Historical events of August 8. Holidays and events in August
International Mountaineer Day
The holiday dates back to the 18th century, when a brave doctor from Switzerland, accompanied by a mountain guide, reached the highest point in the Alps - the summit of Mont Blanc. Doctor Michel-Gabriel Packard and Jacques Balme left a trace of their visit on the peak at a height of 4810 meters above sea level. The scale of their feat can be appreciated if we take into account the background - hundreds of travelers sought to reach the Chamonix Valley, but were defeated in their attempts to reach the “high altitude pole of Europe”. Local peasants, seeing the interest of visiting tourists, became guides.
As a result, the famous geologist of that time, Horace Benedict de Saussure, having suffered another failure while trying to reach the top, awarded a prize to the daredevil who could do it. The assault on the peak continued for several decades, but it was conquered only after 26 years. Many previous attempts ended tragically. The difficult climb took more than a day, Packard was the first to reach the summit and planted the flag. In the diary, the travelers made sketches of the summit and noted the temperature and pressure indicators. After the descent, Packard immediately began writing a book, and at that time the second traveler received the promised money.
Day of Military Signals
This day has been celebrated in Ukraine since 2000, by decree of the President of Ukraine. The date was chosen because it was on this day that the Kyiv courses for military engineering signalmen opened. During the Great Patriotic War, signal troops made up about 5 percent of the total number, and at the end of the war - about 10%. In Ukraine, the Main Directorate of Communications was created in 1992.
Peace Day of the City of Augsburg
A holiday of one city - this is what this day is called in the accident, a federal state of Germany. The peace festival in this city has been held since 1650, and since 1950 it has been an official public holiday, a day off for businesses and banks. It commemorates the 17th century oppression of Protestants that lasted for 20 years until it was brought to an end by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. But back in 1555, a peace of classes and religions was concluded, when the Lutheran and Evangelical branches of the religion were recognized by the commonwealth of German states.
Ramadan Bayram, Uraza Bayram
Eid ul-Fitr is another name for the Islamic holidays, which are called the holidays of breaking the fast. Each believer on this day feels a special involvement in the community of fellow believers and expresses joy, as well as replenishes spiritual experience. Farewell to the month of fasting Ramadan takes place in a festive atmosphere. Believers grew sufficiently spiritually, tamed their passions and provided help to those in need. On this day you can eat good food and indulge in a joyful mood. You can't fast. A collective prayer takes place in the mosque, then everyone disperses for a festive meal. It is obligatory to donate zakat ul-fitr, remember parents and visit the cemetery.
August 8 in the folk calendar
Ermolaev day
In the 4th century, during the persecution of Christians in the Nicodemus church, 20 thousand Christians were burned. Only three men managed to escape. Ermolai, Ermippus and Hermocrates did not renounce their faith and continued to preach and teach people Christianity. But one day they were also captured by pagans and beaten, and they were asked to renounce Christ. They were saved by an earthquake, which suddenly began and broke the idols. Emperor Maximillian sentenced the martyrs to death. Yermolai always has a sufficiently warm day, favorable for the end of the harvest. Fruit picking has begun, but you can’t eat apples until the Apple Savior. They also dug up potatoes, made okroshka and vegetable salads. The meat used was boiled beef. It is believed that on Ermolaev's day you can collect herbs - healing power is born in them.
Historical events of August 8
They tried to come up with refrigeration structures for a long time, but only Marshall was the first to patent his invention. The ice was purchased. And the refrigeration chambers operated due to a large amount of fuel - firewood, kerosene or coal. The first refrigerator was produced by General Electric in 1911. The machine could be placed in a kitchen cabinet. But it was very noisy, it ran on gas, so it gave off an unpleasant smell. A silent, odorless refrigerator appeared only in 19326, it was developed by an engineer and inventor from Denmark, Stindrup. The first “home cold factories” were very expensive - with that money you could buy two Ford cars. In the USSR, the first refrigeration machines began to be produced at the Kharkov Tractor Plant in the 1960s.
