted the attention of many scientists, the problems of law enforcement policy have not been properly studied until recently. Therefore, today there is poor elaboration and debatability of many conceptual foundations of this legal phenomenon. Thus, in legal science there is no consensus on the concept and content of such basic legal categories as law enforcement agencies, law enforcement system, law enforcement mechanism, law enforcement activities, the scope and subjects of its implementation, etc. There is also no general scientific approach to the content of legal the term “protection”, its relationship with related legal categories “protection”, “ensuring”, “realization of individual rights and freedoms”. Moreover, we do not have established scientific ideas about law enforcement policy, its content, and priority areas for implementation. In the meantime, there are debates between representatives of science and practicing lawyers, the criminal situation has become a real factor threatening the national security of Russia. The rights and freedoms of our fellow citizens, as already noted, are significantly and systematically violated in many other areas of social relations.

The above once again emphasizes the importance of the development and implementation of official law enforcement policy and its concept, which meets modern social realities and takes into account both our own historical experience and the achievements of world practice. A concept is not only a set of theoretical ideas, but also a kind of program of specific actions. And as the practice of social management in recent years shows, it is the program-target method that allows one to effectively solve the assigned tasks and achieve the intended goals.

As is known, depending on the functions of law, legal policy can be divided into legal regulatory and law enforcement. If the first is designed to facilitate the implementation of the regulatory function of law, to create prerequisites for the harmonious development of social relations, then the second is to give a general algorithm to the actions of all subjects of law enforcement, to mobilize them to more effectively fulfill the protective function of law. Law enforcement policy unites all existing law enforcement entities into a law enforcement system.

The protective function of law requires constant attention from state and non-state law enforcement agencies. And in order to effectively exercise their powers, they must, in one way or another, participate in the formation and implementation of law enforcement policy.

If this function does not work, which is observed in modern Russia, then, as legal practice shows, the legal system as a whole does not work. The role of law enforcement policy is to debug and fully restore the protective function of law, to make law more protected from the challenges and threats of our time.

In our opinion, in the most general form, law enforcement policy can be defined as scientifically based, consistent and comprehensive activities of state and non-state institutions to increase the efficiency of the protective function of law, build a full-fledged law enforcement system, improve law enforcement activities in order to ensure the rights and legitimate interests of the individual, society and states.

Law enforcement policy has very specific content, goals, objectives, functions, and priority areas. It is based on certain principles.

Its essence lies in the development and practical implementation of protective ideas and strategic goals.

This policy is based on integration principles. By its nature, it is capable of combining many types of legal policy to achieve common law enforcement objectives: law-making, law enforcement, judicial-legal, criminal-legal, procedural-legal, financial-legal.

In practical terms, this policy represents the diverse activities of many entities aimed at solving a wide range of law enforcement tasks, such as:

1) increasing the efficiency of legal regulation in this area;

2) organization of an efficient law enforcement mechanism;

3) coordination and interaction of law enforcement agencies;

4) formation of their personnel;

5) improvement of law enforcement activities themselves - the fight against crime and other offenses, control and supervisory functions, justice and other areas;

6) development and implementation of preventive measures;

7) formation of a law enforcement culture for civil servants and law-abiding individuals, etc.

At the conceptual level, in our opinion, the issue of the subjects of law enforcement policy and related activities requires detailed study. And if countless legal entities and individuals, including citizens, can take part in the formation of law enforcement policy, then not many actually have the right to perform law enforcement functions.

Undoubtedly, law enforcement policy should not be reduced to criminal law policy. The scope of her interests is not limited only to the criminal environment, but the objects of her protection are all areas of social relations regulated by law. Often, violation of, for example, environmental, construction, medical, labor, housing standards sometimes causes no less social harm than a crime.

In modern legal theory, state and non-state law enforcement activities are distinguished. The latter is carried out by many social entities that perform the functions of protecting individual rights and freedoms, protecting public order, and resolving certain legal disputes.

At the same time, the Constitution of the Russian Federation directly assigns the solution of tasks related to law enforcement to the state. How correctly E.A. focuses attention. Lukashev, a necessary condition for ensuring human rights is the improvement of the activities of the state and its bodies.

In legal science, there has been a conditional division of state bodies into two large groups: firstly, these are bodies for which ensuring human rights is important, but not the main activity, and secondly, bodies that carry out law enforcement activities as their main activity. The bodies included in the second group are considered specialized and are called law enforcement agencies. They became the central link of the law enforcement system.

The legislation does not have definitive norms that define the concept of “law enforcement agencies”, so it is developed through legal doctrine. In science, these traditionally include special bodies for combating offenses (crime), bodies exercising control and supervisory powers, and a number of others.

The role of the court in the formation and implementation of law enforcement policy deserves special discussion. At first glance, in this formulation this question does not present any difficulties. The court as a public authority, due to the functions it performs in law enforcement, legal interpretation and law-making, undoubtedly shapes the judicial, law enforcement and legal policy of the state in general. However, the problem is that for a long time in legal science the status of the court as a subject of law enforcement activities has remained uncertain. Among scientists and practitioners, the opinion has become stronger that the court cannot be considered as one of the law enforcement agencies and is not part of their system.

However, one can hardly agree with this point of view. In our opinion, the term “law enforcement agencies” is a collective term, and the court also belongs to such bodies precisely in the meaning and essence of their activities. Having the main legal means - the current legislation - and exercising special powers on behalf of the state, the court protects the rights and freedoms of citizens, the interests of society and the state. According to the apt remark of I.L. Petrukhin, “in a certain sense, the courts are even more law enforcement agencies than the prosecutor’s office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB.” From the standpoint of the functional approach, as noted by M.I. Baytin, the courts were and remain bodies specially created to protect the law, legality and order, i.e. law enforcement agencies. Here, apparently, it is appropriate to recall the words of the prominent 19th century legal scholar N.M. Korkunova: the job of the judiciary is to “protect existing law.”

