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How is the relativity of adaptation expressed? The adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions as a result of the action of natural selection

What is the manifestation of the relative nature of any adaptation of organisms to their environment?
= What is the manifestation of the relative nature of fitness?

When conditions change, fitness can become useless or harmful. For example, a white birch moth is clearly visible on a red wall.

The peacock butterfly has bright ocular spots only on the upper side of the wings. Name the type of color, explain the meaning of the color, as well as the relative nature of fitness.

Color type - mimicry.
Color meaning: the predator can mistake the eye spots on the wings of a butterfly for the eyes of a large predator, get scared and hesitate, which will give the butterfly time to rescue.
Fitness relativity: bright coloration makes the butterfly noticeable to predators, the predator may not be afraid of the ocellated pattern on the butterfly's wings.

The wasp fly is similar in color and body shape to a wasp. Name the type of her protective device, explain its meaning and the relative nature of the device.

The type of protective device is mimicry.
Meaning: the resemblance to a wasp scares away predators.
Relativity: resemblance to a wasp does not guarantee survival. there are young birds that have not yet developed a reflex, and specialized wasp-eating birds.

Name the type of protective device from enemies, explain its purpose and relative nature in the small fish seahorse - the rag-picker, living at a shallow depth among aquatic plants.

The type of protective device is disguise.
The similarity of the ridge to algae makes it invisible to predators.
Relativity: this similarity does not give them a complete guarantee of survival, since when the ridge moves and in open space, it becomes noticeable to predators.

Name the type of adaptation, the value of the protective coloration, as well as the relative nature of the fitness of the flounder, which lives in sea water near the bottom.

Color type - patronizing (merging with the background of the seabed). Meaning: the fish is invisible against the background of the ground, this allows it to hide from enemies and from possible prey.
Relativity: Fitness does not help with the movement of the fish, and it becomes visible to enemies.

In the industrial regions of England, during the 19th-20th centuries, the number of birch moth butterflies with dark colored wings increased, compared with light coloration. Explain this phenomenon from the standpoint of evolutionary teaching and determine the form of selection.
= Explain the cause of industrial melanism in the moth moth butterflies from the perspective of evolutionary doctrine and determine the form of selection.

First, one of the butterflies developed a mutation that allowed it to acquire a slightly darker coloration. Such butterflies are slightly less noticeable on smoked trunks, therefore, they were destroyed by birds a little less often than ordinary butterflies. They often survived and gave birth to offspring (natural selection took place), so the number of dark butterflies gradually increased.
Then one of the slightly darker butterflies underwent a mutation that allowed it to become even darker. Due to camouflage, such butterflies more often survived and gave birth, the number of dark butterflies increased.
Thus, due to the interaction of the driving factors of evolution (hereditary variability and natural selection), a dark masking color arose in butterflies. Selection form: driving.

The body shape of a kalimma butterfly resembles a leaf. How did the butterfly's body shape form?
= Caterpillars of the turnip white butterfly are light green in color and are invisible against the background of cruciferous leaves. Explain, on the basis of evolutionary theory, the emergence of a protective coloration in this insect.

First, one of the caterpillars developed a mutation that allowed it to acquire a partially green coloration. Such caterpillars are slightly less noticeable on green leaves, therefore, they were destroyed by birds a little less often than ordinary caterpillars. They often survived and gave birth to offspring (natural selection took place), so the number of butterflies with green caterpillars gradually increased.
Then one of the partially green caterpillars underwent a mutation that allowed it to become even greener.

Due to camouflage, such caterpillars more often than other caterpillars survived, turned into butterflies and gave birth to offspring, the number of butterflies with even greener caterpillars increased.
Thus, due to the interaction of the driving factors of evolution (hereditary variability and natural selection), a light green camouflage color arose in the caterpillars.

Bee flies, which do not have a stinging apparatus, are similar in appearance to bees. Explain, on the basis of evolutionary theory, the occurrence of mimicry in these insects.

First, one of the flies developed a mutation that allowed it to acquire a slight resemblance to a bee. Such flies were eaten by birds a little less often, more often they survived and gave birth to offspring (natural selection took place), so the number of flies that resemble bees gradually increased.
Then one of these flies underwent a mutation that allowed it to become even more like a bee. Due to mimicry, such flies more often than other flies survived and gave birth to offspring, the number of flies with even greater similarity to bees increased.
Thus, due to the interaction of the driving factors of evolution (hereditary variability and natural selection), mimicry arose in flies like bees.

On the body of a zebra that lives in the African savannas, dark and light stripes alternate. Name the type of its protective coloration, explain its meaning, as well as the relative nature of fitness.

The zebra has a dismembering coloration. Firstly, this color hides the real contours of the animal from the predator (it is not clear where one zebra ends and the other begins). Secondly, the stripes prevent the predator from accurately determining the direction of movement and speed of the zebra. Relativity: brightly colored zebras are clearly visible against the background of the savannah.

The moth caterpillar lives on the branches of trees and at the moment of danger it becomes like a twig. Name the type of her protective device, explain its meaning and relative nature.