Preparations for the Olympics in Beijing were not the only event in the world on this day - the capital of South Ossetia was in ruins in a matter of hours. Georgia decided to resolve the problem of the two republics by force. Just four days of hostilities claimed almost one and a half thousand civilian lives. Georgian troops were driven out of Ossetia, and they also had to leave the Kodori Gorge (upper part) in Abkhazia. Russia officially recognized the independence of South Ossetia, and President Medvedev signed the Decree on the Independence of South Ossetia, then diplomatic relations were established.
The most prestigious men's tennis competition has been taking place for more than a century. The award itself is made in the form of a gold-plated bowl, its height is 33 cm and its diameter is 45 cm. Today, 140 teams take part in the competition, but at first only two countries competed - the USA and Great Britain. The Cup fund was formed in 1981 and today stands at $8.5 million. The competitions are spectacular and the intrigue remains until the last moment. The world group consists of 16 teams. Match dates are scattered throughout the year, with the final usually taking place in November.
Born on August 8
Yuliy Gusman(1943) - captain and judge of KVN, psychiatrist, doctor of pedagogical sciences.
Yuliy Solomonovich left the medical profession and for many years (since 1973) worked as the artistic director of the Azerbaijan State Musical Theater, held the first television bridges between the USSR and the USA, initiated political evenings dedicated to A.I. Solzhenitsyn and N.S. Khrushchev. He also took part in the creation of the National Cinematographic Award “Nika”, similar to the American Oscar.
Svetlana Evgenievna Savitskaya(1948) – Soviet female cosmonaut.
Svetlana Evgenievna graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute, studied at the flight technical school at the DOSAAF Central Committee, after which she received the profession of “instructor pilot”. Svetlana was a member of a team of professional skydiving athletes and set 18 records in jet aircraft. After graduating from the institute, she worked as an instructor pilot, then as a test pilot. It is not surprising that she was recommended for training at the astronaut school. The first flight into space was from August 19 to August 27, 1982. In total, Svetlana Savitskaya made several flights, one of them with a spacewalk.
Stanislav Sadalsky(1951) - Russian actor, People's Artist of Russia
After graduating from GITIS, Stanislav Yuryevich received an invitation to the Moscow Sovremennik Theater, where he worked with a break of 20 years (since 1991). The actor has about 80 film roles, the author’s program “scandalous news”, columns in “Express Newspaper”, he is a People’s Artist of Chuvashia, a holder of the Georgian Order of Honor and honorary citizenship of Georgia.
Name day August 8
Name days are celebrated on this day by: Sergei, Fedor, Ignatius, Moses, Ermolai, Praskovya
On this day in 1235, the four-day battle with the Moors for the island of Ibiza ended with the victory of Christians.. The capital of the Moorish Ibiza, Eivissa, fell. Legend has it that the gate was secretly opened by the ruler's brother, offended that he had taken his slave-concubine from him.
On August 8, 1296, King Edward I of England ordered the Stone of Destiny to be taken away(The Stone of Scone), on which Scottish monarchs had been crowned for centuries, and transport it to Westminster. In Scotland, this event is not called anything other than a kidnapping. Only 700 years later, the sacred relic returned to its homeland.
On August 8, 1588, the Spanish "Invincible Armada" was decisively defeated by the English fleet in a naval battle north of the coastal town of Gravelines. She was sent to British shores by King Philip II of Spain, a staunch Catholic, to crush the Protestant heresy and in response to years of attacks by English pirates on Spanish ships. In addition, Philip hoped in this way to avenge the support provided by Queen Elizabeth I to the Dutch who rebelled against Spanish rule.
On this day in 1849, Vera Zasulich, Russian revolutionary and writer, was born.. Vera Ivanovna Zasulich was born in the village of Mikhailovka, Gzhatsky district, Smolensk province, into an impoverished noble family. She was only three years old when her father, a retired officer, died. It was difficult for the mother to raise three daughters alone, and she sent Vera to financially better-off relatives.
August 8, 1899 is considered to be the day when the refrigerator was first patented in the United States by inventor Albert Marshall. Storage rooms filled with ice have been known to mankind since ancient times. Since the mid-nineteenth century, glaciers resembling ordinary kitchen cabinets have been widely used in Europe. They had an ice compartment and a food chamber; sawdust and cork were used for thermal insulation. The melt water was drained into a special tray through a tap.