The main argument of opponents who claim that the court does not protect, but defends already violated rights, and therefore does not perform law enforcement functions, from our point of view, cannot in any way shake the status of the court as a subject of law enforcement activities. In our opinion, the concept of “protection” is an integral part of broader terms, such as “protection” and “ensuring” human rights and freedoms. In addition, the court in modern conditions not only restores violated or disputed individual rights, but also carries out a preventive, educational and even in certain cases, a function seemingly unusual for our legal system - law-making. In any case, the recently adopted ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated November 19, 2009 No. 1344-O-R “On clarification of paragraph 5 of the operative part of the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of February 2, 1999 No. 3-P in the case of verifying the constitutionality of the provisions of Article 41 and part three Article 42 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR, paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1993 “On the procedure for enacting the Law of the Russian Federation “On introducing amendments and additions to the Law of the RSFSR “On the Judicial System of the RSFSR”, Criminal Procedure Code RSFSR, the Criminal Code of the RSFSR and the RSFSR Code of Administrative Offenses””, with which he, instead of the country’s legislative body, essentially abolished this type of criminal punishment such as the death penalty, does not leave any doubt about this. And in fact, case law is being formed in modern Russia.

That is, the law enforcement activities of the court begin not with the restoration of already violated rights, but at an earlier stage.

Therefore, the problems of implementing judicial policy and the functioning of the judicial system, from our point of view, can become an integral part of the concept of law enforcement policy. Moreover, it is necessary to take into account the existing very acute defects in the execution of judicial acts. The European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly written in its decisions that judicial procedures for the protection of human rights cannot be considered completed if the decision taken by the court is not actually implemented.

In our opinion, state institutions that are new to modern Russia should become active subjects of law enforcement activities. Such, for example, as the Commissioner for Human Rights, the Federal Financial Monitoring Service, legal bureaus created within the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation to provide legal assistance to the population. By the way, these bureaus, as state institutions, became the prototype of the now emerging state legal profession.

Now let us briefly look at some, in our opinion, priority areas of law enforcement policy and modernization of this system.

Of course, this should be the improvement of the organizational and legal framework for controlling and combating crime, and above all with the most dangerous forms of its manifestation: organized crime, including criminal communities, corruption and embezzlement, illicit drug trafficking, terrorist manifestations, juvenile delinquency as a breeding ground for its most dangerous forms.

One of the main directions of this policy should be the coordination of all subjects of law enforcement activities and especially special services, the elimination of their redundant and duplicative functions. Recently, the President of the Russian Federation laid the blame for failures in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and supervisory authorities on the boards of the Prosecutor General's Office. Apparently, the function of coordinating law enforcement agencies performed by the Russian Prosecutor's Office is not entirely working. And additional measures are required at the level of state policy to overcome the disunity of various departments, strengthen their interaction, and combine forces and means to carry out common law enforcement tasks.

The problem of developing uniform criteria for the effectiveness of law enforcement has become quite complex. Unfortunately, the current indicators for assessing special structures are largely formal and do not reflect the true state of their achievement of socially useful goals. They are largely dominated by corporate principles. At the same time, it is very gratifying that in recent years the problem of improving the criteria for assessing the law enforcement system has been actively discussed in society. It seems that here we need to move away from a formal quantitative approach, and indicators of the effectiveness of law enforcement activities should be focused not on departmental, but on national, public interests.

Serious adjustments should be made to personnel policies. On this basis, develop and adopt a federal law “On Law Enforcement Service in the Russian Federation.” After all, it’s no secret that the negative phenomena noted among employees in this field of activity did not arise today, but have their roots in the 90s of the last century, when professionals left these bodies for certain reasons, were completely destroyed and have not yet been restored the basics of staffing the relevant structures, and especially in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. As the former head of the Moscow City Internal Affairs Directorate, V. Pronin, recently noted, “over the past many years, we have not carried out selection into the system of internal affairs bodies, but recruitment.” It seems that now we should fight not with the consequences of the problems that have arisen, but with the causes. Therefore, real and effective measures are required to select, train and retrain personnel, and improve the legal status of employees. Their level of material, household and social security must be worthy, correspond to the high responsibility assigned to them, and service in the authorities must be prestigious. And undoubtedly, it is necessary to solve the problem of restoring and increasing the level of trust and support from society in them.

Ensuring the effective operation of the entire law enforcement mechanism is impossible without reliably functioning control on the part of society, as well as the development of the principle of publicity (transparency) of the activities of these bodies. Their closed nature is a breeding ground for corruption, abuse and illegal decisions that violate or infringe on the rights and legitimate interests of citizens. On July 1, 2010, the Federal Law of December 22, 2008 No. 262-FZ “On ensuring access to information about the activities of courts in the Russian Federation” came into force. It will, of course, contribute to the greatest possible openness of the entire sphere of judicial activity and to a greater extent guarantee the provision of fair justice. Now it is necessary to develop and adopt another legal act in order to regulate the principle of publicity in the activities of other law enforcement agencies.

In conclusion, we note: the law enforcement system of modern Russia plays a leading role in fulfilling the human rights function of the state and establishing harmonious relations between the individual and the authorities. The basis for overcoming the crisis and increasing the efficiency of law enforcement activities can be law enforcement policy, which should be formed through the joint efforts of scientists and practitioners, all those who are interested in the further legal and democratic development of our society.

Bibliography

1 The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 09-06-00156a).

2 See in more detail: Gareev M. For the beating of 300 people by riot police, the police authorities received suspended sentences // Komsomolskaya Pravda. 2010. March 6; Krasnoperov A. Sobering up // Novaya Gazeta. 2010. January 20; Golovanov D. Ricocheted. The head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Tuva lost his post because of his subordinate // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2009. Oct 27; Kachkaeva E., Nizamov R. During the announcement of the verdict, Evsyukov hid his eyes from his victims // Komsomolskaya Pravda. 2010. 20 Feb. and etc.

3 On the concept of human rights function, see in more detail: Mirzoev G. Protection of human rights and the role of the state law enforcement system in ensuring it // Criminal Law. 2006. No. 3. P. 114.

4 Radzikhovsky L. Can’t it be changed? // Russian newspaper. 2009. Dec 1; Alexandrov G. Can they do anything? // Arguments and Facts. 2010. March 17-23; Ovchinnikov A., Ryabtsev A. Nurgaliev allowed to defend himself from the police // Komsomolskaya Pravda. 2009. 28 Nov.

5 Radzikhovsky L. Decree. slave.

6 See, for example: Raichev D. Mayor suppression. The head of Smolensk, his deputy and a security guard are accused of extorting a bribe // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2010. March 1; Yamshanov B. Recipe from the Prosecutor General. Yuri Chaika is tightening control over gambling establishments, salaries and officials // Ibid. 12 Jan; Baturin Yu. Help for orphans and street children // Parliamentary newspaper. 2009. 18 Dec.