Device type: disguise. Meaning: The knot-like caterpillar is less visible and less likely to be eaten by birds. Relativity: on a tree of a different color or a post, such a caterpillar will be clearly visible.

In the process of evolution, the white hare has developed the ability to change the color of the coat. Explain how this habitat adaptation was formed. What is its significance and how is the relative nature of fitness manifested?

Meaning: The hare has white coat in winter and gray in summer in order to be less visible to predators.
Formation: mutations have accidentally occurred that give the hare such a coat color; these mutations were preserved by natural selection, since the hares, unnoticed by predators, more often survived.
Relativity: if a hare in winter gets to the surface without snow (rock, fire), then it is very clearly visible.

Name the type of protective coloration from enemies in females of open nesting birds. Explain its meaning and relative nature.

Color type: disguise (blend into the background).
Meaning: a bird sitting on a nest is invisible to a predator.
Relativity: When the background changes or moves, the bird becomes visible.

Option 1.

Prove

1. Which of the above animal acquisitions can be considered aromorphosis?

3. Which of the directions of evolution leads to serious restructuring of the organism and the emergence of new taxa?

a) idioadaptation;

b) aromorphosis;

c) degeneration;

4. Which of the statements is correct-

5. Different types of pre-Darwinian finches arose by:

a) aromorphosis;

b) degeneration;

c) idioadaptation.
The answer is 1b, 2a, 3b, 4b, 5c.

Option 2.

1. Algae are lower, and mosses are higher plants, because:

2. Which of the following refers to aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration:

c) the beaver has a bare tail;

A - I - D - 3. As a result of the appearance of chlorophyll, the plants switched:

a) to autotrophic nutrition;

b) to heterotrophic nutrition;

c) to a mixed type of food.

4. The variety of adaptations is explained by:

Answer- 1c, 2- A-a, b, f, g. I- v, z, K. D- d, g, i.3a, 4b.

1. Which of the above animal acquisitions can be considered aromorphosis?

A) Loss of wool cover by elephants;

B) The appearance of eggs in reptiles and their development on land;

C) lengthening of the limbs in the horse;

a) the transformation of cactus leaves into thorns;

b) loss of circulatory organs in flatworms;

c) the occurrence of warm-bloodedness;

3. Which of the directions of evolution leads to serious restructuring of the organism and the emergence of new taxa?

a) idioadaptation;

b) aromorphosis;

c) degeneration;

4. Which of the statements is correct-

a) degeneration is not progressive;

b) degeneration can be progressive;

c) degeneration always leads to the extinction of the species.

5. Different types of pre-Darwinian finches arose by:

a) aromorphosis;

b) degeneration;

c) idioadaptation.

6. Algae are lower, and mosses are higher plants, because:

a) mosses reproduce by spores, but algae do not;

b) mosses have chlorophyll, but algae do not,

c) mosses have organs that increase their organization in comparison with algae.

7. Which of the following refers to aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration:

a) cellular lungs in reptiles;

b) the primary cerebral cortex in reptiles;

c) the beaver has a bare tail;

d) lack of limbs in snakes;

e) lack of roots in the dodder;

f) The appearance of an incomplete septum in the ventricle of the heart in reptiles;

h) mammary glands in mammals;

i) lack of a circulatory system in tapeworms;

j) absence of sweat glands in dogs;

A -, I -, D -.

8. As a result of the appearance of chlorophyll, the plants have switched:

a) to autotrophic nutrition;

b) to heterotrophic nutrition;

c) to a mixed type of food.

9. The variety of adaptations is explained by:

a) only by the influence of environmental conditions on the body;

b) interaction of genotype and environment;

c) only by adaptations of the genotype.

Insert the missing words:

aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration, biological progress, biological regression.

Evolutionary changes that cause a general rise in the organization, an increase in the intensity of life, give significant advantages in the struggle for existence, make it possible to move to a new habitat, are called ………
A decrease in the population size, a narrowing of its range, a decrease in the number of species are typical for ………….
Ancient ferns, ancient reptiles became extinct many millions of years ago, having embarked on the path ………… ..
Small evolutionary changes that lead to the emergence of adaptations in populations to certain living conditions are called ………….
In contrast to aromorphosis, idioadaptation is not accompanied by a change in the main features of the organization, by a general rise in its level, but is characterized by particular ………… ..
The increase in the number of individuals in the population, the expansion of its range, the formation of new populations, the acceleration of the formation of new species are characteristic of ……………

Eliminate unnecessary:

1. Fitness - the correspondence of the structure of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems to the functions performed, the characteristics of the organism to the environment. Examples: the presence of cristae in mitochondria - adaptation to the location on them of a large number of enzymes involved in the oxidation of organic substances; the elongated shape of the vessels, their strong walls - adaptability to the movement of water along them with mineral substances dissolved in it in the plant. The green coloration of grasshoppers, praying mantises, many caterpillars of butterflies, aphids, herbivorous bugs - adaptability to protection from being eaten by birds.

2. The reasons for fitness are the driving forces of evolution: hereditary variability, the struggle for existence, natural selection.