In July 1850, American John Gorey first introduced the process of producing artificial ice to the public. His device, based on compression cycle technology, could be both a freezer and an air conditioner. Seven years later, refrigeration chambers were already used in the meat processing and brewing industries, and a railway refrigerated car was created for the first time.
In 1913, the first household refrigerator appeared. Even Albert Einstein made a mark in the history of this unit: he created the so-called Einstein refrigerator, which used alcohol fuel. However, its production was never established.
On August 8, 1900, the first match for the International Lawn Tennis Federation Cup began at the Longwood Cricket Club in Brookline, Massachusetts. The cup itself was donated by American Dwight Davis, a member of the US team, which defeated the British in the first match with a score of 3:0. The competition began to be called the Davis Cup team championship, or simply the Davis Cup. Davis subsequently became a member of the US government.
On August 8, 1901, the commander of the Boer troops, De Villiers, capitulated in South Africa.
Ernest Orlando Lawrence born August 8, 1901, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate "for the invention and creation of the cyclotron, the production of artificial radioactive elements."
On August 8, 1907, representatives of the Russian Zemstvo demanded that the government introduce universal compulsory education.
On August 8, 1910, Persian government forces captured the leaders of the uprising in Persia, Sattar Khan and Begir Khan.
On August 8, 1918, the Battle of Amiens begins. A large-scale offensive by Allied forces against the German army during the First World War near the French city of Amiens.
The results of the first day of fighting were disastrous for the German army. German troops lost 27,000 people killed and captured, about 400 guns. The Allied forces managed to capture a large number of other war spoils. The Allies also managed to shoot down 62 German aircraft. The German troops were demoralized and mass surrenders began. British and French troops lost 8,800 men on the first day of fighting. The surprise of the attack interrupted communication between the German divisions. A large number of German officers were captured.
On this day in 1919, the third Anglo-Afghan war ended.
On this day, a preliminary peace treaty between Great Britain and Afghanistan was signed in Rawalpindi (British India), according to which the latter was given independence in foreign policy.
Casualties during the conflict amounted to approximately 1,000 Afghans killed in action, while British and Indian forces suffered 1,751 casualties, of whom 236 were killed in action, 615 wounded, 566 died of cholera, and 334 died as a result of other diseases and accidents. The results of the war are mixed. According to one view, the war ended in a tactical victory for the British: they repelled the Afghan invasion and drove the Afghans from Indian territory, while Afghan cities were bombed by the Royal Air Force. However, in achieving this goal, British and Indian forces lost almost twice as many soldiers as the Afghans, who ultimately achieved their strategic political goals.
As a result of the peace treaty, the British stopped subsidizing Kabul. They also stopped arms sales from India to Afghanistan. But at the same time, British influence in the region diminished, and the Afghans were able to regain control of their own foreign affairs.
On this day in 1925, the first regular intracity bus line appeared in Moscow. In 1924, the Moscow Communal Services organized a trial run of several imported buses, as well as homemade ones converted from trucks, along the Presnenskaya Zastava - Serebryany Bor dacha line. The operation of the line gave good results, and on August 8, 1924, the first regular intracity bus line was opened from Kalanchevskaya Square through the center to Tverskaya Zastava. For this line, eight 28-seater Leyland buses were purchased from England. They were placed in a temporary garage on the corner of Bolshaya Dmitrovka and Georgievsky Lane.
On August 8, 1925, the first national convention of the Ku Klux Klan opened in Washington.
On August 8, 1937, the Japanese captured Beijing. and Dustin Hoffman was born in the USA, American film actor, winner of two Oscars.
On August 8, 1941, I. Stalin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Soviet army, and 5 Il-4 aircraft carried out the first Soviet bombing of Berlin.
On August 8, 1944, in Berlin, eight German officers accused of plotting an assassination attempt on Hitler, including Field Marshal von Witzleben, were hanged from the bass strings of a piano.