7 Gudkov L. The authorities have a year left // Moskovskaya Street. 2009. April 30; Zhuravleva A. My police are not protecting me // Parliamentary newspaper. 2009. Dec 25; Ivanov V. For the truth - to the European Court. Only 17% of Russians trust domestic legal proceedings // Moskovsky Komsomolets. 2008. May 21-28.

8 See: Draft concept of legal policy in the Russian Federation until 2020 / Sub. ed. A.V. Malko. - M., 2008. P. 36.

9 See in more detail: State and trends of crime in the Russian Federation: Criminological and criminal legal reference book / Under. ed. AND I. Sukhareva, S.I. Grinko. - M., 2007; Luneev V.V. Crime of the 20th century: global, regional and Russian trends. - M., 2005; It's him. Trends in modern crime and the fight against it in Russia // State University

gift and right. 2004. No. 1. P. 5-18; It's him. Corruption in Russia // Ibid. 2007. No. 11. P. 20-27.

10 See, for example: Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation for 2007 // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2008. March 14; Vyzhutovich V. Defense of Lukin // Ibid. 2007. April 4; Nesterova O. For pay to the prosecutor // Ibid. 2009. January 20; Statement of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation // Ibid. 2010. March 9.

11 See: Lukasheva E.A. Improving the activities of the state is a necessary condition for ensuring human rights // State and Law. 2005. No. 5. P. 61-65.

12 See: Kolesnikov E.V., Komkova G.N., Kulusheva M.A. Constitutional law: Textbook. - M., 2008. P. 116.

13 See for more details: Suleymanov B.B. On the issue of methodological aspects of law enforcement policy // Problems of interaction of subjects of law enforcement policy: Sat. Art. based on materials from Vseros. scientific-practical conf. / Under. ed. A.V. Malko, V.A. Terekhina. - Penza, 2008. P. 89-93; Mak-Mak V.P. The concept of “law enforcement agency” (based on the analysis of scientific and educational literature) // Trends and contradictions in the development of Russian law at the present stage: Coll. Art. V All-Russian scientific-practical conf. - Penza, 2006. pp. 141-144; Gaidov V.B. The law enforcement system of Russia and its place in the state mechanism // Police law. 2005. No. 3. P. 40-42.

14 See, for example: Savitsky V.M. Organization of the judiciary in the Russian Federation: Textbook. allowance. - M., 1996. P. 3-11; Savelyeva T.A. Judicial power in civil proceedings: Textbook. allowance. - Saratov, 1997. P. 11; Vdovenkov V.M. Current issues of judicial system in the Russian Federation: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. legal Sci. - M., 2004. P. 15.

15 Petrukhin I.L. The problem of judicial power in modern Russia // State and law. 2000. No. 7. P. 17.

16 See: Baytin M.I. The essence of law (Modern normative legal understanding on the verge of two centuries). - Saratov, 2001. P. 295.

17 Korkunov N.M. Lectures on the general theory of law. - St. Petersburg, 2003. P. 325.

19 See: Vyatchanin N. The pursuit of interest is canceled // Parliamentary newspaper. 2005. November 25; Lavrov A. The Ministry of Internal Affairs is going to abolish the “stick system” // Komsomolskaya Pravda. 2009. November 27; Demchenko V. On paper, we are all magicians. Rashid Nurgaliev abolishes the stick system in the Ministry of Internal Affairs // Izvestia. 2010. 22 Jan.

20 Pronin V. “As a police chief, these personnel sometimes made me want to howl” // Komsomolskaya Pravda. 2010. 6 Feb.

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181Substantiality, features and mechanisms for implementing state law enforcement policy

182Law enforcement, human rights, judicial bodies and their role in the implementation of state law enforcement policy (state policy in the field of policing)

181 Essence, features and mechanisms for implementing state law enforcement policy

According to. The Constitution of Ukraine, a person, his life, health, honor, dignity are recognized as the highest value. Such declaration determines the content and direction of the activities of the state and all its bodies to affirm, ensure and guarantee human rights and freedoms.

For a legal democratic state, recognition and practical implementation of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, ensuring their protection is one of the priority functions. The law enforcement function is the leading one in the system of internal functions of the state and provides for the guaranteed protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens by establishing an effective legal order, ensuring the rule of law, and protecting national security.

The law enforcement function is implemented through the law enforcement policy of the state, which is a component of state policy

Law enforcement policy is a separate type of activity of the government and other public institutions at the national and local levels, aimed at:

Protection and protection of the constitutional values ​​of the Ukrainian state and society;

Ensuring the principle of the rule of law;

Protection of installed ones. The Constitution of the social order, territorial integrity;

Protection of human rights and freedoms, protection of legal order, restoration of violated rights, detection and investigation of crimes

The essence of law enforcement policy lies in the purposeful activities of power structures and government bodies at various levels aimed at ensuring law and order, as an objective need for solving the development of the state and society, and at preventing and suppressing crimes.

An important direction of state law enforcement policy is the formation of legal security, which is a universally significant value and meets the interests of society and citizens. The category “legal security” occupies a priority place in the system of national values. It is a fundamental principle for constructing the legal system, branches of law and their institutions from the point of view of ensuring the safe functioning and development of social relations. The dominant aspect of the security system is the creation of conditions for the safe existence of the individual, the realization of his rights and freedoms. Consequently, the state must guarantee strict observance of laws, implementation of the principle of legality, security of the individual in society, and ensure an optimal balance between the protection of democratic institutions, common interests and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. Effective dialogue between the state (and society) to create safe living conditions ensures the natural functioning and development of social relations. The state must guarantee such means, methods and forms of activity of law enforcement and judicial bodies that ensure compliance with the rights and interests of the individual’s axis of interest.

State law enforcement policy is also aimed at ensuring public order and public safety, which guarantees the avoidance of certain dangers both for the entire society and for individual citizens. It is important to distinguish between the concepts of “public order” and “public safety.” Public order is a system of relations, a set of established rules, a certain order that has formed in society and meets the interests of the state and all its citizens. Public security is a system of relations that is formed in the process of preventing and eliminating threats to the life, health of citizens, and their property. Public security is a state when citizens are not in any danger, there is no threat of disruption to the normal functioning of state and non-state organizations and non-state organizations.