3. The emergence of adaptations and its scientific explanation. An example of the formation of adaptability in organisms: insects previously did not have a green color, but were forced to switch to feeding on plant leaves. Populations are heterogeneous in color. The birds ate well-visible individuals, individuals with mutations (the appearance of green tints in them) were less noticeable on a green leaf. During reproduction, new mutations arose in them, but they were predominantly preserved by natural selection of an individual with a color of green tones. Through many generations, all individuals of this insect population acquired a green color.

4. The relative nature of fitness. The characteristics of organisms correspond only to certain environmental conditions. When conditions change, they become useless and sometimes harmful. Examples: fish breathe with the help of gills, through which oxygen enters the blood from the water. On land, the fish cannot breathe, since oxygen from the air does not enter the gills. The green color of insects saves them from birds only when they are on the green parts of the plant, against another background they become noticeable and unprotected.

5. The layered arrangement of plants in the biogeocenosis is an example of their adaptability to the use of light energy. Placing the most light-loving plants in the first tier, and shade-tolerant plants in the lowest tier (fern, hoof, oxalis). Dense crown closure in forest communities is the reason for the small number of tiers in them.

The relative fitness of organisms

In addition, the adaptations that have arisen in the body in some conditions, in other conditions can be useless and even harmful.

For example, the structure and function of fish are beneficial in the aquatic environment, while in the air they lead to their death. The long wings and weak legs of the swallow, although very useful in the air, serve as a serious obstacle to movement on the ground. The webbing on the legs of mountain geese is harmful to them on land. Instincts, formed in animals under the influence of the struggle for existence and natural selection, sometimes turn out to be inappropriate. For example, moths have an instinct to collect nectar from white flowers. At the same time, each of you watched how they die, approaching the source of illumination.

Relativity of earthworm adaptations
Great spotted woodpecker in which the relative of fitness is expressed
The relative fitness of the leopard
What is the meaning of fitness and why is it relatively brief
Reveal the relationship between the nature of the adaptation of fish

Questions for this article:

Main article: Fitness of organisms

The adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions arose under the influence of natural selection over a long historical process. Despite this, it is not absolute, but relative, since changes in the environment occur quickly, and adaptations arise slowly.

The relative fitness of organisms can be proved using a variety of facts. First of all, it should be noted that the adaptations that have arisen in the body for defense against one species cannot be effective for defense against another. For example, the lower and upper shell of the steppe turtle protects it from many predators, but cannot protect it from such birds of prey as the eagle, bearded man, steppe buzzard, which throw the turtle from a great height onto stones, split its pan-zir and eat. Likewise, the spiny skin of a hedgehog cannot protect it from all predatory animals, in particular, from foxes. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

It is known that poisonous snakes, dangerous for many animals and humans, are eaten by mongooses, hedgehogs and pigs. Wasps, bumblebees are not eaten by many insectivorous birds, however, they are the main food for wasp-eating birds of the hawk family. In addition, the adaptations that have arisen in the body in some conditions, in other conditions can be useless and even harmful. For example, the structure and function of fish are beneficial in the aquatic environment, while in the air they lead to their death. The long wings and weak legs of the swallow, although very useful in the air, serve as a serious obstacle to movement on the ground. The webbing on the legs of mountain geese is harmful to them on land. Instincts, formed in animals under the influence of the struggle for existence and natural selection, sometimes turn out to be inappropriate. For example, moths have an instinct to collect nectar from white flowers. At the same time, each of you watched how they die, approaching the source of illumination.

All these and many other facts indicate that the adaptations of organisms are relative, not absolute.

On this page material on topics:

Fitness turtles
Siberian chipmunk in what is expressed relative fitness
How is the relativity of fitness expressed in the aquatic environment?
The table is the adaptation of organisms in its relatively
Turtle signs of fitness

Questions for this article:

Explain with examples the relative adaptations of organisms.

Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru

Correspondence of the structure of organs to the functions performed (for example, the perfection of the flying apparatus of birds, bats, insects) has always attracted the attention of man and prompted researchers to use the principles of organizing living beings when creating many machines and devices. The harmonious relationship of plants and animals with their habitat is no less striking.

The facts testifying to the adaptability of living beings to living conditions are so numerous that it is not possible to give any complete description of them. Let us give just a few striking examples of adaptive coloration?

For the protection of eggs, larvae, chicks, it is especially importantprotective coloration... In open nesting birds (wood grouse, eider, black grouse), the female sitting on the nest is almost indistinguishable from the surrounding background. The pigmented eggshells also match the background. It is interesting that in birds nesting in the hollow, the females often have bright colors (tits, woodpeckers, parrots).

A surprising resemblance to twigs is observed in stick insects. The caterpillars of some butterflies resemble knots, and the body of some butterflies resembles a leaf. Here, patronizing coloration is combined with patronizing body shape. When the stick insect freezes, it is difficult to detect its presence even from close range - it merges so much with the surrounding vegetation. Every time, getting into the forest, meadows, in the field, we do not even notice how many insects are hiding on the bark, leaves, in the grass.

In zebra and tiger, dark and light stripes on the body coincide with the alternation of shadow and light of the surrounding area. In this case, animals are hardly noticeable even in open space from a distance of 50-70 m. Some animals (flounder, chameleon) are even capable of a rapid change in protective color due to the redistribution of pigments in the chromatophores of the skin. The effect of protective coloration increases when it is combined with appropriate behavior: at the moment of danger, many insects, fish, birds freeze, taking a resting pose.