On this day in 1949, the Russian wrestler, athlete, Honored Master of Sports, Ivan Poddubny, died. Ivan became a symbol of Russian and Soviet sports. He first entered the arena in 1896, since then sport for Poddubny has become something more than just a hobby. Ivan was handsome, smart, and the public loved him. Ivan participated in various competitions and became famous throughout the world; he was called “Champion of Champions”. After the revolution, having found his soulmate, Poddubny decides to go abroad to earn money. He tours Germany and the USA, finds great success and earns enough money to support his family. He bought a house on the shores of the Azov Sea, where he lived until the end of his days.
The mining state of South Kasai is a separatist state entity that existed in the territory of the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the early 1960s.
On August 8, 1960, the Mining State of South Kasai was formed with its capital in Bakwanga, Albert Kalonji became its president, and Joseph Ngalula became the head of government.
On August 8, 1966, the beginning of the Cultural Revolution was announced in China.. On August 8, 1966, the XI Plenum of the CPC Central Committee adopted “ Decree on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution».
On August 8, 1969, for the first (and last time) the USSR Football Cup was won by the first league team Lviv “Karpaty”.
On August 8, 1974, US President Richard Nixon announced that he was resigning due to the Watergate scandal. He became the only owner of the White House to leave his post early and voluntarily.
On this day in 1991, former Iranian Prime Minister Sh. Bakhtiar was assassinated in Paris.
On August 8, 2000, scientists from the UK, USA and Italy officially announced the start of human cloning experiments.
On August 8, 2008, the opening of the XXIX Olympic Games took place in Beijing. The grand opening of the XXIX Summer Olympic Games took place at the Bird's Nest stadium. Chinese gymnast Li Ning lit the Olympic flame. The opening ceremony lasted 4 hours and became the largest in history. Representatives of a record number of states - 205 - took part in the ceremony.
Leaders and representatives of royal families from more than 80 countries were present at the stadium, which seats 91 thousand spectators. Among them are US President George W. Bush, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Chinese leader Hu Jintao, and Israeli President Shimon Peres.
On August 8, 2008, active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. Georgia carried out massive artillery shelling of the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali. The situation in the region escalated sharply at the end of July, until eventually the Georgian side attempted to resolve the conflict by force by seizing the territory of South Ossetia, which had the status of an unrecognized republic.
On the same day, the President of the Russian Federation announced the start of a peace enforcement operation, and Russian forces were introduced into the conflict zone. Within a few days, Georgian troops were driven out of the territory of South Ossetia and, in cooperation with Abkhaz troops, from the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia. During the four days of hostilities that lasted until August 12, more than one and a half thousand civilians died. The war had great economic, geopolitical and other consequences. In August 2008, South Ossetia and Abkhazia were recognized by Russia as independent states, and in September diplomatic relations between Russia and Georgia were severed.
August 15 is a memorable date in the military history of Russia. On this day in 1799, Suvorov's army defeated the French at the Battle of Novi.15.08.2018 Newspaper Plavskaya Nov On August 22, 2018 at 15.00, a workshop “How to receive a grant from the President of the Russian Federation for the development of civil society in 2018” will be held at the House of the Noble Assembly.
14.08.2018 Public Chamber
Before the start of the new school year, Rospotrebnadzor, from August 15 to September 3, 2018, will organize a hotline on issues related to the quality and safety of children's clothing, shoes, toys, school uniforms,14.08.2018 Belevskaya Pravda
On August 15, 2018, a telephone hotline for applicants will be held at the Cadastral Chamber of the Tula Region.
13.08.2018
Shchekinsky Vestnik newspaper
Today the name day is celebrated by: Ermolai, Moses, Praskovya, Dominic, Cyprian, Emilian, Feodor, Ignatius!
Today they celebrate:
Memory of the Hieromartyrs Hermolai, Hermippos and Hermocrates, priests of Nicomedia;
Saint Dominic's Day;
Independence Day in Bhutan;
Independence Day in Afghanistan;
Independence Day in Ivory Coast;
Youth Day in Zambia;
Tij Day - Women's holiday in Nepal;
Iraq Peace Day;
Signal Corps Day in Ukraine;
Peace Day in Augsburg (Germany).