The legal basis for the implementation of state policy in the field of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, the interests of society and the state is. Constitution of Ukraine. Laws of Ukraine: “On the police”, “On operational investigative activities”, “On the security service”, “On access to court decisions”, “On the judicial system of Ukraine”, “On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine”, “On the prosecutor’s office” ","On the High Council of Justice","On the state executive service","On the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Human Rights","On the state protection of public authorities of Ukraine and officials","On the organizational and legal basis combating organized crime”, “On measures to combat illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors and their abuse”, “On state protection of court employees and law enforcement agencies” Decrees. President of Ukraine "On the National Anti-Corruption Program," "On improving the coordination activities of law enforcement agencies to combat corruption and organized crime," Resolutions and Cabinet. Ministers of Ukraine "On the State Security Service under the Ministry of Internal Affairs", "On the approval of standard provisions on the service for minors", Resolution. to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On the State Security Service under. MVS", "About the confirmation of standard regulations on service in the right of minors" etc.

The means used by government bodies to ensure the implementation of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the formation of legal security, public safety and public order, in their form and content are versatile in nature and depend on the competence of the bodies and the place they occupy in the executive power system . The highest body in the executive branch has broad powers in the sphere of ensuring rights and freedoms and in the formation of security. Cabinet. Ministers of Ukraine. Protection of human rights and freedoms is a priority activity of the government. Its implementation is carried out mainly through the process of management and direct control over the work of ministries, central executive authorities, local state administrations, as well as through the issuance of special resolutions and orders. The government's activities to implement the rights and freedoms of citizens, the formation of legal, civil security, public order should be based on the principles of the rule of law, legality, division in the state, collegiality, scientificity, publicity.

The component of the state law enforcement policy guarantees (guarantee) the implementation of human and civil rights and freedoms, provides conditions, means, methods that ensure the full protection of individual rights and freedoms. Therefore, the specificity of the activities of the executive branch regarding the rights and freedoms of citizens is the guarantee of their implementation. After all, the proclamation of any rights and freedoms of man and citizen, even their consolidation by the relevant legal acts of the state, is worth nothing without real guarantees of implementation and implementation. The concept of guarantee means a set of objective and subjective factors aimed at the practical implementation of rights and freedoms and at eliminating possible obstacles to their proper implementation.

Guarantees of human and civil rights provide for the provision of measures specified in domestic and international legislation. Domestic institutions for the protection of citizens' rights are systems of socio-economic, cultural, political and legal means and conditions that ensure the direct protection of human and civil rights. The system of special legal guarantees, among which administrative and legal guarantees take the leading place, becomes important in the practical implementation of the rights and freedoms of the citizen. Consequently, legal guarantees of individual rights and freedoms, as normative and legal means of ensuring them, are a set of interconnected and interacting normative, legal and institutional and organizational guarantees to ensure the implementation, protection and defense of human and citizen rights and freedoms.

Regulatory and legal guarantees for ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens are a set of legal norms that determine the scope of the rights, freedoms, and responsibilities of citizens, as well as the means established for their implementation and protection from violations. These are the means established by law and legal norms that protect and the rights of citizens are protected, their violations are stopped and eliminated, and violated rights are restored. Institutional-organizational guarantees for ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens are the socio-political institutions provided for in regulatory legal acts, which are entrusted with the appropriate functions and powers for organizing and implementing legal support for the implementation, protection and defense of human and civil rights and freedoms. Regulatory-legal and institutional-organizational guarantees for ensuring rights and freedoms are closely related, since regulations regulate in detail the activities of state and public institutions in organizing and implementing activities aimed at ensuring rights and freedoms.

In the institutional and organizational aspect, the leading role in ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen belongs. The President of Ukraine, who, according to Article 102 of the Constitution of Ukraine, is the guarantor of the rights and freedom of man and citizen. Implementation of these powers. The presidency is carried out through the initiation of laws and the issuance of decrees aimed at ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Powers of Ch. The state's authority in the sphere of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens is embodied in the right of veto in relation to those adopted. Supreme. Rada of Ukraine laws, in law. President to repeal the acts. The Cabinet of Ministers, decisions of the heads of local state administrations, some other regulations in the event of violation of individual rights and freedoms in Ukraine.

Authority. The President, as the guarantor of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, are also implemented through the activities of such bodies as: Secretariat. President;. Commission at. President of Ukraine on issues of drunkenness communities. Office of Pardons; department of letters and reception of citizens at. Secretariat. President. The main goal of these bodies is to strengthen guarantees of respect for the rights of communities.

The institutions that ensure the implementation of civil rights and freedoms and guarantee their protection are institutions. Commissioner. Supreme. Rada for Human Rights. Committee. Supreme. Rada of Ukraine on legal policy issues, law enforcement, human rights bodies, justice bodies. An important human rights function is performed by non-state entities and formations (public human rights organizations; public formations along the Oron region of public order and the state border; human rights movements).

Let us consider in more detail the features of the implementation of law enforcement policy through law enforcement, human rights activities and the administration of justice

Law enforcement activities are aimed at ensuring the principle of the rule of law in society. Law enforcement is an important component of domestic state policy, the general principles of which are determined. Supreme. Rada of Ukraine. Law enforcement activities ensure the effectiveness of the Ukrainian state.

The priority tasks of law enforcement activities are:

Protection of what is installed. the Constitution of Ukraine of the social system of the state;

Protection of the political system;

Protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, enterprises, institutions, organizations, subjects of all forms of ownership;

Countering the emergence of undesirable relationships in society and conflict manifestations

A special place in the system of goals and objectives of law enforcement activities is occupied by the protection of human rights and freedoms, his safety, life, honor, dignity, inviolability

Law enforcement is a state lawful activity, the main goal of which is the protection of rights, the restoration of violated rights

A component of law enforcement activity is special law enforcement activity, the essence of which is the priority implementation of the order of constitutional order, national security, identification, and investigation. Anna, suppression of crimes, execution of punishments. Special law enforcement activities are implemented through the activities of special services and are a tool for the implementation of state leadership in resolving issues of political, economic, information, and financial dangers.