A very bright warning coloration (usually white, yellow, red, black) is characteristic of well-protected poisonous stinging forms. Having tried several times to taste the "soldier" bug, the ladybug, the wasp, the birds finally refuse to attack the victim with a bright color.

Interesting examples of adaptation are associated withmimicry(from the Greek mimos - actor). Some defenseless and edible animals mimic species that are well protected from predators. For example, some spiders resemble ants, and wasp flies are similar in appearance to wasps.

These and many other examples speak of the adaptive nature of evolution.

Fitness relativity.

In the pre-Darwinian period of the development of biology, the fitness of living beings served as proof of the existence of God: without an omnipotent creator, nature itself could not so reasonably arrange living things and so wisely adapt them to the environment. The prevailing opinion was that each individual device is absolute, since it corresponds to a specific goal laid down by the creator: the mouth parts of the butterfly are extended into the proboscis so that they can get the nectar hidden in the depth of the rim; a thick stem of a cactus is necessary for storing water, etc.

The adaptation of organisms to the environment is developed in the process of long historical development under the influence of natural causes and is not absolute, but relative, since the conditions of the environment often change faster than adaptations are formed. Corresponding to a particular habitat, adaptations lose their meaning when it changes. The following facts can be evidence of the relative nature of fitness:

protective devices against some enemies are not effective against others (for example, poisonous snakes, dangerous for many animals, are eaten by mongooses, hedgehogs, pigs);

the manifestation of instincts in animals may be inappropriate (moths collect nectar from light flowers, clearly visible at night, but they also fly into the fire, although they die at the same time);

an organ useful in some conditions becomes useless and even relatively harmful in another environment (membranes between the toes of mountain geese, which never sink into the water);

more perfect adaptations to this habitat are also possible. Some species of animals and plants quickly multiplied and spread widely in completely new regions of the world, where they were accidentally or deliberately introduced by humans.

Thus, the relative nature of fitness contradicts the assertion of absolute expediency in living nature.

6. The emergence of devices. Relative character of the fit.

Adaptation is the harmony of the organism with the environment (in a broad sense). Adaptation is a special morphophysiological property capable of ensuring the survival and reproduction of organisms in a concert environment (in the narrow sense). The adaptation group - the means of passive protection - are those who, by their mere presence, determine the greater probability of the survival of individuals in the struggle for existence. a) hard protective covers; b) the ability to roll up into a ball (centipede, armadillo); c) needles and thorns; d) stinging hairs in plants, stinging clumps in animals; e) adaptive coloration and structure (shape) of the body - protective coloration (seasonal coloration (partridge)); dismembering coloration (tiger); counter shade (fish); brightly colored individuals (warning coloration); mimicry - imitative coloring and behavior, disguise, resemblance to inedible objects; f) complex adaptations (arose through small hereditary deviations) insectivorousness in plants, symbiosis.

The fitness of orgs is a result of the action of the forces of evolution in the given conditions of existence. Any fitness helps org-moms to survive only in those conditions in which it was formed under the influence of the driving forces of evolution. Under these conditions, it is relative (on a bright day in winter, the ptarmigan gives itself out as a shadow in the snow. The white hare, invisible in the snow in the forest, visible against the background of dark trunks.). Org-moss have unnecessary organs and signs. All these many and other factors say that fitness is not absolute, but relative.

7. Microevolution. Speciation. Evolution results.

Microevolution - evolutionary processes occurring within a species and leading to new, intraspecific groups: populations and subspecies. Population is an elementary evolutionary structure. Subspecies - group of populations of a given species - morphophysiologically different from all other populations within the species. Mutation is an elementary, evolutionary material.

An elementary evolutionary phenomenon is a change in the gene pool of a population. A gene pool is a set of genotypes of all individuals in a population. Genotype is a collection of genes of an individual. The elementary evolutionary factor guiding the evolutionary process is natural selection.

The formation of new species in nature occurs under the influence of the driving forces of evolution. When the conditions of the entity change within the species, a process of divergence of signs of divergence occurs, which leads to the formation of new groupings, individuals within the species. The initial stages of the evolutionary process take place within the species and lead to a new type of intraspecific groupings - populations of subspecies (this process is called microevolution). Geographic speciation - associated with the expansion of the range of the original species or with its dismemberment into isolated parts - physical barriers (rivers, lakes, mountains, climate ...). Ecological speciation occurs when populations of one species remain within the same area, but their living conditions are different (their genetic composition changes).

Evolution results. Evolution has 3 closely related important consequences:

1) Gradual complication and increase in the organization of living beings.

2) The relative adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions.

3) Variety of species.

Type criteria: 1. Morphological criterion - the similarities of the external and internal structure. 2.Ecological criterion - plants have different growing places. 3. Geographic criterion - area. 4. Physiological criterion: the impossibility of crossing species - the main meaning. They are limited by their physiological capabilities. 5. Genetic to. - determines the whole essence of the species (set of chromosomes). He does not play a huge role, i.e. it does not seem to be distinguished.