Signs for August 8:
Maryev day
Autumn hazes walk through the grasses, giving healing power to the herbs. In the morning, cool dew fills the leaves, washes away the dust, and at noon the healer comes and performs rituals. And it is born in the grass and remains a powerful secret.
On this day happened:
1584 – the imperial palace was built in Osaka (Japan)
1588 - The British defeated the remains of the Spanish Invincible Armada, which had previously been scattered by a storm
The Invincible Armada is a large military fleet (130 heavy ships), created by Spain in 1586-88 to conquer England during the Anglo-Spanish War (1587-1604) under the command of Alonso Perez de Guzman, Duke of Medina Sidonia
1628 - The Dutch captured Spanish ships with 80 tons of silver off the coast of Cuba
1672 - New York is captured by the Dutch, who rename it New Orange
1729 - The founding of Baltimore (North America) is officially proclaimed.
1770 - Capture of the Izmail fortress by Russian troops
1783 - Catherine II awarded A. Suvorov the Order of St. Vladimir
1786 - Michel Paccard was the first to conquer the highest peak in Europe, Mont Blanc.
1790 - The squadron of Admiral F. Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet, ensuring Russian dominance in the Black Sea
1824 - Maria Alexandrovna was born
Russian Empress, wife of Alexander II, founder of the Red Cross in Russia
1827 - Establishment of the first insurance company in Russia
1831 - Nikolai Nikolaevich was born
Russian Grand Duke, third son of Nicholas I, field marshal, hero of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78.
1835 - Adoption of a new university charter in Russia, developed by the Minister of Public Education, Count S. S. Uvarov
1899 - In Minnesota, A. Marshall patented a refrigerator
1900 - Davis Cup established
The Davis Cup has been considered the most prestigious tennis trophy in men's tennis for 106 years.
1907 - Representatives of the Russian Zemstvo demanded that the government introduce universal compulsory education
1917 - The VI Congress of the Bolshevik Party began, which headed for an armed uprising
1919 - The third Anglo-Afghan war ended
1925 - The first national convention of the Ku Klux Klan opened in Washington.
Ku Klux Klan is the name of several racist and terrorist organizations in the United States, mainly in the South
1925 - The first traffic lights were installed in Toronto (Canada)
1927 - The creation of a vaccine against canine distemper is announced in France.
1932 - The USSR allowed women to work in mines
1937 - Dustin Hoffman born
American film actor, winner of two Oscars (“Rain Man”, “Tootsie”, “Kramer vs. Kramer”, “Captain Hook”, “Outbreak”)
1941 - Stalin appointed commander-in-chief of the Soviet army
1941 - Five Il aircraft carried out the first Soviet bombing of Berlin
Only one plane reached Berlin
1943 - Yuli Gusman was born
Film director, KVN participant, director of the House of Cinema (suspended in August 2002), Duma deputy
1943 - the KV-85 heavy tank is adopted by the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army
1945 - The USSR declared war on Japan, beginning to send troops into Manchuria
1949 - The first session of the Council of Europe took place in Strasbourg
1951 - Stanislav Sadalsky was born
Theater and film actor (“The meeting place cannot be changed,” “Say a good word for the poor hussar,” “The Tsar’s Hunt”)
1955 - Egypt pledged to supply cotton to the USSR and Romania in exchange for oil
1955 - The USSR adopted a regulation on vacations and working conditions for teenagers
1959 - The 2nd Summer Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR opened
8452 athletes from 235 cities took part. Every third person was a master of sports. During the Spartakiad, 30 thousand new records were set - from district and city to regional and republican. Improved 12 all-Union records. Three of them are global, one is European
1967 - The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is formed in Bangkok
It included Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, then Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos and Myanmar (1997), Cambodia (1999)
1968 - The Beatles recorded the song “Hey Jude”
1974 - Richard Nixon announced that he was resigning due to the Watergate scandal.
The Watergate scandal is an incident that occurred at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, where 5 people who broke into the hotel by breaking into it were detained. They were engaged in setting up listening equipment and, according to some reports, photographing internal documents of the Democratic headquarters
1991 - Former Iranian Prime Minister Sh. Bakhtiar is assassinated in Paris
1991 - Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub died
Fighter pilot, three times Hero of the Soviet Union
1992 - The American team set the current world record in the men's 4x100 meter relay - 37.4 seconds.