Law enforcement activities of the state are carried out through the system of law enforcement agencies. The Law of Ukraine "On State Protection of Court Employees and Law Enforcement Agencies" lists law enforcement agencies. An, which include:

Prosecutor's office;

Internal affairs bodies;

Security authorities;

Military law enforcement agencies c. Armed Forces of Ukraine;

Customs;

State border protection authorities;

Bodies and institutions for the execution of punishments;

State tax authorities;

Bodies of the state control and audit service;

Fisheries authorities;

State forest protection bodies;

Other authorities performing law enforcement or law enforcement functions

The guarantee of human and civil rights and freedoms is characterized by the presence of effective justice - an integral attribute of a democratic state governed by the rule of law. Effective justice is the quintessence of regulation and protective functions of the state. Through justice, citizens can defend their rights. Justice is a state activity that is carried out by the court by considering and deciding civil, criminal, gentlemen. RSK and administrative cases in court hearings in a special procedural form established by law. In the Law of Ukraine MPro Judicial System of Ukraine "it is noted that the main purpose of the court is to ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen guaranteed by the Constitution, the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities, the interests of society and the state. Judicial activity is a type of jurisdictional activity, which is characterized by signs of both order and human rights protection for transport workers.

The main goal of judicial activity is the administration of justice, combining such forms of legal proceedings as constitutional, administrative, economic, civil, and criminal. Courts providing legal protection of constitutional and other legal values. Judicial activity is a universal mechanism for the protection and protection of rights, the restoration of violated rights, the termination of violations of law, the consideration of disputes in court, the mechanism of administrative and legal support for the rights and freedoms of man and citizen primarily covers administrative justice, the activities of administrative courts, as well as the entire judicial system in sphere of protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens. Judicial protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is considered as a type of state protection that must be provided by the state in accordance with Part 2 of Article 55. The Constitution of Ukraine, the right to judicial protection provides for guarantees of effective restoration of rights through the administration of justice.

An important function of a democratic state is to ensure the protection and protection of the rights of citizens through human rights organizations that are independent from government bodies, as well as through individual government bodies, and they are characterized by openness and democracy. Human rights activities consist of providing legal assistance to citizens, legal entities, foreigners, and stateless persons. The subjects of human rights activities are: public organizations (for example, human rights organizations, associations for the protection of consumer rights); business structures (private entrepreneurs, legal entities) providing a variety of legal services; government bodies (judicial authorities, BP Commissioner for Human Rights); advocacy; notary office

The focus of the activities of law enforcement, human rights, and judicial bodies is determined by five main tasks:

1) preservation and protection of the existing constitutional system;

2) protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens;

3) protection of legitimate interests of domestic producers;

4) fight against crime;

5) targeted development of the system of judicial and law enforcement activities

Important factors in the effectiveness of judicial, law enforcement and human rights activities, as components of internal state policy, are the high level of competence and professionalism of the personnel of authorized bodies, as well as the perfection of performance of organizational and managerial functions.

A specific feature of law enforcement activity in modern conditions is its use as a means of managing and monitoring the social sphere, the development of economic activity, and the progress of economic processes. There is an expansion of the influence of legal authorities

practices on the functioning of the banking and financial sector, on the activities of various sectors of the national economy (such as the fuel and energy complex, transport), as well as on privatization processes, on the management of enterprises in the authorized capital of which there is a share of public funds. However, it should be pointed out that only the influence of law enforcement agencies on economic, financial, technical decisions made in the process of social management is provided for. Such influence of law enforcement agencies should have a protective effect. By detecting smuggling and stopping the production of low-quality products, law enforcement agencies (authorities and prosecutors' offices, security services, customs authorities, border troops, internal affairs bodies, the legal profession) contribute to solving one of the key problems of the economy - the protection of domestic producers. The hem of the negative commodity exchange relations. This focus of law enforcement activities against undesirable socio-economic phenomena and the suspension of illegal actions is constructive and has a positive impact on political processes.

The effectiveness of state law enforcement policy largely depends on the interaction of law enforcement agencies, combining their efforts to combat crime and to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. Yes, aka coordination of law enforcement activities is one of the management functions that unites and systematizes the efforts of law enforcement and other state and non-state bodies and institutions to achieve the main tasks of combating crime. The essence of coordination is to combine the efforts of law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime, especially organized crime, in preventing it, in coordinating actions, and complying with the law.

The main forms of coordination of law enforcement activities are:

1) development and implementation of special operations;

2) joint operational meetings;

3) creation of joint investigative and operational groups;

4) exchange of information;

5) general analysis of information;

6) joint trips to the regions (districts, regions);

7) implementation and use of unified data banks;

8) holding joint seminars, meetings, conferences;

9) publication of organizational and administrative documents;

10) exchange of experience

Coordination of the management of law enforcement agencies is an integral component of state policy and provides for the formation of specific goals, ensuring conciliatory actions, and determining the content of these tactical operations.

Considering the intensification of international terrorism and transnational crime, international agreements play a leading role in coordinating the actions of law enforcement agencies of any country. International law enforcement cooperation is based on. Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of Proceeds from Crime, as well as on the basis of decisions taken at the governmental or interdepartmental level.

The legal basis for organizing interaction is: constitutional requirements regarding the protection of human and civil rights, criminal procedure legislation; sectoral and special (functional) acts of legislation;; decrees, orders. President of Ukraine; resolutions. Governments on issues of combating crime and organizing law enforcement activities; state programs to combat crime, international agreements with the village of Ethan interaction in the field of combating crime; departmental and interdepartmental regulations; acts. General Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine on issues of organizing interacting.

The implementation of state policy in the sphere of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, the interests of society and the state from illegal attacks, ensuring public order and public safety belong to the sphere of the era of assignments. President of Ukraine. Cabinet. Ministers of Ukraine. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and its local bodies, local state administrations and local governments. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the central executive body, whose powers are defined in Art. Regulations about. Ministry of Internal Affairs. In a broad sense, ensuring public order and peace of mind is the task of both state and non-state organizations.

The state carries out the following main external functions:

1. Defense function.

Accordingly, one of the most important areas of foreign policy activity of the Russian state is ensuring its military security.

According to this function, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are intended to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, for the armed defense of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of Russia, as well as to carry out tasks in accordance with its international treaties.

2. Diplomatic function. Fulfilling this function helps maintain acceptable relations with all countries, regardless of what ideology they adhere to or what economic system they use. Normal good neighborly relations are the minimum communication in the international arena that allows us to achieve stability and prosperity for all mankind.

3. Foreign policy function. It consists of political cooperation between states in order to eliminate global armed conflicts. The main international body coordinating the political interests of modern states is the UN, while the Security Council, a permanent body of the UN, deals with issues of political settlement of conflicts. They also contribute to the maintenance of political stability and security in the world regional international organizations (League of Arab States, Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States, Association of Pacific Rim Nations, etc.).