8. Documents of the evolution of the organic world.

Macroevolution is an image process from species of new genera, from genera - new families, etc. It takes place at long intervals and is inaccessible to direct study. In macroevolution, the same processes operate - natural selection and associated extinction, the struggle for existence. Macroevol-I has a divergent character, just like microevolution.

Embryological documents.

Even Ch. Darwin noted that there are interrelationships between the individual development of orgms and their evolutionary development. Then these connections were studied in detail by other scientists. The similarity of the embryos. The internal organization of the embryos of fish, rabbit, lizard and man is very similar: all first have a notochord, then a spine of cartilaginous vertebrae, a circulatory system with one circle of cut. In the course of subsequent development, the similarity between the embryos weakens. All of the above indicates the origin of all chordates from one trunk, which disintegrated in the course of evolution into many branches. Biogenetic law. German scientists have established the law of correlation of ontogenesis. According to him, each individual in ontogeny is a brief repetition of phylogeny (the history of the development of its own species). For example, tadpoles of tailless amphibians develop a tail - a repetition of the signs of their tailed ancestors.

Paleontological docks.

Paleontology studies the fossil remains of extinct organisms and reveals their similarities and differences with modern organisms. Using fossil remains, paleontologists will restore the appearance of extinct organisms, learn about the plant, as well as the animal world of the past. Paleontological nach-ki talk about the connections between the different systematic groups. In some words, they were able to establish the transitional forms, in others - phylogenetic series (the series of species, lastly replacing one another). Fossil transitional forms. A group of animal-toothed reptiles was found. They combine the features of reptiles and mammals. Such organisms are referred to as transitional forms. Animal-toothed reptiles are similar to mammals in the structure of the skull, limbs and vertebrae, as well as in the division of teeth into molars, incisors and canines. Archeopteryx is an animal the size of a dove had the features of a bird, but still retained the features of dying. The signs of birds were obvious: the similarity of the hind limbs to the tarsus, the presence of feathers. Signs of presm-hsya: abdominal ribs, caudal vertebrae and the presence of teeth. Ar-ks could hardly fly well, tk. he has a sternum without a keel, weak pectoral and wing muscles. Phylogenetic series. Paleontologists managed to restore the phylogenetic series of animals. An example is the evolution of the horse. Naib-her other ancestor was as tall as a fox, the limbs were four-fingered, etc. , moved in jumps. But then the living conditions changed for the worse and now he could only escape from enemies with a fast run. In the process of the struggle for existence, his legs lengthened and the number of fingers reaching out to the soil decreased, the call hardening, which led to a fast run, etc.

The system of plants and animals is a display of evolution.

The evolution of life on earth is carried out by micro- and macro-evolutionary processes in their unity. Now organisms are divided into groupings using systematic categories: type (division for plants), class, order (order for plants), family, genus, species. For extensive systematic groups, intermediate categories are added: for types, for classes, etc. The multiplicity of systematic categories is caused by the extraordinary diversity of species and the desire of scientists to give such a system, which would reflect the relationship between groups of organisms. Each higher systematic group, starting from the genus, unites groups of lower rank and having a common ancestor. The genus unites species that originated from one ancestor and that turned out and turned out to be, as a result of the struggle for existence and natural selection, capable of existing and successfully multiplying in various geogr-x, and eq-x conditions. Evolution has 3 closely related most important consequences: 1. The gradual complication and increase in the organization of living beings. 2. The relative fitness of organisms in the external environment. 3. Variety of species.

The emergence of the fitness of organisms.
The main reason for the appearance of various adaptations of living organisms to their environment is selection. For example, the partridge is known to be a forest bird. Depending on the habitat, it has various adaptations: a) shortening of the beak in connection with obtaining food from under the snow and leaf litter: b) the appearance of horny folds at the ends of the fingers to facilitate movement over the thick snow cover; c) expansion, rounding of the wings for quick rise into the air (the ancestors of the partridge did not have such a structure).
For further distribution, the fruits and seeds of plants have also undergone various changes. These are hooks, thorns with which they attach to animals, or light down that is scattered by the wind.
The appearance of fitness in plants and animals is a characteristic phenomenon, but in any case, fitness does not appear immediately. As a result of a long evolutionary process, individuals appear with special characters adapted to the conditions of the external environment.
The features of fitness in structure, color, body shape and behavior are clearly visible on the example of an aquatic mammal - a dolphin. The pointed shape of the body gives him the ability to move easily and freely in the water in different directions. The dolphin's speed reaches 40 km / h. And in birds, indicators of fitness for flight are the presence of feathers covering the body; lack of ears and teeth; the ability to turn the head 180 "; lightness of bones; fast digestion of food in the stomach, etc.
In many animals, fitness is so developed that it is difficult to distinguish them from the environment. The shape of the body, color of fish, animals living in dense thickets of algae help them to successfully hide from enemies.

Types of fitness:

Protective (masking) coloring and its types.
Instinctive adaptation.
Caring for offspring.
Physiological adaptation.