1994 - Leonid Maksimovich Leonov died
Writer (“Evgenia Ivanovna”, “Wolf”, “Russian Forest”)
1998 - American Michael Kearney became the youngest person in history to receive a Master of Science degree (in biochemistry) - he did this at the age of 14 years 8 months
2000 - In Moscow, an explosion occurred in the underground passage at the Pushkinskaya metro station at 18:01 Moscow time
A shellless explosive device with a capacity of 800 grams of TNT went off. 13 people died - seven people on the spot, six in hospitals from their wounds and burns. 61 people were injured. The improvised explosive device was filled with screws and bolts. The bomb was left in a shopping bag next to the pavilion where watches were sold
2003 - Prehistoric web found
This thread is about 130 million years old. Such an old strand of spider web was found by Swiss scientists in amber. A four-millimeter piece of spider web, the oldest in the world, was found in an amber deposit near Jezina in Lebanon. Tiny droplets of glue produced by spider glands are visible on the fiber.
2008 - opening of the Beijing Olympics
On this day in 1235, the four-day battle with the Moors for the island of Ibiza ended with the victory of Christians.. The capital of the Moorish Ibiza, Eivissa, fell. Legend has it that the gate was secretly opened by the ruler's brother, offended that he had taken his slave-concubine from him.
On August 8, 1296, King Edward I of England ordered the Stone of Destiny to be taken away(The Stone of Scone), on which Scottish monarchs had been crowned for centuries, and transport it to Westminster. In Scotland, this event is not called anything other than a kidnapping. Only 700 years later, the sacred relic returned to its homeland.
On 8 August 1588, the Spanish "Invincible Armada" was decisively defeated by the English fleet in a naval battle north of the coastal town of Gravelina. She was sent to British shores by King Philip II of Spain, a staunch Catholic, to crush the Protestant heresy and in response to years of attacks by English pirates on Spanish ships. In addition, Philip hoped in this way to avenge the support provided by Queen Elizabeth I to the Dutch who rebelled against Spanish rule.
The “Invincible Armada” consisted of almost 130 ships, which had about 2.5 thousand guns, and more than 30 thousand people, of which 19 thousand were soldiers only. The squadron was huge and clumsy, and the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, lighter and more maneuverable, had significantly battered it during previous battles. At the Battle of Gravelines, the “pirates of Elizabeth” especially distinguished themselves, the most famous of whom was Francis Drake. The Armada, returning to Spain, encountered severe storms, as a result of which it lost more than half of all ships. For England, this victory was the first step towards future naval dominance.
On August 8, 1648, on the orders of his mother, the Janissaries overthrew the mentally ill Turkish Sultan Ibrahim I from the throne and executed him.
On August 8, 1709, Padre Bartolomeu de Guzman demonstrated the possibility of aeronautics to the Portuguese king. Bartolomeu Lourenço de Guzman is a Brazilian and Portuguese clergyman and naturalist, one of the pioneers in the construction of lighter-than-air aircraft.
Guzman presented models of his apparatus at Casa da India, during which a paper model filled with hot air successfully flew to the ceiling. The king generously rewarded the inventor; he was awarded a professorship in Coimbra. In 1720, de Guzman was elected one of the 50 members of the newly founded Royal Academy of History, and in 1722 he was made court chaplain.
Guzman continued to work on his invention, which, according to some sources, brought him into conflict with the Portuguese Inquisition. The inventor was forced to leave for Spain, where he contracted a certain disease and died.
On this day in 1788, the French King Louis XVI announced the convening of the Estates General for the following year who will later put him on the chopping block.
On August 8, 1793, the revolutionary army besieged the rebel Lyon. Kellerman's army, numbering about 65 thousand people, besieged Lyon, whose garrison did not reach ten thousand. The siege of Lyon lasted for two months. Several battles took place in August and September, as a result of which the besiegers advanced, but Lyon did not surrender. On September 22, Republican troops stationed on the left bank of the Rhone began shelling the city with hot cannonballs. On September 29, the besiegers managed to capture the last redoubts of the Lyons on the right bank of the Saône and Fort Sainte-Foy. On October 9, the remnants of the army of the city’s defenders tried to break the siege, but were defeated.