4.Promoting the establishment of global legality. This activity acquires an independent character and manifests itself in participation in the development of international law.

5. Foreign economic function. This function is associated with the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between states, which is manifested in the international division of labor, specialization and cooperation of production, exchange of new technologies, coordination of trade turnover, and development of credit and financial relations. Economic cooperation is most effective between countries that are territorially connected to each other (European Economic Community, CIS countries, etc.).

6. Law enforcement function. It consists of ensuring global law and order, resolving disputes between states, and protecting those states and peoples that are not able to independently resist aggressors or defend their rights. It is also manifested in the fight against international terrorism, crime that knows no borders (Interpol), etc.

7. Social function. It is crystallizing more and more clearly. Social assistance and support are provided in relation to developing countries, as well as countries in transition (for example, CIS countries). Various forms of assistance are used here, ranging from the allocation of financial resources for special purposes (for the development of the banking system of education , health care, birth control, etc.) and ending with humanitarian assistance.

8. Ecological function. This function is currently being promoted to the category of external ones. There has come an understanding that environmental disasters, for example, accidents of oil tankers, nuclear power plants, etc., in individual countries ultimately deal a blow to the interests of all peoples, and eliminating their consequences cannot remain only an internal matter.

9. Information function. Its identification is only just beginning. But even now, countries that block the flow of truthful information about events in the world to their people are being condemned.

In the modern world, the external activities of states will be effective only if they are based on universal human values, international legal acts, and take into account the national, economic, cultural and other characteristics and interests of all peoples included in the world community.

10. Cultural cooperation. It is carried out on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements between states and non-governmental organizations (International Union of Architects, International Chess Federation, Olympic Committee, etc.). Within the UN, this cultural activity is coordinated by UNESCO.

11. Cooperation of states in solving global problems of our time. It is carried out on such issues as ensuring lasting peace, international security and world law and order, the fight against international terrorism, rational use of natural resources, energy conservation, implementation of demographic policy, problems of space exploration and planetary security, protection of the World Ocean, protection of flora and fauna, combating epidemics and the most dangerous diseases, preventing and eliminating the consequences of major industrial accidents, disasters, etc., affecting the interests of all peoples.

12.Function of cooperation and strengthening ties with CIS countries.

This new main function arose for the Russian state due to the fact that with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, relations with the new independent states on the borders of Russia and the comprehensive development of the CIS were placed at the forefront of Russian foreign policy. This is an area of ​​special responsibility and special mutual interests of Russia and its neighbors.

Carrying out the function under consideration, the Russian state advocates strengthening the commonwealth, primarily through the formation of an economic union, a common CIS market, a system of collective security, joint border protection; a comprehensive solution to the problem of compliance throughout the territory of the former USSR with internationally recognized standards in the field of human rights and national minorities , citizenship and protection of migrants, care for Russians who find themselves outside the Russian Federation; creation of a single information space. A clear expression of new aspects, prospects and trends in the development of this function are documents such as the Treaty on the Union of Belarus and Russia and the Declaration on the Further Unity of Russia and Belarus, Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, Treaty between the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation on deepening integration in the economic and humanitarian fields.

13.Function of integration into the world economy and cooperation with other countries.This direction of activity of the Russian state emerged as an independent main function only in the last period of its development.

Mutually beneficial cooperation with other states is a variety of state activities aimed at establishing and developing equal economic, political, cultural and other relations that harmoniously combine the interests of a given state with the specific and general interests of all states. The current level of development of society objectively requires the integration of economic, political and cultural life of all civilized states, uniting their common efforts to more effectively solve the internal problems of each state individually and the world community as a whole. Such cooperation presupposes a broad and mutually beneficial approach to integration issues, the ability to jointly find the most rational solutions that meet the interests not only of a given country, but also of all participants in the cooperation.

The new nature of international relations has opened up favorable opportunities for more effective implementation of Russia's interests in the field of economics, trade, business, scientific and technical cooperation through its integration into the world economy. Acting in this direction, Russia has joined the main international economic organizations, concluded a Partnership Agreement and cooperation with the European Union. Currently, work is underway to establish, based on the principle of partnership, full-blooded interaction with the United States, with the states of Western Europe, with most of which bilateral documents have been signed, as well as with India, China and other states of the Asia-Pacific and other regions. An important factor in Russia’s integration into the world economy was the lifting of restrictions on its foreign economic relations.

The introduction of Russia into the world economy led to the reconstruction of the entire mechanism of its foreign economic activity, through which the domestic market is closely connected with the world market. The state monopoly in foreign economic relations has been eliminated. Economic cooperation is also carried out on the basis of bilateral agreements between states. However, such cooperation is limited by the economic capabilities of only these states.

In the political field, cooperation between states manifests itself primarily in issues of peace and war. The current level of development of the world community of states makes it possible to avoid global armed conflicts. Political cooperation between states is carried out at all levels of government: interparliamentary, intergovernmental, and at the level of local governments8.

They understand the specific direction of his activities. The functions of the state specify its social purpose.

There are several approaches to understanding the functions of the state, but most scientists adhere to the most developed theory, according to which the functions of the state are divided into external(to ensure the independence of the state externally) and internal(to ensure the supremacy of power within the country and management of general affairs).

Internal functions of the state:

• economic - organization and regulation of economic life;
• stabilization— maintaining stability and peace in society;
• coordination - ensuring social harmony and unity;
• social - social security, fair distribution of benefits;
• cultural and educational— support for culture and spiritual values;
• legal - rule-making, protection of the constitutional system, rights, legality;
• environmental - nature protection, ensuring a healthy environment.

External functions of the state:

• defending national interests at the international level— ensuring mutually beneficial international cooperation, coordinating efforts in solving global problems of humanity, ensuring the work of a number of government organizations - the UN, the Council of Europe, etc.;
• organization of defense and protection of state security - protection of state sovereignty, carrying out military actions against other states, etc.

Internal functions of the state

The internal functions of the state are divided into:

• basic;
• non-core.

Main name functions that can only be performed by the state.

Ensuring public order, security, rights and freedoms of citizens, including:

• crime control;
• population accounting and registration;
• prevention of various disasters;
• measures to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters.

• Establishment and protection of general rules of social life: economic, political and other social relations (civil legislation, labor legislation, etc.).
• Monetary and financial regulation(especially the issue - the issue of money).
• Budget regulation, collection of taxes, duties; distribution of income and expenses in the budget.