Rice. 21. Adaptation of moths by changing the color to the corresponding colors of the tree trunk: 1 - the same number of marked dark and light butterflies; 2 - light tree trunk; 3 - an increase in the number of light-colored butterflies; 4 - an increase in the number of dark butterflies; 5 - dark tree trunk

1. Protective (masking) coloring and its types. Protective coloration - the fitness of organisms that live openly and may be available to enemies. Birds incubating eggs on the ground (wood grouse, partridge, quail, etc.) merge with the surrounding background. A bird sitting motionless on a nest is almost invisible to its enemies. Eggs with pigmented shells and chicks hatching from them are also hardly noticeable. In large predators, whose eggs are inaccessible to enemies, or in birds laying eggs high on rocks or burying them. into the ground, the protective color of the shell does not develop. Caterpillars of butterflies are usually green, the color of the leaves, or dark, the color of the bark. Bottom fish (stingray, flounder) are often sand-colored.
Desert animals are usually sandy-yellow in color. A monochromatic protective coloration is characteristic of insects (locusts), lizards, saigas, and lions. Many animals change color depending on the season. For example, arctic fox, white hare, partridge are white in winter. Daytime butterflies have a protective coloration on the lower part of the wings, and at night ones - on the upper part of the wings, so during the day they become visible to enemies and may die (the lower part of the wings is light). Protective coloration can also be observed in the form of insects: the pupa of butterflies on a branch is very similar to a bud; a larva attached to a branch in a motionless state looks like a branch of a tree, etc.
Protective coloration is especially useful at the initial stages of the individual development of the organism (eggs, larva, chick). A protective coloration is necessary for slowly moving animals or those who have passed into a state of rest.
Many animals are able to quickly change color depending on the color of the environment, and this ability is inherited. For example: chameleon, flounder, agama.

Types of patronage coloration:

protective paint;
attractive coloring;
threatening coloration;
imitating coloration.

1. Protective warning paint characteristic of poisonous, stinging or scalding insects. For example, birds never peck a ladybug (red, yellow, brown, dark red, striped) because of the secreted poisonous, bitter yellowish liquid (Fig. 22). If the chicks accidentally peck on this beetle, then the next time they do not approach it. The scavenger beetle emits an unpleasant scalding liquid and has a bright red striped color. Coloring of bees, bumblebees, wasps, poisonous snakes protects them from predators. The protective coloration also depends on the behavior of some insects and animals. Sometimes crawling beetles freeze in moments of danger. Bittern, nesting in the reeds, accidentally seeing the enemy, stretches its neck, raises its head up and freezes. Warning coloration in animals is combined with behavior that scares away predators.

Rice. 22. Warning coloring: 1 - ladybug; 2 - bladder

2. Attractive coloring. This coloration is especially important during breeding. The bright color of red butterflies, blue-winged grasshoppers, jerboas, plumage of male birds attracts females during the breeding season. On ordinary days, the color merges with the environment and becomes invisible to enemies (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23. Attractive coloring: 1 - red order ribbon; 2 - blue-winged filly; 3 - jerboa

3. Threatening coloration. In times of danger, animals take a threatening pose. For example, in moments of danger, a cobra raises its head straight, inflates its neck and takes a threatening pose; the darkling beetle lifts its abdomen and gives off an unpleasant odor. The eared round head instantly reveals the skin folds on the head and freezes with an open mouth. On the spread wings of the praying mantis there are spots that look like eyes. In case of danger, spreading its wings, the praying mantis scares away its enemy. The same spots are also found in moths (Fig. 24).

Rice. 24. Menacing coloration: the eye spots on the wings of a butterfly (1) in a threatening pose are similar to the eyes of an elf owl (2)

4. Imitation coloration -mimicry(Greek mimikos - "imitation"). This is an imitation of animals and plants, living organisms or certain inanimate objects of the environment. The warning coloration of unprotected organisms resembles one or more species. For example, in terms of body shape, size, bright color, a cockroach is similar to a ladybug. In the shape of the body, the seahorse and the fish-fish resemble algae. The white butterfly imitates inedible butterflies from the heliconid family (Fig. 25), and flies imitate wasps with an unpleasant odor and bright color. The similarity of non-venomous snakes with venomous ones helps them to protect them from enemies and survive.

Rice. 25. Imitative coloration: white butterfly (T) looks like a poisonous heliconid butterfly (2)

Examples of imitative coloration of plants.
Mimic coloration in plants is necessary to attract or intimidate animals. Usually, there is no nectar on a white-eye flower. It looks like a honey plant to attract insects. Insects, sitting on a flower, contribute to its pollination. The flowers of the insectivorous plant (nepentes) are brightly colored. Insects, landing on a flower, instantly fall into a "trap" and die. The flower shape and smell of the orchid resembles the female of some insects, so the male insects involuntarily sit on the flower and pollinate it.
Mimicry arises "under the control" of natural selection. Its appearance is associated with the accumulation of small beneficial mutations in edible species in the conditions of their cohabitation with inedible ones. One of the main weapons of defense against enemies and adaptive features is: in bugs and crabs - chitinous cover, in mollusks - shells, in crocodiles - scales, in armadillos and turtles - a shell, in a hedgehog and porcupine - needles.