On August 8, 1815, Napoleon went into exile on the island of St. Helena. He arrived on the island on October 15, 1815 and died there on May 5, 1821.
According to the official version at that time, it was from a stomach ulcer, as the results of the autopsy of the emperor’s body seemed to indicate. In 1952, the memoirs of Napoleon's former servant, Louis Marchand, who was sure that his death was due to stomach cancer, were published for the first time. By the way, Bonaparte himself had no doubts about cancer, since his father died from this disease. It is no coincidence that the emperor said: “Cancer is Waterloo trapped inside.”
On this day in 1849, Vera Zasulich, Russian revolutionary and writer, was born.. Vera Ivanovna Zasulich was born in the village of Mikhailovka, Gzhatsky district, Smolensk province, into an impoverished noble family. She was only three years old when her father, a retired officer, died. It was difficult for the mother to raise three daughters alone, and she sent Vera to financially better-off relatives.
August 8, 1899 is considered to be the day when the refrigerator was first patented in the United States by inventor Albert Marshall. Storage rooms filled with ice have been known to mankind since ancient times. Since the mid-nineteenth century, glaciers resembling ordinary kitchen cabinets have been widely used in Europe. They had an ice compartment and a food chamber; sawdust and cork were used for thermal insulation. The melt water was drained into a special tray through a tap.
In July 1850, American John Gorey first introduced the process of producing artificial ice to the public. His device, based on compression cycle technology, could be both a freezer and an air conditioner. Seven years later, refrigeration chambers were already used in the meat processing and brewing industries, and a railway refrigerated car was created for the first time.
In 1913, the first household refrigerator appeared. Even Albert Einstein made a mark in the history of this unit: he created the so-called Einstein refrigerator, which used alcohol fuel. However, its production was never established.
On August 8, 1900, the first match for the International Lawn Tennis Federation Cup began at the Longwood Cricket Club in Brookline, Massachusetts. The cup itself was donated by American Dwight Davis, a member of the US team, which defeated the British in the first match with a score of 3:0. The competition began to be called the Davis Cup team championship, or simply the Davis Cup. Davis subsequently became a member of the US government.
On August 8, 1901, the commander of the Boer troops, De Villiers, capitulated in South Africa.
Ernest Orlando Lawrence born August 8, 1901, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate "for the invention and creation of the cyclotron, the production of artificial radioactive elements."
On August 8, 1907, representatives of the Russian Zemstvo demanded that the government introduce universal compulsory education.
On August 8, 1910, Persian government forces captured the leaders of the uprising in Persia, Sattar Khan and Begir Khan.
On August 8, 1918, the Battle of Amiens begins. A large-scale offensive by Allied forces against the German army during the First World War near the French city of Amiens.
The results of the first day of fighting were disastrous for the German army. German troops lost 27,000 people killed and captured, about 400 guns. The Allied forces managed to capture a large number of other war spoils. The Allies also managed to shoot down 62 German aircraft. The German troops were demoralized and mass surrenders began. British and French troops lost 8,800 men on the first day of fighting. The surprise of the attack interrupted communication between the German divisions. A large number of German officers were captured.
On this day in 1919, the third Anglo-Afghan war ended.
On this day, a preliminary peace treaty between Great Britain and Afghanistan was signed in Rawalpindi (British India), according to which the latter was given independence in foreign policy.
Casualties during the conflict amounted to approximately 1,000 Afghans killed in action, while British and Indian forces suffered 1,751 casualties, of whom 236 were killed in action, 615 wounded, 566 died of cholera, and 334 died as a result of other diseases and accidents. The results of the war are mixed. According to one view, the war ended in a tactical victory for the British: they repelled the Afghan invasion and drove the Afghans from Indian territory, while Afghan cities were bombed by the Royal Air Force. However, in achieving this goal, British and Indian forces lost almost twice as many soldiers as the Afghans, who ultimately achieved their strategic political goals.