Non-core functions can be divided into traditional (historically established) and “new” ones that emerged in the 20th century.

Traditional Not all states perform these functions. They are not the same; each state has its own historically established functions.

In Russia, traditional functions include:

• transport and communications management;
• education and health management;
• protection of disabled persons and assistance to them;
• media management.

Sometimes some traditional functions become redundant, and the state refuses to perform them. In particular, this happened with the management of the media; in Russia they were privatized, and now the state nominally controls only two channels on television: the First - as a shareholder - and the 2nd (Russia channel).

The “new” features include the following.

• State entrepreneurship. The state is directly involved in production in the defense sector and in other areas where it must exercise control over production on behalf of society. This function was the main one in socialist countries, where the state was both the owner and the entrepreneur.
• Influence on economic processes to maintain stable development of the national economy. The state carries out this function through both economic and administrative measures.
• Social services. Under the influence of the workers’ struggle, the state is engaged in social security, that is, it pays various pensions, benefits for large families, unemployment benefits, housing benefits for the poor, etc.

External functions of the state

External functions of the state

• The use of the armed forces of the day to solve the foreign policy problems of the state.
• Implementation of the country's geopolitical and global interests through diplomatic activities. Geopolitical interests are related to neighboring states, global interests concern the situation throughout the world (non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, environmental problems).
• Stimulating international economic activity, protecting and supporting the country’s economic interests abroad.
• Protection of the economic space from adverse external influences on the economy (customs; system of measures regulating imports and exports).

External functions are the main ones, since they are carried out only by the state.

Internal functions

In the modern period, the Russian state has the following characteristics: main internal functions: economic, political, social, fiscal, environmental, law enforcement.

Economic function

In the theory of state and law of the Soviet period, this function was designated as economic and organizational. Its role was great due to the complete nationalization of the economy, which, as we noted earlier, led to negative consequences for it - an economic crisis (began to manifest itself in the second half of the 70s of the XX century), which in turn led to a crisis in all spheres of society.

In the 1980s, this function shifted somewhat towards some expansion of enterprise independence, but this did not give the expected result. Since the beginning of the 1990s in Russia, the economic function of the state has changed dramatically: the state, in essence, has withdrawn from the economy, leaving it in the element of market relations. However, this approach as the other extreme did not bring a positive effect.

As practice has shown, these extreme approaches do not contribute to the effective development of the economy. Currently, there are emerging trends in changes in the economic function of the state towards greater intervention in the economy within reasonable limits, allowing, on the one hand, to properly stimulate labor, and on the other, to prevent distortions leading to the closure of enterprises, unemployment, and the export of capital abroad to the detriment of national interests, the liquidation of highly developed sectors of the economy, etc.

In conditions of demonopolization, the economic function covers the following areas of government activity:

• real support for producers, including small businesses (subsidies, preferential taxation, defending the interests of Russian companies in the domestic and global markets, etc.);
• preferential support for strategic, highly competitive in the world market and socially significant industries for Russia (creation of special zones, customs policy);
• targeted investment policy (attracting domestic and foreign capital);
• creation of an effective economic mechanism for the agricultural sector, and above all ensuring the right of private ownership of land;
• a gradual decrease in inflation rates and slowdown in price growth;
• training and retraining of personnel; stopping the process of “brain drain”.

Political function

This is the direction of state activity in the political sphere. It has as its strategic focus the creation of a viable democratic society and ensuring democracy in various forms. This will be discussed in more detail in other chapters of the textbook.

Social function

Social function is the direction of state activity in the social sphere. In Art. 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the Russian Federation is a social state.

Based on the meaning of this article, it follows that the content of this function consists of:

• V provision of all citizens of the Russian Federation. In this case, the state should pay special attention to the living standards of the socially least well-off segments of the population (pensioners, students, disabled people, etc.) by paying pensions, benefits, scholarships, creating and operating homes for the elderly, and providing other types of social assistance. To implement the social function, it is necessary to mitigate and overcome such costs of the current transition period as poverty, deepening inequality and rising unemployment. The state should pay attention to a more equal distribution of the burden of economic difficulties among different groups of the population;
• public health protection by creating medical institutions, monitoring the cleanliness of the environment, the quality of food, and providing the population with medicines;
• protection of childhood, motherhood, paternity by creating a network of preschool institutions, orphanages, boarding schools, providing assistance to families in need, etc.;
• guaranteeing minimum wage by establishing the appropriate amount of such payment;
• at all enterprises, regardless of their form of ownership, by establishing appropriate legislation and monitoring its compliance;
• providing assistance to the population in extreme situations(flood, earthquake, fire, armed conflict, ethnic harassment, etc.) by creating conditions for the activities of insurance institutions, providing housing, paying one-time benefits, etc.

An integral part of the social function is the activity of the state in development of culture, science and education(in legal literature this activity is designated as a separate function).

The development of science is realized:

• creating favorable conditions for the creative activity of scientific teams and for the free competition of various scientific schools;
• by creating and supporting scientific institutes, laboratories, test sites, financing scientific research, training scientific personnel, holding conferences, etc.
• supporting the priority development of fundamental theoretical research and fundamentally new technologies.

Development of culture implemented by supporting art, literature, theater, cinema, music, painting; development of physical culture and sports; improving the work of radio, television and other media; preservation of historical and cultural monuments, historical complexes, protected areas, archives, museums, libraries.

Development of education is implemented by creating state educational institutions and conditions for non-state educational institutions, improving the quality of education in all educational institutions.

Ecological function

The main content of the ecological function is nature protection and rational use of natural resources. To implement this function, the state must coordinate and control the activities of all enterprises, institutions, and specific individuals in the field of environmental protection, regulation of environmental management, and ensuring environmental safety. The ecological function should contribute to the health and improvement of the quality of the environment and the conservation of natural resources.

Fiscal function (function of taxation and collection of taxes)

It should be noted that the function under consideration is faced not only with the task of optimal tax collection to the treasury, but also with the task of regulatory impact on the economy.

Law enforcement function

It includes the activities of the state in three important areas:

• protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens;
• protection of all forms of property;
• law enforcement.

Each of these inextricably linked components of the content of this triune function is currently undergoing significant changes.

Thus, in a state governed by the rule of law (which is what Russia is according to the Constitution), the rights and freedoms of citizens are the highest value of society. As is known, this principle was not previously recognized.

The state's law enforcement activities are also undergoing changes. Currently, the authorities, primarily the security forces, are required to take tough, quick and decisive measures to timely prevent and suppress terrorist gang attacks.

External functions

The main external functions are: national defense, ensuring peace and maintaining world order, international cooperation.

Country defense function

The Armed Forces, in accordance with this function, are intended to repel aggression directed against the state, to armedly defend the integrity and inviolability of the country’s territory, as well as to carry out tasks in accordance with its international treaties.

In every state, a significant share of the state budget is allocated for the maintenance of the armed forces. And so far there are no trends to reduce costs. This is largely explained by the difficult political situation in the world, which is clearly seen in the events that took place in Yugoslavia in 1999, when this country was bombed by NATO forces, and in the events in Iraq, where American troops and allied troops invaded without the appropriate international powers.

Function of ensuring peace and maintaining world order

Without the implementation of this function, humanity has no future. A new world war will lead to the destruction of civilization. In turn, local military conflicts can lead to global military confrontation.

The international cooperation

This function is implemented through the development of multilateral relations with other states and the conclusion of agreements in various spheres of life of the world community.

In the legal literature, the function of international cooperation is divided into a number of narrower functions, for example, the function of cooperation and strengthening ties with the CIS countries, the function of cooperation with other countries in solving global problems, etc.

The function of cooperation and strengthening ties with the CIS countries arose for the Russian state with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Carrying out the function under consideration, the Russian state advocates strengthening the commonwealth, first of all:

• through the formation of an economic union;
• collective security systems;
• joint border protection;
• a comprehensive solution to the problem of compliance throughout the territory of the former USSR with internationally recognized standards in the field of human rights and national minorities, citizenship and the protection of displaced persons;
• caring for Russians who find themselves outside the Russian Federation;
• creating a unified information space.

It should be noted that when implementing this function, new problems may arise for Russia. The hotspots of conflicts near all borders, the protracted crisis of the economy, and indeed statehood itself, in a number of CIS countries pose a serious threat to the security of our country.

An important aspect of the international cooperation function is interaction between Russia and other countries the world community in solving global problems affecting the interests of every nation and humanity as a whole. These are the problems of space exploration and the safety of the planet, the protection of the World Ocean, the protection of flora and fauna, the prevention and elimination of the consequences of major industrial accidents, catastrophes, the fight against epidemics and the most dangerous diseases, etc.

The following can also be identified as separate external functions:

• function of combating international terrorism;
• ecological function.

These functions are both external and internal in content.

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Slide captions:

Social purpose of the state Elective course in political science, grades 10-11 Compiled by G.V. Kushchenko, history teacher of the MKOU "Gaufskaya Secondary School"

“Outside the state - the dominion of passions, war, fear, poverty, abomination, loneliness, barbarity, savagery, ignorance; in the state - the rule of reason, security, wealth, decency, sophistication, knowledge and favor." T. Hobbes

Social purpose of the state in society 1. The state decides general affairs and governs the people living on its territory. The state identifies the common interests of its citizens: the desire for security, stability, and comfort. It promotes the preservation of public order, organizes and controls the implementation of activities necessary for the development of society as a whole.

2. The state resolves social disputes (national, class, religious, etc.). The political elite is looking for compromises that, while preserving the foundations of the social system, would postpone the danger of a head-on collision of social groups. The responsibility for resolving conflicts between individual citizens, organizations, and government bodies falls on the courts. State power is also responsible for resolving external conflicts

3. The state uses legal and legitimate violence. Legality of coercion - compliance of coercive measures with the law. Legitimacy of violence - the degree of support of the measures taken by the population. Coercion comes in the form of criminal punishment, administrative, property and other sanctions. Legitimacy is confirmed by data from public opinion, voting, and referendums. The universal criterion for the legitimacy of coercion is its compliance with universal human values.

“Bayonets are good for everything, but you can’t sit on them.” Talleyrand

Functions of the state The functions of the state are the main directions of its activities, expressing the essence and purpose of the state in society. Functions of the state internal external

Internal Political Law enforcement Social Development of healthcare, education, science, culture Ensuring national security Environmental Information Transport Construction of public systems (roads, irrigation, land reclamation, defense, etc.) Combating the consequences of emergency situations Economic External Diplomacy Defense Foreign policy Law enforcement Social Cultural cooperation Promoting the strengthening of global legality Environmental Information Cooperation in solving global problems Foreign economic

Main internal functions 1. Political: It is determined by the need to balance the interests of different social groups. The state forms a parliament, ensuring democracy. The state ensures the protection of the constitutional order and state sovereignty. The state carries out law-making activities.

2. Economic It is expressed in the development of programs for the economic development of the country. The state sets taxes. Issues loans and investments. Establishes benefits for business entities. Creates the legal basis of the market. Manages enterprises owned by the company.

3. Law enforcement It is aimed at ensuring the accurate and complete implementation of laws by all citizens, organizations and government. Bodies The state applies legal measures Combating crime with the help of the law enforcement system

4. Environmental At the present stage, it is one of the main functions of the state. The state is developing environmental legislation

External functions of the state 1. Diplomatic: The state contributes to maintaining acceptable relations with all countries, regardless of their ideology or economic system

2.Defense function: The state keeps its armed forces in a state of combat readiness to repel external aggression

3. Foreign policy: The state carries out political cooperation with other states in order to eliminate global armed conflicts. The main bodies for coordinating the political interests of countries: the UN, the UN Security Council

5. Foreign economic: Associated with the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with other states, manifested in the international division of labor, exchange of technologies, coordination of trade turnover, development of credit and financial relations.

6. Law enforcement: Consists of resolving disputes between states, protecting those states and peoples that are not able to stand up for themselves. It manifests itself in the fight against international terrorism and crime.

8. Social: Manifests itself in social assistance and support for developing countries, as well as countries in transition (aid, financial, humanitarian, etc.)

9. Cultural cooperation: Carried out on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements between states and non-governmental organizations (IOC). Activities within the UN are coordinated by UNESCO

10. Promoting the establishment of global legitimacy: Manifested in the development of norms of international law (International Humanitarian Law, International Charter of Human Rights)

11. Information: Presenting truthful information about international events to the world community and its peoples.

12.Environmental: Participation in eliminating the consequences of environmental disasters

13. Cooperation of states in solving global problems of our time: Organizing the rational use of natural resources, energy conservation, maintaining peace, implementing demographic policy, etc.