Fitness. Protective coloration. Protective paint. Attractive coloring. Menacing coloration. Imitative coloration (mimicry).

The main reason for the various adaptations of organisms to environmental conditions is selection.
Protective coloration - adaptability necessary to protect organisms leading an open lifestyle from enemies.
Protective coloration is a type of protective coloration characteristic of poisonous, stinging, scalding insects.
Attractive coloration is a type of protective coloration during the breeding season of organisms.
Threatening coloration is a way of protecting animals from enemies by adopting a threatening pose.
Imitation of living organisms and inanimate objects of the environment is the adaptability of organisms that are not able to defend themselves or are inactive.
What are the characteristics of organisms that determine fitness?
How does fitness come about?
What are the types of protective colors.
Show an example of a protective coloration.

What organisms exhibit imitating coloration?
Give examples that prove the usefulness of attractive coloring.
What are some examples of mimic coloration in plants?

Exercise
Have you met insects in nature that freeze when touched? Pay attention to their actions, immobility. Pay attention to insects that give off an unpleasant odor. Compare them. This activity will help you gain a deeper understanding of the protective and threatening coloration of animals.
Try to complete the task.
To what type are the given examples of patronizing coloration? Enter, respectively, in capital letters: "ЗЩ" - protective; "PR" - attractive; "PD" is imitative.

Ladybug. 5. Nepentes (insectivorous plant).
Butterfly. 6. Drink.
Darkling beetle. 7. Male pheasant.
Sea Horse. 8. Praying Mantis.

Sections: Biology

Lesson objectives:

repetition and consolidation of knowledge about the driving forces of evolution;
to form the concept of the adaptability of organisms to the environment, knowledge about the mechanisms of the emergence of fitness as a result of evolution;
continue to develop skills to use knowledge of theoretical laws to explain the phenomena observed in living nature;
to form specific knowledge about the adaptive features of the structure, body color and behavior of animals.

Equipment:

Table “Fitness and its relative nature”, photographs, drawings, collections of organisms of plants and animals, cards for performing tests, presentation.

1. Repetition of the material studied:

In the form of a frontal conversation, it is proposed to answer questions.

a) Name the only directing driving force of evolution.
b) What is the supplier of the material for selection in the population?
c) It is known that hereditary variation, which supplies material for selection, is random and not directed. How does natural selection become directional?
d) Give an explanation from an evolutionary standpoint to the following expression: “Not individual genes, but integral phenotypes are subjected to selection. The phenotype acts not only as an object of selection, but also plays the role of a transmitter of hereditary information in generations ”.

As the question is asked, its text is displayed on the screen (presentation is used)

2. The teacher brings the conversation to the formulation of the topic of the lesson.

In nature, there is a discrepancy between the ability of organisms to reproduce indefinitely and limited resources. Is this the reason ...? the struggle for existence, as a result of which the individuals most adapted to the environmental conditions survive. (Displaying the diagram on the screen, students write in a notebook)

So, one of the results of natural selection can be called the development of adaptations in all living organisms - adaptations to the environment, i.e. fitness is the result of the action of natural selection in the given conditions of existence.

(Message of the topic of the lesson, entry in the notebook)

Think and try to formulate what is the essence of adaptation to environmental conditions? (Together with the students, the teacher gives a definition of fitness, which is written in a notebook, displaying a slide)

The fitness of organisms or adaptation- a set of those features of their structure, physiological processes and behavior that provide for a given species the possibility of a specific way of life in certain environmental conditions.

What do you think is the importance of fitness for organisms?

Meaning: adaptation to environmental conditions increases the chances of organisms for survival and leaving a large number of offspring. (Writing in a notebook, displaying a slide)

The question arises, how are adaptations formed? Let's try to explain the formation of an elephant's trunk from the point of view of C. Linnaeus, J.B. Lamarck, C. Darwin.

(On the screen is a photo of an elephant and the wording of the question posed)

Estimated student responses:

According to Linnaeus: the fitness of organisms is a manifestation of the original purposefulness. God is the driving force. Example: elephants, like all animals, were created by God. Therefore, all elephants from the moment of emergence have a long trunk.

According to Lamarck: the idea of the innate ability of organisms to change under the influence of the external environment. The driving force behind evolution is the desire of organisms for perfection. Example: elephants, when getting food, had to constantly stretch their upper lip to get food (exercise). This trait is inherited. This is how the long trunk of the elephants arose.

According to Darwin: among the many elephants there were animals with trunks of different lengths. Those with a slightly longer trunk were more successful in foraging and surviving. This trait was inherited. So, gradually, a long trunk of elephants arose.

Which explanation is more realistic? Let's try to describe the mechanism of the emergence of adaptations. (On-screen diagram)

3. Variety of adaptations.

On the students' tables there are drawings, collections illustrating the various adaptations of organisms to the environment. Work in pairs or groups. Students describe adaptations, name them themselves or with the help of a teacher. These devices appear on the screen as the conversation progresses.

1. Morphological adaptations (changes in body structure).

streamlined body shape in fish and birds
webbing between the toes in waterfowl
thick coat in northern mammals
flat body in benthic fish
creeping and pillow-like form in plants in northern latitudes and high mountain regions

2. Disguise: body shape and color merge with surrounding objects (slide).

(Seahorse, stick insects, caterpillars of some butterflies).