As a result of the peace treaty, the British stopped subsidizing Kabul. They also stopped arms sales from India to Afghanistan. But at the same time, British influence in the region diminished, and the Afghans were able to regain control of their own foreign affairs.
On this day in 1925, the first regular intracity bus line appeared in Moscow. In 1924, the Moscow Communal Services organized a trial run of several imported buses, as well as homemade ones converted from trucks, along the Presnenskaya Zastava - Serebryany Bor dacha line. The operation of the line gave good results, and on August 8, 1924, the first regular intracity bus line was opened from Kalanchevskaya Square through the center to Tverskaya Zastava. For this line, eight 28-seater Leyland buses were purchased from England. They were placed in a temporary garage on the corner of Bolshaya Dmitrovka and Georgievsky Lane.
On August 8, 1925, the first national convention of the Ku Klux Klan opened in Washington.
On August 8, 1937, the Japanese captured Beijing.and Dustin Hoffman was born in the USA, American film actor, winner of two Oscars.
On August 8, 1941, I. Stalin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Soviet army, and 5 Il-4 aircraft carried out the first Soviet bombing of Berlin.
On August 8, 1944, in Berlin, eight German officers accused of plotting an assassination attempt on Hitler, including Field Marshal von Witzleben, were hanged from the bass strings of a piano.
On this day in 1949, the Russian wrestler, athlete, Honored Master of Sports, Ivan Poddubny, died. Ivan became a symbol of Russian and Soviet sports. He first entered the arena in 1896, since then sport for Poddubny has become something more than just a hobby. Ivan was handsome, smart, and the public loved him. Ivan participated in various competitions and became famous throughout the world; he was called the “Champion of Champions.” After the revolution, having found his soulmate, Poddubny decides to go abroad to earn money. He tours Germany and the USA, finds great success and earns enough money to support his family. He bought a house on the shores of the Azov Sea, where he lived until the end of his days.
The mining state of South Kasai is a separatist state entity that existed in the territory of the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the early 1960s.
On August 8, 1960, the Mining State of South Kasai was formed with its capital in Bakwanga, Albert Kalonji became its president, and Joseph Ngalula became the head of government.
On August 8, 1966, the beginning of the Cultural Revolution was announced in China.. On August 8, 1966, the XI Plenum of the CPC Central Committee adopted the “Resolution on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.”
On August 8, 1969, for the first (and last time) the USSR Football Cup was won by the first league team Lviv “Karpaty”.
On August 8, 1974, US President Richard Nixon announced that he was resigning due to the Watergate scandal. He became the only owner of the White House to leave his post early and voluntarily.
On this day in 1991, former Iranian Prime Minister Sh. Bakhtiar was assassinated in Paris.
On August 8, 2000, scientists from the UK, USA and Italy officially announced the start of human cloning experiments.
On August 8, 2008, the opening of the XXIX Olympic Games took place in Beijing. The grand opening of the XXIX Summer Olympic Games took place at the Bird's Nest stadium. Chinese gymnast Li Ning lit the Olympic flame. The opening ceremony lasted 4 hours and became the largest in history. Representatives of a record number of states - 205 - took part in the ceremony.
Leaders and representatives of royal families from more than 80 countries were present at the stadium, which seats 91 thousand spectators. Among them are US President George W. Bush, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Chinese leader Hu Jintao, and Israeli President Shimon Peres.
On August 8, 2008, active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. Georgia carried out massive artillery shelling of the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali. The situation in the region escalated sharply at the end of July, until eventually the Georgian side attempted to resolve the conflict by force by seizing the territory of South Ossetia, which had the status of an unrecognized republic.
On the same day, the President of the Russian Federation announced the start of a peace enforcement operation, and Russian forces were introduced into the conflict zone. Within a few days, Georgian troops were driven out of the territory of South Ossetia and, in cooperation with Abkhaz troops, from the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia. During the four days of hostilities that lasted until August 12, more than one and a half thousand civilians died. The war had great economic, geopolitical and other consequences. In August 2008, South Ossetia and Abkhazia were recognized by Russia as independent states, and in September diplomatic relations between Russia and Georgia were severed.