3. Protective coloring:

developed in species that live openly and may be accessible to enemies (eggs in open nesting birds, grasshopper, flounder). If the background of the environment is not constant depending on the season of the year, the animals change their color (white hare, brown hare).

4. Warning coloring:

Very bright, characteristic of poisonous and stinging forms (wasps, bumblebees, ladybugs, rattlesnakes). Often combined with demonstrative intimidating behavior.

5. Mimicry:

similarity in color, body shape of unprotected organisms with protected ones (a hoverfly and a bee, tropical snakes and poisonous snakes; snapdragon flowers look like bumblebees - insects try to establish a marriage relationship, which contributes to pollination; eggs laid by a cuckoo). Imitators never outnumber the original species. Otherwise, the warning coloring will lose its meaning.

6. Physiological adaptations:

adaptability of life processes to living conditions.

fat accumulation by desert animals before the onset of the dry season (camel)
glands that get rid of excess salts in reptiles and birds living by the sea
water conservation in cacti
rapid metamorphosis in desert amphibians
thermolocation, echolocation
a state of partial or complete suspended animation

7. Behavioral adaptations:

changes in behavior in certain conditions

caring for offspring improves the survival of young animals, increases the stability of their populations
the formation of separate pairs during the mating season, and in the winter, the formation of flocks. Which makes it easier to feed and protect (wolves, many birds)
deterrent behavior (bombardier beetle, skunk)
fading, imitation of injury or death (possums, amphibians, birds)
prudent behavior: hibernation, food storage

8. Biochemical adaptations:

associated with the formation in the body of certain substances that facilitate the protection of enemies or attack on other animals

venoms of snakes, scorpions
antibiotics of fungi and bacteria
crystals of potassium oxalate in leaves or thorns of plants (cactus, nettle)
special structure of proteins and lipids in thermophilic (resistant to high temperatures)

and psychrophilic (cold-loving), allowing organisms to exist in hot springs, volcanic soils, permafrost conditions.

The relative nature of the adaptations.

It is proposed to pay attention to the table: hare. Invisible to predators in the snow, clearly visible against the background of tree trunks. Together with the students, other examples are given: moths collect nectar from light flowers, but they also fly into the fire, although they die at the same time; poisonous snakes are eaten by mongooses, hedgehogs; if a cactus is watered abundantly, it will die.

What conclusion can be drawn?

Conclusion: any adaptation is advisable only in the conditions in which it was formed. When these conditions change, adaptations lose their value or even harm the body. Therefore, fitness is relative.

When studying the topic, we relied on the teachings of Charles Darwin about natural selection. It explained the mechanism of the emergence of the adaptability of organisms to living conditions and proved that fitness is always relative.

4. Consolidation of knowledge.

test sheets and answer cards on students' desks.

Option 1.

1. Phenomenon that serves as an example of camouflage coloration:

a) coloration of sika deer and tiger;
b) spots on the wings of some butterflies, similar to the eyes of vertebrates;
c) the similarity of the color of the wings of the pierida butterfly with the color of the wings of the inedible heliconid butterfly;
d) coloring of ladybirds and the Colorado potato beetle.

2. How modern science explains the formation of organic expediency:

a) is the result of the active desire of organisms to adapt to specific environmental conditions;
b) it is the result of natural selection of individuals who turned out to be more adapted than others to environmental conditions due to the presence of randomly occurring hereditary changes;
c) is the result of the direct influence of external conditions on the development of the corresponding characteristics in organisms;
d) it was originally predetermined at the time of creation by the creator of the main types of living beings.

3. Phenomenon. An example of which is the similarity of the lion fly and wasps in the color of the abdomen and the shape of the antennae:

a) warning coloring;
b) mimicry;
c) adaptive coloring;
d) disguise.

4. An example of a patronizing coloration:

5. An example of a warning coloring:

a) bright red color of a rose flower;

d) similarity in color and body shape.

Option 2.

1. The main effect of natural selection:

a) an increase in the frequency of genes in the population that ensure reproduction in generations;
b) an increase in the frequency of genes in the population, providing wide variability of organisms;
c) the appearance in the population of genes that ensure the preservation of the characteristics of the species in organisms;
d) the appearance in the population of genes that determine the adaptation of organisms to living conditions;

2. An example of a patronizing coloration:

a) green color in the song grasshopper;
b) green color of leaves in most plants;
c) a bright red color in a ladybug;
d) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp.

3. An example of masking:

a) green color in the song grasshopper;
b) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;
c) a bright red color in a ladybug;

4. An example of a warning coloring:

a) bright red color of the rose flower;
b) a bright red color in a ladybug;
c) similarity in color between the hoverfly and the wasp;
d) similarity in color and body shape of a moth caterpillar with a knot.

5. An example of mimicry:

a) green color in the song grasshopper;
b) a bright red color in a ladybug;
c) similarity in the color of the abdomen of a hoverfly and a wasp;
d) similarity in color and body shape of a moth caterpillar with a knot.

Answer card: